Dear Sir/Madam, Please consider this letter and enclosed resume as application for a position that is suitable to your

personnel requirement and my background. I am very much interested to enter in the !P/ S"P consultant or pro#ect management field. "s my resume states, I have gained a $ealth of kno$ledge and skills from employment and academic e%periences. Some e%amples are& Stabili'ation of a manufacturing line, (andling of "utomatic electromechanical equipments, )onducting e%ercises for mistake proofing * productivity enhancement. In addition to my technical * analytical skills I possess sound documentation abilities. I $ould appreciate the opportunity of an intervie$ to discuss my qualification in greater detail, and can be reached at the telephone number given in !esume to arrange an appointment at a mutually convenient time. +hank you for your time and consideration. I look for$ard to hearing from you. Sincerely, San#ay ,adam Dear Sir/Madam, Please consider enclosed resume for maintenance/-uality manager. I $ould appreciate the opportunity of an intervie$ to discuss my qualification in greater detail, and can be reached at the telephone number given in !esume to arrange an appointment at a mutually convenient time. +hank you for your time and consideration. I look for$ard to hearing from you. Sincerely, San#ay ,adam Dear Sir/Madam, Please consider this letter and enclosed resume as application for a position that is suitable to your personnel requirement and my background. I $ould appreciate the opportunity of an intervie$ to discuss my qualification in greater detail, and can be reached at the telephone number given in !esume to arrange an appointment at a mutually convenient time. +hank you for your time and consideration. I look for$ard to hearing from you. Sincerely, San#ay kadam

It takes us a great pleasure in welcoming the viewers to our website. In concurrence with changing IT scenario we have added more information and unique features in this site. Online Catalogue Repository is one such feature, whereby all our products and its specification can be viewed and online enquiry can be sent. IR!CT products are also e"ported to #ustralia, $angladesh, Canada, Columbia, Italy, %alaysia, %iddle !ast, &akistan, 'outh #frica, 'outh (orea, 'pain, 'ri )anka, Thailand, *( and *'#. irect founded in +,-.,with the collaboration with /estinghouse, $rake 0 'ignal, *.(. ind Rectifiers )td., has long standing tradition and e"perience in developing, designing, manufacturing and marketing &ower 'emiconductor, &ower !lectronic !quipments and Railway Transportation !quipments. 1uring this period irect has established considerable e"pertise in its area of activity and caters to wide range of application such as !lectronics, Railway Transportation, &ower, Telecommunication and core sector industries like steel, non2ferrous metals, cement, chemicals, metal finishing and a host of other industries. Customers have recogni3ed the high quality of irect products. At Hirect, quality is a corporate philosophy. #s a result, our comprehensive quality system has received I'O accreditation. The Equipment Division has an ISO 9001 &Semiconductor Division has an ISO 9002 qualit s stem 'ustained development is the only way the customers can en4oy the benefits of technology. Therefore, research 0 development plays a significant role in the organi3ation. /ith continuous upgradation of technology, irect has not only been satisfying its demanding customers but also maintaining a technical edge. The Department o! Science & Technolo" # $overnment o! India reco"ni%es Hirect&s '&D Department( #fter2sales service is an important prerequisite and irect has a well2spread network of service engineers5technicians for assisting its customers. They not only provide the service support for our systems but also assist them in choice of product, controls and interface with customer6s systems. HI'E)T products are also e*ported to Australia# +an"ladesh# )anada# )olum,ia# Ital # -ala sia# -iddle East# .a/istan# South A!rica# South 0orea# Spain# Sri 1an/a# Thailand# 20 and 2SA(

A Personal SWOT Example

.hat $ould a personal S./+ assessment look like0 !evie$ this S./+ analysis for )arol, an advertising manager.

Strengths I1m very creative. I often impressing clients $ith a ne$ perspective on their brands. I communicate $ell $ith my clients and team. I have the ability to ask key questions to find #ust the right marketing angle. I1m completely committed to the success of a client1s brand. Weaknesses I have a strong, compulsive need to do things quickly and remove them from my 2to do2 list, and sometimes the quality of my $ork suffers as a result. +his same need to get things done also causes me stress $hen I have too many tasks. I get nervous $hen presenting ideas to clients, and this fear of public speaking often takes the passion out of my presentations. Opportunities /ne of our ma#or competitors has developed a reputation for treating their smaller clients poorly. I1m attending a ma#or marketing conference ne%t month. +his $ill allo$ for strategic net$orking, and also offer some great training seminars. /ur art director $ill go on maternity leave soon. )overing her duties $hile she1s a$ay $ould be a great career development opportunity for me. Threats Simon, one of my colleagues, is a much stronger speaker than I am, and he1s competing $ith me for the art director position. Due to recent staff shortages, I1m often over$orked, and this negatively impacts my creativity. +he current economic climate has resulted in slo$ gro$th for the marketing industry. Many firms have laid off staff members, and our company is considering further cutbacks.

Abstract:Our varying industrial needs demand more precise control of the outputs of our basic electrical prime movers i.e, THE MOTORS. Basically dc motors are easy to control compared to their ac counter parts, but they have their o n limitations ith increase in capacity. !onversely ac motors in particular s"uirrel cage induction motors are very economical but their speed control is comparatively difficult because it re"uires

alteration of supply fre"uencies. #ue to technological advancements some drives hich can control ac motors are available hich are economical, easy to use and hich can provide ide range of speed control both belo speeds. These drives fundamentally alter the voltage and fre"uency being fed to motor according to the re"uirements using a techni"ue called pulse idth modulation $%&M'. These are increasingly becoming popular due their reasonable cost and other user friendly features. Since they use embedded systems they can be interfaced to the computers and can be programmed for automatic control reducing manual intervention. (ariable (oltage (ariable fre"uency drive and above base

) variable*fre"uency drive $(((+#' is a system for controlling the rotational speed of an alternating current $)!' electric motor by controlling the fre"uency of the electrical po er supplied to the motor. ) variable fre"uency drive is a specific type of ad,ustable*speed drive. (ariable*fre"uency drives are also -no n as ad,ustable*fre"uency drives $)+#', variable*speed drives $(S#', )! drives or inverter drives. CONTENTS .ntroduction Operating principle E/ample (((+# system description (((+# controller (((+# operator interface (((+# Operation )vailable (((+# po er ratings Shrin-ing cost and si0e

.1TRO#2!T.O1 .nduction motors have been used in the past mainly in applications re"uiring a constant speed Because conventional methods of speed control have been either e/pensive or inefficient. (ariable speed applications have been dominated by dc drives. )vailability of Thyristors, %o er Transistors, .3BT have allo ed that development of variable speed induction motor drives The main dra bac- of dc motors is a presence of commutator and brushes, maintenance and ma-e them unsuitable for e/plosive and dirty environment. On the other hand, ..Ms, particularly s"uirrel*cage are rugged, cheaper, lighter, smaller, more effcient, re"uire lo er maintenance and can operate in dirty and e/plosive environments. )lthough variable speed induction motor drives are generally e/pensive than dc drives, They are used in number of applications li-e cranes, conveyers etc. because of the advantages of .nduction motors. S%EE# !O1TRO4 hich re"uire fre"uent

+ollo ing methods are employed for speed control of .nduction motors5* 6. %ole changing 7. Stator voltage control 8. Supply fre"uency control 9. Eddy current coupling :. Rotor resistance control ;. Slip po er recovery &e are going to study supply fre"uency control method. e can conveniently ad,ust the speed of motor by

changing the fre"uency applied to the motor. &e could ad,ust motor speed by ad,usting the number of poles, but this physical change to the motor, ould re"uire re inding, and result in a step change to the speed. So for convenience, cost efficiency and precision, e change the fre"uency. O%ER)T.13 %R.1!.%4E (ariable fre"uency drives operate under the principle that the synchronous speed of an )! motor is determined by the fre"uency of the )! supply and the number of poles in the stator inding, according to the relation5 &here, R%M < Revolutions per minute f < )! po er fre"uency $Hert0' p < 1umber of poles $an even number' Synchronous motors operate at the synchronous speed determined by the above e"uation. The speed of an induction motor is slightly less than the synchronous speed. E/ample ) 9*pole motor that is connected directly to ;= H0 utility $mains' po er ould have a synchronous speed of 6>== R%M5 67= / ;= < 6>== rpm 9 .f the motor is an induction motor, the operating speed at full load ill be about 6?:= R%M. .f the motor is connected to a speed controller that provides po er at 9= H0, the synchronous speed ould be 67== R%M5 67= / 9= < 67== rpm 9 (oltage induced in stator is proportional to the product of supply fre"uencies and area flu/, if stator drop is neglected , terminal voltage can be considered proportional to product of fre"uency and flu/ . )ny reduction in supply fre"uencies ithout change in terminal voltage causes an increase air gap flu/. The increase in flu/ ill saturate the motor. &hile an increase in flu/ beyond rated value is undesirable from the consideration of saturation effects. ) decrease in flu/ is avoided to retain the tor"ue capability of the motor Therefore the variable fre"uency control belo the rated fre"uency is generally carried out at rated air*gap flu/ by varying the terminal voltage ith fre"uency so as to maintain $(@+' ratio constant at rated value.

Tma/ < A

Where K is constant , This e"uation suggests that ith a constant $v@f' ratio, motor develops a ma/imum tor"ue, e/cept at lo speeds. Motor therefore operates in constant tor"ue mode. &hen it is re"uired that same ma/imum tor"ue retained at lo speeds also in monitoring operation, $v@f' ratio is increased at lo fre"uencies. The variable fre"uency control provides a good running and transient performance because of follo ing features5* 6. Speed control and bra-ing operations are available from 0ero to above base speed operations. 7. #uring transient $starting, bra-ing and speed reversal' the operation can be carried out at t the ma/. tor"ue hile reduced current giving good dynamic response. syn. Speed 8. !u. 4osses are lo , the efficiency and po er factor are high as the operation is restricted b@ and ma/. Tor"ue point at all fre"uencies. 9. #rop in speed from no lad to full load is small. +ig. Sho s the tor"ue*developing characteristic of every motor5 the (olts per Hert0 ratio $(@+'. &e change this ratio to change motor tor"ue. )n induction motor connected to a 9;=(, ;= H0 source has a ratio of ?.;?. )s long as this ratio stays in proportion, the motor ill develop rated tor"ue. ) drive provides many different

fre"uency outputs. )t any given fre"uency output of the drive, you get a ne tor"ue curve. Hert0 (@+ Ratio

(((+# system description

(((+# system ) variable fre"uency drive system generally consists of an )! motor, a controller and an operator interface. VVVFD controller Bust ho ThatCs does a drive provide the fre"uency and voltage output necessary to change the speed of a motor hat eCll loo- at ne/t. +ig. sho s a basic %&M drive. )ll %&M drives contain these main parts, ith

subtle differences in hard are and soft are components. The input section of the drive is the converter. .t contains si/ diodes, arranged in an electrical bridge. These diodes convert )! po er to #! po er. The ne/t section*the #! bus section*sees a fi/ed #! voltage. The #! Bus section filters and smoothes out the aveform. The diodes actually reconstruct the negative halves of the aveform onto the positive half. .n a 9;=( unit, youCd measure an average #! bus voltage of about ;:=( to ;>=(. Dou can calculate this as line voltage times 6.969. The inductor $4' and the capacitor E or- together to filter out any )! component of the #! aveform. The smoother the #! aveform, the cleaner the output aveform from the drive. The #! bus feeds the final section of the drive5 the inverter. )s the name implies, this section inverts the #! voltage bac- to )!. But, it does so in a variable voltage and fre"uency output. Ho does it do this That depends on hat -ind of po er devices your drive uses. .f you have many S!R $Silicon !ontrolled Rectifier'*based drives in your facility, see the Sidebar. Bipolar Transistor technology began super ceding S!Rs in drives in the mid*6F?=s. .n the early 6FF=s, those gave ay to using .nsulated 3ate Bipolar Transistor $.3BT' technology, hich ill form the basis for our discussion. Switching B s with !"BTS TodayCs inverters use .nsulated 3ate Bipolar Transistors $.3BTs' to s itch the #! bus on and off at specific intervals. .n doing so, the inverter actually creates a variable )! voltage and fre"uency output. )s sho n in +ig., the output of the drive doesnCt provide an e/act replica of the )! input sine aveform. .nstead, it provides voltage pulses that are at a constant magnitude. The driveCs control board signals the po er deviceCs control circuits to turn GonG the aveform positive half or negative half of the po er device. This alternating of positive and negative s itches recreates the 8 phase output. The longer the po er device remains on, the higher the output voltage. The less time the po er device is on, the lo er the output voltage sho n in +ig. !onversely, the longer the po er device is off, the lo er the output fre"uency. The speed at hich po er devices s itch on and off is the carrier fre"uency, also -no n as the s itch fre"uency. The higher the s itch fre"uency, the more resolution each %&M pulse contains. Typical s itch fre"uencies are 8,=== to 9,=== times per second $8 HH0 to 9 HH0'. $&ith an older, S!R*based drive, s itch fre"uencies are 7:= to :== times per second'. )s you can imagine, the higher the s itch fre"uency, the smoother the output aveform and the higher the resolution. Ho ever, higher s itch fre"uencies decrease the efficiency of the drive because of increased heat in the po er devices. )n embedded microprocessor governs the overall operation of the (((+# controller. The main microprocessor programming is in firm are that is inaccessible to the (((+# user. Ho ever, some degree of configuration programming and parameter ad,ustment is usually provided so that the user can customi0e the (((+# controller to suit specific motor and driven e"uipment re"uirements. VVVFD o#erator inter$ace The operator interface provides a means for an operator to start and stop the motor and ad,ust the operating speed. )dditional operator control functions might include reversing and s itching bet een manual speed

ad,ustment and automatic control from an e/ternal process control signal. The operator interface often includes an alphanumeric display and@or indication lights and meters to provide information about the operation of the drive. )n operator interface -eypad and display unit is often provided on the front of the (((+# controller as sho n in the photograph above. The -eypad display can often be cable*connected and mounted a short distance from the (((+# controller. Most are also provided ith input and output $.@O' terminals for connecting pushbuttons, s itches and other operator interface devices or control signals. ) serial communications port is also often available to allo the (((+# to be configured, ad,usted, monitored and controlled using a computer. VVVFD O#eration &hen a (((+# starts a motor, it initially applies a lo fre"uency and voltage to the motor. The starting fre"uency is typically 7 H0 or less. Starting at such a lo fre"uency avoids the high inrush current that occurs hen a motor is started by simply applying the utility $mains' voltage by turning on a s itch. &hen a (((+# starts, the applied fre"uency and voltage are increased at a controlled rate or ramped up to accelerate the load ithout dra ing e/cessive current. This starting method typically allo s a motor to develop 6:=I of its rated tor"ue hile dra ing only 6:=I of its rated current. &hen a motor is simply hile producing less than 6:=I s itched on at full voltage, it initially dra s at least 8==I of its rated current pea-

of its rated tor"ue. )s the load accelerates, the available tor"ue usually drops a little and then rises to a hile the current remains very high until the motor approaches full speed. ) (((+# can be ad,usted to produce a steady 6:=I starting tor"ue from standstill right up to full speed hile dra ing only 6:=I current. &ith a (((+#, the stopping se"uence is ,ust the opposite as the starting se"uence. The fre"uency and voltage applied to the motor are ramped do n at a controlled rate. &hen the fre"uency approaches 0ero, the motor is shut off. ) small amount of bra-ing tor"ue is available to help decelerate the load a little faster than it ould stop if the motor ere simply s itched off and allo ed to coast. )dditional bra-ing tor"ue can be obtained by adding a bra-ing circuit to dissipate the bra-ing energy or return it to the po er source. A%ailable VVVFD #ower ratings (ariable fre"uency drives are available ith voltage and current ratings to match the ma,ority of 8*phase motors that are manufactured for operation from utility $mains' po er. (((+# controllers designed to operate at 66= volts to ;F= volts are often classified as lo voltage units. 4o voltage units are typically designed for use ith motors rated to deliver =.7-& or 6@9 horsepo er $Hp' up to at least ?:=-& or 6===Hp. Medium voltage (((+# controllers are designed to operate at 79==@96;= volts $;=H0', 88== volts $:=H0' or up to 6=-(. .n some applications a step up Transformer is placed bet een a lo voltage drive and a medium voltage load. Medium voltage units are typically designed for use ith motors rated to deliver 8?:-& or :==Hp and above. Medium voltage drives rated above ?-( and :=== or 6=,===Hp should probably be considered to be one*of*a*-ind $one*off' designs. Shrin-ing cost and si0e today doesnCt spe gratuitous harmonics into your distribution system*nor does it affect your po er factor. #rives are increasingly becoming Gplug and play.G )s electronic po er components improve in reliability and decrease in si0e, the cost and si0e of (((+#s ill continue to decrease. &hile all that is going on, their performance and ease of use Concl sion #ue to many advantages offered by ac drives li-e automatic control, closed loop control, economical cost etc. ac motors are being replaced in fields hich here totally capitali0ed by dc motors li-e traction, some industrial applications etc. ill only get better.

6. #irect and control all factory staff to ensure that they are properly motivated, trained and developed, and carry out their responsibilities to the re"uired standards and in accordance ith health, safety and

hygiene standards. 7. Organi0e all production operations to ensure that output and "uality targets are achieved and that all relevant health, safety and hygiene standards are observed. 8. #evelop all necessary policies and procedures to ensure that plant and e"uipment is effectively maintained to ensure ma/imum production efficiency. 9. #evelop and monitor all necessary procedures to ensure the continued efficient operation and supply of services provided by utilities. :. #evelop and maintain good or-ing relationships ith customers and suppliers and organi0e periodic site visits to demonstrate the effectiveness of the production process. ;. 1egotiate contracts ith contractors and suppliers to ensure the cost*effective provision of services to the factory. ?. #evelop and implement short* and long*term plans to ensure that the factory has the necessary resources to meet business ob,ectives. >. #evelop effective or-ing relationships ith all employees and employeesC representatives to ensure the maintenance of harmonious employee relations ithin the factory. F. Monitor and control the factory budget to ensure that all financial and business ob,ectives are met. 6=. .mplement and establish the JMS based on .SO F==6. 7==> %erform any other related duties as Management may re"uire from time to time.

