Nano-magnetic Materials synthesis

using Plasma Focus Device

Pan Zhenying
Jane
Plasma Radiation Sources Lab, NSSE, NIE/NTU
IWPDA, 2nd-3rd July 2009
 Outline

Background

Part I FePt Nanoparticles from PLD synthesized

Thin Films Using UNU/ICTP Dense Plasma Focus
Device

Part II Synthesis of Nanostructured CoPt Thin

Films by NX2 Dense Plasma Focus Device

 Optimized Focus Mode

 Non-optimized Focus Mode

International Workshop on Plasma Diagnostics and Applications, Singapore July 2 – 3, 2009

 Background

τ = τ 0 exp(KV / kT)
KV ~ kT (ambient thermal energy)

flip randomly  data unstable

 V↓ K↑

FePt/CoPt → minimal single domain particles of 3~4 nm → 1 Tbit/in2

International Workshop on Plasma Diagnostics and Applications, Singapore July 2 – 3, 2009

 FePt nanoparticles synthesis-I
First step: Pulsed laser deposition for smooth FePt thin films deposition

Laser: 532 nm, 10 Hz, 10 ns, 955 J/cm2;

Vacuum: Base pressure better than 10-5 mbar;

Target-substrate geometry: 3 cm

Second step: Nanostructurize FePt thin films using UNU/ICTP DPF device as a pulsed
ion irradiation source
Capacitance (C0) 30 µF
Inductance of circuit (L0) 110 nH
Impedance (z0) 60.5 mΩ
Circuit resistance (R0) 12 mΩ
Charging voltage 14 kV
Anode radius (a) 0.95 cm
Cathode surrounded radius (b) 3.2 cm
Length of electrode (z0) 16 cm
Operating current (at 14 kV) 231 kA
Storage energy 2.94 kJ
Third step: Annealed in vacuum at 400 oC
Operating Gases H2

International Workshop on Plasma Diagnostics and Applications, Singapore July 2 – 3, 2009

 FePt nanoparticles synthesis-II
Morphology: Structure: fcc  fct
Without irradiation 1 shot
(a) (b)

Crystallites:
Coercivity:
(a) (b)
Without irradiation 1 shot

[1] Z.Y. Pan, J.J. Lin, T. Zhang, S. Karamat , T.L. Tan, P. Lee, S.V. Springham, R.V. Ramanujan, R.S. Rawat, Thin Solid Films 517 (2009) 2753.

[2] Z.Y. Pan, R.S. Rawat, J.J. Lin, T. Zhang, P. Lee, T.L. Tan, S.V. Springham, Applied Physics a-Materials Science & Processing (2009). (Available on line)

International Workshop on Plasma Diagnostics and Applications, Singapore July 2 – 3, 2009

 CoPt nanoparticles synthesis-I
NX2 DPF device --- as a repetitive deposition facility
Capacitance (C0) 27.6 μF (0.6 μF × 46)
Inductance of circuit (L0) 26 nH
Impedance (Z0) 30.1 mΩ
Circuit resistance (R0) 7.2 m Ω
Charging voltage 8 kV
Starting at 1.55 cm and
then tapered down to
Anode radius (a)
1.15 cm for last 2.5
cm
Cathode rod separation (2b) 9.4 cm

Repetition rate 1 Hz
Operating current (at 8 kV) 266 kA

Storage energy 880 J

Operating Gases H2

Optimized focus mode:
Non-optimized focus mode:

H2 gas pressure: 6 mbar H2 gas pressure: 0.5 mbar
Axial deposition distance: 25 cm Axial deposition distance: 10 cm
No. of deposition shots: 25~200 No. of deposition shots: 25

International Workshop on Plasma Diagnostics and Applications, Singapore July 2 – 3, 2009

 CoPt nanoparticles synthesis-II
25 shots 50 shots 100 shots 150 shots 200 shots
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(e)

Optimized
Focus (a’) (b’) (c’) (d’) (e’)

Mode

25 shots 50 shots 100 shots (a) as-deposited (b) 500 oC annealing

(c) 600 oC annealing (d) 700 oC annealing

150 shots 200 shots

[3] Z.Y. Pan, R.S. Rawat*, M.V. Roshan, J.J. Lin, R.Verma, P. Lee, S.V. Springham, T.L.Tan, submitted to J. Phy. D, (2009)
International Workshop on Plasma Diagnostics and Applications, Singapore July 2 – 3, 2009
 CoPt nanoparticles synthesis-III
Non-optimized Focus
Mode
25 shots

International Workshop on Plasma Diagnostics and Applications, Singapore July 2 – 3, 2009

Thank you

Q&A
 Introduction: Magnetism
Some Concepts in Magnetism

Coercivity
Hc >1000 Oe, writing;
Higher density, higher HC;

Saturation magnetization
Ms, all dipole aligned;

Remanence
Mr, store magnetic state;

Initial permeability
µin, reciprocal to Hc.

Remanence ratio: S=Mr/Ms (0<S<0.5: magnetostatic; 0.5<S<1: exchange coupling.)

 ∂M  (High: exchange coupling;)

Squareness: 1 − M r /  H c −  (Low: magnetostatic.)
 ∂H 
 Hc 
International Workshop on Plasma Diagnostics and Applications, Singapore July 2 – 3, 2009
International Workshop on Plasma Diagnostics and Applications, Singapore July 2 – 3, 2009
 Supportive Documents: Magnetism
Superparamagnetism
The phenomenon of superparamagnetism is, in fact, timescale-
dependent due to the stochastic nature of the thermal energy. This can
be made quantitative by introducing an attempt timescale, which
describes the timescale over which attempt to jump the KV barrier.
KV
The energy barrier ratio: R =
kT

KV: The energy barrier to the total spin reorientation.

kT: The ambient thermal energy
The time-scale for a successful jump over the KV barrier:
τ = τ 0 exp( KV / kT )
So, R=25 = 1 min
R=40 = 7.5 years
R=60 = 109 years
…

International Workshop on Plasma Diagnostics and Applications, Singapore July 2 – 3, 2009

 Supportive Documents: Magnetism
Magnetic anisotropy K

 In a crystalline magnetic material the magnetic properties will vary

depending on the crystallographic direction in which the magnetic dipoles are
aligned. Such a situation is called magnetic anisotropy.
 There are several different types of anisotropy:
1. magnetocrystalline- crystal structure Ku
2. shape- grain shape
3. stress- applied or residual stresses
 Magnetocrystalline anisotropy is intrinsic to the material, independent of
grain size and shape; all other anisotropies are induced.
 Magnetocrystalline anisotropy Ku is 6.6~10×107.
 This large K is caused by Fe and Pt interactions originating from spin-orbit
coupling and the hybridization between Fe 3d and Pt 5d states.

International Workshop on Plasma Diagnostics and Applications, Singapore July 2 – 3, 2009

 Supportive Documents: Magnetism

Magnetic anisotropy K
 In a crystalline magnetic material the magnetic properties will vary
depending on the crystallographic direction in which the magnetic dipoles are
aligned. Such a situation is called magnetic anisotropy.
 There are several different types of anisotropy:
1. magnetocrystalline- crystal structure Ku
2. shape- grain shape
3. stress- applied or residual stresses
 Magnetocrystalline anisotropy is intrinsic to the material, independent of
grain size and shape; all other anisotropies are induced.
 Magnetocrystalline anisotropy Ku is 6.6~10×107.
 This large K is caused by Fe and Pt interactions originating from spin-orbit
coupling and the hybridization between Fe 3d and Pt 5d states.

International Workshop on Plasma Diagnostics and Applications, Singapore July 2 – 3, 2009