Farmers' Rice Breeding and Community Seed System

An approach to develop a community seed registry by the Karya Peduli Tani Farmers' Group

FIELD Indonesia
FARMERS INITIATIVES FOR ECOLOGICAL LIVELIHOODS AND DEMOCRACY

FIELD Indonesia
FARMERS INITIATIVES FOR ECOLOGICAL LIVELIHOODS AND DEMOCRACY

Farmers' Rice Breeding and Community Seed System

An approach to develop a community seed registry by the Karya Peduli Tani Farmers' Group

Citation
Engkus Kuswara, Lardian Isfandri, Rendra Kusuma Wijaya, Triyanto Purnama Adi, Nugroho Wienarto, and Arma R. Bertuso. Farmers' Rice Breeding and Community Seed System: An approach to develop a community seed registry by the Karya Peduli Tani Farmers' Group. 2009. FIELD Indonesia. 24 pp.

This publication was carried out with support from PEDIGREA (Participatory Enhancement of Diversity of Genetic Resources in Asia) and Biodiversity Fund, The Netherlands (Hivos and OXFAM-NOVIB)

FIELD (Farmers' Initiatives for Ecological Livelihoods and Democracy) Jalan Teluk Jakarta 1, Rawa Bambu Pasar Minggu, Jakarta 12520, Indonesia Tel./Fax (62-21) 7803470; 33101515 Email: fieldind@indosat.net.id www.pedigrea.org; www.field-indonesia.org; www.alivefp3.org; www.theFieldAlliance.org

Production in-charge: Nugroho Wienarto, T riyanto Purnama Adi, and Engkus Kuswara Editors: Ines Vivian Domingo and Arma R. Bertuso Cover and Layout Design: Triyanto Purnama Adi Photographs: Triyanto Purnama Adi, Engkus Kuswara, Lardian Isfandri, Rendra Kusuma Wijaya, Wiwik Sriyanti, Setyo Untoro

Copyright-free publication. Readers are encourage to quote, reproduce, disseminate and translate materials for their own use. Due acknowledgment, with full reference to the article's authors and source book is requested.

A catalogue record of this book is available from the Indonesian Library

ISBN 979-98088-3-2

ii

Acknowledgments
We are deeply grateful for the farmer trainers, farmer breeders and farmer communities of the Farmer Field School on Participatory Plant Breeding in rice and vegetables and FFS on Goat Improvement. Without their determination and commitment these series of publications would not be a reality. Acknowledgment is also due to the support extended by the Local Government of Indramayu, West Java. Highly recognizable too is the appreciation and support of the Indonesian IPM Farmer Associations, village level governments and communities of Indramayu to the implementation of PEDIGREA. We are also grateful to FIELD's Advisory Board for their support and guidance in the implementation of the program. Our heartfelt gratitude to Ms. Ines Vivian Domingo for her perseverance in editing these papers despite the short notice and making this readable to a broader audience. We also express our appreciation to the support and encouragement given by PEDIGREA (Participatory Enhancement of Diversity of Genetic Resources in Asia) Coordinators, Ms. Elenita C. Dano and Ms. Arma R. Bertuso, also to the project partners, SRER Khmer in Cambodia, PPRDI in Philippines and Center of Genetic Resources of the Netherlands. We gratefully acknowledge Biodiversity Fund of the Netherlands (HIVOS and OXFAM-NOVIB), Center of Genetic Resources of the Netherlands, and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations for without their support both financial and technical to FIELD these series of publications including Farmers' Rice Breeding and Community Seed System: An approach to develop a community seed registry by the Karya Peduli Tani Farmers' Group won't be made possible.

