Arch120 Chapter 1 Archaeology

Heritage industry

Archaeological site Inka

Artifacts

Material remains Genus homo Hominidae

Register of professional archaeologists (ROPA) Pottery Anthropology

Holistic Cultural resource management (CRM)

Living museum

Archaeological theme parks

Collateral damage Subsistence looting

The study of humans through their material remains. Most archaeology focuses on the human past and is undertaken within the framework of science A growth industry involving the promotion, preservation, documentation, assessment, interpretation, and presentation of heritage. Some view cultural resource management to be equivalent to the heritage industry, while others view it to be only a component of the industry. Any location where there is physical evidence of human activity. Also known as Inca. The Inka civilization was centered in Peru but developed into an empire that dominated many other groups in the western South America for about a century until the conquest by the Spanish in the early 1500s Any object that shows evidence of being manufactured, modified, or used by people. Most archaeologists also restrict the term artifact to items that are portable. The physical aspect of vulture, such as things that can be touched; distinct from behavior and ideology. Biological genus to which modern humans belong and which appears to have originated several million years ago. The biological family to which modern humans belong and which appears to have originated several million years ago. Includes the genera Ardipithecus, Australopithecus, and Homo. An international list of archaeologist who meet minimum standards of qualification and agree to abide by a strict code of ethics. Baked clay containers, such as bowls, cups, jars, and vases. The evolutionary, holistic, and comparative study of humans. In North America, archaeology is usually considered to be a branch of anthropology. The recognition that all components of a culture are interrelated. Archaeology undertaken within the context of the heritage industry, often because archaeological assessments are required by legislation, to be completed in advance of potential disturbance to areas where sites are known or suspected to exist. Museums where people dress in period costume and often reenact the time being portrayed, such as acting as shopkeepers and blacksmiths. Extreme versions of heritage tourism, consisting of heritagerelated theme parks where entertainment appears to take precedence over archaeological data and interpretations Unintended damage. Used primarily in archaeology to describe the impact of military actions on archaeological sites. The practice of looting sites, usually by local peoples, to provide the basic necessities of life.

Indian industry

Green movement

Archaeological record

Culture Deep time Analogy

Deep antiquity Ethnology Ethnohistory

All the work revolving around the assertions of aboriginal rights, especially in Canada, and specifically regarding the activities of lawyers, historians, sociologists, anthropologists, and archaeologists involved with First Nation claims. A social movement focusing on environmental sustainability and conservation. Also known as environmentalism and conservationism Any location where there is physical evidence of human activity. To be defined as an archaeological site, a location need not meet minimum requirements of age of contents, although some government jurisdictions may dictate minimum criteria for inventory purposes. The learned and shared things that people have, do, and think. A phrase used to convey the 15-billion-year history of the universe. A form of reasoning based on the premise that if two things are alike in some respects, they may be alike in other respects as well. Many explanations are based on analogy. A phrased used to convey the long history of humankind, including the 2.5-million-year record of human culture. The systematic and comparative study of all culture. The study of past societies using contemporaneously prepared documents that describe past events, or refer to those societies. When archaeologists make interpretations of the archaeological record based on similarities observed in ethnographically described cultures. Use of ethnographic material in order to reconstruct past societies and cultures. A written description of a culture, based on first-hand observation by a cultural anthropologist. Systematic description and analysis of existing societies and people. A subfield of archaeology that involves making observations of contemporary people and existing cultural activities in order to better understand the archaeological record.

Ethnographic analogy

Ethnography

Ethnoarchaeology

Arch120 Chapter 2 Three-age system Cuneiform Law of superposition Conceptualizing the past through the Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages. An early form of writing found in Mesopotamia. In undeformed sequences of sedimentary rock, each bed is older than the one above it. It is recognized that deformation can fold or overturn sedimentary layers, placing them out of sequence, and that rock can also form from rising magma, making deep layers younger than those above. Hobby collectors of ancient art and antiquities, particularly from ancient Greece and Rome. The description or study of the observable layers of sediments Pictorial form of writing used by ancient Egyptians A geological principle often articulated as the present is the key to past meaning that the geological processes in operation today are the same as those that operated in the past. The implication is that since most geological processes are relatively slow, the earth must by very old. The writing material produced from plants in ancient Egypt. A description of the archaeological record and the chronological sequence of events in an area. A theory developed in the nineteenth century that proposed cultural evolution was on a singular course and people in various stages of that course could be classified as either savages, barbarians, or civilized. The conceptual framework that suggests the evolutionary course of every culture is unique, disregarding any general laws of cultural evolution. The precise, three-dimensional location of an artifact. The spread of ideas Focused on using explicit scientific method, attempting to explain (rather than merely describe) culture change. Although common in the 1960s and 1970s, the phrase new archaeology is rarely used in the early 21st century. Also known as processual archaeology. How cultures work, including how and why they change. An interpretation of past lifeways, including subsistence and settlement patterns, social and political strategies, and ideology. Refers to research that links field and laboratory work with the grand theories. It focuses on interpreting patterning in archaeological sites, primarily through ethnoarchaeology, experimental archaeology, and studies of taphonomy; Also known as middle-range research and middle-range theory. A conceptual framework, generally considered anti-scientific in nature, focusing on the subjectivity of interpretation. An umbrella phrase for archaeology done since the 1980s in scholarly, but non-traditional ways, often focusing on topics of idealogy, gender, and ethnicity, and explicitly recognizing bias in the undertaking and exploitation of archaeological research.

Antiquarians Stratigraphy Hieroglyphics Uniformitarianism

Papyri Culture history Unilinear theory of cultural evolution

Historical paricularism

Provenience Diffusion New archaeology

Culture process Culture reconstruction Middle-level research

Postmodernism Post-processual archaeology