METAL DETECTOR

Submitted By Vineesh A. V. Vimiya Varkey Viji M. C.

Guided BY M^. K. Gnanasheela Ms^Sumol N. C. Ms. Seena George

ABSTRACT

In security aspects, metal etector isan essential e!uipment. "ut, the metal etector, #hich is a$aila%le in the market to ay, is $ery costly. &ence this stan s as a pro%lem 'or ho%%yists an 'or small applications. &ence #e ha$e taken an en ea$or to %ring out a metal etector o' minimum cost.

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4. IN),(-.C)I(N

In security aspects, metal "ut, the metal

etector isan essential e!uipment.

etector, #hich is a$aila%le in the market to ay, is $ery 'or small

costly. &ence this stan s as a pro%lem 'or ho%%yists an

applications. &ence #e ha$e taken an en ea$or to 5 %ring out a metal etector o' minimum cost.

)he salient 'eatures o' our project is that the e!uipment is i , 6 7 compact, simple in esign an can %e use practically any#here nee s. )he

metal comes

etector pro uces an au i%le alarm signal #hen a metallic particle

near to the sensor. A $isi%le %linking LED is also there to in icate the presence o' metal.

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)he circuit o' metal $i%rator is #ire as 4.< K&=. aroun

etector is sho#n in 3ig. 4. An asta%le multi9

4C ;;;. )he 'ree running 're!uency is selecte

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In asta%le operation, the trigger terminal an terminal are connecte

the threshol

so that a sel'9trigger is 'orme , operating as a ischarging )r.

multi$i%rator. 1hen the timer output is high, its internal turns o'' an

the VC4 increases %y e>ponential 'unction #ith the time

constant ?,A@,"ABC.

1hen the VC4. or the threshol

$oltage, reaches <VceC:.

the comparator output on the trigger terminal %ecomes high, resetting the 3C3 an on the causing the timer output to %ecome lo#. )his in turn turns the C4 the ischarges through the ischarging

ischarging )r. an %y ," an

channel 'orme

ischarging 7)V. 1hen the VCI 'alls

%elo# VccC:. the comparator

output on the trigger terminal %ecomes high an high asain. )he ischarging )r. turns o'' an

the timer output %ecomes

the VC 4 rises aaain.

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)his 're!uency is gi$en to the primary o' the trans'ormer through a transistor. So $arying magnetic 'iel #ill 'orme

etecting

ue to the pulsating current &o#. a in me trans'ormer. A $oltage #ill ue to the mutual in uction. "ut the so the magnitu e o' this in uce

normally in uce in the secon ary coil trans'ormer has no core ?air coreA an em' is $ery lo#.

detectin1 trans former

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2

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1hen a 'errite su%stance conies near to the #in ing o' the trans'ormer, an e''ect o' core is pro uce an the in uce em' #ill %e

much grater than 'ormer. )his $oltage is ampli'ie non in$erting ampli'ier %uil #ith opamp /.M:<E.

#ith the help o' a

34/""""

N(N INV*,) ING AM0/I3I*,

)he ampli'ie

signal is gi$en to the input o' a $oltage

comparator. )he re'erence $oltage is set to a $alue %elo# the magnitu e o' in uce em' #ithout any core. So. #hen the 'errite %o y is near to the

trans'ormer, the input o' comparator is more then thai o' re'erence pin. )hen the output o' the comparator goes lo#.

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gi$en to

the

triggering

input

o'

monosta%le multi9$i%rator %uil secon s an

aroun

;;;. )he time is selecte

to <.;

so the output #ill high 'or <.; secon s. )he transistor the %u==er %eeps to in icate the presence o'' 'or this time.

"C;EG starts con ucting an o' metal. Also the /*- turne

'Oi-( COMPARATOR '

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M(N(S)A"/* (0*,A)I (N In this mo e, the timer generates a 'i>e pulse #hene$er

the trigger $oltage 'alls %elo# VccC:. 1hen the trigger pulse $oltage applie to the H< pin 'alls %elo# VccC: #hile the timer output is lo#I ischarging )r. o'' an causes the

the timer7s internal 'lip9'lop turns the

timer output to %ecome high %y charging the e>ternal capacitor C I an setting the 'lip9'lop output at the same time.

)he $oltage across the e>ternal capacitor C / increases e>ponentially #ith the time constant tJ 5 ,ABC an <VccC: at t Jl. 4 ,ABC. &ence, capacitor C4 is charge

VC 4 reaches

through resistor

,A. )he greater the time constant ,AC. the longer it takes 'or the VC4 to reach <VccC:. In other #or s, the time constant ,AC controls the output pulse #i th. 1hen the applie $oltage to the capacitor C I

reaches <VccC:, the comparator on the trigger terminal resets the 'lip9 'lop, turning the ischarge an ischi irtiiim 4 r. on. At tins time, C I %egins to

the timer output con$erts to lo#. In this #ay. the timer

operating in monosta%le repeats the a%o$e process.