FIELD Management Staff 25 March 2009 Pasar Minggu, Jakarta

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This community property is suitable to our group's vision that aims to make the seeds as a common property, making them not as saleable but exchangeable commodity. If there is a farmer that needs Bongong, he or she can get it through bartering rather than buying.
? Karya Peduli Tani Farmer Group

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Farmers' Rice Breeding and Community Seed System

An approach to develop a community seed registry by the Karya Peduli Tani Farmers' Group

By: Engkus Kuswara, Lardian Isfandri, Rendra Kusuma Wijaya, Triyanto Purnama Adi, Nugroho Wienarto, and Arma R. Bertuso

I. Introduction
This case study is a documentation about the activities of the farmers' group called Kelompok Tani Karya Peduli Tani in Jengkok village, Kertasmaya, Indramayu, West Java, Indonesia. FIELD Indonesia, a local nongovernment organization, facilitated this project which was initiated in 2002 through the Participatory Enhancement of Diversity of Genetic Resources in Asia (PEDIGREA) programme in 14 villages in the district of Indramayu. The paper focuses on how farmers conducted rice breeding and describes their efforts in conserving the varieties they bred through a community seed system.

II. Background of Participatory Plant Breeding (PPB) Work on Rice in Jengkok village
Jengkok village, under the Kertasemaya sub-district, is 24 km from the capital of Indramayu District and is located 160 km east of Jakarta. The village occupies an area of 445,165 ha with a total population of 5,159 persons consisting of 1,791 households as of 2008. The community's major source of livelihood is farming. Rice is one of the main crops grown by the farmers, with an average production of 3-7 tons per hectare. The rice breeding and agrobiodiversity programs in Jengkok village being promoted by FIELD Indonesia are based on the assumption that farmers are capable of managing and developing biodiversity suitable to the local condition. Several factors highlighted the need for farmers to develop their own seeds:

Numerous rice varieties that farmers are planting are not consistent with what is indicated in the package label (fake seeds); Lost knowledge and skills of farmers related to seeds and seed selection hence, farmers have to purchase seeds every planting season; Available seeds are not suitable to local conditions; and Disappearance of local seed varieties that are highly adapted to the local environment and do not require high levels of fertilizer inputs.

? ?

The objectives of the rice seed breeding program are to: a. enable farmers to develop and produce their own seeds according to their own objectives, which in turn can help lessen their dependency for seeds on outside sources;

b. empower farmers to manage genetic resources of their own crops and livestock, particularly in terms of breeding; c. contribute to increasing genetic diversity in food crops, especially in rice; and

d. provide a scientific basis for the farmers' participatory crop breeding program.

The Karya Peduli Tani Farmers' Group in Jengkok village was formed through the farmers' own initiative in order to facilitate their plant breeding activities. This farmers' group has 33 members of which only five are women. Their actual involvement in PPB started when the group sent three of their members (Abd. Muid, Damiri and Joharipin) to the Training of Trainers (ToT) for FFS (Farmer Field School) on local rice which was held on 7 12 May 2004. After the ToT, the farmers organized the FFS in their own village which was conducted from 24 July 4 November 2004. As part of their PPB efforts, the farmers' group also participated in the following related activities: ? ? ToT for FFS on local vegetables (18 23 August 2004); Enhancement study on rice (11 Dec 2004 March 2005 and continuously conducted every cropping season up to the present); FFS on local vegetables (15 Dec 2004 - February 2005);

Enhancement study on local vegetables (April 2005 and continuously conducted every season up to the present); Picturing impact* of PPB (February March 2005); Training on ecological agriculture (April 2005); and Socialization of local farmers on ecological agriculture (from 2006 up to the present).

?
?

* Farmers themselves took photographs of their PBB activities and its results and impacts, and provided stories regarding their pictures; it is a kind of a fotonovela.

According to Joharifin, the leader of Karya Peduli Tani Farmers' Group, their interest in PPB is based on the following factors: 1) most farmers are dependent on companies for their seeds; 2) existing commercial seeds are not suitable to their local conditions; 3) loss of local knowledge about plant breeding; and 4) erosion of biodiversity in farmers' fields. To guide their rice breeding efforts, the farmers came up with their breeding objectives as follows: resistant to pest and diseases, resistant to lodging, plant height of 100 - 110 cm, upright flag leaf, resistant to drought, adaptable to minimum amount of fertilizers, matures within 90 110 days after transplanting, high yielding, and of good eating quality.

