Chapter-1 Introduction

Water is the essential element of daily life. It is utilized for drinking, in sanitation and for irrigating the field crops. Keeping in view the importance of water, developed countries had upgraded their governance system to store fresh water and use it for longer times. Unfortunately, in developing countries situation regarding the access to safe drinking water is quite adverse. Most of the times due to choked municipal service system, municipal and industrial wastes are somehow managed to e released in sewage water which is then either used for irrigation purpose or dump into canal wastes. !his situation leads to the contamination of soil and fresh water resources, putting the lives of millions of people under threat of diseases "#maral, $%%&'. # huge proportion of world(s population i.e )*+ lives in countries having high water stress. !he num er of deaths occurred due to contaminated water, poor sanitation and unhygienic was +., million. #ccording to an estimate every year a great ma-ority of population faces diarrheaial pro lem such as rotavirus and gastroenteritis ".estro symptoms' which contri utes half a illion deaths per year having children less than age ,. /ue to this ma-ority of innocent poor children face malnutrition, that ultimately making them suscepti le for other diseases as a result of this %.01% million deaths were reported annually. It is pertinent to mention that 2& 3 of diarrhea cases are preventa le y simple precautions adapted y community "Wallaceet al., $%%0'. /uring $%%, action plan on 4Water for 5ife6 was initiated internationally and efforts were made to achieve the Millennium /evelopment .oals "M/.s' to reduce y half the proportion of the world(s population without sustaina le access to safe drinking water and sanitation y $%),. In year $%%1 U7I89: "United 7ations International 8hildren 9mergency :und' and W;< "World ;ealth <rganization' estimates that ).) illion people have access to improved drinking water and $.1 illion people lack adequate sanitation. =rovision of safe water and asic sanitation to meet the M/.s requires su stantial economic resources, sustaina le technological solutions and encourages political will "Moe and >heingans, $%%1'. !he protection of pu lic health through ensuring the access to safe drinking water is the primary o -ective of drinking water quality management and treatment. It is pathetic that there are concrete and via le work plans availa le on the su -ect matter in the third world, )

yet implementation strategies are weak and poor. !he pace, y which water orne diseases are spreading day y day, could lead to very serious pu lic health consequences and could cause significant social and economic costs ">izak and ;rudey, $%%0'. =akistan is lessed with the surface and groundwater resources. Unfortunately the rapid growth of population, ur anization and unsustaina le water consumption e?erted enormous pressure on the quality and quantity of water resources in the country. !he deterioration of water quality and contamination of lakes, rivers and groundwater has resulted in increased water orne diseases and adly affected the pu lic health "WW:, $%%@'. !he main source of drinking water in ur an and rural areas of =akistan is usually ground water drawn y tur ine or hand pump. !here lies a risk factor that use of water from the ground water system, mostly arranged on private asis could e harmful for human health ecause of contamination. It is usually o served that private water supply system has often no treatment facility for drinking water. !herefore, human eing may prey to various water orne diseases "Aasaret al., $%))'. ;istorically drinking water contaminated y wastewater from neigh oring communities has een a ma-or concern for pu lic health. !he increased need for wastewater reuse deli erately stimulated interest in the a ility of wastewater to produce a product in which the risk of infection at the reuse is reduced to an accepta le level. #dverse effects on the health of contaminants that may occur in drinking water include acute effects that can affect health directly and chronic effects that may occur if contaminants are ingested in unsafe well for many years. /rinking water that meets the U.B. 9=# health standards is generally safe. =eople who are not in good health after illness, age or a weakened immune system are more likely to e at risk for certain contaminants that can e found in drinking water. Infants and very young children are more sensitive to certain contaminants. Individuals concerned a out their particular situations should consult their health care provider "#nonymous, $%%&'. !he availa ility of clean, fresh water is one of the most pressing pro lem facing the ma-ority of the population ecause water is vital for living organisms, agriculture and forestry, energy production, transport and maintenance of glo al ecosystems on a solid foundation. #vaila ility of water for human consumption is very necessary and asic need of life, without water, humans cannot survive. 9ach year, waterCrelated diseases are the most

common causes of illness and managers to increase the mortality rate. !he ma-ority of people affected y contaminated water and unhealthy living in developing countries. # alanced diet is very helpful for the maintenance of human life while the poor productivity of food triggers malnutrition. :ood production is greatly affected y the e?istence of sufficient water resources, water is also essential for the provision of nutrition for people "U7I8, $%%+'. =eople, in general, are poor and e?perience high levels of mortality, mor idity and disa ility. #n appropriately defined and maintained set of health indicators provides information for the ela oration of a relevant profile of the population(s health situation. In /istrict /. .. Khan, 0$3 of the population has access to safe drinking water while the sanitation facilities are availa le to &&3 of the population ".ovt. of =un-a , $%%2'. /era .hazi Khan district is counted one of the most ackward and deprived area of Bouthern =un-a having lack of quality education, health facilities and provision of safe drinking water. !here is arsenic and microorganism in the water which is often used for the drinking purpose. /ue to this uneven and health hazard situations, a great ma-ority of the local population is convicted of various water orne diseases like hepatitis, dysentery, .astro, eczema and skin cancer etc. #s a result, rate of mor idities "diseases' and mortalities is significantly higher as compare to other areas of =un-a . !here is lack of awareness amongst most of population to use safe drinking water for their etter survival life and physical growth. 5ikewise, the rest of the population if knows the importance of using safe drinking water hardly pay attention to have practice of using safe drinking water which can e counted as negligent and lethargic attitude and ehavior to adopt primary health care practice generally and use of safe drinking water particularly "7azish, $%))'.

