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Power Quality Filter PQFA, PQFL

The ABB solution for active harmonic filtering

Harmonics and Power Quality


Harmonics caused by non-linear electrical loads such as variable speed drives, rectifiers, UPS's, computers, TV sets, are a growing problem both for electricity suppliers and users.
Harmonics can lead to serious problems:
overheating of cables, motors and transformers damage to sensitive equipment tripping of circuit breakers blowing of fuses premature ageing of the installation

An example of a line current distortion due to a variable speed drive is shown below.

Line current - Initial situation

UNFILTERED LINE CURRENT (100A/div)

800 UNFILTERED SUPPLY CURRENT (% FUNDAMENTAL)

25%

20%

15%

10%

5%

-800 0 TIME (5MS/div)

0% 0
2 5 8 11 14 17 20 23 26 29 32 35 38 41 44 47 50

HARMONICS

The ABB Solution: PQF Power Quality Filter


The Power Quality Filter developed by ABB is an active filter offering unprecedented ability to clean the network from har monics. The PQF eliminates harmonics in a controlled way. It is easy to extend and adapt to changes in the network.
Principle of operation

The PQF monitors the line current in real time and processes the measured harmonics as digital signals in a high-power DSP (Digital Signal Processor). The output of the DSP controls PWM (Pulse Width Modulated) power modules that through line reactors inject harmonic currents with exactly the opposite phase to those that are to be filtered.

Fundamental only CT LOAD PQF Harmonics only

PQF : The Ultimate Step in Filtering Efficiency


As shown below, the net effect of the installation of a PQF is an elimination of the harmonics and a clean sine wave as seen by the feeding transformer. The PQF is usually directly connected to the LV The flexibility and accuracy of the PQF is due to a closed loop control system incorporating additional microprocessor capability in addition to the main DSP. The overall performance and power of the concept network. Solutions for higher voltages ar e also available. relies on optimally designed IGBT power modules used to the particular needs of an active filter application.

Line current - Filter running

800 FILTERED LINE CURRENT (100A/div)

FILTERED SUPPLY CURRENT (% FUNDAMENTAL)

25%

20%

15%

10%

5%

-800 0 TIME ( 5MS/div)

0% 0
2 5 8 11 14 17 20 23 26 29 32 35 38 41 44 47 50

HARMONICS

Advantages of the PQF


Filters up to 20 harmonics simultaneously Filters up to the 50th harmonic Filters with closed loop control for best accuracy Is not overloadable Has a programmable filtering strategy and free choice of harmonics May filter without generation of reactive power May generate and control power factor Has programmable task priorities Does not require detailed network analysis Does not require special CT's Is easy to extend on site Comes factory tested

PQFA

Digital Control (DSP)


Programmable filtering characteristics Perfect multi-tuning to selected harmonics Not overloadable Programmable power factor correction Zero-Q filtering capacity Programmable task priorities

Power electronics
PWM converter IGBT technology

Forced air cooling

Breaker & Auxiliaries

PQFL

Digital Control (DSP)


Programmable filtering characteristics Perfect multi-tuning to selected harmonics Not overloadable Programmable power factor correction Zero-Q filtering capacity Programmable task priorities

Power electronics
PWM converter IGBT technology

Forced air cooling

Contactor & fuses

Auxiliaries

Description
PQFA
The PQFA consists of one controller and up to eight power modules mounted in cubicles together with auxiliary apparatus and wiring to form a factory assembled and tested system. The cubicle version is factory assembled with auxiliary The complete PQFA system consists of cubicle sections of standard dimensions 800 x 2150 x 600 mm (W x H x D). Large systems are usually mounted on a base for a total height of 2350 mm. Each cubicle section may contain: A - One Controller and one power module (master unit) B - One Controller and two power modules (master unit)
W D H

PQFL
The PQFL consists of one controller and one power section mounted either in an IP23 cubicle or on a common plate (plate execution IP00).

apparatus and wiring. The plate execution is equipped with a terminal for the connection of the wires to the cubicle front door. All the accessories to be installed on the front door are also supplied. The standard dimensions of the cubicle are 600 x 600 x 2150 mm (W x D x H). The standard dimensions of the mounting plate are 498 x 400 x 1896 mm (W x D x H). The PQFL is extensible to a maximum of 4 power sections of the same rating (1 master unit and 3 slave units). Several PQFL may operate together on the same network.

