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June 21 Legal medicine (AKA forensic medicine) branch of medicine that deals with application of knowledge to legal problems and proceedings Medical jurisprudence - branch of law that deals with application of law to medicine or conversely medical science to legal problems Forensics application of scientific knowledge to legal problems and proceedings - Used in the p rs it of ! stice in co rt proceedings and in the protection of the p blic from environmental ha"ards Pathology branch of medicine that deals with diagnosis of disease and ca ses of death by means of laboratory e#ams of body fl ids$ cell samples and tiss es from the body% if alive & biopsy if dead & a topsy' systematic e#ternal and internal e#amination of the dead a s bspecialty is forensic pathology( a forensic pathologist e#amines persons who died s ddenly$ ne#pectedly$ violently or a medically nattended death$ an e#pert in determining the ca se and manner of death$ involved in crime investigation$ case coordinator for the medical$ forensic and scientific assessment of a given death )may be the lead investigator)$ e#pert in interpreting the scene of death$ assessing the consistency of witnesses and interpretation of pattern in! ries Medico-Legal officer physician who is involved in medico-legal d ties *+,% -. ,ode of *anitation( Any medical officer )M/0$ 1/0$ 2istrict /ealth 0fficer)$ medical offices from law enforcement agencies$ ,/1 and members of the medical staff of accredited hospitals% Medico-legal cases( deaths or in! ries involving persons who have no means of being identified$ those who are prono nced dead on arrival on +1s$ deaths nder the following circ mstances 3death occ rred within 45 ho rs of admission$ clinical ca se of death is nknown$ ne#pected s dden death especially when the person was of apparent good health$ d6t nat ral disease b t associated with physical evidence of fo l play$ death as a res lt of violence$ s icide or poisoning$ death d6t negligence of a 7rd person$ incl ding cases of child ab se$ physical and se# al ab se$ rape$ dr g addiction and iatrogenic ca ses of in! ry$ disease or death )one ca sed by the medical professional s ch as the doctor6n rse)$ etc8
Child protection specialist - new kind of specialist in the field of pediatrics' deals with medico-legal cases of children who were allegedly ab sed N0 formal training on how one becomes a Medico-legal officer% Doctor as a itness!
,an either be a professional witness or an ordinary6 fact witness or both 9ive fact al medical evidence$ cannot give comments or opinions :U; an e#pert witness can give an opinion abo t medical facts +#pert witness has special knowledge as well as c rrent knowledge or skill gained by ed cation$ training$ or e#perience in the field of e#pertise +#plain scientific matters that may or may not be nderstood by ! dges Medical e#pert testimony co ld either be for the prosec tion or for the defense Medical testimony m st be ob!ective and acc rate Law does not make a < alification of an e#pert physician based on a medical specialist )so look into their < alifications$ their formal training etc)
,hild =rotection has set < alifications of a doctor who can provide care for the se# ally ab sed child and these are doctors who can also give e#pert testimony in co rt% =age 1 of "1
=re-trial preparation of the e#pert witness refreshes the level of e#pertise$ enhances < ality of opinion e#pressed and saves time% Lawyers m st also be prepared in their < estioning% =ermit the witness to e#plain and L@*;+N% Know the val e of the medical literat re presented% Ahen it comes to research the best level of evidence is a blind test that is random% =rotect yo r witness% 2o not allow yo r witness to be harassed by the other side% @f it?s a child witness know the r les in e#amination of a child witness% #hat you should not do! >% 4% 7% 5% .% B% ask a < estion yo do not already know the answer do not < arrel with the witness ask clear < estions Allow witness to e#plain his answer% An e#pert witness has a right to e#plain% do not ask long and comple# < estions especially with children do not ask absol te < estions )always$ never etc) nor se nnecessary ad!ectives
June 2$ D%&'( A person is alive beca se of the 7 main parts of the body( >% ;he brain' 4% ;he respiratory center' and 7% ;he circ latory center Co heart p mps blood thro gho t the body to circ late o#ygenated blood% ;hese are the two most important systems( yo r cardiac and circ latory system and respiratory system that will keep yo alive$ and the main center for control is the brain% Definition of death! ;he cessation of life in a previo sly living organism% @t is a process$ not a single event%