Importance of study
!he proposed research study is of vital importance ecause the use of safe drinking water is associated with overall survival of the human life. #s community is the actual eneficiary to receive availa le drinking water y the pu lic or private sector, it can generally e o served that there is lack of awareness among local communities and general pu lic to use safe drinking water. !hey can avoid use of contaminated water y adopting different methods like multi dimensional approaches, use of est practices, working on relevant est case studies and developing + etter relationship with the government

functionaries, as department of =u lic ;ealth 9ngineering "=;9' and !ehsil Municipal #dmistration supplying safe drinking water to general pu lic. In that conte?t community perception is very essential to e?plore various risk factors associated with the use of unsafe drinking water likewise there is dire need to identify and analyze potential factors which are responsi le to make the drinking water contaminated. :ollowing are the o -ectives of the studyD

Objectives
!o find the socioCeconomic characteristics of the respondents. !o delineate the perception of the respondents a out the risk factors associated with the use of unsafe drinking water. !o find the relationship unsafe drinking water. !o lay down appropriate policy measures for the improvement of drinking water quality. etween the socioCeconomic characteristics of the respondents and their perception a out the risk factors associated with the use of

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Chapter-2 Review of literature

>eview of literature is very essential part of a thesis that aims to e?tend the scope of the research. It serves as the reference comparison of the value of research study. In this part, the investigator of the study planned to relate a pro lem*thesis report with an already availa le work. >eview of literature of most significant varia les is presented here. .adgil ")220' concluded that after having a thorough research on drinking water in developing countries, there is acute shortage of safe drinking water in the world. It met the need of only ) illion people. #ccording to his report a out four hundred children in 8alifornia "U.B.#' died per hour due to use of contaminated water. 8oncrete and via le mechanism to address the current usage of unsafe drinking water at community level in the developing countries is needed. It can only e worka le y specification of adequate funding and provision of technical e?pertise y the donor agencies, working on the su -ect. In that conte?t, all the availa le human, technical and financial resources can e utilized to improve the current supply of drinking water at community level. It can be perceived after analyzing the study of Gleick ")222' that more than one illion population in the developing countries lack safe drinking water usage. #ccording to facts and figures, a out three illion people of the area <akland "U.B.#' are living without the adequate sanitation system which is quite necessary for gradually reducing water orne diseases. It can e o served and analyzed from the current performance of international #id agencies, national and local level organizations that no significant changes have een made in this regard. !hat is why asic human needs and necessities have not yet een fulfilled. =an #merican ;ealth <rganization "=#;<, $%%)', a out @@ million people in the region lack access to drinking water supply and sanitation to appro?imately )%+ million. !he ma-ority of people without access to services were poor and live in rural areas. Waste water of a out $%0 million people released into recipient cells waters without treatment, causing serious pollution pro lems. .olas et al. "$%%$' concluded that potentially pathogenic acteria of the family 9ntero acteriaceae, =seudomonas sp. and #eromonas sp. Waters called in for drinking and household purposes, increasing quantities of wastewater discharged to advance ur anization, ,

chemicals in agriculture and industry, and human activities affect the quality of groundwater. !he final effect of water reduction, the restrictions on the use of drinking water reservoirs. <ften this condition is coupled with micro iological contamination, what. =enetration of potentially pathogenic acteria or microCorganisms harmful to the groundwater through the soil !herefore, these acteria, the source of various diseases, the intensity is su stantially on microorganism pathogenicity and disease potential would depend. 7um er of acteria are also important, as well as their survival and potential to adapt and migrate deep into waterC earing underground reservoirs. Bome acteria, such as =seudomonas and #eromonas can e a threat to human health due to their a ility to multiply in his drinking water. <thers, especially those that the natural microflora of the human and animal food products represents contracts induceE can cause acute or chronic intestinal diseases. #ccording to research conducted y Bo sey et al. "$%%+' in 8arolina ma-ority of world(s population lacks access to adequate and safe water supply. #s a result, there is prevalence of a num er of water orne diseases as well as mortalities "death' among developing countries. >esearchers showed that a variety of micro iological agents "pathogens' are responsi le to contri ute in contamination of drinking water. It was also stated that among children and adults in the developing countries, there is acute prevalence of infections of diarrhea diseases. #ccording to an estimate around ), to $% 3 of community is suffering from diarrheal disease in developing countries ecause of unsafe drinking water. Bouter et al. "$%%+' worked on evaluation of a new water treatment for household application to remove microorganisms and arsenic from drinking water and concluded that during year $%%+, the contamination of drinking water y micro organism and arsenic caused a ma-or human health hazard in many parts of the glo e. #ccording to an estimate, +.& million deaths occured every year ecause of water orne diseases. Bo, it is concluded that arsenic poisoning from contaminated water sources is a contri utive factor towards ma-ority of health emergency situations prevalence. It has een reported that a out +, to @@ million people are at risk of dying due to lack of awareness a out use of unsafe drinking water. W;< has acknowledged and recognized that usage of water treatment is an effective means of reducing illness in the household system of third world countries. It is a healthy sign that modern water treatment system has now een found eneficial for the removal of acteria, viral and parasitic pathogen as well as arsenic from drinking water in developing countries.

>o inson "$%%+' said that local .overnment Units "5.Us' were currently una le to provide efficient sanitation services. !hey lack technical capacity and are run y elected officials with strong incentives to keep tariffs low and allocate funds to other more popular activities. Water /istricts in #ustralia appear to offer an alternative, eing relatively autonomous and having a tight focus on operational efficiency and cost recovery. Unfortunately, infle?i le government financing rules give Water /istricts few incentives to invest in either sanitation services or infrastructure in lowCincome areas, which greatly limits their a ility to provide sanitation services to the ur an poor. Flumenthal and =easey "$%%+' stated that epidemiological studies of wastewater and e?creta use in agriculture showed that there were significant risks of gastroCintestinal infections to consumers of crops, farm workers and their families and near y populations which was e?posed to untreated wastewater or e?creta. Wastewater or e?creta treatment prior to reuse can reduce these risks, and provide some indication of the e?tent of wastewater treatment needed to protect e?posed populations against risks from helminthes, acterial and viral infections. ;owever, there are methodological pro lems with many of the studies and the results need to e interpreted with caution. Golkman "$%%+' found that the increasing scarcity of water in the world along with the rapid population growth in ur an areas is of great concern, and there is need for appropriate water management practices. Gery little investment made in the past on sewage treatment plants, water supply and treatment often received more priority than wastewater collection and treatment. In the new trends of ur an development, wastewater treatment deserves greater emphasis. 8urrently, there is a growing awareness of the impact of sewage contamination on rivers and lakesE wastewater treatment is now receiving more attention from the World Fank and the government regulators. .oe ell "$%%&', revels that drinkingCwater might contain harmful load for 9uropean citizens, since its chlorination generates trihalomethanes and other yCproducts "8F=s' with mutagenic and carcinogenic properties. 9pidemiological studies associated with an increased risk of ladder cancerE ut limitation of most studies had relatively crude methodology, in particular for e?posure assessment. <ng "$%%&' said that the health implication due to low mineral content in drinking water in different age groups and gender evaluated from different parts of the world. Btudies