C - One power module (slave unit) D - Two power modules (slave unit) Each system consists of one master and up to three slave sections. On site extensions are easily made by adding cubicle sections to a maximum of 4 cubicles. Several PQFA may operate together on the same network.

CONTROL

CONTROL

CONTROL

POWER MODULE

POWER MODULE

POWER MODULE

POWER MODULE

POWER MODULE

POWER MODULE

POWER SECTION

POWER SECTION

A
Master

B
Master

C
Slave

D
Slave

Master

Slave

Ratings and Capabilities


Power modules for the PQFA are available with voltage ratings up to 600V for 50 or 60 Hz. The thermal rating for one module is maximum 225 ARMS. The PQFL is rated for 400V (415V) - 50Hz or 60Hz networks. The thermal rating for one power section is maximum 130 ARMS. Solutions for other voltages are also available : PQFB for voltages above 600V and PQFC for medium voltage applications. Please consult us. The absolute harmonic filtering capability depends on the content of higher harmonics with the filtering capability following common load spectra. Systems for 50 Hz may filter up to 20 harmonics simultaneously up to the 50th harmonic. Systems for 60 Hz may filter up to 15 harmonics simultaneously up to the 50th harmonic. The programming is made through an RS232 port using standard PC equipment and software supplied with the PQF. As an alternative, the programming may be performed with the optional PQF-Manager or PQFLink. Reactive power compensation may be chosen and controlled to the desired power factor. The reactive power compensation capacity per module is given by the thermal rating. Individual harmonics may be chosen for filtering either to zero or to a level defined in absolute or relative terms.

Optional accessories
The PQF-Manager
The PQF-Manager offers direct control, programming and monitoring capability without using a PC. It is located on the front panel of the filter cubicle.

Keyboard

160x80 pixel backlit LCD

Indicator lights

The PQF-Manager Technical Specifications


Dimensions: 258 x 124 mm Installation: As an option, on the front panel of the filter cubicle. Display: 160 x 80-pixel backlit LCD
RS-232 serial port (connection with control rack) Window selection

Access-key to the 3-level menu

MENUS
3 main menus are available according to the priority level of the user: Consulting level (default level) Filter operation Hardware set-up

Line currents (L1, L2, L3) Voltage THD (L1, L2, L3) Current THD (L1, L2, L3) - Waveform Line voltages (L1-L2, L2-L3, L3-L1) Line currents (L1, L2, L3) Filter currents (L1, L2, L3) - Spectrum The spectrum of any of the mentioned waveforms is available. The values indicated may be

Reactive power Reactive power compensation functionality may be selected. If fixed compensation is chosen, then the output power needs to be set. If dynamic compensation is chosen, then the desired target power factor needs to be set. Harmonics The frequency components to actively filter may be freely selectable. The degree of filtering may be specified per component in Amps or as a percentage of the fundamental or total RMS current.

ACCESS PROTECTION
Filter operation and hardware set-up are password protected. In order to increase safety, the priority level automatically goes down to the lowest level after one minute of non-use of the PQF-Manager.

Consulting level
In the consulting level, the PQF-Manager displays the following information: - Filter status Percentage of filter capability used (DC voltage, peak and RMS currents) Error messages - Network status Line voltages (L1-L2, L2-L3, L3-L1)

expressed in Amps or in Volts.

Filter operation
Mode The basic operation is to filter to a prescribed level. The function Mode allows using the additional capabilities of the filter for maximum filtering (harmonics close to zero) or for generation of reactive power.

Hardware set-up
This level gives access to hardware configuration parameters: network characteristics, filter sensors, and filter hardware set-up.