Empo3erin" people
!mployee empowerment is the most critical aspect of successful business today and is not yet a popularly understood concept. 7or an organi3ation to be responsive, agile and decisive, empowerment at every level is the key. !mpowerment makes the difference when a sales person decides doing that little bit e"tra for customers. !mpowerment makes the difference when the split second decision by worker saves the production line from a possible breakdown. !mpowerment makes the difference when people try to locate opportunity for improving their work processes. #nd still managers do not know how to make empowerment a reality in their area of work.

They are not sure of what capabilities are desirable in them selves and subordinates to make empowerment happen. Team empo3erment # common concern with managers is that the workers lack capability to take enough responsibility. Team empowerment provides an opportunity for managers to e"tend the concept when the people do not have highest levels of individual capability to make a difference in the work area. Team empowerment may start with workplace management responsibilities like house keeping. To take the concept further managers must help people to assume responsibility for process improvements. !mpowerment can be taken to higher planes by involving people in decision making that affects the compensation and benefits 8changes in incentive schemes etc.9, and making them part of disciplinary process to effectively fight indiscipline in the company. In!ormation and con!idence 4 the heart o! empo3erment In a typical organi3ational setup, 4obs such as safety and housekeeping are team responsibility by default. ere the managers do a good 4ob when they emphasi3e the importance of safety, cleanliness and housekeeping to the people responsible and also make them understand the related aspects to such an e"tent that the 4ob no longer needs any supervision. %anager is confident of the capability of the people doing the 4ob. The role of manager is to keep the motivational levels high. In contrast, process improvement is generally considered a shared responsibility in many organi3ations. %anagers guide people in identifying opportunities for improvements and also help them in devising a viable solution. %any a times managers give the solutions and resources and leave the implementation to the people below, who are then onwards supervised to the satisfaction of the manager. %anagers feel that providing ideas, solutions, resources and supervision is their prime responsibility. It is this thinking that comes in the way of empowering the workers completely. %anagers are not fully confident of the capability of the people responsible for improvements. /hen it comes to the activities like budgeting, maintenance, production schedules and other important decisions, it is managers and managers alone. They use all kinds of analytical tools to aid them. &lanning, budgeting and controlling are the most important tasks that managers typically perform. !mpowering people in this area is one aspect that managers cannot think of, though once streamlined it is 4ust a matter of filling a format for maintenance and scheduling. Shi!t in mana"erial role # closer look at above cases makes it obvious that it is information availability and capability which is the biggest factor influencing empowerment. # manager must coach his people on ways of looking at work, so that opportunities for improvement become obvious. /orkers may even be trained and developed to develop solution through brainstorming where leaders may play a facilitating role. /ell developed and skilled workers with positive attitudes need no supervision. It is managers: role to see that people have sufficient process information and knowledge, so that they are able to take appropriate decisions on process improvements. 'imilarly once a set process for planning and budgeting is established it is only a matter of availability of business information. 1issemination of business information to managers at lower levels helps is empowering them to make suitable contribution in planning and budgeting functions. /ith improved skills, attitude and knowledge workers are ready to assume higher responsibility. #t this stage it is manager:s mindset emerges as bottleneck. %anagers wonder how they are going to make the difference in the organi3ation with empowered teams around. In the e"ercise of empowerment it is managers as much as employees who have to undergo the change in their mindsets. %anagers are the most important change target, as their roles change from supervising, controlling, report generation and troubleshooting to coaching, special pro4ects, futuristic thinking and helping people to make the right decision. )eadership skills must shift to learning, analysis, collaboration, knowledge sharing, communication and inspiration. 'hift in )eaders: or managers roles can be summari3ed as shown below;

Shifting roles of mangers due to empowerment With out empowerment With Empowered teams
)ontrolling Planning Inspection )oaching 3acilitation Supporting

Waste Categories and 9 Wastes To Be Eliminated

6. Wor&-in-#rocess' Stoc-ing items not immediately needed 7. ( alit)' %roducing defective products. 8. Facilities' Having idle machinery and brea-do ns, ta-ing too long for setup.

9. E*#enses' Overinvesting for re"uired output. :. !n+irect labor' E/cess personnel due to bad indirect labor system. ;. Talent' Employing people for ,obs that can be mechani0ed or assigned to less s-illed people. ?. ,otion' 1ot or-ing according to the best or- standards. >. -ro+ ct Design' %roducing products ith more functions than necessary.

F. New-#ro+ ct r n- #' Ma-ing a slo start in stabili0ing the production of a

1 Brainstorming !ules
4. 5. Set dire"tions# #escribe the situation and define the problem. Help people to understand the problem to be solved and clarify the ob,ectives. 3ocus on productive ob#ectives and keep group on track. $n%ol%e e%er&one# ncourage everyone to contribute. )ontrol dominating participants. )elebrate diversity. 7se different techniques to dra$ ideas from group. Enco rage cross-$ertili.ation' 9uild on each other. :et others1 ideas take you some$here else. )ombine, s)nergi.e, and improve upon ideas. En"ourage outside'the'(ox thinking# !hallenge assumptions. Be "reati%e. <o cra'y. +hink outside the bo%. Sometimes the $ildest ideas lead to great ones. +he $ilder the ideas the better Step out of your shoes to surface ne$ insights. =2.hat if you $ere a cat, or a film scenario $riter > ho$ $ould you solve the problem02?. ncourage active listening.

6. 8. ;.

F n/Bi.: Creati%e -roble0 Sol%ing Contests

@. A. Don1t o%erloo& the ob%io s > the obvious solution is sometimes the best. Suspend )udgment# Bo ideas are bad ideas. "ll ideas are good ideas. $)ctually, a minority opinion offered during group decision ma-ing often stimulates more inno%ati%e solutions to a pro(lem'. Don1t $ear re#etitions. )t different moments you see ith different eyes. #uring discussion after ards the duplicate ideas you may find them different or they may trigger a different response at a different time. Don1t sto# an+ +isc ss' 3o for "uantity, not "uality. Heep the momentum going. 2ecor+ an+ +is#la) each i+ea' Ma-e sure each idea is complete > donCt use one* ord descriptions to avoid misunderstanding. #onCt edit. Appl& the 34564 -rinci#le and "hange hats to sele"t the (est ideas# :ook through your list of ideas and circle the 5EF that $ill yield CEF of the results you are looking for. ncourage full*spectrum thin-ing.

C.

D. 4E. 44.

$nternal *emo
Date& 6E/C/4E

+o, Stores/Purchase, Please arrange to send the follo$ing vacuum pump set for repair $orks at M/S,"cmevac India Pvt ltd., ,ashimira. )ode& no& D;4E6EE44C qty& E4 set. Bature of fault& 4? Gacuum level not reaches to 4E H5 =not as per pump specification? 5? Boise observed during running. = specially after 4 > 5 hrs running? Please note that the above pump set $as send for repair via po I @4/6E6/EE dt&4;/6/4E to M/S,Mrudla engg. +hane. +he vendor sent back after his repair $orks , but $hile verification of the pump the $e observed that , the problem of the pump set are not resolved yet and same $as informed ,communicate and $itnessed by M/S, Mrudal engg,. +hane. Since $e have only one pump set in spare, $e need to repair it as early as possible, so that it $ill available for production use, other$ise it may cause line stop. Please arrange to send the above pump set to / M i.e. M/S, ")M G") , ,asimira. !egards,

San#ay kadam

Than/ ou(
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+>2+

Tourism *ala&sia or *ala&sia Tourism Promotion Board =*TPB? is an agency under the Ministry of +ourism, Malaysia. +ourism Malaysia or formerly kno$n as the Tourist +e%elopment Corporation of *ala&sia ,T+C-, $as established on 4E "ugust, 4DA5. It $as then under the former Ministry of +rade and Industry.

.istor&
/n 5E May, 4DCA, the Ministry of )ulture, "rts and +ourism ,*OCAT- $as established and +D) moved to this ne$ ministry. +D) e%isted from 4DA5 to 4DD5, $hen it became the Malaysia +ourism Promotion 9oard =M+P9?, through the Malaysia +ourism Promotion 9oard "ct, 4DD5. +ourism Malaysia has gro$n by leaps and bounds $ith its focus on promoting Malaysia at the domestic and international levels. It aims to market Malaysia as a premier destination of e%cellence in the region. Its vision is to make the tourism industry a prime contributor to the socioHeconomic development of the nation. .ith the gro$th of $orld tourism and Malaysia1s potential as a tourism destination, has contributed to the change and focus in the country1s tourism sector. It has helped generate substantive foreign e%change earnings and employment. +ourism Malaysia no$ has 68 overseas and 44 marketing representative offices.

/edit0 Promotional efforts

In September 5EE@, +ourism Malaysia signed a J5 million deal $ith Manchester 7nited in an effort to promote Gisit Malaysia Kear 5EEA. Prior to that, +ourism Malaysia had a deal $ith )helsea 3.).. +he success of the Gisit Malaysia Kear 5EEA, a celebration of Malaysia1s diverse cultures, beautiful holiday locations and unique attractions has helped propel the country to the forefront in tourism. In 5E4E +ourism Malaysia announced that it $ould be making greater efforts to attract Be$ Lealanders. 2Initiatives include a greater focus on ecotourism, ma#or cultural events and activities for young urban professionals. 3amilyHfriendly destinations, $ellness activities, value for money and a safe, clean environment are some the key drivers of this market,2 said Bg. M4N +he government has started a campaign called 24Malaysia <reen, 4Malaysia )lean2 in order to let tour operators and travelers understand the need to protect nature areas $hile promoting ecoHtourism.M4N

/edit0 1eadership
"s of "ugust 5E4E Dato1 Sri Dr. Bg Ken Ken is the Minister of +ourism and "'i'an Boordin is "cting DirectorH<eneral of +ourism Malaysia. M5N

A. R. Rahman
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A# !# !ahman # #

".!. !ahman in 5EEA Ba"kground information Birth name ". S. Dileep ,umar

Also known as ". !. !ahman, "!!, "! @ Oanuary 4D@@ =age 88? )hennai, +amil Badu, India 3ilm score, theatre, $orld music )omposer, record producer, music director, O""upations singer, instrumentalist, arranger, programmer 3ears a"ti%e 1a(els We(site 4DC;>present , M Musiq arrahman.com

Born

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Allah !akha !ahman =+amil& P born @ Oanuary 4D@@ as A# S# +ileep 4umar? is an Indian film composer, record producer, musician and singer. (is film scoring career began in the early 4DDEs. (e has $on fourteen 3ilmfare "$ards, eleven 3ilmfare "$ards South, four Bational 3ilm "$ards, t$o "cademy "$ards, t$o <rammy "$ards, a 9"3+" "$ard and a <olden <lobe.M4NM5N !ahman obtained a degree in $estern classical music from the +rinity )ollege of Music in :ondon, and set up his o$n inHhouse studio called Panchathan !ecord Inn at )hennai, arguably one of "siaQs most sophisticated and highHtech studios.M6N :ater by $orking in

India1s various film industries, international cinema and theatre, by 5EE8, !ahman, in a career spanning nearly t$o decades, had sold more than 4;E million records of his film scores and soundtracks $orld$ide,M8NM;N and sold over 5EE million cassettes,M@N making him one of the $orld1s allHtime top selling recording artists. (e $as described as 2India1s most prominent movie song$riter2 by +ime maga'ine in 5EE;.MAN (is $orks are notable for integrating eastern classical music $ith electronic music sounds, ne$ technology and traditional orchestral arrangements. +ime maga'ine has referred to him as the 2Mo'art of Madras2 and several +amil commentators have coined him the nickname Isai Puyal =+amil& P nglish& Music Storm?.MCN In 5EED, Time maga'ine placed !ahman in its list of World's Most Influential People.MDN

Contents
MhideN

4 arly life 5 )areer o 5.4 3ilm scoring and soundtracks o 5.5 /ther $orks o 5.6 Music style and impact o 5.8 "$ards 6 Personal life 8 Social service ; 3ilmography @ Botes A !eferences C %ternal links

Earl& life

A R Rahman seen during his early days. ". !. !ahman $as born in )hennai, +amil Badu, India to a musically affluent Mudaliar +amil family. (is father !. ,. Shekhar, $as a )hennai based composer and conductor for Malayalam films. !ahman lost his father at the age of D and his family rented out his father1s musical equipment as a source of income. (e $as raised by his mother ,areema =previously called ,ashturi?. During these formative years, !ahman served as a keyboard player and an arranger in bands such as 2!oots2, $ith childhood friend and percussionist Sivamani, Oohn "nthony, Suresh Peters, OoOo and !a#a.M4EN !ahman is the founder of the )hennaiHbased rock group, 2Bemesis "venue2.M44N (e played the keyboard and piano, the synthesi'er, the harmonium and the guitar. (is curiosity in the synthesi'er, in particular increased because, he says, it $as the 2ideal combination of music and technology2.M45N (e

began early training in music under Master Dhanra#. "t the age of 44, he #oined, as a keyboardist, the troupe of Ilaiyaraa#a,M45N one of many composers to $hom musical instruments belonging to !ahman1s father $ere rented. !ahman later played in the orchestra of M. S. Gis$anathan, !amesh Baidu and !a#H,oti, accompanied Lakir (ussain, ,unnakudi Gaidyanathan and :. Shankar on $orld tours and obtained a scholarship to the +rinity )ollege of Music $here he graduated $ith a degree in .estern classical music.M46N (e $as introduced to -adiri Islam $hen his younger sister fell severely sick and as per the advise of a family friend, the family $ould pray at a mosque and vo$ conversion to Islam if she got $ell. +he prayers $ere ans$ered and accordingly, he along $ith other members of his family then converted to Islam in the year 4DCD at the age of 56 and changed his name to !ahman.M4EN

Career
+hough his film career started in 4DD5, !ahman at the age of D, in 4DA;, had accidentally played a tune on piano during his father1s recording for a film, $hich !.,.Shekhar later developed into a complete song 2Gellithen ,innam Pol2, for the Malayalam film 2Penpada2. +his track credited to his father, $as sung by Oayachandran and penned by 9haranikkavu Sivakumar.M48N

Fil0 scoring an+ so n+trac&s

(is notable film career began in 4DD5, $hen he began the Panchathan !ecord Inn, a music recording and mi%ing studio attached to the backyard of his house. /ver time it $ould become the most advanced recording studio in India.M4;N (e initially composed scores for documentaries, #ingles for advertisements and Indian +elevision channels and other pro#ects. In 4DD5, he $as approached by film director Mani !atnam to compose the score and soundtrack for !atnam1s +amil film Roja.M4;N +he debut led !ahman to receive the !a#at ,amal a$ard for 9est Music Director at the Bational 3ilm "$ards, an unprecedented $in for a firstHtime film composer. !ahman has since been a$arded the Silver :otus three more times for Minsaara Kanavu =Electric reams, +amil? in 4DDA, !a"aan =Ta#, (indi? in 5EE5, Kannathil Muthamittal =A Pec$ on the %hee$, +amil? in 5EE6, the most ever by any composer.M4@N Roja's score met $ith high sales and acclaim in both its original and dubbed versions, bringing about a marked change in film music at the time. !ahman follo$ed this $ith successful scores for +amil>language films of the )hennai film industry including !atnam1s politically charged &om'ay, the urbanite Kadhalan, 9harathiraa#a1s Karuththamma, the sa%ophonic uet, Indira, and the romantic comedies Mr( Romeo and !ove &irds, $hich gained him considerable notice.M4ANM4CN (is fanbase in Oapan increased $ith Muthu 1s success there.M4DN (is soundtracks gained him recognition in the +amil Badu film industry and around the $orld for his stylistic versatility incorporating .estern classical, )arnatic and +amil traditional/folk music traditions, #a'', reggae and rock music.M5ENM54NM55N +he 9ombay +hemeRfrom !atnam1s &om'ayR$ould later reappear in Deepa Mehta1s )ire and various compilations and media. Ran"eela, directed by !am <opal Garma, marked !ahman1s debut for (indiHlanguage films made in the Mumbai film industry. Many successful scores for films including il Se and the percussive Taal follo$ed.M56NM58N Sufi mysticism $ould inspire the track 2)haiyya )haiyya2 from the former, as $ell as the composition 2Likr2 from his score for the film *etaji Su'has %handra &ose+ The )or"otten ,ero, for $hich he created large orchestral and choral

arrangements.M4EN Musical cues in scores for San"amam and Iruvar employed )arnatic vocals and instruments such as the veena $ith leads of rock guitar and #a''.M5;N In the 5EEEs !ahman created hit scores for !a#iv Menon1s Kandu$ondain Kandu$ondain, Alaipayuthey, "shutosh <o$ariker1s S-ades and Ran" e &asanti.M5@N (e composed songs $ith (industani motifs for Water =5EE;?. !ahman has $orked $ith Indian poets and lyricists such as Oaved "khtar, <ul'ar, Gairamuthu and Gaali. (e has consistently produced commercially successful soundtracks $hen collaborating $ith particular film directors such as Mani !atnam $ho he has $orked $ith since Roja, and the director S. Shankar in the films .entleman, Kadhalan, Indian, /eans, Mudhalvan, *aya$, &oys, Sivaji and Enthiran.M5AN In 5EE;, !ahman e%tended his Panchathan !ecord Inn studio by establishing "M Studios in ,odambakkam, )hennai, thereby creating the most cuttingHedge studio in "sia.M5CNM5DN In 5EE@, !ahman launched his o$n music label, ,M Music.M6EN Its first release $as his score to the film Sillunu 0ru Kaadhal(M64N !ahman scored the Mandarin language picture Warriors of ,eaven and Earth in 5EE6 after researching and utili'ing )hinese and Oapanese classical music, and coHscored the Shekhar ,apoor pro#ect Eli1a'eth+ The .olden A"e in 5EEA. (is compositions have been sampled for other scores $ithin India, M65N appearing in such films as Inside Man, !ord of War, ivine Intervention and The Accidental ,us'and( In 5EEC, he scored the Slumdo" Millionaire soundtrack, for $hich he $on a <olden <lobe and t$o "cademy "$ards, becoming the first Indian citi'en to do so. In the 7nited States, the soundtrack topped the Dance/ lectronic "lbums chartM66N and reached I8 on the 9illboard 5EE chart.M68N +he song 2Oai (o2 reached I5 on the urochart (ot 4EE SinglesM6;N and I4; on the 7S 9illboard (ot 4EE.M6@N

Other wor&s
!ahman has been involved in several pro#ects aside from film. 2ande Mataram, an album of his original compositions released on India1s ;Eth anniversary of independence in 4DDA, en#oyed great commercial success.M6ANM6CN (e follo$ed it up $ith an album for the 9harat 9ala>directed video /ana .ana Mana, a conglomeration of performances by many leading e%ponents and artists of Indian classical music. !ahman has $ritten #ingles for ads and composed several orchestrations for athletic events, television and internet media publications, documentaries and short films.