from #sia, 7orth #merica, 9urope, #frica and #ustralia were e?amined in terms of minerals in drinking water and the reported health effects. 5ow mineral intake from food and water are present in many parts of the world. !oday su clinical deficiency of iron, zinc and calcium prevail in the !hird World. #lthough dozens of geographical studies of minerals in drinking water and their relationships have een made to various diseases, the daily intake and the status of the defect as well as their health are largely unknown episode. mineral ioavaila ility may e due to different stages of growth and aging. It is also note a le fact that !he World Fank, "$%%,', in our country municipal wastewater and industrial waste water usually get mi?ed in some open drains after eing discharged on their source than this mi?ed water flows to some streams, canals and river which contaminated their pure water. Bo, this process of contamination gradually changes these natural water odies into sewers. It is pity that there is no regular monitoring system of quality assessment for oth of the surface water and ground water odies. With this we also have no quality standard surface water in =akistan. When the quality of surface water is compared with the standard of discharged water, we find an alarming ratio of water pollution due to the frequent mi?ing of waste water into the surface water. ;oward and Fartram "$%%,' concluded the monitoring of water generates data on the safety and adequacy of water supply sufficient to contri ute to the protection of human health in Uganda. Most current models of monitoring water supplies for ur an areas of =eru are from developed countries, ut these have significant shortcomings when they are directly applied elsewhere. !here are differences not only in the socioCeconomic conditions, ut also in the nature of water services, which often consist of a comple? mi?ture of formal and informal services for oth the served and unserved. !he approaches of development for monitoring water which target activities on priority groups is assessed on the availa le case studies. Michalski, "$%%,' concluded that drinking water change its primary disinfectant from chlorine to alternative C infective such as chlorine dio?ide, ozone, and chloramines, which reduce regulated trihalomethanes and some chlorinated levels, ut often increase levels of other potentially to?icologically im earing compounds. <?yhalide the dangerous inorganic rominated yCproducts are chlorite and chlorate, some of which were classified as pro a ly carcinogenic. !he most important of them is roC mate, formed when source water containing asis of

romide are ozonated. 8hlorite is formed when chlorine diCo?ide is used, while chlorate is formed when chlorine, chlorine dio?ide, hypochlorous acid or chloramines are used to disinfect drinking water. W;< "$%%1', guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, e?creta and grey water in agriculture and aquaculture are ased on a risk analysis, which is internationally recognized as the fundamental method underlying the development of standards food safety at the same time providing adequate protection for the health and facilitate trade in food. 8ompliance with the W;< .uidelines for the application of wastewater, e?creta and grey water in the manufacture of food products for e?port will contri ute to international trade unencum ered safe food. < viously, this requires a monitoring process to ensure compliance with the risk management measures and appropriate quality control along the path generation of wastewater to produce consumption. !he terms of this monitoring should e integrated into national policies and regulations on water quality, which also apply to drinking water quality, safe athing and concept plans for water safety in general. <esterholt et al. "$%%@' said that two water supply systems in housing estates were developed in the 7etherlands in the )22%s to enhance the sustaina ility of water supply in general. :or this purpose, in several areas of newly uilt house a supply of drinking water and water supply for nonCpota le separated were installed. !he household water is defined as nonCpota le water centrally produced from surface waterE groundwater or other sources, such as rainwater not use direct contact, such as flushing toilets, washing clothes, watering the garden and car washing. It can e seen from the analysis of the Mahvi "$%%@' that no resource is universally necessary for life such as drinking water. Fut water for drinking and food preparation was also responsi le for the transmission of many infectious agents. /iarrheal disease occurred due to drinking water "contaminated y uncontrolled disposal of wastewater' is among the three leading causes of death worldwide and the leading cause of death among children under , years in most developing countries. !herefore, all governments should promote equita le access to safe drinking water and to strengthen their programs to improve water quality. Infections te?t, type ;ereGiral are spread y unsafe water and sanitation reported y .upta et al. "$%%@', enteroto?igenic 9scherichia coli "9!98' causes 0&% million gastrointestinal infections and appro?imately +0%,%%% deaths worldwide each year with

9!98 infections leads to profuse watery diarrhea, and can e confused with cholera. 9!98 is mainly transmitted through food or water contaminated y human waste, and is a common cause of out reaks of diarrhea. =revention and control of 9!98 infections is through the provision of food, water and sanitation, which has proved difficult to achieve on a large scale in developing countries. #t present there is no effective vaccine. 8oncern for the increasing needs of drinking water and awareness for the development of systems to improve the quality of water for drinking and effluents from sewage treatment and industrial facilities led to the development of new technologies and improve the performance of e?isting technologies. =atents on treatment of water and wastewater approved during the period from )222 to $%%@ were reviewed. =atents have een surveyed classified into two groups as systems technologies for water purification for drinking water, and technologies for wastewater treatment. #n assessment of current and future prospects for the development of new technologies, processing methods, equipment and tools that can e used for applications in water treatment and wastewater are presented "!ansel, $%%0'. # study of management of land designated and health was performed y Aongsi "$%%0', he proposed a conceptual point of view on the process of ur anization, we can say that if the current ur anization #frica is due to many failures in current policies, it is time to formulate ur an policies that strike a alance etween socioCeconomic and cultural ur an local realities. 9?istence of this gap in the local #frican ur anity was mentioned in # id-an, Ivory 8oast. Moreover, these policies must also provide services to reduce the risk of disease in the districts less well equipped. 8om ined with healthy colonies, a good distri ution of services can reduce the occurrence and spread of diseases. :rom a methodological point of view, International Hournal of ;umanities and Bocial Bciences. #nalysis of colonization as a risk factor associated with diarrhea is a proof that a health study at the geographical scale ur an districts may e relevant in ur an areas as a whole. Buch a study is urgently required to disaggregate health information in ur an neigh orhoods smaller and more managea le to guide local decisionCmaking on ur an health. !his study also shows that the phenomenons of uncontrolled growth of cities in developing countries have very important implications for the onset of disease. =erceptions of advantages and risks of waste water irrigation in .hana has een studied y . ewonyo "$%%0', who reported that sources of drinking water are scarce and

