Chapter 1 Friction

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Static 3
rd
secondary Chapter One Friction - 1 -
W
R
o
o
( )
( )
If a body of weight W is placed on a smooth inclined plane which
inclines by with the horizontal , Then the body will be under the
Action of two forces :
1 The weight force W acting vertically dow
o
( )
( )
nwards .
2 The reaction force R of the inclined plane and it acts
In the direction perpendicular to the plane except
External influences act at the body " hinge , rough ground , ...... "
The line of the
greatest slope
2 2 2
1 2 1 2
2 2
1 2 1 2
2
1 2
R F F 2F F cos
R F F 2F F Cos
The direction of the resultant :
F Sin
Tan = , Where is the angle between R and the first force
F F Cos
o
o
o
u u
o
= + +
= + +
+
Where : R : The resultant force
: The angle between the two forces
Where 0 180
o
o s s
o
2
F
1
F
R
u
F
FCosu
F Sinu
1
|
2
|
2
F
W
1
u
2
u
We use Lamis rule if three forces act at a point .
and you can find the angles between each two forces

1 2
1 2 3
F F W
= =
Sin Sin Sin
3
u
1
F

Introduction

Resultant force between Two forces
Rule:

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Resolution of a force into two
perpendicular Components
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Equilibrium of a body on an inclined Plane

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Lamis rule

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Static 3
rd
Movement

Friction is "the resistance an object encounters in moving over another" . It is easier to drag
an object over glass than sandpaper. The reason for this is that the sandpaper exerts more
frictional resistance. In many problems, it is assumed that a surface is "smooth", which means
that it does not exert any frictional force. In real life, however, this wouldn't be the case. A
"rough" surface is one which will offer some frictional resistance
The friction force is denoted by
F
F

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The opposite figure represents a body
rests on a rough horizontal plane, this
body is acted by a force .

Notes: as weight of the body increases then the friction increases and the normal reaction
increases.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Imagine that you are trying to push a book along a table with your finger. If you apply a very
small force, the book will not move. This must mean that the frictional force is equal to the force
with which you are pushing the book. If the frictional force were less that the force produced by
your finger, the book would slide forward.
If you push the book a bit harder, it would still remain stationary. The frictional force must
therefore have increased, or the book would have moved. If you continue to push harder,
eventually a point is reached when the frictional force increases no more. When the frictional
force is at its maximum possible value, here, friction is said to be limiting. If friction is
limiting, yet the book is still stationary, it is said to be in limiting equilibrium. If you push ever
so slightly harder, the book will start to move. If a body is moving, friction will be taking its
limiting value.

Friction FF
Limiting friction


Static 3
rd

Properties of friction

(1) The force of friction always acts in the direction opposite to the direction the body is tending
to move.
(2) The force of friction increases with the tangential force that tends to move the body so that
the two force are equal provided that the body is in a state of equilibrium.
(3) The magnitude of the force of friction increases up to a certain limit which it does not
exceed. At this value, the motion is just about to begin and the friction is then called the
limiting friction. When motion takes place the magnitude of the force of friction is nearly
equal to its maximum value in other words during motion the friction is a limiting friction.
(4) The magnitude of the limiting friction bears a constant ratio to the normal reaction. This
ratio depends on the nature of the two surfaces in contact and is independent of their shapes
and masses.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The coefficient of friction is a number which represents the friction between two surfaces, it is
the ratio between the magnitude of the limiting friction
F
F and the magnitude of the normal
reaction R and it is denoted by
F
F
R
=
Note: for most applications, 1 < except for rare materials

So lets understand what does this mean :
A very simple example: which of the following is easier ? To lift a disk or to push it
I think pushing it is much easier than lifting it
So lifting here tends to R and pushing it tends to
F
F , so usually
F
F R <

And from that, we can say that 1 < for most applications and problems we will discuss
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Study
Coefficient of friction


Static 3
rd
F
F
R'
R
1
F
2
F
u
( )
( )
( )
=
F
1
i F R where Coefficient of friction and R the normal reaction
Note use this rule when the body is , this is called a limiting friction
ii