!ahman performing at a concert in 5E4E In 4DDD, !ahman partnered $ith choreographers Shobhana and Prabhu Deva Sundaram and a +amil cinema dancing troupe to perform $ith Michael Oackson in Munich, <ermany at his 2Michael Oackson and 3riends2 concert. In 5EE5, he composed the music for his maiden stage production, &om'ay reams, commissioned by musical theatre composer "ndre$ :loyd .ebber. 3innish folk music band GSrttinS collaborated $ith

!ahman to $rite the music for The !ord of the Rin"s theatre production and in 5EE8, !ahman composed the piece 2!aga1s Dance2 for GanessaHMae1s album %horeo"raphy.M4@N Since 5EE8, !ahman has performed three successful $orld tours to audiences in Singapore, "ustralia, Malaysia, Dubai, the 7nited ,ingdom, )anada, the 7.S. and India. M4@NM6DN (e has been collaborating $ith ,aren David for her upcoming studio album. " t$oH disc soundtrack, Introducin" A( R( Rahman =5EE@? featuring 5; of his pieces from +amil film scores $as released in May 5EE@, and his nonHfilm album, %onnections $as released on 45 December 5EEC. !ahman also performed at the .hite (ouse State dinner arranged by 7.S. President 9arack /bama during the official visit of Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh on 58 Bovember 5EED.M8ENM84N !ahman is one of over AE artists $ho performed on 2.e "re the .orld& 5; for (aiti2, a charity single to raise emergency relief funds in the $ake of the 5E4E (aiti earthquake. In 5E4E, !ahman composed 2Oay Oay <arvi <u#arat2 in honor of the ;Eth anniversary of the formation of <u#arat State,M85N 2Semmo'hiyaana +hami'h Mo'hiyaam2 as part of .orld )lassical +amil )onference 5E4E, and the official theme song of the 5E4E )ommon$ealth <ames, 2Oiyo 7tho 9ado Oeeto2. !ahman organised his first $orld tour, named ". !. !ahman Oai (o )oncert& +he Oourney (ome .orld +our, in 5E4E. +he ongoing tour $as kicked off on Oune 44 at the Bassau )oliseum in Be$ Kork and $ill span 4@ ma#or cities $orld$ide.M86N !ahman, $ho had composed the highly successful signature tune for telecom brand "irtel, released a ne$ version of the song on 4C Bovember 5E4E.M88NM8;N (e also released the theme song for !adio Desi 9eats, of $hich he is a brand ambasaddor of, a couple of days later.M8@N "utomobile brand +oyota roped !ahman in to endorse their India specific car tios in 5E4E.M8ANM8CN (e scored the ad and $as featured in it. !ahman also recorded a song for it, called 2Pehli 9aar2, recorded by )hinmayi, Oaved "li and Madhushree.M8DN

, sic st)le an+ i0#act

Skilled in )arnatic music, .estern classical, (industani music and the -a$$ali style of Busrat 3ateh "li ,han, !ahman has been noted to $rite film songs that amalgamate elements of these music systems and other genres, layering instruments from differing music idioms in an improvisatory manner.M;ENM4EN Symphonic orchestral themes have accompanied his scores, occasionally employing leitmotif. In the 4DCEs, !ahman recorded and played arrangements on monophonic sound, synonymous $ith the era of his musical predecessors ,. G. Mahadevan and Gish$anathan>!amamoorthy. In later years his methodology changed as he e%perimented $ith the fusion of traditional instruments $ith ne$ electronic sounds and technology.M4EN !ahman1s musical interests and outlook stem from his love of e%perimentation. !ahman1s compositions, in the vein of past and contemporary )hennai film composers, bring out auteuristic uses of counterpoint, orchestration and the human voice, melding Indian pop music $ith unique timbres, forms and instrumentation. 9y virtue of these qualities, broad ranging lyrics and his syncretic style, the appeal of his music cuts across the spectrum of classes and cultures $ithin Indian society.M;4N (is first soundtrack for Roja $as listed in TIME's 24E 9est Soundtracks2 of all time in 5EE;. 3ilm critic !ichard )orliss felt the 2astonishing debut $ork parades !ahman1s gift for alchemi'ing outside influences until they are totally +amil, totally !ahman.2M;5N !ahman1s initial global reach is attributed to the South "sian diaspora. Described as one of the most innovative composers to ever $ork in the industry, his unique style and immense success transformed film music in the 4DDEs prompting several film producers

to take film music more seriously.M;6N +he music producer !on 3air considers !ahman to be 2one of the $orld1s great living composers in any medium2.M;8N +he director 9a' :uhrmann notes

I had come to the music of ". !. !ahman through the emotional and haunting score of &om'ay and the $it and celebration of !a"aan. 9ut the more of "!1s music I encountered the more I $as to be ama'ed at the sheer diversity of styles& from s$inging brass bands to triumphant anthemsP from #oyous pop to .estH nd musicals. .hatever the style, ". !. !ahman1s music al$ays possesses a profound sense of humanity and spirit, qualities that inspire me the most.M;;N

Awar+s
Main article+ !ist of a-ards and nominations received 'y A( R( Rahman !ahman $as the 4DD; recipient of the Mauritius Bational "$ard and the Malaysian "$ard for contributions to music. (e $as nominated for a :aurence /livier "$ard for his first .estH nd production. " fourHtime Bational 3ilm "$ard $inner and conferred the Padma Shri from the <overnment of India, !ahman has also received si% +amil Badu State 3ilm "$ards, fourteen 3ilmfare "$ards and eleven 3ilmfare "$ards South for his music and scores. In 5EE@, he received an honorary a$ard from Stanford 7niversity for contributions to global music.M;@N In 5EED, for his score of Slumdo" Millionaire, !ahman $on the )ritics1 )hoice "$ard, the <olden <lobe "$ard for 9est /riginal Score,M;AN the 9"3+" "$ard for 9est 3ilm Music, and t$o "cademy "$ards for 9est /riginal Music Score and 9est /riginal Song at the 5EED /scars. Middlese% 7niversity and "ligarh Muslim 7niversity have announced that they plan to besto$ honorary doctorates on !ahman.M;CNM;DN :ater the year !ahman $as conferred the honorary doctorate from "nna 7niversity in )hennai.M@EN (e has also $on t$o <rammy "$ards, for 9est )ompilation Soundtrack "lbum and 9est Song .ritten for a Gisual Media.M4N !ahman $as a$arded the Padma 9hushan, India1s third highest civilian honor, in 5E4E.M@4N !ahman has been nominated for the 5E44 <olden <lobe "$ard for 9est /riginal Score for the film 345 ,ours.M@5N

Personal life
(e is married to Saira 9anu and has three children, ,hati#a, !ahima, and "meen. !ahman made his son "meen sing the track 2BaBa2 from %ouples Retreat and his daughter ,hati#a the track 2Pudhiya Manidha2 from Enthiran.M@6NM@8N !ahman is the uncle of composer <. G. Prakash ,umar, $ho is the son of !ahman1s elder sister, ". !. !eihana. She debuted in film singing on the track 2Gidai ,odu ngal Baadae2 from Kannathil Muthamittal( (e is the brotherHinHla$ of Malayalam film actor !ahman. (e had become an atheist as a result of childhood struggles, and eventually in 4DCD converted to Islam, the religion of his mother1s family. In an intervie$ $ith +ime maga'ine, he said that he embraced Islam through Sufism.M@;N (e is very devoted to his mother. During the C4st "cademy "$ards ceremony, he paid her a tribute saying& 6There is a ,indi dialo"ue 'mere pass ma hai' -hich means even if I have "ot nothin" I have my mother here(6M@@N

Despite being a former atheist, !ahman began his o$n catchphrase, 2Ella pu"ha1hum iraivanu$$e2, a sentence in +amil $hich literally means 2"ll praises dedicated to <od2. +he phrase $as further populari'ed after !ahman uttered it during his speech at the C4st "cademy "$ards ceremony.M@AN

So"ial ser%i"e
!ahman is involved in various charitable causes. In 5EE8, he $as appointed as the .lo'al Am'assador of the Stop T& Partnership, a pro#ect by .(/.M4@N (e has sho$n support to charities including Save the )hildren, India, and $orked $ith Kusuf Islam for his song Indian 0cean. +he song featured aHha keyboard player Magne 3uruholmen and drummer +ravis, Beil Primrose. +he proceeds of the song $ent to$ards helping orphans in 9anda "ceh, that $as affected by the 5EE8 Indian /cean +sunami. (e produced the single We %an Ma$e It &etter by Don "sian alongside Mukhtar Sahota.M@CN In 5EEC, !ahman opened his ,M Music )onservatory partnered $ith "udio Media ducation facility to tutor and train aspiring musicians in vocals, instruments, music technology and sound design. +he conservatory > $ith preeminent musicians on its panel and a ne$ly founded symphony orchestra > is located near his studio in ,odambakkam, )hennai, offering courses at 9eginners, 3oundation and Diploma level.M@DN Several of !ahman1s proteges from the studio have gone onto score music for feature films.MAEN !ahman composed the theme music for a short film for +he 9anyan in 5EE@, in aid of destitute $omen in )hennai. In 5EEC, !ahman, along $ith percussionist Sivamani created a song titled /iya Se /iya, inspired by the 3ree (ugs )ampaign and promoted it through a video shot in various cities in India.

Bames &attCs improvements in 6?;F and 6?>9 to the steam engine converted a machine of limited use, to one of efficiency and many applications. .t as the foremost energy source in the emerging .ndustrial Revolution, and greatly multiplied its productive capacity. &att as a creative genius ho radically transformed the orld from an agricultural society into an industrial one. Through &attLs invention of the first practical steam engine, our modern orld eventually moved from a F=I rural basis to a F=I urban basis. !n%entor: Bames &att Criteria7 +irst practical. Entrepreneur. Birth: Banuary 6F, 6?8;, in 3reenoc-, Scotland Death: )ugust 6F, 6>6F in Heathfield, England Nationalit): Scottish !n%ention: steam engine improvements in 6?;F

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F nction: noun @ steam engine De$inition: )n engine that converts the heat energy of pressuri0ed steam into mechanical energy, especially one in hich steam drives a piston in a closed cylinder. -atent: ,ilestones: 6?:95 4earned the trade of mathematical*instrument ma-ing in 4ondon before returning to 3lasgo 6?;85 Repaired a 1e comen steam engine, started him thin-ing about ays to improve the engine. 6?;? .invented an attachment that adapted telescopes for use in measurement of distances 6?;F5 %atented separate condensing chamber for steam engine. 6??95 Started a business ith Matthe Boulton to manufacture his improved &att steam engine. 6?>65 !onverted reciprocal engine motion to rotary motion. 6?>75 .nvented double*acting engine. 6?>95 %atented a steam locomotive. 6?>>5 )dapted centrifugal governor for use on the steam engine. !)%5 &att, Bames &att, Thomas Savery, Thomas 1e come, Matthe Boulton, Bohn Roebuc-, )RD, steam engine, 1e comenCs engine, att, horsepo er, industrial revolution, S.%, history, biography, inventor, invention. The Story5 Bames &att, Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer, reno ned for his improvements of the steam engine. &att as born on Banuary 6F, 6?8;, in 3reenoc-, Scotland. He or-ed as a mathematical*instrument ma-er from the age of 6F and soon became interested in improving the steam engines, invented by the English engineers Thomas Savery and Thomas 1e comen, hich ere used at the time to pump ater from mines. &att determined the properties of steam, especially the relation of its density to its temperature and pressure, and designed a separate condensing chamber for the steam engine that prevented enormous losses of steam in the cylinder and enhanced the vacuum conditions. &attCs first patent, in 6?;F, covered this device and other improvements on 1e comenCs engine, such as steam* ,ac-eting, oil lubrication, and insulation of the cylinder in order to maintain the high temperatures necessary for ma/imum efficiency. )t this time, &att as the partner of the British inventor Bohn Roebuc-, ho had financed his researches. .n 6??:, ho ever, Roebuc-Cs interest as ta-en over by British manufacturer Matthe Boulton, o ner of the Soho Engineering &or-s at Birmingham, and he and &att began the manufacture of steam engines. &att continued his research and patented several other important inventions, including the rotary engine for driving various types of machineryM the double*action engine, in hich steam is admitted alternately into both ends of the cylinderM and the steam indicator, hich records the steam pressure in the engine. He retired from the firm in 6>== and thereafter devoted himself entirely to research or-. The misconception that &att as the actual inventor of the steam engine arose from the fundamental nature of his contributions to its development. The centrifugal or flyball governor, hich he invented in 6?>>, and hich automatically regulated the speed of an engine, is of particular interest today. .t embodies the feedbac- principle of a servomechanism, lin-ing output to input, hich is the basic concept of automation. The electrical unit, the att, as named in his honor. &att as also a reno ned civil engineer, ma-ing several surveys of canal routes. He invented, in 6?;?, an attachment that adapted telescopes for use in measurement of distances. &att coined the term horsepo er. &att died in Heathfield, England, on )ugust 6F, 6>6F ' By the time he died, heCd changed history and as the most honored engineer ho had ever lived. Bames &att, the son of a merchant, as born in 3reenoc-, Scotland, in 6?8;. )t the age of nineteen &att as sent to 3lasgo to learn the trade of a mathematical*instrument ma-er. )fter spending a year in 4ondon, &att returned to 3lasgo in 6?:? here he established his o n instrument*ma-ing business. &att soon developed a reputation as a high "uality engineer and as employed on the +orth K !lyde !anal and the !aledonian !anal. He as also engaged in the improvement of harbours and in the deepening of the +orth, !lyde and other rivers in

Scotland. .n 6?;8 &att as sent a 1e comen steam engine to repair. &hile putting it bac- into or-ing order, &att discovered ho he could ma-e the engine more efficient. &att or-ed on the idea for several months and eventually produced a steam engine that cooled the used steam in a condenser separate from the main cylinder. Bames &att as not a ealthy man so he decided to see- a partner ith money. Bohn Roebuc-, the o ner of a Scottish iron or-s, agreed to provide financial bac-ing for &attCs pro,ect. &hen Roebuc- ent ban-rupt in 6??8, &att too- his ideas to Matthe Boulton, a successful businessman from Birmingham. +or the ne/t eleven years BoultonCs factory producing and selling &attCs steam*engines. These machines ere mainly sold to colliery o ners ho used them to pump ater from their mines. &attCs machine as very popular because it as four times more po erful than those that had been based on the Thomas 1e comen design. &att continued to e/periment and in 6?>6 he produced a rotary*motion steam engine. &hereas his earlier machine, ith its up*and*do n pumping action, as ideal for draining mines, this ne steam engine could be used to drive many different types of machinery. Richard )r- right as "uic- to importance of this ne invention, and in 6?>8 he began using &attCs steam*engine in his te/tile factories. Others follo ed his lead and by 6>== there ere over :== of &attCs machines in BritainCs mines and factories. .n 6?:: &att had been granted a patent by %arliament that prevented anybody else from ma-ing a steam*engine li-e the one he had developed. +or the ne/t t enty*five years, the Boulton K &att company had a virtual monopoly over the production of steam*engines. &att charged his customers a premium for using his steam engines. To ,ustify this he compared his machine to a horse. &att calculated that a horse e/erted a pull of 6>= lb., therefore, hen he made a machine, he described its po er in relation to a horse, i.e. Ga 7= horse*po er engineG. &att or-ed out ho much each company saved by using his machine rather than a team of horses. The company then had to pay him one third of this figure every year, for the ne/t t enty*five years. &hen Bames &att died in 6>== he as a very ealthy man. Another acco nt o$ 8a0es Watt &)TT, B)MES, one of the most illustrious men of his time as a natural philosopher, chemist, and civil engineer, as born at 3reenoc-, on the 6Fth of Banuary, 6?8;. His father, Bames &att, as a bloc-*ma-er and ship chandler, and for some time one of the magistrates of 3reenoc-M and his mother, )gnes Muirhead, as descended from a respectable family. #uring boyhood his health as very delicate, so that his attendance at school as by no means regularM nevertheless, by assiduous application at home, he soon attained great proficiency in reading, riting, and arithmeticM and, by the perusal of boo-s that came ithin his command, he e/tended his -no ledge beyond the circle of elementary instruction of the public schools, and cherished that thirst for information hich is the characteristic of all men of genius, and for hich he as throughout life remar-able. )n anecdote of his boyhood has been preserved, sho ing the early bent of his mind. His aunt, Mrs. Muirhead, sitting ith him one evening at the tea*table, said, GBames, . never sa such an idle boyN Ta-e a boo-, or employ yourself usefullyM for the last half hour you have not spo-en a ord, but ta-en off the lid of that -ettle, and put it on again.G &ith the aid alternately of a cup and a silver spoon, he as observing ho the steam rose from the spout and became condensed, and as counting drops of ater. But there is little incident in his life until he reached his eighteenth year, e/cepting that he manifested a strong predilection for mechanical and mathematical