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more polluted, the use of waste water in Ur an agriculture can produce many enefits, ut can also lead to crop and soil contamination and endanger farmers and consumers. !o effectively manage the use of wastewater in agriculture, it is important to understand how stakeholders feel affected y this practice. =ro-ect on health and the environment was launched in Bcotland was reported y /onnelley "$%%0' pro-ect will provide an effective environmental policy will have a positive impact on health. !he success of this pro-ect will e measured in terms of how it affects policies at national and local level and identifying where the results of this pro-ect led to new policy approaches improved or corrected. We will also see how this influence on policy responds to national results. More precisely monitor outputs to demonstrate their impact on four specific national results our children have the est start in life, we tackled significant inequalities in Bcottish society, we are living longer and healthier lives, and we live in welldesigned sustaina le. In this way, we create a string "political intervention output outcome' to measure the impact of the initiative in terms of life changing results for people. #ccording to officials, these drains discharge water into the river >avi y the removal plants located Mahmood Footi, Bhad agh, 8hota >avi, Bhahdra, Fa o Ba oo and Batto Katla. >aza "$%%0' of the drainage system in 5ahore was launched in )2+1. Initially, the main sewer lines were esta lished from Mc5eod >oad <utfall >oad and Mozang, Krishan 7agar, Banat 7agar >oad, >avi >oad, .un- Fazar Mughalpura, Bhamnagar, #narkali, and parts of the walled city. #t the time of partition of the su continent, the ulk drains drain 5ahore were 8ant "Mian Mir /rain', Bukh 7ehar /rain and 8hota >avi drain. ;e said that the system of water supply and drainage was given to 5ahore Improvement !rust "5I!', esta lished in )21@. 8onstruction 5I! drains and sewers laid in .ul erg, Bamna ad, Bhad agh and other areas of the 8ity. !hey argued that the creation of W#B# under 5/# #ct )2@,, the system was delivered with the e?ception of the canton and localities W#B# green city were controlled y the /epartment of ;ousing and =lanning until )22+ . Issue like sludge disposal y increase in the volume of fecal sludge, e?creta and io solids was argued y U7;B= "$%%0', who mentioned that in oth developed and developing countries, sludge disposal is an issue growing in the line with the increase in the volume of wastewater treated. ;istorically, sewage sludge was considered a waste to e somehow eliminated and usually at the lowest possi le cost, 5and disposal dumping was often the least

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e?pensive option, and in monetary terms or in terms ofIquotE .. ;assle IquotEIn reports from developing countries, elow, dumping untreated manure, sludge and sewage sludge on land is common. Bometimes it is thrown into a hole, sometimes -ust to surface. 5andfills, if they grow large enough, have environmental impacts and pu lic health. !his led to the development of landfills. Modern landfills are not as cheap and easy methods of disposal. In developed countries, landfill space is more e?pensive than implementing regulations are more costly and operations. In almost all countries, sewage sludge must e dewatered to at least ),C$%3 of material dry land sta ility landfill. ;ealth risk due to poor water quality was studied y Khurana and Ben "$%%2', it is estimated that around +@.@ million Indians are affected y water orne diseases annually, )., million children are estimated to die of diarrhea alone and @+ million working days lost due to water orne diseases each year. !he resulting economic urden is estimated at J 1%% million per year. =ro lems of chemical contamination is also widespread in India with ),2,,0)+ ha itations in the country are affected y the poor quality of water. !he ma-or parameters of concern are fluoride and arsenic. Iron is also ecoming a ma-or pro lem with many homes showing an e?cess of iron in water samples. #ccording to survey conducted y .ovt. of =akistan "$%%0' it is noticea le that in =akistan, there are several potential sources of contamination of drinking water. Facteriological contamination of drinking water has een reported as one of the most serious pro lems throughout the country in rural as well as ur an areas. Buch contamination is attri uted to leakage of pipes, sewerage pipes pollution due to a pro lem in the distri ution system, water supply and intermittent shallow groundwater caused y human activities. # second source of heavy contamination of groundwater in irrigated areas and industrial chemical pollution of to?ic su stances in industrial effluents, te?tile dyes, pesticides, nitrogen fertilizers, arsenic and other chemicals. :or pu lic health reasons, it is a solutely essential to esta lish quality standards for drinking water and the criteria that are medically safe and chemically alanced. #le?ander et al. ($%%0' said that water is essential to our quality of life, economic growth and the environment. With its ooming economy and growing population, #ustralia(s Bouth 9ast Kueensland "B9K' region faces increasing pressure on its water resources. !hese efore filling to avoid e?cessive leaching eaten and

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pressures are compounded

y the impact of climate varia ility and climate change is

accelerating. !he #lliance of ur an water security research through targeted initiatives, multidisciplinary research, was formed to meet the new challenges in the area of ur an water. #s the largest program focused on ur an water research in #ustralia, the #lliance focuses on water security and recycling, ut will align research where appropriate with other research programs on water, such as those of other B9K water agencies, 8BI>< Water for a ;ealth 8ountry 7ational >esearch :lagship, Water Kuality in #ustralia, Water 8>8 and the Water Bervices #ssociation of #ustralia "WB##'. =fister et al. "$%%2' here, ma-or routes of water scarcity impacts related to human health are generally o served lack of fresh water for hygiene and ingestion, resulting in spread of communica le diseases, and shortages of water for irrigation, which leads to malnutrition. !he two channels are mainly useful in developing countries. We ignore the shortage of drinking water for as they are purely a pro lem of disasters and e?traordinary events are generally e?cluded from the 58#. /amage to human health against malnutrition and poor hygiene is often linked, ut can also contri ute independently in different conte?tsthey focus on the effects on food production water deprivation ecause competition in areas with limited water ultimately affects irrigation. /amage resulting from reduced availa ility of water for hygiene depends on local circumstances, for e?ample, the distance from the population for the ne?t property, and it is therefore difficult to assess stroke. !arozzi et al. "$%%2', arsenicCcontaminated drinking water is a ma-or pro lem of pu lic health in several countries, including Fangladesh. !he relationship purpose #raihazar district, Fangladesh. !he relationship etween informationCseeking ehavior and health in developing countries using data collected for the etween the provisions of information on the level of arsenic in tu e well water raised the perception of health risks and the choice of the source of drinking water. Widespread awareness of the health risks of arsenic as well as adverse cumulative prolonged e?posure. ;ealth risks have risen sharply in the level of arsenic and also help to e?plain the decision to switch to other sources of drinking water when the power source is dangerous. Kadir et al. "$%%2' concluded that the M97# region has the possi ility of reuse of wastewater, ut few countries in the region have een a le to implement a wastewater reuse programs and su stantial. !he ma-or constraints leading to the apparently slow and uneven

