Define

...

I
!

TmnSfomAon p m,aylemJ191 isdafipp ya&g*"asf changes the posibon ar di on o l fhe axes of a coordinate

0 Transfonnation k n b e hinetrib or non-isometric. 1m tbm* mf0iinaw;fib?@hawgnd&&iew.&n&d.

.:....

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.~:<,. ,,:.;,

>,

'

Examples of isometric transformati~&&pa~;ibipltion and translation. in fioil-&he&& trafisf&atim:'fhe &&bel&,d &anped. Examples of nor!-isometric transformations are dilations, . . . . .,, ,',wtwIww &Kba,+~&; '
:,
'

: ;,

Reflection

I
ration dt exchanging _ell @rp af
' -

Rsflactlow is defined as the mathematical figure p t h the

O Under a f e # e & e d > ~ ~ e . ~ - ~ ~symmettical a r $ about the

-line63 liefleotie~wea, armbs and' \.
L.

a, r, g ; f m d ~ biseAor of

~hdlilie,ofdflection @ definedas t@$irpendic"lar the line jotilinb any poidt to its irnagd :

O Imarl&po~ts hre-pol* that remein unkahged affeigolng through

;

a transfbrmation. khe points on the lime of reflection are:invariant points.

--~. ~.~ ,

n~

~riarigi6-~616i5ii& is reflected about the line, x /-=give

Steps

How to reflect a figure abouta line, \.,a>,.. . .- ..~~..

.>-

the imaie A'B'C~

0 Note the perpendicular distance from each pairrM1-w* line of reflection.

A (r~y,jirizuna-~~~+;f
,

~. . . .
L

, ...............................
& Q

W , ~ ~ = P $ " O ~ ~ E ~ K I ? B ~ S ~ T , . LIP,,:r:, ,,.. e. ~, .::..Ant:',:-, -571 : lo i:::!izcq sN ze~nsrl; , , I I L 5-10 I 3r'f i~si? Z I L ' X I C ~ ;.rn918ya ~~ . IS un~tdmm &be.&&on x-8. , g , d , I

C (2,2) is 1 uqit from.the line of reflection ; rt 3 -,:?,s;nc,>!-no:! -trl r~r-rf-?l-,:., . , . 193 itj\!r,m~r?~zn~iT C

Draw .+e:refleded- ppiat of* no1 p f f h d ~ oref!ection. f ;,-

some distance away%% thsqposite side

.
t

zrncx3
,.:<>,!G'~n?j.:i f.,;.,.

,h, A (1,3)is ~ ? e . ~ $ t F ! ~ : ~ ! 5 $ ~ ~unl]tpq!q,frpm ~ p r . ~ , ~ l .tke i ~line

?(
,C<.

x =3. )................ B (1.1) is ;efl&ted to E'(5.1) w h e r a ~ < i *&@wi)yjf&n 2 tho line x = 3 .

,:.I.:
,k.

C (22) is reflected to C1(4,2)where C' is 1 unit away from the line x = 3.

Worked Example
The diagram shows the line y = x and a quadrilateral which has the vertices A (1,2),B (2,4), C (3,4)and D (2,Z).Draw the reflection of the quadrilateral in the line y = x , labeling them A', B: C'and D'. Solution
0 A is p distance away from the line y = x Q Draw the reflected point A ' e distance away from the line y = x 0 This would result in A' ( 2 , l )which is Q distance away from the liney=x. Q Repeat the above for the other vertices.

This would result in: A(1,Z) + As(2,I) ~(2,4 + ) g(4,2) C(3,4)+ C'(4,3) D(2.2) -+ D'(2,2) the line of reflection are invariant points. Therefore. D'

How to find the line of reflection

Triangle ABC below is reflected to give an image A'B'C'. Steps

0 Join the original point and reflected point together. Join A to A', B to B'or C to C'.
8 Construct the perpendicular bisector of the two points. Construct the perpendicular bisector of AA'. This is PS in the diagram. g The perpendicular bisector is the line of reflection. PS is the line of reflection is given by equation x = 3 .