pursuits. .n accordance ith this natural bent, he departed for 4ondon, in 6?:9, in order to learn the profession of a mathematical instrument*ma-er. &hen he arrived in 4ondon, he placed himself under the direction of a mathematical instrument*ma-er, and applied himself ith great assiduity, and ith such success, that, although he as obliged, from ant of health, to return to his fatherLs roof in little more than a year, yet he persevered, and soon attained proficiency in his business. He made occasional visits to his motherLs relations in 3lasgo , a city at that time considerably advanced in that career of manufacturing industry and opulence, for hich it has in more recent times been so eminently distinguished. .n that city, it as his intention to settle as a mathematical instrument*ma-erM but he as violently opposed by some corporations of the trades, ho vie ed him as an intruder upon their privileges, although the business hich he intended to follo , as at that time little practised in Scotland. By this occurrence, the hopes of &att had been ell nigh frustrated, and the energies of his inventive mind had probably been turned in a different channel from that hich distinguished his future years, had it not been for the -ind and ell directed patronage of the professors of the university. .n the year 6?:?, this learned body, ho had at that time to rec-on among their number some of the greatest men then living** Smith, the political economist, Blac-, the chemist, and Simson, the geometer**conferred upon &att the title of mathematical instrument*ma-er to the university, ith all the privileges of that office, and chambers ithin the a.ls of their venerable seminary, ad,oining the apartments occupied by the celebrated printers, the Messrs +oulis. He continued to prosecute his avocation in this place for about si/ years, during hich time, so far as health and necessary employment ould permit, he applied himself to the ac"uisition of scientific -no ledge. .t as during this period, also, that he contracted a lasting friendship ith #r Blac-, hose name ill ever be conspicuous in the history of philosophy, for his valuable additions to our -no ledge of the doctrine of heatM and also ith Robison, then a student in 3lasgo college, and ho after ards filled the natural philosophy chair in the university of Edinburgh. This period of &attLs life as mar-ed by an incident, hich in itself might appear trifling, and not at all out of the course of his ordinary business, but hich as nevertheless productive of results, that not only gave immortality to his name, but impressed a great and lasting change on the commerce and manners of his o n country, and also of a great portion of the orld. &e here allude to a circumstance that shall shortly be mentioned, that led to the improvements of &att on the steam engineM and the events of his life are so intimately inter oven ith the history of the perfection of this e/traordinary machine, that it ill be necessary, in a brief and popular ay, to describe the leading principles of its action. The steam engine, at the time of hich e spea-, as constructed after the plan invented by 1e comen. The chief use to hich these engines ere applied, as the pumping of ater from coal mines, one end of the pump rod being attached to a long lever, or beam supported in the middle. To the other end of this lever as attached the rod of a piston, capable of moving up and do n in a cylinder, after the manner of a common syringe. The eight of the pump rod, Kc., at the one end of the beam, having caused that end to descend, the other end as necessarily raised, and, the piston rising in the cylinder, steam as admitted from the bottom to fill the vacuity. But hen the piston arrived at the top, cold ater as in,ected at the bottom, and by reducing the temperature of the steam, condensed it, forming a vacuum. .n this state of things, the atmosphere pressing on the top of the piston, forced it do n, and raised the pump rod at the other end of the beam. This operation being continued, the pumping of the mine as carried on. Such as the form of the steam engine, hen &att first found itM and such is its construction at many coal mines even in our o n day, here the economy of fuel is not a matter of any importance. )nderson, the professor of natural philosophy, in the course of the inter of 6?;8, sent a model of 1e comenLs engine to Mr &att in order to be repaired. This as accordingly done, and the model set in operation, and ith this an ordinary mechanic ould have been satisfied. But the mind of the young engineer had t o years before this time been occupied in researches into the properties of steam. #uring the inter of 6?;6, he made several very simple yet decisive e/periments, for the most part ith apothecariesL phials, by hich he found that a cubic inch of ater ill form a cubic foot of steam, e"ual in elasticity to the pressure of the atmosphere, and also that hen a cubic foot of steam is condensed by in,ecting cold ater, as much heat is given out as ould raise si/ cubic inches of ater to the boiling point. To these important discoveries in the theory of steam, he subse"uently added a third, beautifully simple, as all philosophical truths are, and valuable from its e/tensive application to practical purposes5 he found that the latent heat of steam decreases as the sensible heat increases, and that universally these t o added together ma-e a constant "uantity hich is the same for all temperatures. This matter is

commonly misrepresented, and it is stated not only in accounts of the steam engine, but also in memoirs of Mr &att, that the discoveries of #r Blac- regarding the properties of heat and steam laid the foundation of all &attLs inventions. #r Blac- himself gave a correct statement of the matter, and fre"uently mentioned ith great candour, that Mr &att discovered unaided the latent heat of steam, and having communicated this to the doctor, that great chemist as agreeably surprised at this confirmation of the theory he had already formed, and e/plained that theory to Mr &attM a theory hich as not made public before the year 6?;7. #uring the same year &att made some e/periments ith a %apinLs digester, causing the piston of a syringe to move up and do n by the force of steam of high temperature, on the principle of the high pressure engine, no employed for various purposes. But he gave up the idea from fear of bursting the boiler, and the difficulty of ma-ing tight ,oints. These facts are sufficient to prove that he had at this time some idea of improving the steam engineM and he himself modestly says, GMy attention as first directed in 6?:F, to the sub,ect of steam engines by #r Robison, then a student in the university of 3lasgo , and nearly of my o n age. Robison at that time thre out the idea of applying the po er of the steam engine to the moving of heel carriages and to other purposesM but the scheme as not matured, and as soon abandoned on his going abroad.G His active mind, thus prepared, as not li-ely to allo the defects of the model hich as put in his hands to pass unobserved. This interesting model, hich is still preserved among the apparatus of the 3lasgo university, has a cylinder hose diameter is t o inches, the length of stro-e being si/. Having repaired it, he tried to set it a*going, the steam being formed in a spherical boiler hose diameter as about nine inches. .n the course of these trials he found the "uantity of steam, as li-e ise that of the cold in,ection ater, to be far greater in proportion, than hat he understood as re"uired for engines of a larger si0e. This great aste of steam, and conse"uently fuel, he endeavoured to remedy by forming cylinders of bad conductors of heat, such as ood saturated ith oil, but this had not the desired effect. )t last the fact occurred to him, that the cylinder as never sufficiently cooled do n in order to obtain a complete vacuum. +or some time before this it had been found by #r !ullen that under diminished pressure there is a corresponding fall of the boiling point. .t no became necessary to ascertain the relation hich the boiling point bears to the pressure on the surface of the ater. He as not possessed of the necessary instruments to try the boiling points under pressures less than that of the atmosphere, but having tried numerous points under increased pressures, he laid do n a curve hose ordinates represented the pressures and abscissas the corresponding boiling points, and thus discovered the e"uation of the boiling point. These considerations led &att, after much reflection, to the true method of overcoming the difficulties in the operation of 1e comenLs engine. The t o things to be effected ere, 6st, to -eep the cylinder al ays as hot as the steam to be admitted into it, and secondly, to cool do n the condensed steam and the in,ection ater used for condensation to a temperature not e/ceeding 6== degrees. .t as early in the summer of l?;: that the method of accomplishing these t o ob,ects as first matured in his mind. .t then occurred to him that if a communication ere opened bet een a cylinder containing steam and another vessel e/hausted of air and other fluids, the steam ould immediately rush into the empty vessel, and continue so to do until an e"uilibrium as established, and by -eeping that vessel very cool the steam ould continue to enter and be condensed. ) difficulty still remained to be overcome, ho as the condensed steam and in,ection ater, together ith the air, hich must necessarily accompany, to be ithdra n from the condensing vessel. &att thought of t o methods, one by a long pipe, suninto the earth, and the other by employing a pump, rought by the engine itselfM the latter as adopted. Thus as laid open the leading principle of a machine the most po erful, the most regular, and the most ingenious, ever invented by man. &att constructed a model, the cylinder of hich as nine inches diameter, ma-ing several improvements besides those above alluded to. He surrounded the cylinder ith a casing, the intervening space being filled ith steam to -eep the cylinder arm. He also put a cover on the top, causing the piston rod to move through a hole in it, and the piston as rendered air*tight by being lubricated ith a/ and tallo , instead of ater as formerly. The model ans ered the e/pectations of the inventor, but in the course of his trials the beam bro-e, and he set it aside for some time. .n tracing the progress of improvement in the steam engine, e have been obliged to pass over some incidents in his life hich too- place during the same period, and hich e no proceed to notice. .n the course of the year 6?;8, Mr &att married his cousin Miss Miller, daughter of the chief magistrate of !alton, 3lasgo M previously to hich he removed from his apartments in the college, and opened a shop in the Saltmar-et, opposite St )ndre Ls S"uare, for the purpose of carrying on his business as Mathematical and %hilosophical instrument*ma-er. Here he applied himself occasionally in ma-ing and repairing musical instruments, and made several

improvements on the organ. He after ards removed to BuchananLs land in the Trongate, a little est of the Tontine, and in 6?;> he shut shop, and removed to a private house in Hing Street, nearly opposite to the 3reen mar-et. .t as not, ho ever, in any of these residences that the interesting e/periments and valuable discoveries connected ith the steam engine ere madeM the e/periments ere performed, and the model erected in the delft or- at the Broomiela "uay, in hich concern &att soon after became a partner, and continued so to the end of his life. .n 6?;:, #r 4ind brought from .ndia a perspective machine, invented there by a Mr Hurst, and sho ed it to his friend Mr &att, ho, by an ingenious application of the principle of the parallel ruler, contrived a machine much lighter, and of more easy application. Many of these machines ere made and sent to various parts of the orldM and )dams, the eminent philosophical instrument*ma-er, copied one of those sent to 4ondon, and made them for sale. Mr &att, having relin"uished the business of mathematical instrument*ma-er, commenced that of civil engineer, and in the course of 6?;?, he surveyed the +orth and !lyde canalM but the bill for carrying on this great and beneficial public or- being lost in parliament, his attention as directed to the superintendence of the Mon-land canal, for hich he had previously prepared the estimates and a survey. He li-e ise surveyed for the pro,ected canal bet een %erth and +orfar, as also for the !rinan canal, hich as subse"uently e/ecuted under the superintendence of Rennie. .n 6??8, the importance of an inland navigation in the northern part of Scotland bet een the eastern and estern seas became so great, that Mr &att as employed to ma-e a survey of the !aledonian canal, and to report on the practicability of connecting that remar-able chain of la-es and valleys. These surveys he made, and reported so favourably of the practicability of the underta-ing, that it ould have been immediately e/ecuted, had not the forfeited lands, from hich the funds ere to be derived, been restored to their former proprietors. This great national or- as after ards e/ecuted by Mr Telford, on a more magnificent scale than had originally been intended. &hat Bohnson said of 3oldsmith may ith e"ual ,ustice be applied to &att, Ghe touched not that hich he did not adorn.G .n the course of his surveys, his mind as ever bent on improving the instruments he employed, or in inventing others to facilitate or correct his operations. #uring the period of hich e have been spea-ing he invented t o micrometers for measuring distances not easily accessible, such as arms of the sea. +ive years after the invention of these ingenious instruments, one Mr 3reen obtained a premium for an invention similar to one of them, from the Society of )rts, not ithstanding the evidence of Smeaton and other roofs that &att as the original contriver. Mr &att applied for letters patent in 6?;>, for Gmethods of lessening the consumption of steam and conse"uently of fuel in the steam engine,G hich passed the seals in Banuary 6?;F. Besides the improvements, or rather inventions already alluded to, this patent contained in its specification methods to employ the steam e/pansively upon the piston, and here ater as not plentiful, to or- the engine by this force of steam only, by discharging the steam into the open air after it has done its office, and also methods of forming a rotatory steam engine. Thus as completed &atts single reciprocating engine and hile the patent as passing through the different stages an engagement as entered into bet een the inventor and #r Roebuc- of the !arron iron or-s, a man e"ually eminent for -indness of heart, ability, and enterprise. The terms of this agreement ere, that #r Roebuc-, in consideration of his ris- of capital, should receive t o*thirds of the clear profits of the sale of the engines hich they manufactured. #r Roebuc- at this time rented the large coal mines at Hinneil, near Borro sto nness, and under the superintendence of Mr &att an engine as erected at Hinneil house, the cylinder of hich as made of bloc- tin, being eighteen inches diameter. The action of this engine far surpassed even the sanguine e/pectations of the proprietors. %reparations ere accordingly made for the manufacture of the ne steam engineM but the pecuniary difficulties in hich #r Roebuc- became at this time involved, thre a chec- on the proceedings. +rom this period till the end of 6??8, during hich time, as e have seen, Mr &att as employed in surveys, Kc., little as done ith the patent right obtained in 6?;F. )bout the end of the year 6??8, hile Mr &att as engaged in his survey of the !aledonian canal, he received intimation from 3lasgo of the death of his ife, ho left him a son and a daughter. His fame as an engineer had no become generally -no n, and about the commencement of 6??9, he received an invitation from Mr Matthe Boulton, of the Soho foundery, near

Birmingham, to enter into copartnership, for the manufacture of the steam engine. Mr &att prevailed upon #r Roebuc- to sell his share of the patent right to Mr Boulton, and immediately proceeded to Birmingham, and entered on business ith his ne partner. This ne alliance as not only e/ceedingly fortunate for the parties themselves, but forms an important era in the history of the manufactures of 3reat Britain. +e men ere so ell "ualified as Boulton to appreciate the merits of &attLs inventions, or possessed of so much enterprise and capital to put them into operation. He had already established the foundery at Soho on a scale of magnificence and e/tent, not at that time else here to be foundM and the introduction of &att made an incalculable addition to the e/tent and regularity of its operation. The length of time and great outlay necessary for bringing the manufacture of steam engines to such a state as ould yield a remuneration, as no apparent to Mr &att, and he clearly sa that the fe years of his patent hich had yet to run, ould not be by any means sufficient to yield an ade"uate return. Early, therefore, in 6??9, he applied for an e/tension of his patent right, and by the 0ealous assistance of #rs Roebuc- and Robison, he obtained this four years after ards, the e/tension being granted for t enty*five years. The year follo ing the first application for the e/tension of the patent, the manufacture of steam engines as commenced at Soho, under the firm Boulton, &att, and !o. Many engines ere made at this foundery, and licenses granted to miners in various parts of the country to use their engines, on condition that the patentees should receive a third part of the saving of coals of the ne engine, compared ith one of the same po er on 1e comenLs construction. )n idea may be formed of the profits arising by this arrangement, hen e -no that from the proprietors of three large engines erected at !hace ater in !orn all, &att and Boulton received O>== annually. Bohn Smeaton had for many years been employed in erecting and improving the steam engine on 1e comenLs principle, and did as much for its perfection as beauty and proportion of mechanical construction could effect. The fame of Smeaton does not rest on his improvements on the steam engine. &hat he has done in other departments of engineering, is amply sufficient to ran- him as one of the most ingenious men England ever produced. Det even hat he has left behind him, in the improvement of 1e comenLs engine, is ell orthy the study, and ill ever elicit the admiration of the practical mechanic. To a man of ea-er mind than Smeaton, it must have been galling to see all the ingenuity and application hich he had besto ed on the sub,ect of steam po er, rendered almost useless by the discovery of a younger man. Det hen he sa &attLs improvement, he as struc- ith its e/cellence and simplicity, and ith that readiness and candour hich are ever the associates of true genius, he communicated to Mr &att, by a complimentary letter, the high opinion he held of his inventionM admitting that Gthe old engine, even hen made to do its best, as no driven from every place, here fuel could be considered of any value.G Ho different this from the treatment he received from inferior individuals, labouring in the same fieldN His right to the invention of a separate condenser, as disputed by several, hose claims ere publicly and satisfactorily refuted. )mong others, he as attac-ed in a strain of vulgar abuse, amid a tissue of arrant falsehoods, by a Mr Hornblo er, ho rote the article GSteam Engine,G in the first and second editions of 3regoryLs Mechanics. This Mr Hornblo er, not contented ith giving his o n shallo evidence against &att, has, ith the characteristic grovelling hich pervades the hole of his article, endeavoured to give eight to his assertions, by associating ith himself a respectable man. Mr Hornblo er states, that, in a conversation ith Mr S. Moor, secretary to the Society for the Encouragement of )rts, that gentleman had stated that Mr 3ainsborough as the true inventor of the separate condenser. Mr Moor had doubtless an intimate -no ledge of the true state of the matterM and, fortunately for his reputation as a sincere and candid man, e find him controvert this upon oath, at his e/amination in the case, &att and Boulton versus Bull, in 6?F7. .n 6??:, Mr &att married, for the second time. The lady, Miss ML3regor, as the daughter of Mr ML3regor, a ealthy merchant of 3lasgo , ho, as ill be seen hereafter, as the first in Britain, in con,unction ith Mr &att, to apply chlorine in the process of bleaching. +rom this time, &att applied himself assiduously to the improvement of that po erful machine for hich he had already done so much. .n 6?>6, he too- out a patent for the regulating motion, and that beautiful contrivance, the sun and planet heel. The short history of this latter invention, gives an apt illustration of his e/haustless po ers of contrivance. +or the purpose of converting the reciprocating motion of the large beam into a rotatory movement for driving machinery, he had recourse to that simple contrivance, the cran-M but hile it as preparing at Soho, one of the or-men communicated it to Mr Steed, ho immediately too- out a patent, and thus frustrated &attLs vie s. Mr &att bethought himself of a substitute, and hit upon the happy idea of the sun