Medical and legal stat s of death( o Medical 2octor proclaims or prono nces a person dead% o Legal +#tinction of the person?s identity$ etc% ;he ascertainment of death is a chemical problem% @t?s the doctor who will determine when a person has died% )tages of Death! >% ,linical or somatic death 4% :rain death 7% :iological death 5% ,ell lar death Clinical or somatic death! ;he respiratory and circ latory f nctions have ceased% : t beca se of an advancement in medicine$ =age 2 of "1
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July 12 2+A;/ @NF+*;@9A;@0N%% @t involves police investigation and the application of forensic science% Kinds of death that re< ire investigation in the =hilippines$ nderstand the principles of death investigation incl ding the a topsy% Learn and nderstand the contents of a medico legal a topsy report and how the medico legal findings become sef l to the legal system% ;he p rpose of death investigation is to identify and develop an person% ;wo types of death investigation( =age : of "1 nderstanding of the death of that
Co need the help of e#perts or forensic people like forensic pathologist$ orthodontologist$ anthropologist when the dead bodies are severely in! red or severely m tilated$ decomposed or skeleti"ed% ;he identity of a person is established by comparing or matching the parameters that can be meas red with the parameters of another person which is s spected to belong to the body being meas red% ;he best feat re on how to identify a person is his specific feat res that are matched to one that is known to a certain person% M+;/02* 0L @2+N;@L@,A;@0N( =age 12 of "1
Fingerprints 'hree main patterns! loops$ whirls and arches or a combination of any of these three% Used to ascertain a positive @2 of a person No two persons have the same fingerprint even twins ,annot be altered by time or in! ry ,an be e#tracted in any s rface they come into contact with% 'hree 'ypes Patent prints -left when a foreign s bstance on the skin of a finger comes in contact with the smooth s rface of another ob!ect Plastic prints -left when a finger to ches a soft malleable s rface Latent prints - impressions secreted in a s rface or an ob!ect that is invisible to the eye$ the res lt from perspiration from the sweat pores fo nd on the ridges of sweat pores -invisible to the eye =age 1" of "1
No less than >B points of similarity before declaring prints to be identical ;he investigating agency m st already have a file of fingerprints for comparison For decomposed or damaged .odies! se speciali"ed techni< e from a fingerprint e#pert' can be obtained from despomated skin of the nderlying epidermis after shedding the strat m corne m )the fisrt layer) when it comes to prolonged s bmersion' sing the s rface below the strat m corneum
Palm prints and sole prints it is believed that people do not have the same Lip crease pattern %ar-shape <ein pattern in the dorsal part of the hands *ite mar= *ones( se#$ age only data p to age 4.$ height$ race$ personal identiy( dependent on ante-mortem
Facial reconstruction( soft tiss e thickness of the sk ll Photo superimposition( photo of possible individ al is overlaid with a photographic transparency of the sk ll which has been scaled down to the eyes 'issue and cell samples! blood type$ protein comple#es$ blood en"yme systems$ etc D6& profiling! sed in e#cl sion and identification thr body fl ids$ hair strands' 2NA analysis can yield a positive identity
Principles o o no two persons have the same 2NA pattern e#cept for identical twins or clones each part of yo r body contains the same 2NA
@f the 2NA pattern left at the scene of the crime does not match the s spect?s 2NA pattern$ the s spect was never in that scene% @f it matches the s spect?s 2NA pattern$ it p ts the s spect in the vicinity of the scene of the crime b t does not necessarily mean that he is g ilty of the =age 10 of "1
*lood groups can only be sed for e#cl sion in paternity or maternity testing' not acc rate like that of 2NA analysis% @f the child?s blood type is 0 and the mother?s blood type is 0$ the father?s co ld be A or :% *amples for 2NA testing( mother$ child and probable father% @n paternity e#cl sion$ if there?s none matching profiles in at least two 2NA locations it can constit te concl sive proof that the alleged father is not the biological father% @n child se# al ab se cases$ it does not necessarily e#onerate the s spect from the ab se charges' it ! st means that the ab se did not impregnate the child% @n paternity incl sion$ complete matches in the 2NA profiles of the child and the alleged father will not necessarily establish paternity% ;he strength of the matches is determined statistically%
@2+N;@L@,A;@0N 0L L@F@N9 AN2 2+A2 Use of 2NA evidence in co rts( @mportant to se 2NA- allowable for @2 and testing of parentage *, said 2NA can be sed as corroborative evidence together with other evidences =age 12 of "1
2NA report contains( what were the samples tested the controls sed 2NA profile of sample consistent with that of the s spect?s *tatistics of the probability that the evidence sample came from the s spect ,oncl sion based on the res lts of their test