Equilibriumrule:
About to moverule:
about to move
Not about
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
<
F
F R friction is not limiting
2
you can use instead of and to use lami's rule
3 Study
It is the angle between th
2 2
F
F
to moverule:
Resultant reaction R' = F +R
I mp. R' F R
Angle of friction
( )
( )
F
e resultant reaction R'
the resultant between F and R
and the normal to the plane on which
body is about to move
Then:
don't use the resultant reaction R'
F
F
Tan = =
R
I mp.
( )
( )
except when is given
4
If a body is placed on a rough inclined plane with the horizontal
by angle and the body is about to move by its own weight u
Special case on an inclined rough plane:

( )
= =
F
only
Then Tan Tan
If the direction of movement is not mentioned:
least force to move the body means the movement is down F and F are together
largest force to mo
u
I mp
( )
( )
F
1 2
ve the body means the movement is up F and F are opposite
5
If two horizontal forces F and F are acted on the body rests on a rough horizontal plane,

Special case on a horizontal rough plane:
( )
= + +
<
=
2
2 2
F 1 2 1 2
F
F
and the angle between them is , then:
F F F 2F F Cos
Where F R
Or F R
u
u
I f the body is not about to move

I f the body is about to move

Rules of friction


Static 3
rd
( )
( )
( ) ( )
F
F
T 1.5 kg.wt F T 1.5 kg.wt 1
1
and R 6 kg.wt So R 6 2 2
3
Then from 1 and 2 : F R
the body is in Equilibruim
Then the friction is not limiting and not about to move
= = =
= = =
<
( )
( )
( ) ( )
+ = = =
= =
= =
<
o o
F F
o
F
F 2Sin30 2.5 F 2.5 2Sin30 1.5 kg.wt 1
and R 2Cos30 3 kg.wt
R 0.9 3 1.559 2
Then from 1 and 2 : F R
the body is in Equilibruim
Then the
friction is not limiting and not about to move

Movement
Example (1)
A wooden block of weight 6 kg.wt. is placed on a horizontal table, and is connected by a string
passing over a smooth pulley at the edge, to a weight of magnitude 1.5 kg.wt. which is hanging
freely. Given that the block is in equilibrium, find the force of friction and the normal reaction.
If the coefficient of friction between the block and the table is
1
3
, state whether or not the body
is about to move.
Answer

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Example (2)
A wooden block of weight 2 kg.wt rests in equilibrium on a plane, inclined at
o
30 to the
horizontal, under the action of a force whose magnitude is 2.5 kg.wt and whose direction is that
of the line of greatest slope upwards. If the coefficient of friction is 0.9, find the force of friction.
State whether or not the motion is about to begin.
Answer

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

6 =


Static 3
rd
16
R
F
F
F Coso
( )
( )
( )
F
F
F F
The body is about to move Then the friction is limiting F R
1
F R 1
4
3
a F FCos F F
5
4
and R 16 F Sin R 16 F
5
3 1 4 3 1
from 1 : F 16 F F 4 F
5 4 5 5 5

o
o
=
=
= =
= =
(
= =
(

( ) ( )
2
2
3 1
F F 4 F 5 kg.wt
5 5
4
b R' R 1 where R 16 5 12 kg.wt
5
1 1
R' 12 1 3 17 kg.wt and also Tan
4 4

+ = =
= + = =
| |
= + = = =
|
\ .
F
o
F Sino
o
4
3
5
R'
Example (3)
A body of weight 16 kg.wt is placed on a horizontal rough plane. and the friction coefficient
between them is
1
4
. Find:
( )
( )
a The least force acting on the body inclined to the horizontal plane at an angle whose
3
Cos is so that the motion is about to start.
5
b The magnitude and the direction of the resultant reaction.