and planet heel. This and the li-e occurrences may have given him that fondness for patents, ith hich he has fre"uently been charged. #uring the course of the follo ing year, t o distinct patents ere granted to Mr &att, one in +ebruary, and the other in Buly, for an e/pansive enginePsi/ contrivances for regulating the motionPdouble acting enginePt o cylinders**parallel motion, by rac- and sectorPsemirotative engine**and steam heel. ) third as granted in 6?>9, for a rotative enginePparallel motionsP portable engine and steam carriage** or-ing hammers**improved hand gear, and ne method of or-ing the valves. The most important of these inventions are, the double acting engine, in hich steam is admitted both belo and above the piston alternately, steam pressure being thus employed to press on each side of the piston, hile a vacuum as formed over the other. By this contrivance, he as enabled to double the po er of the engine, ithout increasing the dimensions of the cylinder. To the complete effecting of this, he as obliged to cause the piston rod to move through a stuffing bo/ at the top of the cylinderM a contrivance, it must be stated, hich had been some years previous applied by Smeaton, in the construction of pumps. Simple as these additions may at first appear, they ere, nevertheless, follo ed by many great advantages. They increased the uniformity of motion, and at the same time diminished the e/tent of cooling surface, the si0e of boiler, and the eight and magnitude of the hole machinery. )nother vast improvement involved in these patents, is the e/pansive engine in hich the steam as let fully in, at the beginning of the stro-e, and the valves shut, hen the piston had advanced through a part of its progress, the rest being completed by the e/pansion of the steamM hich arrangement greatly increases the po er. This engine as included in the patent for 6?>7M though Mr Hornblo er had published something of the same nature the year before. But an engine on the e/pansive principle as erected by &att at Shad ell iron or-s in 6??>, and even t o years before e/pansive engines had been manufactured at SohoM facts hich secure to &att the honour of the priority of discovery. That ingenious combination of levers hich guided the piston rod, and is called the parallel motion, as secured by patent of 6?>9, and remains to this day unsurpassed as a beautifully simple mechanical contrivance. .n 6?>:, a patent as granted to Mr &att for a ne method of constructing furnaces, and the consumption of smo-e. He li-e ise applied to the steam engine the governor, or conical pendulum, the steam and condension gauges, and the indicator. )bout the same time, in conse"uence of the delay and e/pense attendant on the numerous e/periments to ards the perfection of this vast creator and distributor of po er, he found it necessary to apply to parliament for an e/tension of his patent, hich as granted to the end of the eighteenth century. By this grant, the proprietors of the Soho foundery ere enabled speedily to reali0e a great fortune. .n the inter of the year 6?>;,the sub,ect of this memoir, together ith his able and active partner, ent to %aris, at the solicitation of the +rench government, in order to improve the method of raising ater at Marley. Here Mr &att met ith most of the eminent men of science, ho at that time adorned the +rench metropolisM and among the rest, the celebrated chemist, Berthollet. The +rench philosopher had discovered, in 6?>:, the bleaching properties of chlorine, and communicated the fact to Mr &att, ith the po er of patenting the invention in England. This Mr &att modestly declined doing, on the ground that he as not the author of the discovery. Mr &att sa the value of this ne process, and communicated the matter, through the course of the follo ing year, to his father*in*la , Mr ML3regor, ho at that time carried on a large bleaching establishment in the vicinity of 3lasgo . He sent an account of the process, together ith some of the bleaching li"uor, in March, 6?>?M and the process of bleaching by the ne method as immediately commenced at Mr ML3regorLs field, and five hundred pieces ere speedily e/ecuted to entire satisfaction. Early in the follo ing year, t o foreigners made an attempt to gain a patent for the ne bleaching processM but they ere opposed by Mr &att, and Messrs !ooper and Henry of Manchester, all of hom had already bleached by BertholletLs method. 1ot ithstanding the misrepresentations in several histories of bleaching, it is manifest from these facts as ell as from the dates of several letters of Mr &att and Mr Henry, that the great improver of the steam engine, had also the honour of introducing the process of bleaching by chlorine into 3reat BritainM and though he as not the original discoverer, yet he greatly simplified and economised the process of obtaining the discharging agent employed, and the vessels and other arrangements used in the art of bleaching. )mong other improvements may be mentioned, his method of testing the strength of the chlorine li"uor, by ascertaining ho much of it is necessary to discharge the colour of a given "uantity of infusion of cochineal. The benefits hich Mr &att conferred on chemical science, did not terminate here. +rom a letter ritten to #r %riestley in 6?>8, and in another to M. #e 4uc, in the same year, he communicated his important discovery of the

composition of ater. But in the beginning of the follo ing year, Mr !avendish read a paper on the same sub,ect, claiming to himself the honour of discoveryM and in the histories of chemistry, the claims of !avendish are silently admitted. There is a confusion of dates in the documents on this sub,ect, hich at the present day it is impossible to reconcileM but from the characters of the t o men, e are inclined to thin- that each made the discovery independently of the other, and that therefore the credit is due to both. Mr &attLs letter to M. #e 4uc as read before the Royal Society, and published in their Transactions for 6?>9, under the title of GThoughts on the !onstituent parts of &ater, and of #ephlogisticated )irM ith an )ccount of some E/periments on that sub,ect.G Mr &att also contributed a paper on the medical properties and application of the factitious airs, to the treatise of #r Beddoes on pneumatic medicine, and continued during the latter period of his life deeply to engage himself in chemical pursuits. ) patent as granted to Mr &att in 6?>=, for a machine for copying letters and dra ings. This machine, hich soon became ell -no n, and e/tensively used, as manufactured by Messrs Boulton and Hier, under the firm of Bames &att and !ompany. He as led to this invention, from a desire to abridge the time necessarily spent in ta-ing copies of the numerous letters he as obliged to rite. .t as constructed in t o forms, on the principle of the rolling press, one of them being large, and fitted for officesM the other light, and capable of being inclosed in a portable riting des-. Through the course of the follo ing year, Mr &att invented a steam drying apparatus, for his friend, Mr ML3regor, of 3lasgo . +or this machine he never too- out a patent, although it as the first thing of the -ind ever contrivedM nor as there ever any dra ing or description of it published during his lifetime. QSee Edinburgh Encyc., /viii., Steam #rying.R #uring the inter of 6?>9, Mr &att made arrangements for heating his study by steamM hich method has since been e/tensively applied to the heating of private houses, conservatories, hot*houses, and manufactories. !oncerning the history of this apparatus, it is but ,ustice to state, that colonel !oo- had, in the %hilosophical Transactions for 6?9:, described a method of Gheating apartments by means of the steam of ater conveyed along the alls by pipesMG but there is no proof that this as -no n to Mr &att. .n the year 6>==, Mr &att ithdre from the concern at Soho, delivering his share of the business to his t o sons, Bames and 3regory, the latter of hom died in the prime of life, much regretted by all ho -ne him. )fter having given ample proofs of great mental endo ments Mr &att thus retired from business, ith a ell earned competency, hich enabled him to en,oy the evening of a ell spent life ith ease and comfort in the bosom of his family. )t no time had he ta-en any active share in the management of the business of the Soho foundery, nor ere his visits to it, even hile he as a partner, by any means fre"uent. Mr Boulton as a man of e/cellent address, great ealth, of business habits, and full of enterprise, and contributed greatly to the improvement of the steam engine, by ta-ing upon himself the entire management of the or-s at Soho5 he thus relieved from all orldly concern, the mind of his illustrious partner, hich as much more profitably employed on those profound and valuable researches, by hich he has added so largely to the field of science. )s #upin ell observes, Gmen ho devote themselves entirely to the improvement of industry, ill feel in all their force the services that Boulton has rendered to the arts and mechanical sciences, by freeing the genius of &att from a cro d of e/traneous difficulties hich ould have consumed those days that ere far better dedicated to the improvement of the useful arts.G )lthough Mr &att retired from public business, he did not rela/ in his ardour for scientific pursuits and ne inventions. To ards the end of the year 6>=F, he as applied to by the 3lasgo &ater !ompany to assist them in pointing out a method of leading ater across the river, from a ell on the south side, hich afforded a natural filter. +rom a consideration of the structure of the lobsterLs tail, he formed the idea of a fle/ible main, ith ball and soc-et ,oints, to be laid across the bed of the river, and hich as constructed according to his plan in the summer of 6>6=. This ingenious contrivance gave such satisfaction, that another precisely similar as added a short time after ards. T o years subse"uent to this, he received the than-s of the Board of )dmiralty, for his opinion and advice regarding the formation of the doc-s then carrying on at Sheerness. )bout the year 6>68, it as proposed to publish a complete edition of #r RobisonLs or-s, and the materials ere delivered, for the purpose of editing, into the hands of his able friend, %layfair, ho, not having sufficient leisure for such an underta-ing, transmitted them to Sir #. Bre ster. The latter gentleman applied to Mr &att for his assistance in the revision of the article GSteam Engine,G for hich article he had originally furnished some materials, hen it first appeared in the Encyclopedia BritannicaM and to the article, in its ne form, he furnished many valuable corrections and additions.

.n 6>6?, Mr &att paid a visit to his native countryM and it surprised and delighted his friends to find that he en,oyed good health, his mind possessed its onted vigour, and his conversation its onted charms. #uring the last years of his life, he employed himself in contriving a machine for ta-ing copies of pieces of sculpture. This machine never received the finishing touch of its inventorLs handM but it as brought to such perfection, that seven specimens ere e/ecuted by it in a very creditable manner. Some of these he distributed among his friends, Gas the productions of a young artist, ,ust entering his eighty*third year.G &hen this machine as considerably advanced in construction, Mr &att learned that a neighbouring gentleman had been for some time engaged in a similar underta-ingM and a proposal as made to Mr &att, that they should ,ointly ta-e out a patent, hich he declined, on the ground, that from his advanced age, it ould be un ise for him to enter upon any ne speculation. .t as al ays Mr &attLs opinion that this gentleman had no -no ledge whatever of the construction of the machine. The health of Mr &att, hich as naturally delicate, became gradually better to ards the latter period of his long and useful life. .ntense headaches arising from an organic defect in the digestive system, often afflicted him. These ere often aggravated and induced by the severe study to hich be commonly sub,ected himself, and the perple/ity arising from the fre"uent la suits in hich he had been engaged to ards the close of the eighteenth century. .t must not be inferred from this last statement, that this great man, hose discoveries e have been recounting, as by any means litigiously inclined. His "uiet and peaceful mind as ever disposed to shrin- from the agitations of paper ars and la pleas, and to repose in the "uiet retreats of science. Many attempts ere made to pirate his inventions and to encroach upon his patent rights, against hich he never made any other defence than that hich become an honest man, i. e. an appeal for the protection of the la of the land. He lived to see all these attempts to rob him of the profits of his inventions, as ell as the envy and detraction hich are ever the follo ers of merit, silenced for ever, and terminated a long, useful, and honourable life in the full possession of his mental faculties, at his residence at Heathfield in Staffordshire, on the 7:th of )ugust, 6>6F, having reached his eighty*fourth year. The fame of &att ill in future ages rest secure upon the imperishable basis of his many discoveries, and he ill ever be ran-ed in the first class of those great men ho have benefited the human race by the improvement of the arts of industry and peace. Even during his lifetime this as -no n and recogni0ed, and he received several honorary distinctions. .n 6?>9, he as elected a fello of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and the year follo ing he became fello of the Royal Society of 4ondon. .n 6?>?, he as chosen corresponding member of the Batavian SocietyM in 6>=;, he received the honorary degree of 44.#. from the university of 3lasgo M and ten years later, he as made a member of the national institute of +rance. Respecting the private character of &att it ould be difficult to communicate an ade"uate idea of its e/cellence. Those ho -ne him ill ever remember that in his private intercourse ith society he elicited from them more love and admiration than they can ever e/press. He as benevolent and -ind to all those ho came about him, or solicited either his patronage or advice. His conversation as easy, fluent, and devoid of all formalityM replete ith profound and accurate information on all sub,ects, blended ith pertinent and amusing anecdotePsuch that, hen combined ith big plain unaffected language, the mello tones of his manly voice, his natural good humour and e/pressive countenance, produced an effect on those around him hich ill hardly ever fade from memory. He read much, and could easily remember and readily apply all that as valuable of hat he read. He as versed in several of the modern languages, anti"uities, la , and the fine arts, and as largely read in light literature. His character as dra n up by his friend +rancis Beffrey, ith a fidelity and elo"uence that has made it -no n to almost every one. &e ill, therefore, forbear to "uote it here, and bring this memoir to a conclusion by placing before the reader hat has been said of &att by his illustrious countryman and friend, the author of &averley. .n the playful letter to captain !lutterbuc- in the introduction to the Monastery, Sir &alter Scott gives the follo ing lively description of his meeting in Edinburgh ith this remar-able man5PG#id you -no the celebrated &att of Birmingham, captain !lutterbuc-S . believe not, though, from hat . am about to state, he ould not have failed to have sought an ac"uaintance ith you. .t as only once my fortune to meet him, hether in body or in spirit it matters not. There ere assembled about half a score of our northern lights, ho had amongst them, heaven -no s ho , a ell -no n character of your country, Bedediah !leishbotham. This orthy person having come to Edinburgh during the !hristmas vacation, had become a sort of lion in the place, and as led in leash from house to house along ith the gui00ards, the stone eater, and other amusements of the season, hich Te/hibit their unparalleled feats to private family parties, if re"uired.L )midst this company stood Mr &att, the man hose genius discovered

the means of multiplying our national resources to a degree perhaps even beyond his o n stupendous po ers of calculation and combination, bringing the treasures of the abyss to the summit of the earthM giving the feeble arm of man the momentum of an )friteM commanding manufactures to arise, as the rod of the prophet produced ater in the desertM affording the means of dispensing ith that time and tide hich ait for no man, and of sailing ithout that ind hich defied the commands and threats of Uer/es himself. This potent commander of the elementsPthis abridger of time and spacePthis magician, hose cloudy machinery has produced a change on the orld, the effects of hich, e/traordinary as they are, are perhaps only no beginning to be feltP as not only the most profound man of science, the most successful combiner of po ers and calculator of numbers, as adapted to practical purposesP as not only one of the most generally ell informed, but one of the best and -indest of human beings. GThere he stood, surrounded by the little band . have mentioned of northern literati, men not less tenacious, generally spea-ing, of their o n fame and their o n opinions than the national regiments are supposed to be ,ealous of the high character hich they have gained upon service. Methin-s . yet see and hear hat . shall never see and hear again. .n his eighty*fifth year, the alert, -ind, benevolent old man had his attention at every oneLs "uestion, his information at every oneLs command. His talents and fancy overflo ed on every sub,ect. One gentleman as a deep philologistM he tal-ed ith him on the origin of the alphabet as if he had been coeval ith !admus5 another as a celebrated criticM you ould have said the old man had studied political economy and belles lettres all his lifeM of science it is unnecessary to spea-, it as his o n distinguished al-. )nd yet, captain !lutterbuc-, hen he spo-e ith your countryman, Bedediah !leishbotham, you ould have s orn he had been coeval ith !laverse and Burley, ith the persecutors and persecuted, and could number every shot the dragoons had fired at the fugitive !ovenanters. .n fact, e discovered that no novel of the least celebrity escaped his perusal, and that the gifted man of science as as much addicted to the productions of your native country, $the land of 2topia aforesaidM' in other ords, as shameless and obstinate a peruser of novels as if he had been a very millinerLs apprentice of eighteen.G ) highly characteristic statue of &att, by !hantrey, adorns a 3othic monument reared to his memory, by his son, Mr Bames &att, ho died Bune 7, 6>9>, in his >=th year. Three other statues of him by !hantrey have been erectedP one of them, of colossal si0e, stands in &estminster )bbey, and bears an elegant inscription by lord Brougham. The countenance of this statue has been characterised as the personification of abstract thought. 3lasgo possesses the other t o Pone of marble, in the museum of the university, and the other of bron0e, in 3eorgeLs S"uare. His native to n of 3reenoc- has also rendered appropriate homage to his genius, by erecting not only his statue but a public library, hich bears his name. )n admirable Eloge on &att and his inventions as pronounced before the 1ational .nstitute of +rance by the late M. )rago. 4ord Brougham has also celebrated his merits in his Historical )ccount of the !omposition of &ater, hich is published as an appendi/ to the Eloge

7ndertake regular, periodic plant rounds in all )ontrol rooms and Plants under him to check/ensure healthy operating conditions, notice abnormalities and critical problems. +ake corrective actions to solve the problems. Plan and assign #obs to $orkmen and follo$ up $ith minimum response time for #ob e%ecution. Decide upon required safety measures for #ob e%ecution. Provide updated status of all the #obs to :ead ngineer for appropriate follo$ up nter data into S"P system to capture equipment history for records purpose and mechanical repairs cost to properly monitor and control instrument maintenance e%penditure.

nsure all mechanical equipments are serviced/repaired/overhauled in $orkshop $ith quality and precision to ensure their trouble free functioning in field. Provide necessary assistance to other departments for handling plant emergencies. !aise Purchase !equisitions and get approval of "<M for procurement of necessary spares required for mechanical maintenance #obs. "ssist in failure analysis and implement recommendations to avoid repetitive failures or persistent problems in mechanical equipment/piping systems. Identify training needs for technicians to cater to their development Prepare annual budget proposals for spares, manpo$er requirements, any ne$ modification proposal. Identify training needs for technicians to cater to their development Prepare annual budget proposals for spares, manpo$er requirements, any ne$ modification

5o, Description6 1esignation ; %aintenance %anager )ocation ; &une (ey skills ; %aintenance %anager !ducation ; $! 5 $tech 8%echanical9 !"perience ; C 2 A years Candidate should be from 7ood packaging Company /orking in maintenance 1epartment. To doing work in the area of &lant 0 *tility maintenance Reducing breakdown 0 increase plant utili3ation Creating 7unctional )ocation, !quipment, /ork Centre, =otification &R Release and &&O release. Implemented new system working as a pillar of world class manufacturing system ,$y utili3ation of system T&%,TD%, B'IE%#, (#IF!=, -' to Reducing breakdown 0 increase plant utili3ation. *tility maintenance of water pumps,hydropnumatic pumps, Compressors, Chiller 'ystems, $oiler, Cooling Tower, # *8 G#C9, R* systems ,Eenerator 81E9 and )&E yard 7ire hydrant systems of maintenance.

manager
4. )ommunicates directly $ith the operations department to coordinate maintenance and repair $ork in process areas. 5. )ommunicates directly $ith -" laboratory to ensure effective participation by the maintenance technicians in the implementation of -" policies and procedures. 6. Implements programs and procedures required to ensure plant cleanliness. 8. "ssists $ith planning and implementing plant improvements and e%pansions.