/ow are these interpretedH @ndependent 2NA profiles of the victim )se# ally assa lted kid) and the reference samples are compared% ;he res lts are either inconcl sive or there?s an e#cl sion or an incl sion%
>% 9nconclusi-e - 2NA testing did not prod ce info that wo ld incl de or e#cl de the s spect% May res lt from improper collection$ handling or storage and can occ r when < antity of intact 2NA is ins fficient or sample contains comple# mi#t re from several individ als )do not contaminateI) 4% %+clusion - if the 2NA profile from the sample does not match the profile of the s spect?s 2NA reference sample% * spect e#cl ded as a so rce of the 2NA b t does not e< ate to innocence and does not a tomatically absolve s spect of the crime beca se he may have committed the crime b t did not leave any 2NA samples% May indicate involvement of another person% 7% 9nclusion 2NA sample from the s spect?s 2NA reference sample matches the 2NA profile of the sample taken from the victim or scene of the crime% * spect is incl ded as a potential so rce of the 2NA b t does not a tomatically determine the s spect?s g ilt% Co have to present other evidences to prove if he?s g ilty or not% *tatistical analysis will estimate significance of the match( >% random match pro.a.ility - probability that an innocent individ al who is nrelated to the s spect and chosen randomly from the pop lation will match the 2NA profile taken from the crime scene 4% Li=elihood ratio ratio of the probability that the 2NA profile in the evidence sample came from the s spect and the probability that the 2NA sample came from a random nrelated person% 1atio of the probability of the match given that the defendant is g ilty to the probability of a match that the defendant is innocent% P >$ JJJ & very strong evidence to prove that this 2NA belongs to defendant @NOU1@+* - from bl nt and sharp forces #ounds> injuries tiss e damage from mechanical force or from non mechanical forces' breach in the skin' ca sed by o tside ob!ects or force either physical or chemical - 1es lts from accident$ act of self-harm )self-inflicted) or from action of a third party =age 13 of "1
Contusions$ br ises )ecchymosis$ hematoma) breakage or r pt re of blood vessels ca se escape of blood from blood vessels to the dermis res lting to discoloration +#ternal br ising and internal br ising )br ises on internal organs) ;he greater the force the greater the br ising the site of br ising does not necessarily reveal the site of tra ma beca se blood is not static$ can move by gravity initially reddish 6 p rplish to yellowish or brown )d6t breakdown of hemoglobin) ;he s al g ide in determining the age of the br ises has been discarded% @t was discovered that some br ises will only appear later on when there was already br ising in the m scles for a long time% depends on the site and how bad was the bleeding they do not acc rately reflect the ob!ect ca sing them b t there are some patterns that indicate the type of weapon sed often associated with abrasions and lacerations less associated with incised6stab wo nds beca se in stab wo nds the blood is allowed to escape6 seep nder the skin more prominent if force applied on bony areas so if yo see br ise on abdomen greater force was applied for a br ise to res lt ,an occ r after death since blood vessels are easily broken when dead% Lo nd on areas on the dependent part of the body )by gravity)
Lacerations res lt of bl nt force overstretching the skin and there will be a split of the f ll thickness of the skin deep and will bleed important to look for bridging fibers )remain intact in lacerations and will not be c t) skin can be compressed within the applied force and the nderlying bone rare in soft fleshy areas of the body margins are always ragged if ca sed by thin sharp ob!ect$ the wo nd is sharply defined and may be mistaken for incision b t nder the microscope there co ld be abrasions and cont sions on the edges and bridging fibers in the laceration =age 18 of "1
:y looking at the in! ries alone it is very diffic lt to determine which of these three ca sed a wo nd% Co have to look at circ mstances% 9et a history on how it was inc rred% :ite marks in a child is pathognomonic and the child was definitely ab sed% ;o identify the teeth marks yo need a dentist and yo need to get an impression of the s spect?s teeth and compare% @t can also be a so rce for 2NA collection% D%F%6)% #,16D) Lo nd in victims who are trying to defend themselves from an attack so it will depend on the kind of weapon sed Areas ( Underside or posterior sides of the arms and hands )elf-inflicted injuries - no definite characteristics that define these% : t a person who wants to h rt himself prefer stab or incised or g nshot wo nds% @n areas that can be reached$ n s al areas incl de the eyes$ lips$ nipple and genitalia% :l nt force in! ries are rarely self-inflicted% )ur-i-al! @f there?s a lot of bleeding the body has a mechanism to prevent shock called Compensated shoc=7 : t if he will not get any medical attention and body can?t maintain it$ body will go to ncompensated =age 1$ of "1