)he output o' monosta%le is gi$en to %ase o' transistor "C;EG an a %u==er is connecte to the colector. So #hen the hence the %u==er

monosta%le Iriggeres, the transistor #ill con uct an #ill %e on an

it pro uce a tone to in icate the presence o' metal.

A'ter the time o$er, the

e$ice #ill %e rea A7 'or ne>t

etection.

;. 1IN-ING -*)AI/S (3 -*)*C)ING ),ANS3(,M*,

)he an

etecting trams 'ormer has a 454 #in ing ?the primary

secon ary has the same num%er o' turnsA. )he primary is #oun iameter plastic 'ormer #ith :; S1G enamale is #oun copper #ire.

o$er a 4cm

)he primary #in ing has <4K turns an insulating coating is applie secon ary is #oun e

$ery closely. An

o$er the primary 'or isolation. )hen the

o$er the primary #ith EK S1G copper #ire an #ith a #ell insulator

has also <4K turns. )he #hole assemly is co$ere an

apply #arnish to allo# the #in ing to set. )he lea s are taken 'rom the secon ary.

the primary an

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1427.50

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)his project has %een N7intelligentN lo# cost an

e$elope

consi ering the nee

'or

longer lasting lamp. 1ith this purpose in to un erstan a%out the electronic

min , a stu y has %een con ucte

components a$aila%le in the market. )he e!uipment is compact, simple in esign an can %e use practically any#here nee s.

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OKKIications

) 6recision (imin1 ) 6JIse Qeneration ) (ime DeIaM Qeneration ) Se>JentiaI (imin1

DescriKtion
(He LM555/0 555/SO555 is a Hi1HIM staLIe controIIer caKaLIe of KrodJcin1

InternaI <IocS Dia1ram

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OKKIication Information
(aLIe + LeIoG is tHe Lasic oKeratin1 taLIe of 555 timer% (aLIe +" <asic OKeratin1 (aLIe 'esetN6I0 !B (ri11er -oIta1e (HresHoId -oIta1e N-trU6I0 2B N-tHM6I0 ;B Don't care Don't care LoG -tH 7 2-cc / ? -tH 7 2-cc / ? 5i1H ' -cc / ? 9 -tH 9 2 -cc / ? -cc / ? 9 -tH 9 2 -cc / ? 5i1H -tH 9 -cc / ? -tH 9 -cc / ? 5i1H OJtKJtN6I0 ?B LoG LoG
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1hen the lo# signal input is applie to the reset terminal, the timer output remains lo# regar less o' the threshol $oltage or9the trigger $oltage. (nly # hen the high signal is applie to the reset terminal, timer7s output changes accor ing to threshol $oltage an trigger $oltage. 1hen the threshol $oltage e>cee s <C: o' the supply $oltage #hile the timer output is high, the timer7s internal ischarge )V. turns on. lo#ering the threshol $oltage to %elo# MC: o' the supply $oltage. -uring this time, the timer output is.maintaine lo#. /ater, i' a lo# signal is applie to the trigger $oltage so that it %ecomes IC: o' the supply $oltage, the timer7s internal ischarge )r. turns o''. increasing the threshol $oltage an ri$ing the timer output again at high.
+" MonostaLIe OKeration

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3igure 4.

N-IonoaIaLIe 2ircJit

3igure <. ,esistance an Capacitance $s. )ime elay?t A

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Fi1Jre ?" Pa3eforms of MonostaLIe OKeration Fi1Jre I iIIJstrates a monostaLIe circJit" In tHis mode4 tHe timer 1enerates a fiRed KJIse GHene3er tHe ni11er 3oIta1e faIIs LeIoG -cc/?" PHen tHe tri11er KJIse 3oIta1e aKKIied to tHe V2 Kin faIIs LeIoG -cc/? GHiIe tHe timer oJtKJt is IoG" tHe timer's internaI fIiK,fIoK tJrns tHe discHar1in1 (r" off and caJses tHe timer oJtKJt to Lecome Hi1H LM cHar1in1 tHe eRternaI caKacitor "# and settin1 tHe fIiK,fIoK oJtKJt at tHe same time" (He 3oIta1e across tHe eRternaI caKacitor "+" -ci increases eRKonentiaIIM GitH tHe time constant +D$a: " and reacHes 2-ce/? at IdDI" I $a: "" 5ence4 caKacitor 2I is cHar1ed tHroJ1H resistor $a " (He 1reater tHe time constant $a "" tHe Ion1er it IaSes for tHe -ci to reacH 2-cc/?" In otHer Gords4 tHe Iime constant $a" controIs tHe oJtKJt KJIse G idtH" PHen tHe aKKIied 3oIta1e Io tHe caKacitor 2+ reacHes 2-cc/?" tHe comKarator on tHe tri11er terminaI resets tHe 5iK,fIoK" tJrnin1 tHe discHar1in1 (r" on" OI tHis time" 2I Le1ins Io discHar1e and tHe timer oJtKJt con3erts to IoG" In tHis GaM" tHe timer oKeratin1 in monostaLIe reKeaIs tHe aLo3e Krocess4 fi1Jre 2 sHoGs tHe time constant reIationsHiK Lased on $a and ". fi1Jre ? sHoGs tHe 1eneraI Ga3eforms dJrin1 monostaLIe oKeration" It mJst Le noted tHat4 for normaI oKeration4 tHe tri11er KJIse 3oIta1e needs to maintain a minimJm of -cc/? Lefore tHe timer oJtKJt tJrns IoG" (Hat is" aItHoJ1H tHe oJtKJt remains JnaIIected e3en if a different ni11er KJIse is aKKIied GHiIe tHe oJtKJt is Hi1H4 it maE He affected and tHe Ga3eform not oKerate KroKerIM if tHe tri11er KJIse 3oIta1e aI tHe end of tHe oJtKJt KJIse remains aI LeIoG -cc/?" I'i1Jre ,I sHoGs sJcH timer oJIKJI aLnormaIitM"