Before the actual breeding work, the farmers evaluated several local varieties such as Longong, Gundil putih, Gundil kuning, Jalawara putih, Jalawara merah, Sri putih, ketan bulu, ketan kuning, ketan putih and Kebo. Evaluating the varieties to be used as parent lines for breeding is important in order to understand their traits and assess their potential to fit the farmers' breeding objectives. Furthermore, it is also important for the participants of the FFS to understand the process of selection, hence they set up a 1000 m2 trial field to conduct their selection activities. The participants not only learn the theory of plant breeding but also study various topics related to the breeding program such as analysis of rice production, parental evaluation of varieties, establishing breeding objectives, setting up of field studies, genetics, plant growth stages, plant and flower

morphology, breeding and selection techniques, recording and documentation of field activities and results, and evaluation and testing of resulting lines vis--vis the breeding objectives which have been set.

Table 1. The farmer breeders in Jengkok village and their crosses

Name of farmer Mr. Tayadi Mr. Hajj Rapudin Crosses Cibadak x Ciherang G. Dombret x IR 64 G. Dombret x 76 Balitpa G. Dombret x Cibadak G. Dombret x 75 Balitpa Ciherang x Kebo Ciherang x Longong Ciherang x Ketan Mr. Duryanri Sabo x Ciherang Sabo x Way Apo Buru Mr. Joharifin Cibadak x IR 64 Cibadak x Ciherang Kebo x Longong Mr. Hajj Sukadi Mr. Carmin Mr. Syamsudin Mr. Hajj Toni Mr. Moch. Suryaman G Dombret x 76 Balitpa G. Dombret x IR 64 G. Dombret x 75 Balitpa G. Dombret x Cibadak Way Apo Buru x Longong Way Apo buru x Cibadak Cibadak x Way Apu Buru Ciherang x Sabo Mr. Abd. Muid Mr. Riandi Longong x Ciherang Cibadak x Way Apo Buru 11 May 2005 5 May 2005 27 Feb 2005 8 May 2004 7 July 2004 7 July 2004 7 July 2004 7 July 2004 27 Feb 2005 7 July 2004 28 Feb 2005 27 Feb 2008 27 Feb 2005 Date of crosses 7 July 2004 3 July 2004 7 July 2004

Out of the many crosses made by the farmers in Jengkok, there was one cross which later became a variety that most of them favored. This is the cross of Kebo and Longong which was later named Bongong by its breeder, Mr. Joharifin. By the rainy season of 2008-2009, Bongong is on F8 and is already stable. It has the following traits: maturity: 110-115 days; plant height: up to 105 cm; upright flag leaf; productive tillers: 22-35; good eating quality; high yield of around 9-12.5 tons/ha; resistant to brown plant hopper (BPH) and bacterial leaf blight; and also resistant to lodging. It should be noted that Bongong possesses almost all the qualities the farmers are looking for in rice, based on their breeding objectives.

... we formed a small team to monitor the spread of Bongong in our village and in other villages as well...

Joharifin The leader of Karya Peduli Tani Farmers' Group

Compared to the crosses by the other farmer-breeders, Bongong became stable much faster. The farmer-breeder, Joharifin, explained his own selection process which he simply modified from the usual methods (e.g., pedigree, semi- pedigree, and bulk) that other farmer-breeders used. Joharifin has been using what he called his own Johar method. The practice involved choosing only the best one hill or plant that fits the breeding objective/criteria. From the one hill, he then chose the best three panicles. He continued with this kind of selection from one generation to the next, until the line became stable. In the case of Bongong, the selection already became stable by F5 which is faster compared to other breeding practices.

Other farmers in the community became interested in Bongong due to its good performance; however, needed land to further continue the selection process was limited in Johar's field. A discussion among the farmers resulted in a decision to share the further selection of Bongong, especially to test its performance in other farming conditions. However, the farmers' group set some conditions for those who

were interested in Bongong. First, they must join the Karya Peduli Tani Farmers' Group; second, they have to follow the Johar method of selection; third, they need to document and share the results or information about their observations on the varietal development in their field; and fourth, they must give back the resulting seeds to the group and to not distribute these to non-members. As of the last wet season in 2008, a total of 120 farmers have planted Bongong in about 80 hectares of rice field. It is estimated that by 2009, there would be around 300 farmers planting the variety in 250 - 300 hectares. This estimate is based on farmers' requests for Bongong received by the group. The results not only showed that many farmers have planted (or are interested to plant) Bongong, but this highly popular variety also facilitated the communication and cooperation among farmers. The case of Bongong is just one of the many successes of farmer-breeders in Jengkok on their PPB efforts. Box 1 shows the testimonies of farmers about Bongong and their experience in PPB.