;. )onducts employee performance revie$s based on #ob descriptions to determine competency, kno$ledge, and contribution of the maintenance technicians. @. Maintains and updates operating and training manuals for the maintenance department. A. nsures that all maintenance technicians are trained on the most updated version of the operating procedures. C. Monitors operation of plant equipment and systems. D. !evie$s the operation of plant equipment and systems constantly, to minimi'e unplanned do$ntime, anticipate solve problems in a timely manner, and to identify opportunities for improvement. 4E. Maintains and repairs maintenance shop equipment. 44. stablishes and maintains a computeri'ed maintenance management system =)MMS? for tracking $ork orders, spare parts, and maintenance history of plant equipment. 45. Prepares reports, analy'es data, and makes recommendations for improving plant operations and solving maintenanceHrelated problems. 46. Supervises plant maintenance personnel. 48. nsures that maintenance technicians are adequately trained, equipped, and motivated so that the maintenance program can be accomplished in a safe, timely, and costHeffective manner. 4;. )ommunicates regularly $ith all maintenance technicians, both individually and as a group, to ensure good t$oH$ay communication concerning maintenance issues. 4@. "ssists $ith hiring of maintenance personnel. 4A. Initiates and carries out pro#ects that improve efficiency and/or reduce operating costs. 4C. +racks, analy'es and improves key maintenance parameters such as asset utili'ation, maintenance cost, PM compliance, schedule compliance, etc. 4D. Maintains safety, health, and environmental policies and procedures. 5E. nsures city, county, state, and federal regulations relating to the maintenance department are met at all times. 54. Directs, maintains, and enforces the safety program for the maintenance departmentP revie$s safety records to uphold standards of ma%imum safety for all maintenance technicians. 55. )oordinates activities $ith Plant /perations Departments. 56. Participate in ob#ective setting, plan development and performance revie$ of plant performance.

58. Initiates, implements, and manages the plant maintenance program based on best practices in the ethanol industry, $ith an emphasis on planning/scheduling and preventive/predictive maintenance. 5;. Monitors the use and inventories of spare parts, maintenance supplies, and equipment and initiates reordering $hen necessary. +his #ob description also can use for maintenance director #ob description, maintenance specialist #ob description.

0alidas

+here are hundreds of languages in the $orld. (o$ever, great and classical literature $hich people in all countries need to read is found only in a fe$ languages. /ne such great language is Sanskrit. It is one of the oldest languages. It is the mother of several Indianlanguages such as (indi, 9engali and Marathi in the Borth. ,annada, +elugu and other languages in the South have also been nourished by it. It needs the genius of poets $ho create literary epics and great thinkers for a language to achieve $orldHreno$n. Sanskrit is eminently lucky in this respect. Sages1 celebration of the $onders of nature, the sky, the stars, mountains and rivers, the sun, the moon, the clouds, fire =1"gni1? and their devout offering of prayers to the 7niversal Po$er are all found in the Gedic classics $hich/are in Sanskrit. Puranas and historical epics like the

!amayana and the Mahabharata vividly describe the battle bet$een the good and the evil. +hey also portray the virtues like devotion to truth, a sense of sacrifice, heroism, cultured living, etc. In Sanskrit there are also beautiful stories of birds and animals like PanchatantraP stories e%tolling good and basic qualities of $isdom and intelligence. Sanskrit can also #ustly boast of a rich treasure house of plays, poems and many scientific and philosophical treatises. " poet $ho has made a distinct and glorious contribution to this sumptuous Sanskrit literature is ,alidasa. (e has pictured in his $orks the beauty in life and pondered upon ho$ $e can give pleasure to others by generous and graceful behavior.(is portrayals are vivid and heartH $armingP his $ordpo$er is unique. In a fe$ $ords he is capable of bringing out the entire meaning intended. (is $ritings touchingly sho$ up a noble, meaningful mode of life for the people to pursue. (is $orks are an intellectual treat to thinkers and common readers alike.
A $reat Scholar 4 .oet

.ho is this ,alidasa0 .hen did he live and $here in India $as he residing0 Much discussion has taken place for a long time no$ about his life and times. Bot many queries on this score have elicited definite ans$ers. Several legends have sprouted around him. 3or instance, one story says that he $as the son of a 9rahmin and lost his parents $hile he $as a baby of si% months. " co$herd brought him upP he had no schooling of any sort. "t that time, a king named 9heemashukla ruled over ,ashi =9anaras?. (e $anted his daughter Gasanti to marry Gararuchi, a scholar in his court. 9ut she refused saying she $as herself a greater scholar than he $as. Gararuchi $as furious. /ne day, the ,ing1s minister happened to see this co$herdHboy sitting atop a tree in a forest and attempting to fell the tree by a%ing its roots. 2 .hat a foolT (e should be an ideal husband to GasantiT2 rethought and brought the boy to the capital. +he minister and Gararuchi instructed the boy not to say anything e%cept 1/m S$ask to any questions put to him at the palace, dressed him up in elegant clothes and took him to the royal presence. +he boy $as goodHlooking and they made Gasanti to believe that he $as a great scholar. Gasanti married him and only later came to kno$ of the truth. She $as griefHstricken. She $as a devout $orshipper of goddess ,ali and taught her husband to $orship her. (o$ever, no amount of his devotional prayer could please the <oddess and finally, he vo$ed to offer his life in sacrifice if She did not bless him. +he goddess relented and inscribed some letters on his tongue. (e then became a great poetH scholar. Since goddess ,ali blessed him, he assumed the name of 1,alidasa1 =devotee of ,ali?. +his is one of the most popular legends about ,alidasa. +here are several other stories but they lack authenticity. It appears ,alidasa $as at the court of emperor Gikramaditya. +he place and time of this king are also not definite. 9ut it can be said $ith some certainty that ,alidasa lived before the @th century ".D., i.e., about 48EE years ago. 9ut $hen e%actly he lived before the @th century is not firmly established. +hough a deep affection for the city of 7##ain is discernible in his $orks, it cannot be said $ith certainty that he lived there. 9ut $e can assume that, $herever he may have been born, he had lived at 7##ain. ,alidasa, ho$ever, had good kno$ledge of the $hole of 9harat. In his poem 1Meghaduta1, his descriptions of mountains and rivers and cities and villages stretching from !amagiri in )entral India up to "lakanagari in the (imalayas are very beautiful. In

another epic poem 1!aghuvamsha1, ,alidasa, $hile portraying the conquests of emperor !aghu, describes the places and peoples, their modes of living, foodHhabits and trades and professions, rivers and mountains in almost the $hole country HH "ssam, 9engal and 7tkal in the astP Pandya and ,erala in the South and Sind, <andhara and other places in the BorthH$est. !eading these penHpictures, one cannot help but conclude that the poet must have had a personal kno$ledge of these areas. In short, he must have traveled $idely across the length and breadth of the land, seen those places, talked to the people and studied their modes of living. ,alidasa possessed that distinct intellect $hich makes one a great poet. (e $as a scholar and his $orks display his poetic genius as $ell as scholarship. "lso they are marked by a belief of $hat is good in life and people1s noble goals of life. (e could describe the rich and $ealthy life of a royal palace and the serene, simple and peaceful life at a hermitage $ith equal understanding. (e could, like$ise, describe the #oys of the marital life of a man and his spouse as $ell as their pangs of separation. (e creates scenes of a serious and thoughtful nature as also hilarious scenes of light comedy. In his $orks is found an e%cellent combination of artHconsciousness, unmatched $ordpo$er and an unparalleled capacity for vivid portrayals. ,alidasa $rote seven $orks. 1,umarasambhava1 and 1!aghuvamsha1are his t$o epic poems. 1Malavikagnimitra1, 1Gikramorvashiya1 and 1"bhi#nana Shakuntala1 are his celebrated plays. 1Meghaduta1 and 1!itusamhara1 are also poetical $orks of great distinction.
70umara4 sam,hava7

/ne of ,alidasa1s greatest $orks is 1,umarasambhava1. )ritics maintain that ,alidasa $rote only the first eight chapters of the epic poem. +he $ork describes the marriage of :ord Shiva and his consort Parvati. It begins $ith a fine description of that giant among mountains, the (imalaya. ,alidasa $rites& 2(imalaya is rich in life. :iving there are the Siddhas. ,innaras and Gidyadhara beauties. )louds in front of the caves look like curtains. Kou can trace the track of lions1 by looking at the precious stones spilled from the heads of elephants and not by bloodstains. Kou have to kno$ the paths they tread by recogni'ing 1Sarala1 trees against $hose stem the elephants rub themselves attracted by the s$eet milk e%uded by the trees. "ll the things needed for a sacrifice =1Ka#na1? are available here. 9rahma =the <od of creation? himself has made this the king of the mountains.2 It is not only a place for lovers $ho $ant to find happiness in lifeP it is also an ideal retreat for those $ho $ant to meditate. Parvati is the daughter of Parvatara#a, the ,ing of the (imalayas. In course of time she blossomed into a girl of matchless beauty. She $as very goodHlooking, like a fine portrait dra$n by a masterHpainter. .omen $ear #e$elry $ith a feeling that their beauty is enhanced by it. 9ut the neck of Parvati appeared to enhance the beauty of the necklace itself. Parvati1s speech $as s$eet as the playing of the Geena. "nd her bearing reminded one of a deer. Barada, a great sage in our epics, is a $andering minstrel. (e once came to the court of Parvatara#a, and predicted that the king1s daughter $ould marry :ord Shiva. 9ut Parvatara#a $as doubtful $hether :ord Shiva $ould accept the bride. Beither he volunteered to ask Shiva nor did the latter came for$ard to ask for the hand of Parvati. Shiva $as in penance atop one of the biggest mountains in the (imalayas. Parvatara#a sent his daughter to serve the :ord $ho acquiesced to have her near him. Parvati served

him $ith utmost, pure hearted devotionP she $ould daily cleanse his place of penance, and keep ready the articles of 1+apas1 like pure $ater, leaves of grass, flo$ers, etc. .hile Shiva sat thus in penance, a 1!akshasa1 named +arakasura began to trouble the Devas. +hey, in panic, $ent to :ord 9rahma, the creator of the universe, and sought salvation. (e told them that Parvati had. +o marry :ord Shiva and that the son born out of their $edlock $ould be able to defeat demon +araka. 9ut then, ho$ to make :ord Shiva, in deep penance to a$ake physically and consent to marry Parvati0 Devendra is the king of the Devas. /ne of the <ods at his court $as ,ama =Manmatha? $hose $ife $as the beautiful !ati. ,ama had the capacity to make any one desire to marry.Devendracommanded him to see that :ord Shiva $ould develop a $ish to marry Parvati. ,ama, !ati and their friend Gasanta =:ord of spring? set about the task. +hough it $as not the season, ,ama created all the glory and beauty of the spring. Mild, pleasant bree'e began to blo$ from the south. 3lo$ers $ere sprinkling do$n from 1"shoka1 trees. 9irds and the bees began to savor the fresh flo$er of the young mango leaves. 9ut all this $ould not deter :ord Shiva from his penance. ,ama $ent there. Shiva $as doing his penance sitting on a tigerHskin under a Devadaru tree. ,ama $as over$helmed on seeing the e%quisite grace of :ord and the cupid1s bo$ and arro$ fell do$n $ithout his being a$are of it. "t this time, Parvati arrived on the scence to attend to her daily chores of service to the :ord. She $ore a saree colored like the bright red rays of the Sun. Bice spring flo$ers adorned her plait. " diamond chain shone on her forehead. (er gait $as like that of a delicate flo$erH creeper. +his great beauty of Parvati inspired ,ama, $ho hitherto $as some$hat, de#ected, again to strive to fulfil his task. Parvati raised her hands to offer her garland of lotus flo$ers to Shiva $ho also eagerly came out of his penance to accept the offering. ,ama $as $aiting for such a moment and e%ercised his 1s$ord of love1. Shiva eyed Parvati once and immediately realised that he had been $eaned a$ay. 3rom his penance. (o$ could this happen0 ,ama, )upid, $as ready $ith his and arro$ for action. :ord Shiva $as angry and opened his +hird ye. " great fire flo$ed forth. ,ama $as burnt to ashes and Shiva then disappeared. !ati, seeing her husband destroyed collapsed unconscious. Parvati1s father sorro$fully took her to his home. !egaining consciousness after some time, !ati lamented that she too $ould end her life. +hen a voice from the sky told her that ,ama $ould come back to life $hen :ord Shiva married Parvati. Mean$hile,Parvati sat for a highly strenuous penance. She $ould setup a huge fire around her and standing amidst the fire in bla'ing Sun $ould stare at the Sun <od. She $ould sit unmoved in pouring rain and biting cold and $inds. +o test this damsel engaged in such severe penace, :ord Shiva himself appeared before her in the guise of a 19rahmacharf =a young lad $ho had his 17panayana1 or sacred thread ceremony? and began to pour abuse on Shiva thusP 2.hy do you $ish to accept the hand of one $hose bracelet is a snake0 .hy do you, a damsel in glorious silk, seek unison $ith one $earing an elephantHskin0 Don1t people

laugh to see you driving around $ith (im sitting on an old, emaciated o%0 "dd to his grotesqueness his three eyesT .hy did you0 (ave to choose such a groom02 Bot kno$ing that the lad $as Shiva in disguise, Parvati naturally $as angry $ith him for abusing Shiva. She asked her aide to1 send the boy a$ay and she herself rose to leave the place. Shiva then appeared to her in his true form. Parvati on seeing his divine form $as over$helmed. She stood glued to the ground not kno$ing $hat to do. +he poet1s description of this scene is e%traordinarily beautiful. Parvati sent $ord through her maid to Shiva to ask him to talk to her father about their marriage. Shiva thereupon sent a message to him through the seven great Sages. +he king of the (imalayas gladly agreed. +he marriage took place in a grand style. +he part authored by ,alidasa in 1,umarasambhava1 ends here. +he remaining episodes such as the birth of the son ,umara to Shiva and Parvati, his becoming the )ommander of the Devas1 forces and the slaying of the demon +arakasura are $ritten by another poet. ,alidasa1s $orks are kno$n for their triple qualities HH a sense of beauty, a capacity for appreciation of the aesthetic values and our traditional culture. ,alidasa1s portrayals of the great (imalayan mountain and of the mode in $hich the season of spring =vasanta1? blossomed are some of the most lyrical e%pressions in the language. (is descriptions are vivid and heartH$armingP it is as if $e are seeing the events happening before us. ,alidasa1s portrayal of Parvati1s grace and beauty magnificently sho$s his ability as a poet. !ati1s lament upon ,ama being consigned to flames moves us to tears. ,alidasa is equally at ease in portraying the happy marital life of Shiva and Parvati as a couple deeply in love as also of picturing the grace and beauty of both nature and man, 3eelings of #oy and sorro$ and all other emotions. )ro$ning all these penHpictures of things that are beautiful and s$eet in life is ,alidasa1s e%tolling of a noble culture. .hat does 1culture1 mean0 It is a sense of decent behavior H in body and mindP it is the blossoming of the mind and heart to savor the rich and colorful beauty around us HH such as the color and fragrance of flo$ers $hich gladden the hearts of one and all. +he thought, $ord and action of a man1s mature mind give happiness to others. 9esides describing these in a masterly style and imagination, ,alidasa also e%hibits his po$ers of perception $hile recogni'ing $hat $e can call as 1beauty in action and behavior1. pisodes such as the Parvatara#a1s not going by himself to see Shiva even $hen sage Barada tells him that Parvati $as to marry Shiva, his agreeing for Parvati1s desire to go to serve Shiva, her sitting for penance, his acceptance of Shiva1s offer, sent through the seven Sages, to marry Parvati HH all these enable us to $eave in our minds his personality shining $ith full grace and honor. Parvati allo$s no distraction of her mind and engages herself $ith singular devotionP she sits for a strenuous penance to make Shiva accept her and $ould not tolerate anyone abusing (im. "ll these sho$ the high culture in $hich she is molded. +hough stirred a bit on noticing the beauty of Parvati, Shiva, in his anger at being disturbed in his penance, burns do$n ,ama, puts Parvati1s mind and thoughts to test, sends the seven <reat Sages to Parvatara#a HH thus e%hibiting his maturity ofmind. In fact, Shiva $as not enamoured by the physical beauty of Parvati and only destroyed ,ama $ho attempted to make him desire her physically. "ctually he admired her several fine, noble qualities and her devout penance. 9oth he and Parvati $ere performing penance and leading a life of sacrifice HH i.e., 1tapasya1. 9oth $ere embodiments of purity. 9orn to them $as ,umara. (is parents1 penance fortified him $ith strength to destroy the demon +araka.