Answer

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Static 3
rd
26
o
60
R
F
F
7
8
( )
( ) ( ) ( )( )
1 2
2
2 2
F 1 2 1 2
2 2
o
F
F F F 2F F Cos
F 7 8 2 7 8 Cos60 13 gm.wt

u
u = + +
= + + =
( )
( )
F
And R 26 gm.wt
And the body is about to move friction is limting
13 1
F R 13 26 Tan Angle of friction
26 2

=
= = = = = =
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
F
F F
First case: The body is about to slide Then the friction is limiting F R
F R So, F 30 Cos and R 60 30Sin
30 Cos 60 30Sin divide by 30
Cos 2 Sin 1
Second case:
o o
o o
o o
=
= = =
=
=
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
F
o

F 60 Cos and R 60 60Sin
60 Cos 60 60Sin divide by 60
Cos 1 Sin 2
From 1 and 2 : 2 Sin 1 Sin divide by
2 Sin 1 Sin 2Sin 1
1
Sin 30
2
2 Sin 2
From 1 :
Cos
o o
o o
o o
o o
o o o
o o
o
o
= = +
= +
= +
= +
= + =
= =
= =
o
o
Sin30 3
Cos30 3
=
60
R
F
F
30 Coso
30
o
60
R
F
F
60 Coso
60
o
30 Sino
60 Sino
Example (4)
( )
A body of mass 60 kg is placed on a horizontal rough plane, a force of 30 kg.wt acted on it in a
direction inclined to the horizontal at an angle so that it is about to slide, and then a force
of a 60
o
( )
kg.wt acted in the opposite direction of the first force, so that it is about to slide also,
find the coefficient of friction and find the angle . o

Answer

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Example (5)
A body of mass 26 gm is placed on a horizontal rough plane, the body is about to move under
the action of the of two forces of magnitudes 7 and 8 gm.wt acting horizontally on the body and
the angle betw
o
een them is 60 , find the angle of friction between the body and the plane.

Answer


Static 3
rd
6
o
120
R
F
F
2
4
( )
( ) ( ) ( )( )
= + +
= + + =
1 2
2
2 2
F 1 2 1 2
2 2
o
F
F F F 2F F Cos
F 4 2 2 4 2 Cos120 2 3 Newto
u
u
( )
( )
=
=
< <
> > >
st
F
1 o
nd
n
And R 6 Newton
1 case : If the body is in equilibrium friction is not limting
Angle of friction Tan
And the body is in equilibrium F R 2 3 6Tan
2 3 2 3
Tan Tan 30
6 6
2 case : If the b

( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
= = =
=
= = =
= + +
= + + =
o
F
F
2
2 2
F 1 2 1 2
2 2 2
o
2 2
ody is about to move friction is limting
Angle of friction Tan Tan45 1
And the body is about to move F R
where R 6 Newton F 1 6 6 Newton
And F F F 2F F Cos
6 4 F 2 4 F Cos120 36 16

u
( )
( )
+
= =
= +
= = =
+
+ +
2
2 2
2
2 2
2
o
1
o
2 1
F 4F
4 96
F 4F 20 0 then by using formula: F
2
F 2 1 6 Newton
F Sin 4Sin120 2
To get the direction of this force: Tan
F F Cos 2
2 1 6 4Cos120

u
o
u
= =
1 o
1
2
Tan 35 16' with F
2
o
Example (6)
A body of weight 6 Newton rests on a rough horizontal plane. Two forces 2 and 4 Newton act
horizontally on the body, the angle between them being
o
120 . If the body is in equilibrium,
prove that the angle of friction is not less than
o
30 . If
o
45 = and the two forces act in their
previous direction and the 4 Newton force remains constant, find the least value for the other
force to move the body and determine the direction of motion.
Answer


Static 3
rd
R
o
30
o
30
112
o
150 Sin30
F
F
150
o
150 Cos30
( )
o
F
o
F
first case: F 112 150 Sin30 38 gm.wt downward
3
And R 150 Cos30 75 3 gm.wt and
5
3
R 75 3 45 g.wt F R
5
The body is not about to move
Then the friction is not limiting
Second case:
When the body