Lf% < estions m st be answered( >% is there pro!ectile presentH AhereH 4% pro!ectile fragments presentH AhereH 7% type of weapon or amm nitionH 5% path of pro!ectileH Lirearms investigation is a comparative investigation% 2one macroscopically and microscopically% : llets are compared and matched to specific firearms% As well as$ acc rately determine the distance of the shooting% : llets will have rifling of the LA that was sed% 1ifled LA will leave a mark on b llets% +ach LA has a ni< e rifling pattern% @f no marks on the b llet then g n sed has smooth barrel witho t any rifling% &CC9D%6'A )19C9D% ,4 M14D%4@ )uicide no notes are left in ma!ority of cases% Ao nd site within the range of the deceased% Us ally contact wo nds% *ites of the wo nd s ally incl de the head$ chest and abdomen% Un s al location$ think homicide% Aeapon sho ld be present at the scene of the crime% May not be near the victim since he may have moved if he did not die instantly% @f s icide r led o t it co ld either be accident or homicide so look at the circ mstances% M ltiple LA wo nds s ggest homicide% )ept 3 96J149%) F4,M %BPL,)9<%) %+plosi-e7 A mi#t re of an o#idi"ing agent and f el% ' o parts! >% Low e#plosives e#ert a throwing effect in a factory or people nearby of any ob!ect 4% /igh e#plosives they can e#plode between > tho sand to E$ .JJ meters per second ca sing more shattering and devastating effects in a farther distance %+plosion7 A res lt of endothermic chemical reaction wherein there is a generation of h ge amo nt of gas with the release of vast amo nt of heat that occ rs very < ickly% =age 2" of "1
&)P(5B9&7 Absence of p lse% @t describes a range of conditions for which the lack of o#ygen is considered the ca se% Mechanism! obstr ctive or non-obstr ctive ;he obstr ctive type is medico-legally significant% Classical Features! @t is not diagnostic% Not definite signs of asphy#ia like( facial congestion$ facial edema$ facial cyanosis$ petechial hemorrhages in the skin and in the eye$ star dose spots Conditions>causes >% * ffocation Lack of o#ygen in the inspired air +#ample( = tting plastic bags on the head of prisoners ;here is < ick death and minimal signs of asphy#ia e#cept for pallor in the face Not str ggling to breath' there is low e#ternal press re 4% *mothering ;he victim str ggles May e#perience cyanosis and congestion :r ises and abrasions on the face$ on the lips$ or inside the mo th Non-str ggling victims( may not see any of the signs' diffic lt to diagnose 7% ,hoking or gagging =age 20 of "1
@nternal obstr ction of the pper airway passages by an ob!ect or s bstance impacted in the pharyn# or laryn# M c s membranes swell or congest if yo breathe thr yo r nose ;here will be respiratory distress$ can become cyanosis and congested face and neck p 5% *trang lation or hanging ;hree forms of prime forensic importance Man al strang lation Ligat re strang lation se of band aro nd the circ mference of the neck /anging press re of the ligat re on the neck prod ced by the weight of the body ,an res lt into two effects( classical asphy#ia signs the person died a slow death' no asphy#ia signs there was s dden cardiac arrest ;he effects and events depends on the method sed$ si"e of the press re$ and the force with which the press re is applied O g lar veins drain veno s blood ) n-o#ygenated blood) from the head% @f there is obstr ction$ the blood will remain in the head% ;he person will swell$ congest or become cyanotic% ;he arterial veins will r pt re ca sing petechial hemorrhages nderneath the skin% 0bstr ction in the carotid artery )carries o#ygenated blood) ca ses cerebral skemia and the person will collapse beca se of lack of o#ygen in the brain% *tim lation of the barrow nerve endings in the neck will bring abo t the slowing of the heart% +#ternal signs( abrasions and br ises in the neck area$ laryngeal damage$ .% ;ra matic asphy#ia )restricting the movement of the chest) +#ternal press re is p t on the chest thereby restricting respiration ,lassic signs( very congested from face and neck p$ person becomes very bl e or red$ e#tensive petechia :lood from above the chest cannot ret rn to the heart$ it?s ! st like obstr cting the ! g lar veins B% =ostrial asphy#ia 2isabled or nconscio s person lies with the pper half of the body lower than the rest of the body ;here is press re in the abdomen that does not allow the diaphragm to move' it?s like tra matic asphy#ia where there is restriction of chest movement ,ommonly seen on persons arrested$ they are p shed to the gro nd /emoglobin carries o#ygen b t it prefers carbon mono#ide% Lail re of o#ygen tili"ation will paraly"e the chest m scle% (5P,B9&7 =artial lack of o#ygen% &6,B9&7 ,omplete lack of o#ygen% )ept 1" '4&6)P,4' 96J149%)A D4,#696/A &LC,(,L " /4,1P) ,F <9C'9M) =edestrian$ passengers$ cyclists or motorcyclists '4&6)P,4' 96J149%)!