This community property is suitable to our group's vision that aims to make the seeds as a common property, making them not as saleable but exchangeable commodity. If there is a farmer that needs Bongong, he or she can get it through bartering rather than buying.

Box 1 Testimonies expressed by farmers about the Bongong variety

The seeds/varieties of Karya Peduli Tani Farmers' Group produce good rice. For example, Bongong produces 7-8 tons/hectare. It is resistant to Brown Plant Hopper (BPH) and lodging. It also tastes good. Another benefit is that we no longer have to buy commercial seeds. This further reinforces the seed exchange among farmers and communities. Thus it is not unusual that many farmers in Secang (sub-village of Jengkok) are going to plant Bongong. ? Mr. Riandi, farmer breeder So far, as shown by our cooperation with Karya Peduli Tani Farmers' Group, we not only get good seeds but also enhance our knowledge and mastery on rice breeding and seed selection. All these things are important to us; we learn a lot, compared to the past when we just bought seeds in the agricultural store. For the future, we will continuously participate in meetings conducted by Karya Peduli Tani Farmers' Group. ? Mr. Hajj Rapudin, one of the users of Bongong in Jengkok village I plant several varieties including Bongong, Ciherang, and some other local varieties including sticky rice on a 0.25ha parcel of my land. The aim is to conserve these varieties and support our fellow local farmers who need these materials for plant breeding activities. ? Hajj Khudi, informal but influential leader in Jengkok In Karya Peduli Tani farmers' group, we formed a small team to monitor the spread of Bongong in our village and in other villages as well. We have a record on who planted this variety, where, area, cultivation practices, and their yields. We usually have small gatherings with our fellow breeder to discuss the feedbacks from the users. ? Damiri, member of Karya Peduli Tani farmers' group I support the farmers' breeding activities and the use of Bongong in many local communities, especially in our village. Many farmers got the benefits from the new variety. Our village council, in cooperation with informal leaders, youth, farmer leaders, and religious leaders had several meetings to come up with a draft of a village regulation to protect and use local varieties and new farmer-bred varieties. The draft has already been submitted to the district government. ? Wahid, former head of Jengkok village until July 2008 We will follow up with the district government regarding the formalization of this village regulation which is strongly supported by our communities in Jengkok village. ? Taripin, current head of Jengkok Village

III. Results and outcomes of the PPB work in Jengkok Village

1. Increased number of farmers using farmer-bred varieties. Presently, 138 farming households are using farmer-bred varieties, consisting of 78 in Jengkok and 60 in neighboring villages. 2. Increased hectarage devoted to farmer-bred varieties. Total land area used and planted for the development of farmer-bred varieties is around 108 hectares; 82 hectares of this area are in Jengkok (around 35% of the rice growing area in the village), and around 26 hectares are in nearby villages. 3. Increased volume of farmer-bred varieties used. The use of seeds from farmer-bred rice varieties in Jengkok village (dry season 2008) amounted to 1,627 kg or 1.6 tons. This makes up nearly 40% of seed demand within the village alone. Moreover, farmers from outlying villages required about 530 kg for their planting needs (Appendix 1). 4. Improved quality of farming. The farmer breeders practiced sustainable farming methods that minimized their use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The reduction in chemical input usage is attributed by the farmers to better farmer-bred varieties that are more pest and disease resistant and are better adapted to low external inputs (Appendix 3). 5. Better economic gains from farmer-bred varieties. In a comparative analysis (Appendices 2 and 3) to determine the economic value of using farmer-bred and conventional (commercial) rice seeds, the results showed that farmer breeders have more advantages in terms of labor cost and low-cost inputs and higher yields. In terms of inputs, the farmer breeders can save up to 50 kg/ha of TSP fertilizer usage (around 100 thousand Indonesian Rupiahs or IDR), reduce pesticide spraying to 3 times only (savings of IDR 500 thousand/ha) and eliminate seed purchase of up to 20 kg/ha since they already produce their own seeds (equivalent to IDR 120 thousand/ha). Altogether, this means a total production cost savings of around IDR 720,000/ha. Moreover, farmer breeders with their excellent seeds are capable of producing up to 6 tons/ha dry unhulled rice. Meanwhile, farmers using conventional seeds harvest only two-thirds of this amount, i.e., around 4 tons/ha. These figures translate to a net income/ha of around IDR 11,936,250 for farmer breeders compared to only IDR 5,511,250 for their conventional farmer counterparts meaning that the farmer breeders can earn more than double the conventional farmers.