= =
= = =
= = <
o
F F
o
is about to move
Then the friction is limiting
F R 45 gm.wt where F F 150 Sin30
F 45 150 Sin30 120
The force must increase to 120 gm.wt
in order to make the body about to move
= = =
= + =
Movement
R
o
30
o
30
F
o
150 Sin30
F
F
150
o
150 Cos30
Movement
Example (7)
o
A body of 150 gm.wt is placed on a rough plane inclines at angle 30 to the horizontal and the
3
friction coefficient between them is . A force of 112 gm.wt acts on the body parallel to the
5
line of the greatest slope upwards and the body is still in equilibrium, find the magnitude and
the direction of the force of friction in this case, and determine is it the limiting magnitude or
not. Also mention the change that should happen to the magnitude of the force so that the body
is about to move.
Answer

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Static 3
rd
R
o
30
o
30
o
30
o
T Sin30
T
o
T Cos30
o
40 Sin30
F
F
40
o
40 Cos30
( )
F
F
o o
F
F
The body is about to move Then the friction is limiting F R
1
F R 1
4
The least force means that the body is about to move down
So, F T Cos30 40 Sin30
F
=
=
=
=
( )
o o
3
20 T
2
and R 40 Cos30 T Sin30
1
R 20 3 T
2
3 1 1
from 1 : 20 T 20 3 T
2 4 2
3 1 3 1
20 T 5 3 T T T 20 5 3
2 8 2 8
3 1 20 5 3
T 20 5 3 T T 15.3 Newton
2 8 3 1
2 8
=
=
(
=
(

= =
| |

= = =
|
\ .

Movement
Example (8)
A body of weight 40 Newtons rests on a rough plane which is inclined to the horizontal at an
angle
o
30 . The body is pulled up by a string which makes an angle
o
30 with the plane. The
string lies in the vertical plane which contains the body and the line of greatest slope. If the
coefficient of friction is
1
4
. Find the least force in the string which prevents the load from
moving down .
Answer

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Static 3
rd
R
u
u
F
W Sinu
F
F
W
130 Cosu
Movement
u
12
13
5
F F
st
F
5
R 130 Cos 130 50 Newton
13
And the body is about to move the friction is limiting
2
F R F 50 20 Newton
5
1 case: If movement is downwards
12
F 130Sin F 130 20 100 Newton
13
"This is the
u
u
= = =

= = =
= = =
nd
F
least force needed"
2 case: If movement is upwards
12
F F 130Sin 20 130 140 Newton
13
"This is the greatest force needed"
u = + = + =
R
u
u
F
W Sinu
F
F
W
130 Cosu
Movement
Example (9)
A 130 Newton weight is placed on a rough plane which is inclined to the horizontal by an angle
whose cosine is
5
13
. A force is applied to the weight parallel to the line of greatest slope
upwards. If the coefficient of friction between the weight and the plane is
2
5
, then find the limits
between which the applied force lies, so as to make the weight about to move.
Answer
limits which the force apply means to get the least and the largest force which will make the
body about to move up and down.


Static 3
rd
R
u
u
20 Sinu
F
F
20
Movement
1
F
R
F
F
20
Movement
20 Cosu
2
F
20 Sinu
20 Cosu
u
u

=
= = =
= =
= = =
F
1 F F
1 F 1
the body is about to move the friction is limiting
F R
3
R 20 Cos 20 12 Newton
5
4
F 20Sin F 20 F
5
F 16 F 16 R F 16 12
u
u
st
1 case: I f movement is downwards
( )
( ) ( )

= + = + = +
= +
| |
= = = +
|
\ .
| |
= = +
|
\ .
= +
2 2 2
2 F
2 F 2 2
1 2
1
3 4 4
R 20 Cos F Sin 20 F 12 F
5 5 5
F Cos 20Sin F
3 3 4
F 16 F 16 R F 16 12 F
5 5 5
3 4
When F F : 16 12 16 12 16 12
5 5
48 36 64 48
16 12
5 5 5 5
u u
u u

nd
2 case: I f movement is downwards
( ) ( )
( )( )
( )
+ = + =
+ = =
| |
= = = = =
|
\ .
2
2 2
2
1 2
48 88 32
0 5 48 88 32 0 8
5 5 5
6 11 32 0 3 4 2 1 0
4 1 1
refused Or F F 16 12 10 Newton
3 2 2