,alidasa1s poem gives us a vivid picture of $hat a good, meaningful life a man could and should lead as propounded by our learned ancestors.
7'a"huvamsha7

,alidasa1s second epic is 1!aghuvamsha1. +here are nineteen chapters =1sargas1? in this poem. +he epic describes the history of the kings Dileepa, !aghu, "#a, Dasharatha, Sri !ama, :ava and ,usha. It also deals briefly $ith the t$enty kings from Bala up to "gnivarna.In thebeginning, the poet e%tols the fine qualities of the kings of !aghu dynasty. +he dynasty is a noble one. +hose belonging to it have their early education at the right time from distinguished teachers. +hey are married at the right age and rule #ustly adhering to 1Dharma1 =la$ of righteousness?. "s they gre$ old, they renounced the kingdom in favor of the younger incumbents and led a life of saintly renunciation and ultimately renounced the mortal life by $ay of 1yoga1. +hey earned $ealth so that they $ould offer it to the $orthy $ho are in need. +hey liked to conquer a kingdom for the thrill of success. )ulprits $ere punished. +hose kings $ere ever vigilant, generally un daunted and strove their best to achieve their goal. +hey ruled a kingdom stretching up to the seashore. +hey $ould even drive a chariot right up to the (eavens. +he poet asserts that his main aim in $riting this poem is to celebrate the ideal royal qualities of the kings of the clan of !aghu and to portray the history of a gala%y of such men. +he story begins $ith king Dileepa. Dileepa, as portrayed by the poet, $as a ma#estic personality. (e $as impressively built, broadHshouldered, tall. In effect he personified .shatradharma1 =the royal tradition?. (is intellect matched his physique. +hat intellect matched his vast learning. (is actions $ere dictated by his superior kno$ledge and the results $ere true to his efforts. (is consort Sudakshina $as an ideal $ife $orried at not having childrenP they go to the 1ashram1 of the great sage Gashishta $ho suggests to them that they offer obeisance to Bandini, the calf of the (eavenly )o$ ,amadhenu. "ccordingly, Dileepa follo$s Bandini to the forest daily and serves her for t$entyHone days. /n the last day, a lion attacksBandini and $hen Dileepa tries to dra$ an arro$ from his bo$ to kill the beast, lo, his hand gets stuck on the bo$. +he lion, speaking like human beings, tells him to return to the UashramQ, as the co$ $as his meal. Dileepa thereupon offers his o$n body as food for the lion. +hen the lion disappears. In fact the lion $as the creation of Bandini herself to test the king. She blesses him and says he $ould beget children $hen he drank her milk. +hey return to the 1ashram1 $here the royal couple drink the milk and return to the capital. In due course, Sudakshina gives birth to a son $ho $as named !aghura#a. +he poets1 description gives us a fine picture of a great king devoted to truth and highest moral and spiritual ideals. +he close contact bet$een the kings and sages and the fact that great personalities are born $hen the heroic king is blessed by a sage $hose life is a saga of purity, are narrated memorably. +he poet then goes on to tell us the story of !aghu. ven $hile he $as the Prince, he had displayed his pro$ess byprotecting the horse his father had sent out on a victorious march at the time of conducting an "sh$amedha =a sacrifice featuring a highbred horse?. " fierce battle rages bet$een !aghu and the king of the 1Devas1 Indra at the time of Dileepa1s one hundredth 1"sh$amedha1 sacrifice. Impressed by !aghu1s heroism, Indra blesses Dileepa to en#oy the fruits of the sacrifice. +hereupon, Dileepa hands over the reigns of the kingdom to his son and goes a$ay to the forest to spend his last days in

penance. !aghu defeated several kings and e%panded his domain, conducted a great sacrifice called Gish$a#it Kaga and then gave a$ay all his $orldly riches in charity. "t that time, ,autsa, the son of a sage, comes and asks for some money to pay as 1<urudakshina1 =tribute to his guru?. 9ut the king had by then donated all his $ealth and belongings. +he king could only offer him sanctified $ater from an earthen bo$l. .hen he learnt of the need of the sage1s son, he decided to $age a $ar against ,ubera, the <od of .ealth, but the latter hastens to aid !aghu and fills his treasury to enable him to fulfil the desire to make the gift to ,autsa. " son is born to !aghu and. is named "#a. (e $as e%tremely goodHlooking and of a tender nature. /n coming of age, he goes to the S$ayamvara =$here the bride choose her groom from amongst several aspirants? of princess Indumati of the province of Gidarbha. "s she entered the S$ayamvara (all, her maid Sunanda introduces each prince describing his physical features, heroism and pro$ess. Bone appeals to the princess. Sunanda then introduces prince "#a and e%tols his fine qualities and his illustrious family. Indumati garlands him accepting his hand in marriage. ,alidasa1s description of this S$ayamvara is a very pleasant one. +he princes1 descriptions are not overdone, +heir physical strength, heroic disposition, riches are all described $ith absorbing interest. Bone has been belittled. Indumati does not re#ect other suitors because of any defects in them.(o$ever, each person has a nature distinct to himself, the poet feels, and one cannot reason out $hy a person particularly falls in love $ith another. +he narrative here sho$s the poets1 high taste, aesthetic a$areness of beauty and also a lively lightH heartedness. +he marriage of Indumati $ith "#a is performed in a grand manner. 9ut then, the disappointed princes attack them vengefully and fierce battle ensues. "#a defeats all of them and triumphantly returns to his capital $ith his bride. !aghu instantly recogni'es his son1s heroism and ma#esty, gladly hands over the reigns of the kingdom and goes to live in a hermitage on the outskirts of "yodhya. " father $ho ascends a seat of renunciation =1Koga1? and a son $ho ascends the throne HH the stance and actions of the t$o personalities are narrated $ith moving lyricism and understanding. +he father is guided by sages and the son is assisted by ministers. +he former has conquered all the $orldly desires in him $hile the latter has defeated enemies outside. !aghu1s life displays a personality that sho$s ho$ one can achieve that e%quisite serenity and peace if only one could concentrate on total devotion to <od. :ike$ise, the pleasures of living a man of sterling qualities can achieve and en#oy are evidenced in the life of "#a. +hough both Dileepa and !aghu are great men, $e notice a difference in them. "s laid do$n by our learned ancestors, a man should have four goals before him& spiritual a$areness or righteousness =1Dharma1?, acquisition of $ealth =1"rtha1?, love or a desire for physical pleasure =1,ama1?, and ultimately salvation =1Moksha1?, Beither the desire to earn $ealth nor the urge for pleasures of life is $rong but they should be accompanied by a sense of righteousness. /ne should try to acquire $ealth through moral meansP he should earn it in a manner, $hich does not do any in#ustice to others. (e should spend money for right and good causes. (e should not take to $rong or harmful $ays, $hich may hurt others. (e should live a life, $hich could bring him salvation $hen death approaches and seeks to be one $ith divinity. .e see that Dileepa1s life is dominated by 1Dharma1. (e is so selfHsacrificing as to offer himself as food for the lion, $hich comes to attack Bandini. "nd $e find the true meaning of 1"rtha1 =acquisition and spending of $ealth? in the life of !aghu. .hile conquering many

domains, he gives a$ay all his riches to those he found deserving and at last he is left $ith only an earthen bo$l for himselfT "#a1s rule had earned the affection of all his sub#ects. /ne day he $as holidaying in the garden outside the city $ith his $ife. Sage Barada $as passing through that skyHroute $hen a heavenly garland adorning his Geena slipped do$n and hit Indumati $ho instantly collapsed, and breathed her last. (is aides shock "#a to unconsciousness and $akes up after ministrations. !esting Indumati1s head on his lap, he laments& 2Should a flo$er take a$ay your life0 .hy don1t I die even as I hold this garland0 It1s <od1s $ill that poison could turn into nectar and the latter may change into poison. Kou $ere everything to meHH$ife, counselor, aide and my disciple in learning of arts. 9y snatching you a$ay, death has robbed me of everything2. "#a had a son Dasharatha $ho at that time $as still a young boy. +he king managed to live for eight more years $hen he hands over the cro$n to himP he then goes to the confluence of the rivers <anga and Sarayu and breathes his last in that holy spot. +he poet has illustrated 1,ama1 =1desire for pleasure1? in the life of "#a. (ere $e see the portrayal of his happy life $ith Indumati as $ell as of his anguish upon her sad demise. "#a Paines for her and ends his life by dro$ning in the river as he cannot bear the pangs of separation from his beloved $ife. It is an e%cellent e%ample of devoted love. +he stories of king Dileepa, !aghu and "#a are told in the first eight 1sargas1 =chapters? and the subsequent chapters deal $ith the lives of Dasharatha, Sri !ama and the brothers :ava and ,usha. +he poet presents here the theme of !amayana in a condensed form. +he story of !amayana is quite $ell kno$n but ,alidasa1s narration can be said to be unique. Galmiki1s original narrative is marked by simplicity and grace, shining likes a pure diamond. ,alidasa1s handling of this theme makes this diamond shine more glitteringly by e%pert processing. "fter ,usha, his son "tithi ascends the throne. ,alidasa is full of praise for this young king and emphasi'es that he ruled as dictated by 1Dharma1, successfully protected his kingdom from enemiesP sages $ere performing their penance unhindered. ,alidasa lists t$enty kings belonging to the !aghu dynasty $ho ruled after "tithi. "ccording to the poet, "gnivarna, the last of this clan, $as a pleasureHseeker $ho forgot his kingly duties and obligations. It $as said that he $ould besto$ anaudience to those $ho came to see him by rela%ing at $indo$ stretching his legs on the $indo$sill. Disease bedeviled him and upon his death, his $ife fulfilled the obligation as a queen $ith the help of $ise old ministers. +hus ends the description of the !aghu clan on a sad note. 1!aghuvamsha1 depicts our ancient, historical culture and tradition. /ur ancestors had discussed in detail about such matters as to $ho could be a good ruler, $ho is a man of 1tapas1 =penance?, ho$ one should lead a good, purposeful life and the like. +he poet has portrayed diverse characters like Gashishta, Dileepa, !aghu, "#a and others. "gnivarna is an e%ample of a king $ho could be termed as 1depraved1.
7Sha/untala7 The -aster piece

1Malavikagnimitra1 is ,alidasa1s first play. +he author sho$s his humility and is uncertain $hether people $ould accepts play. (e pleads 1Puranamityeva Ba sadhu sarvam,Ba chapikavyamnavamityavadyam1 = verything old is not good, nor is every thing kne$ badly?. +here may be some thing, $hich may not be of much use in the old,

and the ne$ may also be good. +he theme of the play is the loveHstory of "gnimitra and Malavika. ,alidasa1s second play 1Gikramor Hvashiya1 is about the loves and tribulations of king Pururava and the heavenly damsel 17rvashi1. 1"bhi#nana Shakuntala1 is ,alidasa1s greatest creation. +his literary masterpiece has been translated into several languages around the $orld. +he story of Shakuntala appears in the 1"diparva1 chapter of the epicMahabharata. ,ing Dushyanta, $hiles on a gaming e%pedition =safari?, and arrives at the hermitage of sage ,anva. +he latter $as a$ay and his adopted daughter Shakuntala looks after the distinguished guest1s needs. Dushyanta, immediately on seeing her, is struck by her beauty and offers to marry her. Shakuntala lays do$n a condition that the king should promise to hand over the kingdom to the son born to her and Dushyanta agrees. +hey marry and spend some happy days, after $hich the king returns to the capital. Shakuntala, in course of time, gives birth to a son $ho is named Sarvadamana. Si% years pass and still Dushyanta does not send for his spouse and son. Sage ,anva voluntarily decides to send Shakuntala to the nalace. .hen she arrives at Dushyanta1s abode, he refuses to recogni'e her. Shakuntala is griefH stricken. +hen amidst her lament a heavenly voice commands Dushyanta& 2(e is your son. "ccept him.2 +he king then takes him in and the boy later comes to be reno$ned as 9harata. ,alidasa $eaves a great play basing on this Mahabharata theme. +he first meeting of Dushyanta and Shakuntala is a lively, 1colorful sequence in the play. Dushyanta, in the course of his hunting %pedition arrives at ,anva1s hermitage and there in the garden he sees Shakuntala engaged in $atering the plants along $ith her maids. Mesmeri'ed by her beauty, he desires to marry her $hile Shakuntala also is deeply impressed by the sight of the royal dignitary. +hey then marry in the 1<andharva1 style. +he king returns to the capital $hile Shakuntala, left behind does not directly ask for the king1s promise to make her son the prince consort to succeed him. It is supposed to be understood. "fter the king returns, sage Durvasa comes to call on sage ,anva. +he latter $as a$ay and Shakuntala $as so lost in her thoughts of king Dushyanta that the sage1s $ords& 2 4, a guest, have come2 fell on her deaf ears. +he sage is enraged and al$ays quick to anger, curses her& 2May the person about $hom you are thinking forget youT2 :ater, he relents and says& 2.hen he sees an ob#ect, $hich he has given you and recogni'es it, he $ill remember you.2 7nfortunately, Shakuntala loses the ring given by Dushyanta $ho #ust forgets her. ,anva sends Shakuntala, no$ pregnant, to the court of Dushyanta along $ith his disciples. =Mahabharata pictures her child, about si% no$, $ho is very active.? ,alidasa portrays the fare$ell of sage ,anva to Shakuntala very touchingly. +he $hole ashram is plunged in sorro$. ,anva, Shakuntala1s maids, all shed tears at departureP even the trees, plants, and birds bo$ do$n $ith grief. 7pon her arrival, king Dushyanta cannot recogni'e Shankuntala. (e even thinks it improper to eye a damsel $ho is astranger to him. (e could not believe that this $oman is his $ife. +he ring is lost on the $ay and Shankuntala, overcome $ith grief after being re#ected by Dushyanta, collapses and is then carried a$ay by a divine light. "fter a fe$ days, the ring is found in the stomach of a fish and Dushyanta, upon seeing it, remembers everything. (e feels sad that he re#ected Shakuntala. :ater, on his $ay back from (eaven

$here he had gone to assist Indra on an errand, he visits the hermitage of Mareecha. +here he sees a boy daringly attempting to bare the #a$s of a lion1s cub. /n inquiry, he learns that he is none other than his o$n son Sarvadamana.Dushyanta, his consort and their son are happilyunited. "t the end of the play, one feels sad at the sufferings of Shakuntala and $e are at a loss as to $hether $e should blame Dushyanta or the 1Divine Po$er1 for these happenings. In the last act, $e see Shakuntala $rapped in a very ordinary saree, but she is a picture of grace and dignity. +hough young in age, she speaks but a fe$ $ords in a profound sense. She is a real +apas$ini =one $ho $ants to sacrifice life for eternal salvation?. /ne $onder at the manner in $hich she has transformed herself from a pleasureH seeking young girl into a young $oman imbued $ith a sense of total renunciation and service. +hrough portraying scenes of Shakuntala1s maids teasing her, sage ,anva1s farH sightedness, the ,ing1s paining for ShakuntalaQs love $hen she is a$ay, Shakuntala1s unsullied sense of love, the divine grace $hich brought about the happy reunion, the play$right presents before us a large canvas on $hich all the vicissitudes of life are touched upon. 1Meghaduta1 is a beautiful loveHlyric. " 1Kaksha1, $ho is forced to be separated from his mistress for a year, sends her a message. +he lady is residing at "lakanagari. 1<o and tell her that I told so1, instructs the Kaksha to the cloud $ho becomes his messenger. +he very fact that a cloud =1Megha1? is chosen to be a messenger of love is something unique. +he poet fascinatingly describes the travels of the cloud from !amagiri to "lakanagari. +he rivers, hills and mountains, cities and to$ns, vast fields, farmers1 daughters as $ell as girls in the cities, the birds and the bees HH are all described by the poet vividly. It is a total picture of a beautiful $orld. (is descriptions of "lakanagari, the Kaksha1s house and the garden around, theKaksha1s $ife playing the Geena and her grace and beauty are captivating. 1!itusamhara1 is a some$hat smallHscale poetical creation depicting the si% seasons. (o$ever, it is equally appealing. +he poet here sees beauty in everything. ach different facet of nature he sees in each of the seasons fascinates himP it is a romantic sight. In sum, it gives us great aesthetic pleasure to read ,alidasa1s $orks. (is descriptions enthrall us. .ith him $e are in the companyHcultured a highly civili'ed, cultured personality. It is like a flo$er $hich, in bloom, spreads its fragrance all around. "nd a man1s mature, ripened mind and intellect brings pleasure to those around him. In ,alidasa1s creations, $e enter the $orld of people pure in mind and body and $ho are graceful. .e learn here the manner in $hich man1s nature can reach high, moral levels. It pleases us deeply to come into contact $ithcharacters like Parvati, Dileepa, !aghu, "#a, Shakuntala, Dushyanta and ,anva. It is for this $onderful e%perience that $e as $ell as people in other countries read ,alidasa.

Kalidas

Introduction 6
One o! the "reatise poets and dramatists in sans/rit( His chronicle o! the /in"s o! the 'a"h clan 8 'u"huvamsha9 the "reatpla 7sha/untala7 and other 3or/s (

") motor characteristics require the applied voltage to be proportionally ad#usted $henever the frequency is changed in order to deliver the rated torque. 3or e%ample, if a motor is designed to operate at 8@E volts at @E (', the applied voltage must be reduced to 56E volts $hen the frequency is reduced to 6E ('. +hus the ratio of volts per hert' must be regulated to a constant value =8@E/@E V A.@A G/(' in this case?. 3or optimum performance, some further voltage ad#ustment may be necessary especially at lo$ speeds, but constant volts per hert' is the general rule. +his ratio can be changed in order to change the torque delivered by the motor.M44N In addition to this simple volts per hert' control more advanced control methods such as vector control and direct torque control =D+)? e%ist. +hese methods ad#ust the motor voltage in such a $ay that the magnetic flu% and mechanical torque of the motor can be precisely controlled. +he usual method used to achieve variable motor voltage is pulseH$idth modulation =P.M?. .ith P.M voltage control, the inverter s$itches are used to construct a quasiH sinusoidal output $aveform by a series of narro$ voltage pulses $ith pseudosinusoidal varying pulse durations.MCNM45N /peration of the motors above rated name plate speed =base speed? is possible, but is limited to conditions that do not require more po$er than nameplate rating of the motor. +his is sometimes called 2field $eakening2 and, for ") motors, means operating at less than rated volts/hert' and above rated name plate speed. Permanent magnet synchronous motors have quite limited field $eakening speed range due to the constant magnet flu% linkage. .ound rotor synchronous motors and induction motors have much $ider speed range. 3or e%ample, a 4EE hp, 8@E G, @E (', 4AA; !PM =8 pole? induction motor supplied $ith 8@E G, A; (' =@.468 G/('?, $ould be limited to @E/A; V CEF torque at 45;F speed =554C.A; !PM? V 4EEF po$er.M46N "t higher speeds the induction motor torque has to be limited further due to the lo$ering of the breaka$ay torque of the motor. +hus rated po$er can be typically produced only up to 46E...4;E F of the rated name plate speed. .ound rotor synchronous motors can be run even higher speeds. In rolling mill drives often 5EE...6EE F of the base speed is used. Baturally the mechanical strength of the rotor and lifetime of the bearings is also limiting the ma%imum speed of the motor. It is recommended to consult the motor manufacturer if more than 4;E F speed is required by the application. .hen an induction motor is connected to a full voltage supply, it dra$s several times =up to about @ times? its rated current. "s the load accelerates, the available torque usually drops a little and then rises to a peak $hile the current remains very high until the motor approaches full speed. 9y contrast, $hen a G3D starts a motor, it initially applies a lo$ frequency and voltage to the motor. +he starting frequency is typically 5 (' or less. +hus starting at such a lo$ frequency avoids the high inrush current that occurs $hen a motor is started by simply applying the utility =mains? voltage by turning on a s$itch. "fter the start of the G3D, the applied frequency and voltage are increased at a controlled rate or ramped up to accelerate the load $ithout dra$ing e%cessive current. +his starting method typically allo$s a motor to develop 4;EF of its rated torque $hile the G3D is dra$ing less than ;EF of its rated current from the mains in the lo$ speed range. " G3D can be ad#usted to produce a steady 4;EF starting torque from standstill right up to full speed.M4@N Bote, ho$ever, that cooling of the motor is usually not good in the lo$ speed range. +hus running at lo$ speeds even $ith rated torque for long periods is not possible due to overheating of the motor. If continuous operation $ith high torque is required in lo$

speeds an e%ternal fan is usually needed. +he manufacturer of the motor and/or the G3D should specify the cooling requirements for this mode of operation. In principle, the current on the motor side is in direct proportion of the torque that is generated and the voltage on the motor is in direct proportion of the actual speed, $hile on the net$ork side, the voltage is constant, thus the current on line side is in direct proportion of the po$er dra$n by the motor, that is 7.I or ).B $here ) is torque and B the speed of the motor =$e shall consider losses as $ell, neglected in this e%planation?. =4? n stands for net$ork =grid? and m for motor =5? ) stands for torque MBmN, 7 for voltage MGN, I for current M"N, and B for speed Mrad/sN .e neglect losses for the moment & 7n.In V 7m.Im =same po$er dra$n from net$ork and from motor? 7m.Im V )m.Bm =motor mechanical po$er V motor electrical po$er? <iven 7n is a constant =net$ork voltage? $e conclude & In V )m.Bm/7n +hat is 2line current =net$ork? is in direct proportion of motor po$er2. .ith a G3D, the stopping sequence is #ust the opposite as the starting sequence. +he frequency and voltage applied to the motor are ramped do$n at a controlled rate. .hen the frequency approaches 'ero, the motor is shut off. " small amount of braking torque is available to help decelerate the load a little faster than it $ould stop if the motor $ere simply s$itched off and allo$ed to coast. "dditional braking torque can be obtained by adding a braking circuit =resistor controlled by a transistor? to dissipate the braking energy. .ith 8Hquadrants rectifiers =activeHfrontHend?, the G3D is able to brake the load by applying a reverse torque and reverting the energy back to the net$ork.