6. Less seed dependency of farmers (on outside sources). From the perspective of seed distribution chain, the farmer breeders have proven that by producing their own seeds, they significantly reduced their dependency on imported seeds and cut down on the attendant seed distribution chain costs as well. Hence, this shortened chain provides greater value for its users. This is different from conventional farmers with no bargaining power who just have to accept retailers' seed prices. Profit margins in conventional seed trading are enjoyed by the retailers and seed producing companies.

The group is currently preparing for the legal draft in order to develop a PERDES (village regulation) which aims for the protection of farmer-bred varieties, to be proposed to the Village Representative Council.

IV. Strengthening the community seed system through the community seed registry
The experience of the farmers in Jengkok village in their PPB work prompted them to discuss about how to strengthen their community seed system. The success and wide acceptance of Bongong even outside the village made them realize that farmer-bred seeds/varieties should remain as a community property and not as a commercial seed. The farmers believe that the commercial seeds provide no advantages for most farmers, but rather only create dependency. As they have expressed, This community property is suitable to our group's vision that aims to make the seeds as a common property, making them not as saleable but exchangeable commodity. If there is a farmer that needs Bongong, he or she can get it through bartering rather than buying. To support the above idea, the Karya Peduli Tani Farmers' Group conducted a meeting to discuss the protection of farmer-bred seed lines or varieties resulting from PPB undertaken by farmers. In the meeting, the members developed the

community registry in order to officially make Bongong and other similar farmerbred varieties become the property of the community. A community registry is a document that lists varieties (together with a description of their traits) that are owned by the community and which should be made freely available to farmers. However, anyone who plants those varieties has to agree to monitor and record relevant data on the plants' performance and report these to the breeder (or the farmers' group) so that the line or variety could be properly evaluated. As a follow- up and to implement the community registry, the farmers' group undertook the following activities: 1. Drafting of the declaration by the group 2. Awareness raising and socialization of farmers, which means encouraging them to use farmer-bred seeds, educating them about agrobiodiversity, and the importance of community solidarity with regard to the local seed system. 3. Conduct a meeting with various stakeholders to discuss the declaration of Bongong and other farmer-bred varieties as the property of the Jengkok village community. Around 40 farmers, NGO staff, head of the Indramayu district agriculture services, head of Jengkok village, and local government staff participated in the said event. 4. Signing of the Bongong declaration. The declaration was signed by all participants of the meeting and noted by the head of Jengkok village and the head of Kertasmaya sub-district.

The Bongong declaration covered the breeding lines produced by the farmers in Jengkok village such as Bongong itself which stands for Kebo x Longong by farmer breeder Joharipin, Botan (Kebo x Ketan) by farmer breeder Abd. Muid, Gading (Ciherang x Sabo by farmer breeder Moch. Suryaman, and Srikandi (Cibadak x Way Apo Buru) by farmer breeder Riandi. In order to further develop the community registry, the group has been engaged in the following activites: preparing its farmer-members to learn and master the knowledge of seed conservation, seed bank preparation and management, coordination to maintain the information on local and improved varieties (including spread of ceratin lines and varieties, etc.), and fundraising for future activities in support of PPB. In fact, the group is currently preparing for the legal draft in order to develop a PERDES (village regulation) which aims for the protection of farmerbred varieties, to be proposed to the Village Representative Council.