2
F Cosu
2
F Sinu
u
5
3
4
Example (10)
A body whose weight is 20 Newton is placed on a rough plane inclined to the horizontal by an
angle whose tangent is
4
3
. If
1
F is the least force when applied along the line of greatest slope
upwards, the body is about to move downwards.
2
F is the least force if applied horizontally,
the body is about to move downwards. If
1 2
F F = then find the coefficient of friction of the
rough plane and the magnitude of any of the two forces.
Answer

u


Static 3
rd
38
F
FCos o
o
F Sin o
R
F
F
o
4
3
5
st
nd
1 case: Inclined plane The body is moving on an inclined plane
1
by angle whose tangent is
5
1 1
Tan Tan
5 5
2 case: horiz
u
u = = = =
under its own weight only
F
F
F
ontal plane
the body is by a force F inclined by angle
F R
3 4
So, F FCos F and R 38 F Sin 38 F
5 5
3 1 4
So, F R F 38 F Multiply
5 5 5
o
o o
=
= = = =
(
= =
(

about to move
( )
( ) ( )
F
by 5
4 4 19
3F 38 F 3F F 38 F 38 F 10 Newton
5 5 5
3
Then from 1 : F 10 6 Newton and from 2 : R 30 Newton
5
= + = = =
= = =
Example (11)
A body of weight 38 Newton is about to move under its own weight when placed on a rough
plane inclined to the horizontal at an angle whose tangent is
1
5
. If this body is placed on a
horizontal plane which is as rough as the inclined plane, and is acted on by a force inclined to
the horizontal at an angle whose sine is
4
5
so that the body is about to move. Find the force and
the normal reaction.
Answer

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Static 3
rd
R
o
30
o
30
F
o
2 Sin30
F
F
2
o
2 Cos30
Movement
st
o
o
nd
1 case: Inclined plane The body is moving on an inclined plane
by angle 30
3
Tan30
3
2 case: When a force acted on the p
u

=
= =
o
F
o o
F
o o
F
lane
the body is by a force F
inclined by angle 60 to the horizontal
F R
3
where F FCos30 2Sin30 F 1
2
1
and R 2Cos30 F Sin30 3 F
2
3 3 1
So, F R F 1 3 F
2 3 2
=
= =
= =
= =
about to move
( )
( )
F
3 3 3 3 2 3
F 1 1 F F F 2 F 2 F 3 kg.wt
2 6 2 6 3
3 1
Then from 1 : F 3 1 kg.wt
2 2
(
(
= + = = =
= =
o
30
o
30
o
F Sin30
o
F Cos30
Example (12)
A 2 kg.wt is placed on a horizontal rough plane. The plane is tilted gradually, so the weight is
about to slide down when the inclination of the plane is
o
30 to the horizontal. If the weight is
then attached to a string which is pulled in a direction inclined at
o
60 to the horizontal so that
the body is about to move upwards. Given that the string is in the vertical plane through the
line of greatest slope, calculate the tension in the string and the friction force.
Answer


Static 3
rd
R
o
60
o
60
o
3Sin60
F
F
3
o
3Cos60
Movement
st
o
o
nd
1 case: Inclined plane The body is sliding on an inclined plane
by angle 30
3
Tan30
3
2 case: when the angle of the plane increas
u

=
= =
under its weight
( )
( )
o
o
F
F
o
F
ed to be 60
3 3
Before the force acts: F 3Sin60 kg.wt
2
After the force acted:
To find the least force which prevents the body
to move down movement is down
F R 1
3
where F 3Sin60 F
= =
=
= =
( )
( )
( )
o
rd
F
o o
F
o o
3
F
2
3
and R 3Cos60 kg.wt
2
3 3 3 3
from 1 F F 3 kg.wt
2 3 2
3 case: when the force is horizontal
F R 1
3 3 1
where F 3Sin60 FCos 60 F
2 2
3 3
and R F Sin60 Cos60 F
2 2
3 3 1
from 1
2 2
= =
= =
=
= =
= + = +