)+

reuse of wastewater areD lack of information on the state of the reuse or disposal of wastewater and associated environmental and health effectsE incomplete analysis 9conomic wastewater treatment and reuse options, usually limited to the analysis of financial feasi ility, high costs and low returns to develop collection systems and wastewater treatment plants, sewage, lack of wastewater treatment and reuse mechanisms for cost recovery and the lack of willingness to support programs for wastewater treatmentE mismatch etween water prices and water scarcity regional preference for wastewater in freshwater, and ineffective management systems of irrigation and water undermine the potential for reuse of wastewater. ;owever, some countries such as !unisia, Hordan and Israel have policies in place that address wastewater through a range of instruments. =olicymakers in these countries consider that the use of treated wastewater to e an essential aspect of strategic planning and water and wastewater management. =eople cannot do, ut eating raw vegeta les or ulging with food or another, ecause it is a source of vitamins and proteins. #dams et al. "$%)%' said that vegeta les are water loving plants efore they can e grown, the source of water should e taken into consideration. Most su sistence activities depend on the availa ility of water. ;owever, in many arid and semiCarid regions of the world, fresh water is a scarce resource. !he fresh surface water is generally availa le in sufficient quantities during the rainy season. Fut the rainy season lasts for & months during which rainfall can e erratic, necessitating irrigation. Irrigation water is also necessary for the long dry season. .roundwater can e e?pensive to access ecause of low water ta les translate into high costs associated with drilling wells and pumping water. In the search for alternative sources of water to support livelihoods are therefore essential to the issue of poverty reduction. 7ear municipal wastewater facilities are often availa le throughout the year in sufficient quantities. .roundwater is an essential and vital part of our life support system. Herome and =ius, "$%)%', deterioration of groundwater quality due to anthropogenic activities geo genie and attracted attention ecause it is the main source of spare domestic and drinking water. .roundwater samples from selected wells were analyzed for ma-or physicoCchemical attri utes y adopting standard methods #=;#. W;< was used in the study of the health of the inha itants of the villages along the industrial area, the quality of life correlate with an

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inde? of water quality measured using nine parameters of quality water. =earson correlation was performed to find the relationship etween IK9 and quality of life. 9gun "$%)%' said that rapid ur anization, lack of financial resources for the adequate protection of the environment has led to an increase in production of sewage and to raise awareness of the dangers caused y poor wastewater management on the environment. !here is an urgent need to allocate sufficient funds to solve the pro lem of shortage of drinking more water to develop a pu licCprivate partnership. /oria "$%)%' conducted research on the factors that influence pu lic perceptions of quality of drinking water and concluded that a etter understanding of the process y the pu lic can contri ute to improvements in the management of water, services to consumers, the accepta ility of water reuse and risk communication, among others. It addresses some of the main varia les involved in the pu lic perception of drinking water quality. It is suggested that perceptions of water quality results from a comple? interaction of various factors. In many cases, the estimation of water quality is mainly influenced y the properties of several owners, distinctive flavor. Bome factors influence perceptions of quality. !hese include perceptions of risk, attitudes towards water chemicals, familiarity with the specific properties of water, trust in providers and the information provided y the media and interpersonal sources. 7onCpota le water is a growing concern among communities of the world. It is, however, very distur ing questions for densely populated countries like Fangladesh. #tiqul et al. "$%)%' have revealed a growing concern for water supply and purity that can e attri uted to two main factors. :irst, water is consumed internally and secondly, it is used in large quantities y the diversity of industries process. 5ife is uilt around water and water is important contains essential as safe for use. Man needs a out ).02 liters of water per day for drinking. Moreover, it is also vital that a large volume of water is availa le to support the food chain man of the earth to the stomach. It has een estimated that a significant percent of the drinking water is polluted y o taining various organic and inorganic materials. <rganic materials that are responsi le for the contamination of water, fecal wastes poultry and livestock, pesticides, her icides and many industrial wastes, minerals "including to?ic metals such as lead, copper, etc.' and iological agents such as acteria, viruses, fungi, algae, etc.

),

#fter the work of the sachet water contamination in neigh oring countries and Bouth #frica, <malu et al. "$%)%' showed that an adequate supply of fresh drinking water and clean is a asic need for all human eings. Water users are often unaware of the potential risks to health associated with e?posure to water orne contaminants that often leads to diseases like diarrhea, cholera, dysentery, typhoid fever, the disease 5egionnaire and parasitic diseases. Inadequate water supply line sent to 7igeria is a growing pro lem, following a practical people to uy water from vendors and ags and water ottles have ecome an important source of drinking water. Well, porta le and afforda le, the pro lems of its purity and other health pro lems egan to emerge. Bachet water have een reported to contain acteria such as Facillus sp., =seudomonas sp., Kle siella sp., Btreptococcus sp., #nd oocysts of 8ryptosporidium sp. #part from environmental contaminants, improper storage and handling y suppliers pose a serious threat to the health of consumers ignorant. #hmad et al. "$%)%' concluded that the overtime availa ility of water per capita in the world and in =akistan has decreased. Water sources are depleted and ecome polluted as a result, now the water has ecome a scarce commodity. #s a result, the inadequate water supply, sanitation and hygiene are rooting significant environmental degradation and damage to health in the country. !his study was undertaken to analyze the e?tent of awareness, perception, practices and the demand for pota le water. !he study also developed ;;s Willingness to pay "W!=' for improved water quality and services in the district of =eshawar 7W:=, =akistan. =rimary data were collected from +), ;;s which consists of $&,, household mem ers =eshawar district. !he school, e?posure to mass media, ;; income and the emergence of diarrheal diseases were used to measure the response of ;;B to the health risks associated with water contaminate. In addition, to determine the pu lic accepta ility the pu lic and private sector as service providers, ;; were asked two separate questions a out their ma?imum willingness to pay for improved water system y one. !he ;;B sample, @0.& percent were willing to accept improved system of water supplied y the government while eing relatively less ;;s ",,.1 percent' were 8#= in the case of a private company, the supplier services. It should e noted that according to sample a out @1 percent ;;s were not using any method for the purification of water in their homes in the district of =eshawar. !his empirical study showed that the role of consciousness in addition to the income constraint is the main determinants of the demand for pota le water.