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To end, the Karya Peduli Tani Farmers' Group stated that it supports the continuous process of developing a community seed system in Jengkok village with the continuation of activities in PBB and community registry. The farmer breeders Joharifin, Moch. Suryaman, Andi, Abd. Muid and others asserted that the declaration is a means of protecting seeds developed by farmer breeders like themselves. The declaration itself was developed through a participatory process. Farmers realize that it is not easy to organize a lot of people, but it is necessary to build solidarity and get support from the village community.

The PPB efforts of farmers in Jengkok village proved that farmers can indeed become breeders and researchers. They are capable of producing excellent varieties and increasing their incomes in the process. Beyond the economic gains, their work in PBB has also helped them become more appreciative of the importance of joining groups and gaining new knowledge that in turn has helped build their confidence. Moreover, it has made them more critical they have come to realize the importance of seeds to their lives as farmers; they are working toward eliminating their dependence on seed companies; and they are continuing with their efforts to truly contribute to the maintenance of biodiversity.

Note: Appendix tables 1, 2 and 3 in the next pages were lifted from A Case Study on Rice Seed Breeding and Distribution Chain by Kelompok Tani Karya Peduli Tani, Jengkok Village, Kertasemaya, Indramayu, West Java written by Indro Surono, Arif Miharja (ELSPPAT) & Wiwik Sriyanti, Lardian Isfandri, Rendra Kusuma Wijaya (FIELD Indonesia); figures cited were taken from interviews with farmers in November 2008.

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Appendix 1. Volume, hectarage and number of seed users of farmer-bred varieties in Kelompok Karya Peduli Tani (Dry Season 2008)
No Name of Participant M 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Johar Arifin Syamsudin Zaeni Duryanto Riandi Moh. Suryaman Midah Sadirin H. Masta H. Toni H. Rapudin H. Tayana Hj. Wasriah Komisa M M M M M M M M M M M M F F Sex F 700 bata = 1 ha 400 bata 250 bata 200 bata 300 bata 2,100 bata = 3 ha Has no land 300 bata 700 bata = 1 ha 5,600 bata = 8 ha 2,500 bata = 5 bau 2,500 bata = 5 bau 2,800 bata = 4 ha 20 kg 11.42 kg 7.14 kg 5.71 kg 8.57 kg 60 kg 8.57 kg 20 kg 160 kg 71.42 kg 71.42 kg 80 kg Private land Leased land Private land Private land Private land Private land Private land Leased land Private land Private land Private land Private land (H. Masta's wife) Left the village, participated in the government's transmigration program to Kalimantan Left the village, participated in the government's transmigration program to Kalimantan Private land Private land Leased land Land was sold Private land Private land was used as collateral Private land Private land Private land Private land Private land Private land Has no land Hectarage (Ha/Bata) Seed Demand (kg) Ownership Status

15

Sri Toipah

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

Misri Dakiron Abd Muid Mustopah A Mudi Rusdi H. Sayuhi Damiri Kodam Zakariyah Tayadi Joni H. Sukadi Mustapa B Kandeg Carmin Damiri H. Kudi Kunaenah H. Amin Rosdi M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M

300 bata 500 bata = 1 bau 250 bata 500 bata = 1 bau 500 bata = 1 bau 200 bata 200 bata 500 bata = 1 bau 350 bata 3,500 bata = 5 ha 200 bata 500 bata = 1 bau 1,400 bata = 2 ha 1,500 bata = 3 bau

8.57 kg 15 kg 7.14 kg 15 kg 5.71 kg 5.71 kg 15 kg 10 kg 100 kg 5.71 kg 15 kg 40 kg 45 kg 45 kg 60 kg 30 kg

Private land Private land Private land Private land Private land Leased Land

1,500 bata = 3 bau 2,100 bata = 3 ha 1000 bata = 2 bau

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No

Name of Participant M

Sex F

Hectarage (Ha/Bata) 300 bata

Seed Demand (kg) 8.57 kg 4.28 kg -

Ownership Status

36 37 38 39

Rokibun Saonah Asrorih Iip

M F M M

Private land Private land Left the village, participated in the government's transmigration program to Kalimantan Private land Private land Private land Private land Private land Private land