Worked Example
The rhombus ABCD below is reflected about a line to give the image A'B'C'D: where A has the same vertices as A'at (1,2). Find the line of reflection. Solution
0 Join the points D and D' .
O Construct the perpendicular bisector of the two points. -.
0 Perpendicular bisector is the line of reflection. It is given by equation y=2.

Rotation

O The figure and image would be symmetrical; area, shap&!mles . . -- -.

are prese~ed.
, '

'

" .

0 Every pointis rotated through the same angle about the centre of
r ~ t a t i q . ,. ; ~ , . ; ! .~ tifj

:.,

,-izse:,j :x:u:j;:

,... , 3.; :;ll hvrt2no3 0

.sgy

O To describe a mtafion, state the:

Angle of rotation Direction of rotation (e.g dockwise, anticlockwise) Centre of rotation

1
I

How to rotate a figure

Triangle ABC where it is rotated 90 clockwise about (2,l). Steps
0

Using a pair of compasses, mark the distance from a point on the figure to the point of rotation. In this case, this distance is AC.

O Measure the angle of rotation in the indicated direction from the line marked out above. In this case, measure 9 0 ' in a clockwise direction from line AC.
8 Using a pair of compasses, mark out a point of the same length from the

point of rotation. Mark out A'where A'is the length of AC distance from
(291)

O Repeat (1) to (3) for the other points.

B Join all the points to derive A'B'C!

Worked Example

Rotate quadrilateral ABCD 90" in an clockwise direction about the point (2,2) to derive A'B'CtD" Solution
0 Measure the distance from A (0.2) to the point of rotation (2,Z). This

gives 2 units.
Q

Rotate this line by 90" clockwise 2 units from the point of rotation. This derives point A'. Repeat steps 1 and 2 for the other points.

O Join the points to get image AB'CD'.

How to find point of rotation

Figure ABC is rotated to give image A'B'C:

Steps
0 Join the original point and the corresponding point of image together. In this case, join the points Band B'.
8 Do the same for another point. Join A and A'. 8 With a pair of compasses, construct the perpendicular bisector of the two

lines.
0 The point of rotation would be where the two perpendicular bisectors meet.

Here, the point of rotation is (2, 0).

How to find the angle of rotation

Steps 0 Join a point and its corresponding point of image to the point of rotation Join the points A and A' to (2,O).
8 Measure the angle between the two lines

Here. this would be 90".

Translation
Translation isdefined as a transformation in which the origin of the coordinate system is moved to another position but the direction of each axis remains the same.
(3

The area, shape, angles and size are preserved; there are no invariant points. A translation is represented as a column vector

(3

represent the number of units moved along the x and y axis respectively.
(3

I:(

where a and b

Thus, to describe a translation,

Where ( : , ) a n d
respectively.

(::)are

the initial and final coordinates

Translation

For translation

(:)

of point P(x.y)

How to translate a figure

Triangle ABC below is translated
Steps

C)

to give the image A'E'C!

1. Apply formulae T : (x',y ') -t ( x + a,y + b) to each point of triangle ABC to derive points of A'B'C'.
2. Join points A ' K '

Worked Example

A quadrilateral ABCD has vertices A(0,3), B(1,2), C(3,3) and D(1,4). The translation A'BC'D!

(1;) maps ABCD onto Ar8.CD: Draw and label quadrilateral

Solution Draw and label quadrilateralABCD. For translation

(:)

of point P(x.y ) T : ( x ' ,y ') + ( x + a.y

+b )

0 Applying formulae,

Q Mark points A'BC'D'according to the derived coordinates and join them to get quadrilateral A'BC'D!

Dilational transformation
A dilation is a transformation in which size is altered based on a centre, c, and a scale factor, k.
O The shape and angles are preserved.

13 The only invariant point is the centre of enlargement.

O If k > 1, the dilation is an enlargement.

O If O< k < 1, the dilation is a reduction. If k = 1, the dilation is a

congruence transformation, which means that an exact image is produced.

O If k > 0, the object and its image lie on the same side as the centre of enlargement. If k < 0,both of them lie on o ~ ~ o s isides t e of the centre of enlargement.
O To describe a dilation,state the:

Centre, c. Scale factor, k.

Enlargement
0

Given a figure which has undergone enlargement, length of side of image scale factor k = length of corresponding side of figure For enlargement factor k and origin as centre, E:(x,y)+(kx,ky) The area increases by kZ times.