The PQF-Link
The PQF-Link software offers direct control, programming and monitoring capability from a PC through the RS-232 serial port. A cable for PC connection is supplied with the PQF-Link. All the features of the PQF-Link are directly accessible by clicking on the icons of the shortcut menu. According to the login level of the user, different icons are displayed. 3 access levels are defined in the login procedure: Consulting level: default level access to filter and network status, to waveform and spectrum display Filter operation: access to consulting level and filter programming Hardware set-up: access to filter operation and hardware set-up Particular features include: Detailed information on filter status: % of filter capability used error history Advanced spectrum display: bar graph and table of values in the same window: line voltages line currents filter currents Display of the filter and network waveforms with a customised time base: Line voltages Line currents Filter currents Simultaneous waveform display for the 3 phases Continuous updating of displayed information or snapshot display Remote control and programming of the PQF On/off Mode selection Reactive power control Harmonics and reactive power specifications Remote hardware set-up Network characteristics Filter sensors Filter hardware Display of several windows simultaneously Add/remove users and define their access level
Simultaneous display of several windows Line current spectrum and waveform (3 phases) displayed simulteanously

The PQF-Link works under Windows NT, Windows 95 or Windows 98.

Technical specifications
Active filter for connection between the three phases of a three-phase network with or without neutral for filtering of non zero-sequence harmonics and optional reactive power compensation.

PQFL
RMS current per module 50 Hz - 400V (415V) - 525V 60 Hz - 440V - 480V - 600V Modularity(*) Physical mounting Voltage tolerance Harmonics to filter 70A, 100A or 130A / power section Other voltages and ratings on request up to 4 power sections / system 1 power section / cubicle +/- 10% up to 20, programmable up to the 50th harmonic up to 15, programmable up to the 50th harmonic Individually programmable per harmonic in relative or absolute terms Better than 97% Power factor programmable from 0.7 inductive to 0.7 capacitive RS232 port Using PC (not provided) and software supplied with the equipment Using optional PQF-Manager Using PC (not provided) and optional PQF-Link software 40 ms less than 3 kW per module at full load IP23 (IP20 open door) - Plate execution IP00 600 x 600 x 2150 mm (W x D x H) 498 x 400 x 1896 mm (W x D x H) Appr. 250 kg (IP00 : appr. 200 kg) RAL 7032 (Beige)

PQFA
225A / power module 165A / power module 170A / power module 155A / power module 110A / power module Other voltages and ratings on request up to 8 power modules / system up to 2 power modules / cubicle +/- 10% up to 20, programmable up to the 50th harmonic up to 15, programmable up to the 50th harmonic Individually programmable per harmonic in relative or absolute terms Better than 97% Power factor programmable from 0.7 inductive to 0.7 capacitive RS232 port Using PC (not provided) and software supplied with the equipment Using optional PQF-Manager Using PC (not provided) and optional PQF-Link software 40 ms less than 7 kW per module at full load IP23 (IP20 open door) 800 x 600 x 2150 mm (W x D x H) Appr. 600 kg (with two power modules) RAL 7032 (Beige)

50 Hz: 60 Hz:

Degree of filtering
Typical filtering efficiency Reactive power Communication Programming

Alt 1) Alt 2) Alt 3)

Response time Active power Protection Cubicle dimensions Plate dimensions Weight Colour Installation Environment Ambient temperature Humidity Options

PQFA & PQFL IP23: Floor fixation. Lifting lugs provided. Cable entry from the bottom. PQFL IP00: plate to be mounted in cubicle (not provided) Indoor installation in clean environment up to 1000m altitude -10C/+40C Maximum 95% RH; non-condensing Socle (200 mm) Current transformers (ratings and dimensions to specify) Voltage-free alarm contact PQF-Manager PQF-Link

(*) A derating of 5% should be considered for systems with more than one power module / section.

Connection diagram
SCS.040.6025G01 ed.2 98-11

L3 L2 L1 k
SUPPLY

CT x/5A CT x/5A CT x/5A l k l k l l k k l


LOAD(S)

l L1 L2 L3 P.E.

X5.1 X5.2 X5.3 X5.4 X5.5 X5.6

PQF

While all care has been taken to ensure that the information contained in this publication is correct, no responsibility can be accepted for any inaccuracy. The Company reserves the right to alter or modify the information contained herein at any time in the light of technical or other developments. Technical specifications are valid under normal operating conditions only. The Company does not accept any responsibility for any misuse of the product and cannot be held liable for indirect or consequential damages.

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