=age 22 of "1
Car occupant ;he in! ries s ffered will depend on the kind of impact Fehicle hit from behind called acceleration impact *ide impact and rollovers least common Lrom the front - there will be acceleration then deceleration% 2eceleration impacts witho t restraint )no seatbelts) and yo ?re accelerating with the car and the car hits another car yo r body is still accelerating' yo r head can hit the windshield or yo r chest the dashboard and other in! ries on the pper part of the body% ;here co ld also be in! ries on the lower part of the body$ in the ankles$ hips or knees% 0rgans in yo r body also accelerate and in the act of deceleration p lmonary veins$ aortic veins attached to the body can be torn off so there?s internal bleeding% Co may also s stain in! ries within yo r brain since the brain moves in yo r sk ll% yo may have conc ssions and cont sions%
Motorcyle injuries d e to falls from the machine yo can have abrasions$ in! ries in the head bicycles more milder forms since lower speeds b t the problem is when they are hit by other vehicles wear appropriate safety gears
9MM%4)9,6 &6D D4,#696/ 2ifferent things :odies recovered from water co ld have died from nat ral ca ses before entering the water% 2etermine A0N victim died of nat ral ca ses before entering the water or while in the water having entered it either vol ntarily or accidentally% 2id he die of nnat ral ca ses before entering the waterH 2id he die from e#pos re or hypothermia while in the waterH 2ied of in! ries after entering waterH 2id he die of s bmersion or drowningH )u.mersion ! st act ally being in the water% A person who drowns can have signs of being s bmerged b t a person who was s bmerged in water does not necessarily mean he drowned% @f yo died before yo were placed in the water yo are s bmerged% )>)+ of )u.mersion! >% washerwoman?s fingers6hand 4% macerations and skin will peel off after weeks of immersion =age 23 of "1
=age 28 of "1
&LC,(,L Alcohol ab se s ally enco ntered in child ab se and rape cases% @t?s a dr g and addictive% Makes one prone to accidents and an assa lt and homicide% )>)+ of alcohol into+ication! >% +#citement - lack of inhibition or self-control$ feelings of well-being 4% @ncoordination and ,onf sion loss of nervo s control of yo r body$ bl nting of perceptions$ no m sc lar corrdination$ na sea$ vomiting$ cardiac and respiratory symptoms 7% Narcossis or ,oma deep sleep$ slow breathing$ paralysis of cardiac and respiratory centers which can lead to death Males cannot say that they co ld not have raped a girl beca se they were dr nk beca se erection can happen in the e#citement stage% 0n the other hand$ they take advantage of girls when the girls get into the incoordination and conf sion stage )2r g facilitated se# al ab se) /ow do we diagnose dr nkennessH >% 4% 7% 5% .% B% D% E% alcoholic smell of breath or vomit s dry tong e e#cessive salivation irreg lar behavior bloodshot eyes thickness of speech tremors$ error of coordination and orientation :est tests( blood alcohol content ):A,)$ rine test for alcohol and breath analy"er test nderlying ca se of misdemeanor$
;ests for error of coordination( >% 1omberg test 4% eye movements - place a pen in front of his eyes and there?s nystagm s and place the ob!ect on the side of the eyes and there?s !erky movements 7% walk and t rn test walk in a straight line heel to toe - steps then do a < ick t rn 5% 0ne leg stand .% finger to nose test B% let him pick a small ob!ect from the floor witho t falling off D% may also be asked to do some tasks like recite the alphabet in a rapid fashion :A, Normal below J%.S )H Maybe Ma?am meant J%J.)$ %>-%>. S - impaired fac lties$ not fit to drive vehicles$ if & J%>.S and non-habit al drinkers into#icated to the point of staggering$ J%4S habit al drinkers at the second stage and J%.S stage of ,oma% Lactors that affect absorption of alcohol( >% weight- the heavier yo are$ the more water content and since alcohol is sol ble in water$ alcohol is easily absorbed in the water content of o r body so a person with more water content does not easily get dr nk as a person with less water content or weight 4% Latty foods delay alcohol absorption% Alcohol is absorbed in the small intestine b t yo can delay absorption if alcohol stays in stomach% )ept7 2; =age 2$ of "1