How to enlarge a figure

Triangle ABC below is enlarged at centre 0 (0,O) with scale factor k = 3 to give the image A'B'C! & Triangle A'B'C' can be Steps said to be reduced at with scale center (0,O) 0 Join A to the centre of enlargement 0 factor k = -3 to give (0.0). image ABC
Q

Extend the OA forward from the centre of enlargement.

0 Mark A'such that OA = 30A'

Q

Repeat for points 6 and C

B Join points A'B'C'

Worked Example
Triangle X has vertices A (1, I ) 13(1,2) and C (3,2). Triangle Y has vertices A' (2.0) Bf(0,4)and C'(4,4). Find the coordinates of the centre of enlargement and scale factor which maps Triangle X onto Triangle Y. Solution To find centre of enlargement,
0 Join two corresponding points of Triangle Xand Y.
Q

For example, A to A'and C to C'.

O Extend the lines so that AA'and CC'meet at a common point. Centre of enlargement is (2,O)

To find scale factor, scale factor k =

B'C' 4 units Applying forumulae, scale factor k = -= = BC 2 units

(ans)

Shear
In a shear transformation, every point P in the plane is moved parallel to a particular plane such that the distance of its image point is proportional to the distance of the point from the line.

O The area is preserved.

0 If k > 0 the image lie on the right side of the figure. 0 if k < 0 the image lie on the left side of the figure.

Shear

Given an image which has undergone shearing, Distance between 2 corresponding points shear factork = Distance from selected figure po nt to invartant line

Rectangle ABCD is mapped onto ABC'D'with shear factor k = 2 and x-axis as invariant line. It is also mapped onto AB'%"D with shear factor k = 2 and y-axis as invariant line. Note that points on the invariant line do not move

How to shear a figure

Steps For a given scale factor k and invariant line

0 Determine the distance of a point on the figure to the invariant line

8 Apply formula to determine the distance between 2 corresponding points of the figure and image

Distance between 2 corresponding points

8 Add the distance to the x coordinate of the point for a shear parallel to the x-axis or y coordinate for a shear parallel to the yaxis to determine the corresponding point for the image.

O Repeat steps 1-3 for all other points. Join them together to derive image.

Worked Example

A shear maps Triangle ABC onto Triangle A'B'C'. Determine the equation of the invariant line.
Solution To determine the invariant line

shear factor

k=

Distance between 2 corresponding points Distance from selected figure point to invariant line

CC' = 3 units shear factor = -1 Applying formulae, 3 units -1 = Point C to invariant line 3 Point C to invariant line = -= -3 units -1 Invariant line is y = -2 (ans)

6 3 Note the sides of the image which do not change afler shearing. In this case, it is side A'B'which remains the same as AB afler shearing, which suggests that the invariant line is parallel to the x-axis.

Stretch
A stretch move points parallel to the invariant line over a distance according to stretch factor k
O Parallelism is preserved.

O If k > 0 ,the image will move away from

the invariant line.

0 If k < 0 the image will move towards the invariant line.

0 If O < k < l o r -l<k.rO,theimageis

smaller in size.

A double stretch is stretch in the x-direction followed by a stretch in the y-direction.

D
& A stretch is
different from a shear in that it does not preserve area; different from an enlargement in that it does not preserve shape and angles.

Stretch
Stretch factor

Distance of image point from invariant line Distance of corresponding figure point from invariant line

Square ABCD is mapped onto AB'D'C with stretch factor k = 3 and y-axis as the invariant line. It is mapped onto ABC"Dmwith stretch factor k = 3 and x-axis as invariant line It is also mapped onto AGFE with a double stretch of stretch factor k = 4 with x-axis as the invariant line and stretch factor k = 4 with y-axis as the invariant line.

How to stretch a figure

Steps For a given scale factor and invariant line,
0 Determine the distance of a point on the figure to the invariant line Q Apply formulae to determine the distance of corresponding image point from invariant line.

Distance of image point from invariant line

O Derive the coordinates of the corresponding point from the distance found.