3 3 3 3 3 3 1
F F F F
3 2 2 2 3 2
F 3 kg.wt
= + = +
=
o
F Sin60
R
o
60
o
60
o
3Sin60
F
F
3
o
3Cos60
o
60
F
o
F Cos60
R
o
60
o
60
o
3Sin60
F
F
3
o
3Cos60
Movement
F
Example (13)
A body of 3 kg.wt is placed on a rough plane. when the plane is is inclined to the horizontal at
an angle
o
30 , then it is about to slide down. If the inclination of the plane to the horizontal
increased to become
o
60 , find the force of friction. Then find the magnitude of the least force
acting in the direction of the line of the greatest slope that prevents the body to move
downwards. And if this force is replaced by another horizontal force, prove that its magnitude
is equal to the first force.
Answer


Static 3
rd
R
u
u
F
W Sinu
F
F
W
W Cosu
Movement
F
The body is moving on an inclined plane by angle
Tan Tan Tan
To find the least force to make the body about to move up:
Then the friction is limiting F
u
u u
= = =
=
( )
( ) ( )
F
R 1
where F F W Sin and R WCos
Then from 1 : F W Sin Tan WCos
Sin
F W Sin
Cos
u u
u u u
u
u
u

= =
=
= W Cosu
( )
2 2 2
W Sin
F 2W Sin
To get the resultant in case the body is limiting:
R' R 1 R' WCos 1 Tan WCos Sec WCos Sec

u
u
u u u u u u
=
=
= + = + = =
1
WCos W
Cos
u
u
= =
Example (14)
When a weight W is placed on a rough plane inclined at an angle u to the horizontal, it is found
that the weight is about to slide down. Prove that the least force along the line of greatest slope
which makes the weight about to move upwards is equal to2WSinu . Prove also that the
resultant reaction is equal to W.
Answer

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Static 3
rd
R
u
u
3Sinu
F
F
3
3Cosu
Movement
( )
Any body is about to move by its weight when
the angle of inclination the angle of friction
In this problem, the two bodies will move when ,
1
then we must put the body of smaller friction
3
b
u
u
=
=
>
| |
=
|
\ .
1
elow the body of the greater friction
2
| |
=
|
\ .
u
4Cosu
4
4Sinu
T
T
When the two bodies are about to move
( )
( )
st
F
1 body
1
3
F 3Sin T
R 3Cos
1
3Sin T 3Cos
3
T 3Sin Cos 1
u
u
u u
u u
=
=
=
=
=
( )
( )
nd
F
2 body
1
2
F 4Sin T
R 4Cos
1
4Sin T 4Cos
2
T 2Cos 4Sin 2
u
u
u u
u u
=
= +
=
+ =
=
( ) ( )
( )
Then from 1 and 2 : 3Sin Cos 2Cos 4Sin
3
7Sin 3Cos Divide by Cos 7Tan 3 Tan
7
u u u u
u u u u u
=
= = =
Example (15)
Two bodies of weights 3 and 4 kg.wt are placed on a plane inclined to the horizontal at angle
the two bodies are connected with a light string coincide to the line of the greatest slope, the
coefficie
u
1 1
nts of friction between the bodies and the plane respectively are and .
3 2
If the inclination of the plane increased gradually. Determine which body must placed below the
other so that the two bodies start to move together, give reason.
3
Then prove that Tan when the two bodies are about to slide together.
7
u =