)1

;asan et al. "$%)%' found that micro ial pathogens or contaminants in drinking water have een implicated in various gastrointestinal diseases that occurred in different parts of the country. Water orne pathogens cause a variety of diarrheal diseases. !he occurrence of these epidemics has alerted people to the dangers of drinking contaminated water and led research on ways to prevent the occurrence of water orne diseases. =u lic health authorities have not yet succeeded in controlling the diseases most common water orne =akistan and other developing countries. ;ammami et al. "$%)%', they were of the opinion that in any ur an system, there is an e?cess wastewater on drinking water, wastewater so that it can e used for irrigation or allowed recharge groundwater, is a technique that allows mi?ing ecology construction, and producing cities not only dura le, ut also green. If wetlands are created to provide this service, there is the possi ility of providing the comple?ity and resilience in the ur an ecosystem. :or e?ample, wetlands LfedL y the gray water could e esta lished even in a dwelling house or uilding. !he water from the treatment wetlands could then e used for irrigation for the gardens of others. ;ealth pro lem in ur an areas attract the attention of developing countries. Aounasi et al. "$%)%', the disappointing situation in terms of gar age collection and disposal. Indeed, the rapid development and uncontrolled town has led to a proliferation of independent household refuse collection systems and disposal in the city neigh oring hoods where these systems have a significant impact on the health of different populations.In this regard, these disposal methods can not e simply regarded as commodities, ut as nuisances health risks they impose on citizens are quite importants.5es cases of infectious diarrhea Lidentified in the city and whose prevalence is linked to the mismanagement of waste is the proof. !he use of groundwater sources shallow for drinking and other domestic purposes is a common feature in many lowCincome communities in developing countries. !erngu et al. "$%)%' generally, the well is a hole is dug, drilled, driven or drilled into the ground at least ), meters depth from which water is e?tracted as needed. Fecause of the depth and structure of the shallow well contamination y organic and inorganic compounds is a ma-or concern. 8ontamination y chemical elements such as = , 8d, 8r, :, #s, 8u and Mn may occur in these waters, with resulting health risks for consumers. :or e?ample, after many years of use or drinking water from wells drilled in the area of the >ift Galley in 9thiopia, dental and

)@

skeletal fluorosis has ecome a serious pro lem. !his pro lem is not unique to 9thiopia, ut also in many other parts of the world as well, including 8hina, India, Bri 5anka and !hailand. Btudies on groundwater quality in southCwestern 7igeria revealed that the wells in the su ur s of two cities, I adan and 5agos have water of very poor quality, including unaccepta le levels of nitrate nitrogen and ammonia, attri uted to local sites of disposal. <koye and 7yiatagher reported a etter quality of groundwater in . oko, a city with a relatively low status in the ur an center of 7igeria, where the underlying soil is a fine sand to provide adequate filtration for infiltration >ainwater charger. Mouratidis et al. "$%)%' said the growing demand for water, prolonged drought and human influence in natural resources that threaten the quantity and quality of water resources, emphasize the importance of sound management and e?ploitation of water resources in terms of sustaina le development of an area. !he purpose of this study is the application of procedures for the management and sustaina le development of water resources in the asin .revenitis, using information systems gMographique. Fassin drainage .revenitis is part of the larger watershed of the #liakmon river. It is located in the central part of the pit Mesohellenic. !he study reveals the capacity itself, the dependence of the pelvic region .revenitis in covering total water needs and new opportunities for sustaina le development in the region with the use of surface water and river .revenitis groundwater aquifer formed in the =lioC=leistocene sediments, which overlay on molasse sediments waterproof. ;e also showed the important contri ution of .IB technology with the creation of data ases for monitoring different parameters with their changes and convenience for the direct drawing thematic maps. !he evaluation of quality parameters of drinking water highlights findings and recommendations useful to help and improve the monitoring of the current quality of the water and protective measures. Feaumais "$%)%', using a single crossCsectional sample of )% <98/ countries, we estimate the willingness to pay for a etter quality of tap water. !he overall sample, households are willing to pay @.,3 of the average annual water ill to improve the quality of tap water. !he greater willingness to pay compared to the est quality tap water was found in the countries with the highest percentage of respondents are dissatisfied with the quality of tap water due to health pro lems. !he median willingness to pay in Me?ico, Korea and Italy was estimated at )%.)3, 1.&3 and 0.03 of the average water ill. !he marginal willingness

)0

to pay increases with income, education, environmental concerns, trust in government information and specific concerns of water quality. Bkipton et al. "$%))' stated that groundwater is LhiddenL resources stored in the spaces or voids, called pores etween the particles of sand, gravel, earth and rock. # layer of sand, gravel, earth or rock, which is saturated, which means all the pores are filled with water, and capa le of transmitting groundwater in sufficient quantities to meet the soCcalled an aquifer . .roundwater supplies almost all drinking water in rural 7e raska. It is essential that the quality of ground water and surface water resources must e protected. It is particularly important to protect the water supply in your area, a farm or ranch. 5ayers of soil, sand and gravel a ove the aquifer to provide some ut not complete protection against contamination. Aour .roundwater can e contaminated when pollution sources are not carefully managed. Identify highCrisk activities can help you decide where to use limited financial resources to resolve potential pro lems. =romoting knowledge and use of prudent management, you can significantly reduce the risk of contamination of the water, often with little or no cost or effort. ;e can e concluded after analyzing the study Kausar et al. "$%))' that access to clean drinking water is a asic human right, ut unlike reality, =akistan and water sanitation sector is ignored. # large num er of people in =akistan do not have access to drinking water ecause suffering from diarrheal disease. !hey found that socioCeconomic characteristics were one of the risk factors of diarrheal diseases as it was concluded that there was a significant relationship etween socioCeconomic characteristics of the type of family household income mother(s education, health and performance. Fased on the whole, it was also noted that families who have adopted measures to improve the quality of drinking water at home had lower risk of diarrheal diseases. It was suggested that policy makers should formulate policies for the effective management of limited water resources and quality. #fter having a thorough research on the assessment of water quality in the wells Fepanda Kuarter /-uikom et al. "$%))' found that users of the wells studied were in danger ecause of diseases associated with water. !his requires a rapid response to mitigate the socioCeconomic and health water orne diseases in ur an communities. In addition, the study showed the challenges of health and water resources in 8ameroon and pro a ly other developing countries.