0 Repeat steps 1-3 for all other points. Join them together to derive image.

Worked Example

Triangle ABC with vertices A (0,l) B (-1.2) C (1,3) is mapped on A'B'C'with a stretch factor k = 2 and invariant line x = 0 . Sketch A'B'C! Solution Note that A is unchanged as it lies on the invariant line Stretch factor k= Distance of image point from invariant line Distance of corresponding figure point from invariant line

Applying formulae,

2=

distance of B' to invariant line distance of B to invariant line distance of B' to invariant line

distance of B' to invariant line = 1 x 2 2

B : (-1.2)

+ BS(-2,2)

& B I is mapped onto B' 2 units away from the invariant line because k > 0

2=

distance of C' to invariant line distance of C to invariant line distance of C' to invariant line 1

Distance of C ' to invariant line = 1 x 2 =2

C : (l,3) -t C'(2,3)

Combined transformations
O The order must be noted.
0 If M represents a reflection and E represents an enlargement, ME(F) represents a reflection followed by and enlargement on figure F, EM(F) represents a enlargement followed by a reflection on figure

F.

Worked Problems
I
Example 1

The vertices of triangle ABC have coordinates A (3,4) B (3,2) C (5,2) (a) Draw and label triangle ABC. (b) A shear with factor 2 and invariant line y = 2 maps triangle ABC onto triangle DEF. Draw and label DEF. (c) A reflection about the line x = 1 maps triangle ABC onto triangle GHI. Draw and label GHI. (d) Give a single transformation which maps triangle GHI onto triangle DEF. (e) A reflection about the x-axis maps triangle GHI onto triangle JKL. Draw and label JKL. (f) Give two different single transformations which map triangle JKL onto triangle ABC. Solution: (b) k = 2= Distance between 2 corresponding points Distance from selected figure point to invariant line

. .A to invariant line
nu

I &I Add 4 units to x

I

--

An

coordinate because shear is parallel to the x-axis

II

Points on invariant line do not change, so B(3,2) + E(3,2) C(5,2) -t F(5,2) (c) Perpendicular distance of A to line x = 1 is 2 units A(3.4) -t G(-1.4) Perpendicular distance of B to line x = 1 is 2 units B(3,2) + H(-1.2) Perpendicular distance of C to line x C(5,2) + I(-3,2) (d) Observe that area is preserved while shape and angles are not, suggesting that it is a shear. &I To determine invariant line, y = -4 is the invariant line extend fine DC and GH. Where they meet is the invariant line.
=1

is 4 units

shear factork =

G to line y = -4

If instead DEF is mapped onto GHI,

8= l k=8 : . Shear factor is 1

D to line y = -4 , in which case DG=-8

Triangle GHI is mapped onto triangle DEF through a shear with factor " 1 and invariant line y = -4 (ans) (e) Perpendicular distance of G to line x-axis is 4 units G(-1-4) + J(-1,4) Perpendicular distance of Hto line x-axis is 2 units H(-1,2) + K(-1,-2) Perpendicular distance of Ito line x-axis is 2 units I(-3.2) = L(-3,-2)

(f)

Area, shapes angles are preserved also be a reflection. To determine point of rotation, Construct the perpendicular bisector of BK and AJ. Point at which they meet = point of rotation. Centre of enlargement is (1,O). Degree of rotation is 180". Direction of rotation is anti-clockwise. To determine line of reflection, Construct the perpendicular bisector of BK. Gradient of perpendicular bisector is -1. y-intercept is 1. Equation of line of reflection y = I - x . & ItI may also be an enlargement with scale factork = -1 as the image is the same size and appear to lie on the opposite side of the centre

Triangle GHI is mapped onto triangle JKL through a clockwise rotation of 180" about point (1,O) Triangle GHI is mapped onto triangle JKL through reflection in line y =I-x (ans)

1 Example 2 1
(a) A translations maps A onto B. Write down the column vector representing this translation. (b) An enlargement maps A onto C. Write down the coordinates of the centre of enlargement and its scale factor. (c) A shear maps A onto D. Write down the equation of the invariant line and its shear factor (d) A reflection maps A onto E. Write down the equation of the line of reflection.

Solution: (a) Mark point P(1,6) and P'(7,3) on the diagram

P-P =

[;I -[;I =[-;I

Column vector mapping A to B is

( I 3 )