Answer

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Static 3
rd
R
u
u
FCoso
W Sinu
F
F
W Cosu
Movement
W
F
F
We can solve this problem by two methods
The least tension required to move the rock upward
Tan and R WCos F Sin
F FCos W Sin
The body is about to move F R
FCos W Sin WCos
u o
o u
o u
= =
=
=
=
First method:
( )
( )
( )
( )
F Sin Tan
Sin
FCos W Sin WCos F Sin
Cos
After multiplying both side by Cos
FCos Cos W Sin Cos WCos Sin F Sin Sin
FCos Cos F Sin Sin WCos Sin W Sin Cos
F Cos Cos Sin Sin W Cos Sin Sin Cos
u o
o u u o
o u u o
o o u u
o o u u
=
+ = +
+ = +
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1
o
FCos W Sin
W Sin
F Then the minimum tension occurs when Cos is maximum
Cos
The maximum value of Cos 1 Cos 1 0
1000Sin35
When 35 and W 1000 F 574 kg.wt
1
o u
u
o
o
o o o
u
= +
+
=
= = = =
+ = = = ~
Another solutio
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
F
o o o
o
when appears, you may use R' instead of F and R
Then we can use Lami's rule between the three force R' , F' , W
F W R'
Sin 180 Sin 90 Sin 90
F W
Sin Sin 90
W Sin
F W
F
Sin Cos
u o u o
u o
u
u o
= =
+ + + +
=
+
+
= =
+
n
( )
Cos
Then continue................
o
F
o
F Sino
R
u
u
FCoso
W Sinu
F
F
W Cosu
Movement
W
R'
F
o
F Sino
90 o
Example (16) (*Excellent*)
A rock of weight W is placed on a rough road inclined to the horizontal at angle u , if a horse
pulled the rock upward by a string which makes an angle o with the road, so that the rock is
about to move, given that the angle of friction between the rock and the road is . Then
prove that the least tension of the string to make the rock about to move upward occurs when
o = , then find the magnitude of this force when
o
35 u + = , and the mass of the rock is
1000 kg.
Answer


Static 3
rd
R
u
u
F
W Sinu
F
F
W Cosu
Movement
W
F
F
R WCos Tan F W Sin F
The body is about to move
F R W Sin F WCos Tan
Sin
W Sin F WCos
Cos
Sin
F W Sin WCos
Cos
Multiply both sides by Cos :
FCos W Sin Cos WCos Sin FCo
u u
u u
u u
u u
u u
= = =
= =
=
=
=
( )
( )
( )
( )
F
o
s W Sin
W Sin
F F W Sin Sec
Cos
when appears on an inclined plane, you may use R' instead of F and R
Then we can use Lami's rule under the three force R' , F' , W
F
Sin 180
u
u
u
= =
+
Another solution
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
o o
o
W R'
Sin 90 Sin 90
F W F W
Cos Sin Cos Sin 180
W Sin
F F W Sin Sec
Cos
u u
u u
u
u
= =
+ +
= =
+ +
+
= =
R
u
u
F
W Sinu
F
F
W Cosu
Movement
W
R'
u
Example (17)
A body whose weight is W is placed on a rough plane inclined at angle u to the horizontal
and the angle of friction is . A force F acts on the body parallel to the plane to prevent the
body from slipping. Prove that
( )
F W Sin Sec u =
Answer

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Static 3
rd
R
u
u
W
500 Sinu
500
500 Cosu
u
4
5
3
W 175 25 = +
W
F
F
Movement
st
F
F
1 case: When the least weight attached is T W 175 25 200 gm.wt
The least weight means that the movement is down
The body is in equilibrium, F R
3
Where R 500 Cos 500 300 gm.wt
5
And F 500 Sin W 5
u
u
= = + =
=
= = =
= =
F
nd
F
4
00 200 200 gm.wt
5
F 200 2

R 300 3
2 case: To get the maximum weight
The maximum weight means that the movement is up
2
The body is in equilibrium, F R where
3
3
And R 500 Cos 500 300 g
5

u
=
= = =
= =
= = =
( )
( ) ( )
( )
F
F
m.wt
And F T 25 500 Sin
4
T 25 500 F T 25 400
5
2
T 25 400 300 T 25 600
3
T 575 gm.wt
u = +
= + = +
+ = + =
=
R
u
u
W
500 Sinu
500
500 Cosu
( )
W T 25 = +
W
F
F
Movement
Example (18)
A body of 500 gm.wt is placed on a rough plane which is inclined to the horizontal by an angle
of measure u , such that
4
Tan
3
u = , the body is then attached to a string passing over a smooth
pulley at the top of the plane and a scale pan of 25 gm mass is attached to the other end of the
string, if the least weight to be added to the plane to keep the body in equilibrium is 175 gm.wt.
Find the coefficient of friction, then prove that the maximum weight that can be added to the
pan without disturbing equilibrium is 575 gm.wt.
Answer

Chapter 1 Friction

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Special case on an inclined rough plane:

I f the body is not about to move

friction is not limiting and not about to move

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