Effe"ts at high fre7uen"ies

" direct current flo$s constantly and uniformly throughout the crossHsection of a uniform $ire. "n alternating current of any frequency is forced a$ay from the $ire1s center, to$ard its outer surface. +his is because the acceleration of an electric charge in an alternating current produces $aves of electromagnetic radiation that cancel the propagation of electricity to$ard the center of materials $ith high conductivity. +his phenomenon is called skin effect. "t very high frequencies the current no longer flo$s in the $ire, but effectively flo$s on the surface of the $ire, $ithin a thickness of a fe$ skin depths. +he skin depth is the thickness at $hich the current density is reduced by @6F. ven at relatively lo$ frequencies used for high po$er transmission =;E>@E ('?, nonHuniform distribution of current still occurs in sufficiently thick conductors. 3or e%ample, the skin depth of a copper conductor is appro%imately C.;A mm at @E (', so high current conductors are usually hollo$ to reduce their mass and cost. Since the current tends to flo$ in the periphery of conductors, the effective crossHsection of the conductor is reduced. +his increases the effective ") resistance of the conductor, since resistance is inversely proportional to the crossHsectional area in $hich the current actually flo$s. +he ") resistance often is many times higher than the D) resistance, causing a much higher energy loss due to ohmic heating =also called I5! loss?.

9ow To ,a&e , 0bai S#ecial

&e can try to reduce the poverty, increase space, -eep the place clean and improve the civic sense of the citi0ens of Mumbai. M2T% and M2.% $ u!"ai Ur"a# Tra#s$%rt &r%'e(t a#) u!"ai Ur"a# I#*rastru(ture &r%'e(t res$e(tive+,- "%th *i#a#(e) ", the W%r+) Ba#.'. The said agencies are or- together for infrastructure development. There is lots of land in Mumbai, here slum e/ists or as mentioned ith lo +S.. . thin- developing the slum areas and lo +S. buildings into building of high +S. ould lessen the problem. .n this ay e can help the slum d ellers a better living and create space for ne tenants .deal ay is to improve living standard in the city by better roads and transportation system. The e/pansion can ta-e place on periphery of the city. Many people in Mumbai struggle for aterM the solution for this problem is that e should not aste ater by hich the non utili0ed ater may go to them. 3ro plant as much as possible to protect the environment. +ollo traffic rule to save our self as ell as other.

Tourism in Japan
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+ourists in ,yoto en#oy a ride in a ricksha$ in front of Bonomiya Shrine Tourism in 8apan attracted C.6 million foreign visitors in 5EEC, slightly more than Singapore and Ireland.M4N Oapan has 48 .orld (eritage Sites, including (ime#i )astle and (istoric Monuments of "ncient ,yoto =,yoto, 7#i and /tsu )ities?. ,yoto receives over 6E million tourists annually.M5N 3oreigners also visit +okyo and Bara, Mount 3u#i, ski resorts such as Biseko in (okkaidW, /kina$a, ride the shinkansen and take advantage of Oapan1s hotel and hotspring net$ork.

Contents
MhideN

4 (istory of +ourism 5 +ourism +oday o 5.4 Ma#or tourist destinations 5.4.4 (okkaidW 5.4.5 +Whoku region 5.4.6 ,antW region 5.4.8 )hXbu region 5.4.; ,ansai region 5.4.@ )hXgoku region 5.4.A Shikoku 5.4.C ,yXshX and /kina$a 6 See also 8 !eferences ; %ternal links

/edit0 .istor& of Tourism

(ime#i )astle in (ime#i =.(:? +he origins of early traditions of visits to picturesque sites are unclear, but early sightH seeing e%cursions $as Matsuo 9asho1s 4@CD trip to the then 2far north2 of Oapan, $hich occurred not long after (ayashi !a'an categori'ed the +hree Gie$s of Oapan in 4@86. During the feudal era of Oapan, from around 4@EE to the Mei#i !estoration in 4C@A, travel $as regulated $ithin the country through the use of shukuba or post stations, to$ns in $hich travelers had to present appropriate documentation. Despite these restrictions, porter stations and horse stables, as $ell as places for lodging and food $ere available on $ellHtraveled routes. During this time, Oapan $as a closed country to foreigners, so no foreign tourism e%isted in Oapan. 3ollo$ing the Mei#i !estoration and the building of a national railroad net$ork across Oapan, tourism became more of an affordable prospect for domestic citi'ens and visitors from foreign countries could enter Oapan legally. "s early as 4CCA, government officials recogni'ed the need for an organi'ed system of attracting foreign touristsP the Kihin$ai =:?, $hich aimed to coordinate the various players in tourism, $as established that year $ith Prime Minister Ito (irobumi1s blessing. Its early leaders included Shibusa$a iichi and kida +akashi. "nother ma#or milestone in the development of the tourism industry in Oapan $as the 4DEA passage of the (otel Development :a$, as a result of $hich the !ail$ays Ministry began to construct publiclyHo$ned hotels all throughout Oapan.M6N

/edit0 Tourism Toda&

Domestic tourism remains a vital part of the Oapanese economy and Oapanese society. School children in many middle schools see the highlight of their years as a visit to +okyo Disneyland or perhaps +okyo +o$er. (igh school students visit /kina$a or (okkaidW. +he e%tensive rail net$ork together $ith domestic flights sometimes in planes $ith modifications to favor the relatively short distances involved in intraHOapan travel allo$s efficient and speedy transport. In inbound tourism, Oapan $as ranked 5Cth in the $orld in 5EEA.M8N In 5EED, the Komiuri Shimbun published a modern list of famous sights under the name (eisei (yakkei =the (undred Gie$s of the (eisei period?.

;e+it< ,a=or to rist +estinations

<oko 3ive :akes in Shiretoko =.(:?

ShirakamiHSanchi =.(:?

Shin#uku in +okyo, and Mount 3u#i

Shiraka$aHgW =.(:?

+WdaiH#i Daibutsu in Bara =.(:?

I$ami <in'an Silver Mine =.(:?

Shikoku Pilgrimage = LentsXH#i ?

Ishigaki Island, /kina$a

[edit] Hokkaid

Shiretoko Peninsula =.(:? +eshikaga H :ake MashX, :ake ,ussharo +Wya )aldera and Mount 7su <eopark Daisetsu'an Golcanic <roup

[edit] Thoku region

ShirakamiHSanchi =.(:? :ake +o$ada Matsushima LaW /nsen

[edit] Kant region

BikkW H +WshWHgX =.(:?, ,egon 3alls +okyo H +okyo Disney !esort, Imperial Palace, "sakusa, "kihabara, <in'a, Shin#uku ,usatsu /nsen (akone /nsen

[edit] Chbu region

Mount 3u#i Oapanese "lps H (ida Mountains, ,iso Mountains, "kaishi Mountains Shiga ,Wgen Matsumoto H ,amikWchi, Mount (otaka, Matsumoto )astle Shiraka$aHgW and <okayama =.(:? +ateyama ,urobe "lpine !oute H Mount +ate, DaikanbW Station, ,urobe Dam Bagoya H Bagoya )astle, "tsuta Shrine, Sakae, Bagoya Station =Meieki?, Ysu ,annon temple +akayama H Sanmachi 3ukui H Ichi#Wdani "sakura 3amily (istoric !uins Sakai H +W#inbW

[edit] Kansai region

(ime#i H ngyWH#i, ,okoHen <arden, and (ime#i )astle =.(:? Ikaruga H (WryXH#i and (WkiH#i are 9uddhist Monuments in the (WryXH#i "rea =.(:?. ,yoto H ,inkakuH#i, <inkakuH#i, ,iyomi'uHdera, !yWanH#i, San#XsangenHdW, etc., they are parts of (istoric Monuments of "ncient ,yoto =.(:?.

,obe H Port of ,obe, !okkW Mountains, ,itanoHchW, "rima /nsen, ,obe :uminarie Mount ,Wya H ,ongWbuH#i =.(:? Bara H +WdaiH#i, +WshWdaiH#i, ,WfukuH#i, KakushiH#i, (ei#W Palace, ,asugaHtaisha and Bara Park, etc., they are parts of (istoric Monuments of "ncient Bara =.(:? Bachikatsuura H Bachi 3alls, ,umano ,odW, etc., they are parts of Sacred Sites and Pilgrimage !outes in the ,ii Mountain !ange =.(:? /saka H 7meda, /saka )astle, 7niversal Studios Oapan, DWtonbori Ytsu H :ake 9i$a, (iyoshi +aisha, Mount (iei, nryakuH#i =.(:? ShingX H ,umano (ayatama +aisha and ,umano !iver =.(:? +oyooka H Sanin ,aigan Bational Park =San1in )oast <eopark?, I'ushi, ,inosaki /nsen 7#i H 9yWdWHin and 7#igami Shrine =.(:?, !elation of The Tale of .enji Koshino =Mount Koshino? H ,impusenH#i, Koshimi'u Shrine, Koshino Mikumari Shrine, etc., they are parts of Sacred Sites and Pilgrimage !outes in the ,ii Mountain !ange =.(:? BankiHshirahama /nsen

[edit] Chgoku region

+ottori Prefecture H +ottori Sand Dunes, Mount Daisen, Mount (yWno, +ottori )astle Shimane Prefecture H I$ami <in'an Silver Mine =.(:?, I'umoHtaisha, Matsue )astle, /ki Islands /kayama Prefecture H ,WrakuHen and /kayama )astle (iroshima Prefecture H "tomic 9omb Dome =.(:?, Itsukushima Shrine =.(:?, +omonoura

[edit] Shikoku

Shikoku Pilgrimage = LentsXH#i, MotoyamaH#i, etc.? hime Prefecture H DWgo /nsen, Matsuyama )astle ,aga$a Prefecture H ,otohiraHgX, !itsurin <arden +okushima Prefecture H Baruto $hirlpools, "$a Dance 3estival in +okushima ,Wchi Prefecture H )ape Muroto =Muroto <eopark?, )ape "shi'uri

[edit] K sh and !kina"a

,agoshima Prefecture H Kakushima =.(:?, Sakura#ima, "mami Yshima /kina$a Prefecture H Shuri )astle, Bakagusuku )astle, Baki#in )astle etc., they are parts of <usuku Sites and !elated Properties of the ,ingdom of !yukyu =.(:?, Ishigaki Island 9eppu /nsen Kufuin /nsen 3ukuoka Prefecture H ,yushu Bational Museum

South #ndia Temples

.nformation about South .ndia temples and shrines li-e Sabarimala temple, Tirupati Tirumala temple, .SH!O1 temple, 3uruvayoor temple, Mahabalipuram temple, Meena-shi temple, Brihadesh ara temple and Ramesh aram Temple etc.

Enlarge .mage

South .ndia is famous for various ancient temples and pilgrimage destinations, hich attract a large number of devotees to pay their obeisance every year from far a ay places. )bove all, the architectural brilliance of these temples in South .ndian style is really appreciating. +amous Temples of South .ndia Sabarimala Temple, Herala .t is one of the famous pilgrimage destinations located in Sahyadri mountains, in Herala. .t is dedicated to 4ord )yyappa and a large number of pilgrims visit this temple in the month of Banuary, on the first day of Maha-arma. Tirupati Tirumala Temple, )ndhra %radesh Tirupati temple is dedicated to 4ord (en-atesh ara or Bala,i and is located in Tirumala hills of !hittoor district in )ndhra %radesh. .t is one of the richest temples of orld, hich has been built beautifully in #ravidian style. .SH!O1 Temple, Bangalore .SH!O1 temple is located in Bangalore and is dedicated to 4ord Hrishna. The main attraction of the temple is its construction in neo*classical style of architecture. .t is .SH!O1Cs largest temple comple/ in the orld. 3uruvayoor Temple, Herala 3uruvayoor Temple is dedicated to 4ord Hrishna and is located in Trichur #istrict of Herala. .t is also -no n by the name of C# ar-a of SouthC. .t is one of the sacred temples of .ndia, hich hosts ma/imum number of marriages and rice feeding ceremonies. Mahabalipuram, !hennai Mahabalipuram is said to have been built around 7,=== years bac- and it also has a roc- cut temple. .t is located in the state of Bali and is centre for %allava culture and arts. #edicated to 4ord (ishnu, the temple has been included by 21ES!O in &orld Heritage Sites. Meena-shi Temple, Madurai Meena-shi temple is located in Madurai, Tamil 1adu and is dedicated to 4ord Shiva and 3oddess Meena-shi. .t is counted amongst the beautiful temples of .ndia, sho casing the architectural brilliance of the artisans. Brihadesh ara Temple, Than,aur 4ocated in the state of Tamil 1adu, Brihadesh ara temple is the first temple in orld to have been completed entirely from granite. The temple is dedicated to 4ord Shiva and is one of the finest e/amples of South .ndian architectural brilliance. Ramesh aram Temple, Tamil 1adu

Ramesh aram Temple is dedicated to 4ord Ramanath and is one of the t elve ,yotirlingas of .ndia. .t is built on the island of Ramesh aram and is -no n as the Banaras of South .ndia. .t is believed that pilgrimage to Hashi is incomplete ithout visiting Ramesh aram

This will eliminate chances of a ma4or meltdown, a fire and the need to vent radioactive steam.

manager
4. )ommunicates directly $ith the operations department to coordinate maintenance and repair $ork in process areas. 5. )ommunicates directly $ith -" laboratory to ensure effective participation by the maintenance technicians in the implementation of -" policies and procedures. 6. Implements programs and procedures required to ensure plant cleanliness. 8. "ssists $ith planning and implementing plant improvements and e%pansions. ;. )onducts employee performance revie$s based on #ob descriptions to determine competency, kno$ledge, and contribution of the maintenance technicians. @. Maintains and updates operating and training manuals for the maintenance department. A. nsures that all maintenance technicians are trained on the most updated version of the operating procedures.

C. Monitors operation of plant equipment and systems. D. !evie$s the operation of plant equipment and systems constantly, to minimi'e unplanned do$ntime, anticipate solve problems in a timely manner, and to identify opportunities for improvement. 4E. Maintains and repairs maintenance shop equipment. 44. stablishes and maintains a computeri'ed maintenance management system =)MMS? for tracking $ork orders, spare parts, and maintenance history of plant equipment. 45. Prepares reports, analy'es data, and makes recommendations for improving plant operations and solving maintenanceHrelated problems. 46. Supervises plant maintenance personnel. 48. nsures that maintenance technicians are adequately trained, equipped, and motivated so that the maintenance program can be accomplished in a safe, timely, and costHeffective manner. 4;. )ommunicates regularly $ith all maintenance technicians, both individually and as a group, to ensure good t$oH$ay communication concerning maintenance issues. 4@. "ssists $ith hiring of maintenance personnel. 4A. Initiates and carries out pro#ects that improve efficiency and/or reduce operating costs. 4C. +racks, analy'es and improves key maintenance parameters such as asset utili'ation, maintenance cost, PM compliance, schedule compliance, etc. 4D. Maintains safety, health, and environmental policies and procedures. 5E. nsures city, county, state, and federal regulations relating to the maintenance department are met at all times. 54. Directs, maintains, and enforces the safety program for the maintenance departmentP revie$s safety records to uphold standards of ma%imum safety for all maintenance technicians. 55. )oordinates activities $ith Plant /perations Departments. 56. Participate in ob#ective setting, plan development and performance revie$ of plant performance. 58. Initiates, implements, and manages the plant maintenance program based on best practices in the ethanol industry, $ith an emphasis on planning/scheduling and preventive/predictive maintenance. 5;. Monitors the use and inventories of spare parts, maintenance supplies, and equipment and initiates reordering $hen necessary.

+his #ob description also can use for maintenance director #ob description, maintenance specialist #ob description.

Maintenance engineer.
"nalysis of repetitive equipment failures H stimation of maintenance costs and evaluation of alternatives H 3orecasting of spare parts H "ssessing the needs for equipment replacements and establish replacement programs $hen due H "pplication of scheduling and pro#ect management principles to replacement programs H "ssessing required maintenance tools and skills required for efficient maintenance of equipment H "ssessing required skills required for maintenance personnel H !evie$ing personnel transfers to and from maintenance organi'ations H "ssessing and reporting safety ha'ards associated $ith maintenance of equipment