150 bata -

40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75

Bunyana Mulyani Sayid H. Mugi Rasda setia Bintara Sakini Taman Sadi Sayid A Sayid B Amsor Baksuni Taryana H. Dawi Mukhit Muslimin Mukarih Jakaria Yunus Amsor Casudi Randim Soheh Madasim H. Durakim Kaneri Asep Jaurih Yaskur Dulkodir Sohib Bisri A Bisri B Midih Sutadi Ustad agus

M F M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M

1,000 bata = 2 bau 500 bata = 1 bau 500 bata = 1 bau 2,800 bata = 4 ha 1,000 bata = 2 bau 300 bata 250 bata 1,000 bata = 2 bau 500 bata = 1 bau 250 bata 300 bata 1,000 bata = 2 bau 500 bata = 1 bau 1,500 bata = 3 bau 150 bata 1,000 bata = 2 bau 1,000 bata = 2 bau 200 bata 200 bata 250 Bata 200 bata 300 bata 250 bata 200 bata 200 bata 600 bata 200 bata 1,000 bata = 2 bau 200 bata 200 bata 500 bata = 1 bau 500 bata = 1 bau 250 bata 1,500 bata = 3 bau 500 bata = 1 bau 1,000 bata = 2 bau

30 kg 15 kg 15 kg 80 kg 30 kg 8.57 kg 7.14 kg 30 kg 15 kg 7.14 kg 8.57 kg 30 kg 15 kg 45 kg 4.28 kg 30 kg 30 kg 5.71 kg 5.71 kg 7.14 kg 5.71 kg 8.57 kg 7/14 kg 5.71 kg 5.71 kg 17.14 kg 5.71 kg 30 kg 5.71 kg 5.71 kg 15 kg 15 kg 7.14 kg 45 kg 15 kg 30 kg

Leased Land Private land Private land Private land Leased Land Private land Private land Private land Leased Land Used as collateral Private land Private land Private land Private land Private land Private land Private land Private land Private land Private land Private land Private land Private land Private land Private land Private land Leased Land Private land Private land

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No

Name of Participant M

Sex F

Hectarage (Ha/Bata) 300 bata 1,000 bata = 2 bau 300 bata

Seed Demand (kg) 8.57 kg 30 kg 8.57 kg

Ownership Status

76 77 78

Mukarih Waria Sadir

M M M

Private land Private land Private land

Seed demand for and total acreage planted to farmer-bred varieties

57,700 bata or 82.42 ha

1,627.02 kg or 1.627 Ton

Note: 1 bau = 500 bata; 1 bata = 14 m; 1 ha = 700 bata Seed requirement for 1 ha = 20 kg Seed requirement for 1 bau = 15 kg

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Appendix 2. Farming business analysis using conventional seeds (Average figures for wet season rice cultivation)

No 1 2

Expenditure items Leasing cost per season = 1.5 tons of dry unhulled rice (IDR 3.1 millions/ton) Tillage cost: a. Tractor leasing b. Dike development c. Land leveling d. Paddy planting e. Weeding

Cost 4,650,000

370,000 150,000 150,000 400,000 100,000

Fertilizer and other inputs (saprodi): a. Urea fertilizer= 175 kg x IDR 1,250/kg b. TSP fertilizer = 175 kg x IDR 2,000/kg c. Pesticides = 8 times of spraying x IDR 100,000 d. Seeds = 20 kg x IDR 6,000/kg (Assumption: Ciherang variety) e. Labor cost for spraying, etc. Total Cost 218,750 350,000 800,000 120,000 200,000 7,508,750

Gross Income: Net production yield: 4.2 tons of dry unhulled rice x IDR 3,100,000/ton 13,020,000

Net Income: Gross Income - Total Cost 5,511,250

Note: Computations of costs and other requirements are based on an assumed 1ha area of rice land.