)2

:rancis and :irestone "$%))' concluded that the movement for water -ustice relies on equipment environmental -ustice and human rights as conceptual tools in the struggle to achieve universal access to safe drinking water, ut it is interesting to note that the two concepts are analytically distinct. !he human right to water refers to a fundamental right to underlying resource environment and universal right e?tends to all persons y virtue of eing human, while environmental -ustice refers to disproportionate environmental impact of a group of discrete population. !his impact could take the form of the imposition of environmental urden, such as unfair e?posure to drinking water, or denial of a enefit to the environment, such as inequita le access to sufficient drinking water. In the discourse of -ustice practitioner(s water, however, environmental in-ustice and environmental human rights violations converge ecause it is politically marginalized populations around the world who suffer particularly from this violence human rights, lack of access to drinking water, drinking water afforda le'. !echnical system for drinking water is an essential element of ur an infrastructure. 8ieslak "$%))' reported that the operation of this system is interconnected with a risk of failure. !he main pro lem of the risk analysis of network failures of water pipes is the uncertainty of the information collected on the description of the failure. In this way, there is an urgent need to design and develop and integrated mechanism to provide etter support services to the eneficiaries concerned * water consumption using human resources and technical e?pertise of the financial health engineering =u lic and Municipal 8orporation of target areas. ;u et al. "$%))' found that U.B. !he consumption of ottled water is increasing worldwide. =revious research has shown that many consumers elieve that ottled water is convenient and tastes etter than tap water, despite reports of a num er of incidents of water quality with water ottle. ;u e?plore #merican social and demographic factors associated with users of ottled water in the United Btates and the relationship etween the consumption of ottled water and perceptions of the quality of the local water supply. 8onsumers are more likely to report ottled water as their primary source of drinking water when they perceive that drinking water is not safe. In addition, those who give lower ratings to the quality of groundwater are likely to uy water regularly for the ottle and use it as a primary source of drinking water.

$%

=8>W> "$%))' concluded that the quality of water is deteriorating due to iological contamination of human waste, chemical pollutants from industries and agricultural inputs.>unning water also ecomes contaminated ecause pipes are laid very close to sewerage lines or open drains and cause many serious diseases transmitted y water. It was found that &,3 of infant deaths were attri uted to diarrhea and a out 1%3 of all water orne diseases in =akistan. #ccording to the World ;ealth <rganization "W;<' $,C+%3 diseases are gastrointestinal in nature. !he poor quality of drinking water has forced a large section of citizens to uy ottled water. #s a result of this growing market growth of fungi in the ottled water industry in the country has e?perienced over the past few years. ;owever, most mineral water companies were found selling contaminated water. !o monitor and improve the quality of ottled water, the government of =akistan has designated the agency =8>W> focal point. # study y >azzolini "$%))' reported that confirm the vulnera ility of water supply systems in irregular neigh orhoods, where people are e?posed to environmental risk factors such as water orne pathogens capa le of causing diarrheal diseases and other diseases. !he technical asis for improving intervention measures aimed at improving the quality of life of people living in periCur an areas with similar conditions. WK>#, "$%))' found that the Bafe /rinking Water #ct $%)) was adopted y the =arliament of Bouth #ustralia !uesday, May )@ this year. !he law provides specific legislation quality of drinking water in Bouthern #ustralia and replaces sections of the :ood #ct $%%) and :ood >egulations $%%$ for Bouth #ustralia, which previously covered supply drinking water. !he Ministry of ;ealth will e primarily responsi le for the administration of the #ct.Bpecific regulations necessary for the implementation of the #ct will e developed in consultation with stakeholders in the coming months. >egulation of packaging remain under the :ood #ct Water Kuality >esearch #ustralia "'. It can e concluded from literature that the ma-ority of the world population suffers from diseases transmitted through water using nonCpota le water. !he literature also shows that the ma-ority of people lack awareness on the use of nonCpota le water. It is an esta lished fact that families using water quality are less likely to suffer from diarrhea and other pro lems for those who use the quality of drinking water. !herefore, the perception of ottled water and

$)

the community a out the risk factors associated with the use of nonCpota le water is important to educate communities.

$$

Chapter 3 Research Methodolo y

!he main o -ective of methodology is to e?plain various tools and techniques used for data collection, data analysis and interpretation of data related to research pro lem. #ccording to 7achmias and 7achmias ")22$' 4!he Bcientific methodology is a Bystem of e?plicit rules and procedures upon which research is ased and against which claims for knowledge are evaluated6. >esearch tools and techniques differ from discipline to discipline and researchers also have specific iases in research. !here are many approaches and different study designs are used to inquire different questions. Kualitative research is a naturalistic and interpretive approach that seeks to discuss and e?plain how and why people act and make decisions. Kuantitative research seeks to identify determinants or relationships in a sample that can e assumed and assessed to e true of the population from which the sample is drawn. Bome of them prefer qualitative approaches or vice versa. Ma-ority of times a study that claims only qualitative data or solely quantitative data, misses the rich te?ture of interpretation that an integrated approach makes it possi le. =rimary data sources were used for data collection. !he sequence of methodology to conduct research for quantitative and qualitative data collection and for estimation is descri ed in terms of study design, the universe of study, selection of respondents, sampling procedure, sample size, development of questionnaire and data analysis techniques.