9mpact of a.use at this stage! - 1esearch shows that those with m ltiple personalities disorders and other forms of disassociation s ffered ab se prior to E or - years old% 9997 &dolescence - ;he offset of adolescence for girls is at >J->5$ boys >7->5% ;hey?re now learning how to think abstractly$ b t their thinking is still egocentric% ;hey cannot handle hypothetical sit ations yet% - ;hey now follow r les and the val es of society$ b t they may not nderstand the concept of val es and r les% : t here$ they?re finally learning who they are% - @nitially$ it was tho ght that the brain develops only in the first 5 years of life$ when all the ne ral connections are being made% @t was fo nd that d ring the adolescent stage$ a lot of the ne ron pathways that were hardly sed got pr ned away and new pathways are being created% Another thing that they learned was that the development of the brain is from the least comple# to the most comple#$ which is p in front% - ;he frontal lobe$ where yo have what is called the neo-corte#$ develops$ the area that reg lates o r emotions$ abstract thinking$ and helps s do o r e#ec tive f nctioning% @n teenagers$ this is the area that?s most developed% ;he frontal corte# reaches f ll mat rity aro nd 4J years old% @t?s the area for planning$ reasoning$ imp lse control$ reg lation of emotions$ learning from e#periences$ and weighing risks and rewards% ;his is the last part of the brain that develops% *ome st dies have shown that this is completed at the age of 4. for males$ earlier in females% - ;he child has preference for physical activity% - ;he person has diffic lty holding back or controlling emotions% ;here?s still no ade< ate control from the pre-frontal corte# to the amygdala% )Mood swingsI ;ry to remember yo r teenage years%) - *t dies show that$ altho gh the intellect al activity develops at >B to >D$ psycho-socially$ he?s still not mat re ntil he?s 4.% - ;he adolescent brain is a reward-seeking brain$ this is where they?re s sceptible to pear-press re% At the age of >5$ they tend to commit crimes% - *o the adolescent is act ally still egocentric% ;hey believe that they alone have diffic lties$ no one else can nderstand or sympathi"e% ;hey believe that nothing can harm them% Morality! - Ability to differentiate between right and wrong and nderstand how to make choices% ;his is discernment% Again$ the child?s physical$ intellect al$ emotional$ and mental skills$ as well as his environment will infl ence the development of his morality% *o yo have to look into his backgro nd% 9<7 13 C 2; years old (5oung adulthoodD - ;hey contin e to develop$ emotionally$ physically$ and morally% Now they get into relationships% Ahen it comes to se#$ it?s more on e#perimentation in the early stages% : t as they go into >D->-K that?s what yo call late adolescenceKit?s already more for being in a relationship% ;his is part of normal development% @t?s p to yo to g ide yo r children% - 2isting ish between occasional e#perimentation and end ring patterns of tro blesome behaviors% ;hese are s ally harmless e#perimentation% *eemingly behavioral problems are not end ring problems% Ae have to disting ish those problems that arise d ring adolescence and those that have roots in earlier periods% Most teens who have rec rrent problems with the law have problems at home and at school from an early age% )/ello$ Ooavan Lernande"I ;he newspapers keep saying$ Gthe adopted son4#?% ;hey?re ! st r bbing it in% /e might not have developed attachment as a child%) Ahen does attachment developH :efore age >% - Many of the problems adolescence e#perience are transitory in nat re and are resolved at the beginning of ad lthood% - ;he effects of being ab sed are( @t can affect their identity$ their intimate relationships% - @n yo ng ad lthood$ yo learn whom yo care to be with% @n ad lthood$ yo learn what yo care to =age "; of "1