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Appendix 3. Farming business analysis using farmer-bred seeds (Average figures for wet season rice cultivation)

No 1 2

Expenditure items Leasing cost per season = 1.5 tons of dry unhulled rice (IDR 3.1 millions/ton) Tillage cost: a. Tractor leasing b. Dike development c. Land leveling d. Paddy planting e. Weeding

Cost 4,650,000

370,000 150,000 150,000 400,000 100,000

Fertilizer and other inputs (saprodi): a. Urea fertilizer= 175 kg x IDR 1,250/kg b. TSP fertilizer = 125 kg x IDR 2,000/kg c. Pesticides = 3 times of spraying x IDR 100,000 d. Seeds = 20 kg x IDR 6,000/kg (Assumption: Ciherang variety) e. Labor cost for spraying, etc. Total Cost 218,750 250,000 300,000 120,000 75,000 6,663,750

Gross Income: Net production yield: 6 tons of dry unhulled rice x IDR 3,100,000/ton 18,600,000

Net Income: Gross Income - Total Cost 11,936,250

Note: Computations of costs and other requirements are based on an assumed 1ha area of rice land.

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We will follow up with the district government regarding the formalization of this village regulation which is strongly supported by our communities in Jengkok village.
? Taripin, current Head of Jengkok Village

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FIELD
FIELD Indonesia Foundation (Farmer Initiatives for Ecological Livelihoods and Democracy) is an organization that supports people in marginal communities through education for empowerment. FIELD Indonesia was established on 1 June 2001. FIELD key staffs are former members of the FAO Regional Program on Community IPM in Asia (www.CommunityIPM.org) in 1998-2002 and were part of the team that provided technical assistance over 12 years to the National IPM (Integrated Pest Management) Program, local farmer organizations and the Indonesian IPM Farmers Associations. FIELD activities make use of a variety learning approaches including the Farmer Field Schools & Studies, Community Action Research, Sustainable Livelihoods Framework, and Farmer Advocacy. FIELD's vision is that marginal communities in Indonesia re-claim and remanage their public domains and improve their livelihoods. And its missions are to facilitate marginal communities to be able to: ? Analyze and understand the conditions of the ecosystems that form the basis of their livelihoods in technical, social and political aspects. Organize themselves to conduct actions to enhance their livelihoods in a manner that is both ecologically sound (just and in harmony with the nature) and democratic (just and in harmony with other people).

Specifically, FIELD as a partner of PEDIGREA is doing the conservation and utilization of genetic resources by farmers on rice, local vegetables (sponge gourd, bitter gourd and pumpkin) and animal (goat), participatory market development, and policy advocacy within the framework of Farmers' Rights and Ecological Agriculture in Indramayu District, West Java Province. Currently, FIELD is also working in other programs, such as Sustaining Local Food Systems and Agro-biodiversity, Community Action Research for Advocacy Education and Local Policy Reform, Environment Services Program Field Schools, Community Biodiversity and Livelihoods Field Schools, Home garden Vegetable and Nutrition Field Schools as a part of Household Food Security Program, Ecological Agriculture and Organic Farming, Ecological IPM in vegetables, and System of Rice Intensification (SRI).

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PEDIGREA
The Participatory Enhancement of Diversity of Genetic Resources in Asia (PEDIGREA) is a project that aims to strengthen the capability of farming communities to manage their genetic resources as part of local agro-biodiversity. The project focuses on:

? participatory plant breeding aimed at the broadening of the genetic base of rice in intensive production systems, ? participatory crop improvement of local and traditional vegetables (i.e. pumpkin, sponge gourd, wax gourd, bitter gourd, eggplant, string beans), ? participatory animal improvement aimed at enhancing the genetic base of farm animals (i.e. pig and goat), and ? participatory market development aimed at creating and improving market opportunities for local and regional farm products. The purpose of PEDIGREA is to contribute to food sovereignty and to strengthen farmers' genetic diversity and knowledge systems in the rice based farming systems of Southeast Asia. It works on participatory methodologies developed in the Farmer Field School (FFS) approach with the partner farming communities. At the same time, the project build on the comparative advantages of all key actors in the management of genetic resources including those from the public sector. PEDIGREA project is implemented in three countries, namely: Cambodia, Indonesia and the Philippines. PEDIGREA project partners are SRER KHMER in Cambodia, FIELD in Indonesia and PPRDI in the Philippines, and the CGN, the Netherlands. The project is coordinated by the PEDIGREA Foundation.

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Farmers' Rice Breeding and Community Seed System

An approach to develop a community seed registry by the Karya Peduli Tani Farmers' Group

ISBN 979-98088-3-2