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Pa3eforms

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3igure ;. Asta%le Circuit 3re!uency

3igure T. Capacitance an ,esistance $s.

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Ampli'ier )ransistors N0N Silicon

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MediJm 6oGer Linear SGitcHin1 OKKIications
) 2omKIement resKecti3eIM to <D+?;4 <D+?b and

and
<D+!0

(O,+2;

+" mitter 2"2oIIector ?"<ase

060 KitaRiaI SiIicon (ransistor 4Kk?As sho#n A$ J 4K4A4 4CE YSEmGo

V

OLsoIJte MaRimJm 'atin1s Q oe 4KKk i I ( D25Z2 JnIess otHerGise noted

<
2

6arameter % <D+?5 <D+?7 <D+?C

-aIJe !5 ;0 b0 !5 ;0 b0 5 +"5 ?"0 0"5 +2"5 +"25 +50 , 55 , +50 #

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2oIIector,<ase -oIta1e

%,i=s O O O P H J CJ

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<D+?5 <D+?7 <D+?C

-9.

Ic '26 I< 6c 6c TI
(

S(Q

mitter,<ase -oIta1e 2oIIector 2Jrrent ND2B 2oIIector 2Jrrent N6JIseB <ase 2Jrrent 2oIIector DissiKation N(2D25Z2B 2oIIector DissiKation N(aD25Z2B JJnction (emKeratJre Stora1e (emKeratJre

IectricaI 2Haracteristics
SEmGo -2 0NsJsB
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h h

(cD25Z2 JnIess otHerGise noted

PKrKme=er 2oIIector, mitter SJstainin1 -oIta1e % <D+?5 % <D+?7 % <D+?C 2oIIector 2Jt,off 2Jrrent mitter 2Jt,off 2Jrrent

Tes= "o,!i=io, D ?0mO4 9 C 0

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D2 2Jrrent Qain % OLL D -I2 % OLL D -I2 % <D+?5 % <D+?74 <D+?C 2oIIector, mitter SatJration -oIta1e <ase, mitter O0 -oIta1e

-2 D 2-4 J D 5mO -2 D 2-4 Ic D 0"5O -2 D 2-4 J D +50mO Ic D 500mO4 I< D 50mO -2 D 2-4
J

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Classi'ication7T4K4Tn3*:EK 9 4KKT: 9 4TK4KK 9 <;K t9<KKK 3a#chil Semicon uctor International ,e$. A, 3e%7uaiy <KKK

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FeatJres
OJtKJt 2Jrrent JK to IO OJtKJt -oIta1es of 5" ;" b" C" +0" +2" +5" +b" 2! - (HermaI O3erIoad 6rotection SHort 2ircJit 6rotection OJtKJt (ransistor SaIe OKeratin1 Orea 6rotection

DescriKtion

(He KO7bUU/KO7bUUO series of tin 'ce,tcrminJI Kositi3e re1JIator are a3aiIaLIe in tHe (O,220/D,6OK KacSa1e and GitH se3eraI fiRed oJtKJt 3oIta1es4 maSin1 tHem JsefJI in a Gide ran1e of aKKIications" acH tMKe emKIoMs internaI cJrrent Iimitin14 tHermaI sHJt doGn and safe oKeratin1 area Krotection4 maSin1 it essentiaIIM indestrJctiLIe" If ade>Jate HeaI sinSin1 is Kro3ided" tHeE can deIi3er o3er IO oJtKJt cJnenI" OItHoJ1H desi1ned KrimariIM as fiRed 3oIta1e re1JIators4 tHese de3ices can Le Jsed GitH eRternaI comKonents Io oLtain adAJstaLIe EoIta1es and cJrrents" (O,220

D,6OK

+ +" InKJt OJtKJt 2" Q0D ?"

InternaI <IocS Di1ram

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S-H GS P8SS

I" MK0 T

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SemicondJctor

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