!he "niverse and #amplin $

#ccording to 7arain "$%%@', 4In social research as in everyday life, when we gather information a out a few cases and seek to make -udgment a out a much larger num ers of cases.6 !he factors of time cost and physical limitations usually play an important role in social researches. !herefore it is more economical and efficient to ase studies on sample rather to study the entire universe. :or this purpose universe of present study was /... Khan 8ity. #ccording to district administration, there are &) union councils in !ehsil /... Khan. Ur an union councils are @ and +& elongs to rural areas. Multistage sampling technique was used for the selection of )1% respondents. #t first stage, & ur an union councils "U8&, U8,, U81 and U8@' from total $+

@ ur an union councils were selected randomly, Becond stage, 0 locks "$ from each union council' namely Flock H, lock ;, lock # and 8 of Khay an e Barwar, lock y, lock z, lock ) and lock $ were selected randomly :inally at third stage, $% respondents from each lock were selected y using systematic sampling technique.

Respondent Criteria
),C$2 years males I female were considered as the respondents of this study.

%ata Collection
!he data was collected through interview schedule.

&retestin
In order to determine the research worka ility of the interview schedule, it was preC tested on ten conveniently selected respondents of ur an union councils of !ehsil /era .hazi khan. #s a result of preCtesting, some new questions were added and minor modifications were introduced in questions. !he preCtesting cases were not included in the analysis of data presented in the ne?t chapter.

Interview #chedule
!he interview schedule was prepared to get information y keeping in view the research o -ectives. !he data was collected through personal interview. Fefore starting the interview it was deemed necessary to rapport with respondents y e?plaining the purpose of research. !he researcher got familiar with the respondents through the key informant. !he researchers collect data from $nd of Beptem er $%)$, to $&th of Beptem er $%)$. !he interviewing schedule was constructed in 9nglish ut interview was conducted in Urdu and Baraiki, to facilitate the respondents in their response.

'ield ()perience
In ma-ority of cases, a lot of time was spent in e?plaining the purpose of research to the respondents, as they were suspicious a out purpose of such data collection. !he researcher himself conducted all the interviews. >espondents were individually interviewed. $&

Bome difficulties were faced during interviewing. Ma-ority of them felt that the information eing collected y a government department and news reporter and ecause of this they did not cooperate. ;owever, the dou ts were removed y e?plaining them that the information collected would e used only for educational purposes.

#amplin
#ccording to 8haudhry ")220' 4# sample is a part or su set of population. .enerally, it consists of some of the o servations ut in certain situations, it may include the whole the population. !he num ers of o servations included in a sample is called size of sample. !ime and cost are usually limited factors in social research. It is therefore more emotional and efficient to ase studies on sample rather than to study the entire universe. :or the present study a sample of )1% respondents was selected through multistage sampling technique.

Conceptuali*ation
Hohn "$%))' descri e of a general idea response to a description of a concept according to Hohn, a general idea is created y a stracting, drawing a way, or removing the uncommon characteristic in that which a similar to all of the different individuals. :or e?ample, the a stract general idea or concept that is designated y the word 4red6 is that characteristic which is common to apples, cherries, and lood. 8onceptualization is much more difficult in social cause as compared to other discipline, ecause some concepts are sometimes used with different meanings y different researchers.

#ocio + (conomic #tatus

;assan et al., "$%%$' e?plained that the socioCeconomic status normally reflect the ehavior of an individual that measures father occupation se?, age and religious affiliation as the main indicators for the determining of socioCeconomic status. #ccording to Khall and /evis ")22,' socioCeconomic status means a comple? of attitudes that is interrelated ut does not a single dimension. It refers to one(s standing within a society and relation to others. It is comple? concepts different scholars have define it differently. $,

In the present study the following indicators were of socio economic status was used 9ducation #ge <ccupation Income :amily type

i,

(ducation$

#ccording to ;ilton "$%%2' education means a wide variety of things to different people. :or some, education is something that is done in a classroom on the road to creating a career. :or others, education involves the gaining of life e?perience. :or still others, education can mean the persistent gathering of knowledge. !he education of mothers creates a deep impression on the atmosphere of the family. In the present study education has een recognized as the total num er of years of schooling completed y respondents in educational institution. 9ducation of respondents was taken as one of the indicates of familes, socio economic factors. !he educational categories were as followD i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. Illiterate =rimary Middle Matric Intermediate # ove Intermediate

$1

ii,

- e$

#ge is one of the important varia les in any social research. It refers to the num er of completed years lived y respondents at the time of interview. It was clearly ased upon the respondents reply "7aveed, $%))'. In the present study the respondent age is divided into these categories. a. Up to ), . )1C+% c. +)C,% d. ,) and a ove

iii, Occupation
<ccupation is the element of socioCeconomic status. Individual regardless of the working places has defined occupation, where work if perform to earn his livelihood. <ccupation refers to a -o "role', a regular activity performed for payment that occupies one(s time "Wikipedia, $%)$'. )' 7o occupation $' .ovt sector +' Fussiness &' =rivate -o

iv,

Income

Income is the sum of all the wages, salaries, profits, interests, payments, rents and other forms of earnings received in a given period of time "8ase I :air, $%%@'. Income is very important varia le which esta lishes economic status of an individual. It often acts as a factor responsi le for creating and maintenance of ehavior patterns and also reflects attitude of people towards different aspects of life in the present study the income of respondents was categorized as under. In the present study, income meant the total gross earning of the respondents(s parents from land as well as from all other sources. !he monthly income has categorized intoD $@

I. II. III. IG.

Up to )%,%%% )%%%)C$%%%% $%%%)C+%%%% # ove +%%%%

v,

'amily !ype

:amily is a group of intimate people emotionally involved and related either y lood, marriage or adoption, responsi le for reproduction and rearing of children, living together "8haudry, )20&'. !he categories of family for present study were nuclear family, -oint family and e?tended family.

a, .uclear 'amily <rdinarily 7nclear type of family consists of a parents couple and their children. Fy 7uclear family here the researcher meant hus and, wife and there are unmarried children living together "Magill, )22,'. b, /oint 'amily !he -oint family is a mode of com ining smaller families into larger family units through the e?tention of three or more generation including at least grant parents, parents and children. "/ua, $%)$'. c, ()tended 'amily 9?tended family consist of all lood relatives i.e. grandparents to grand children. #ll married and unmarried are included "Magill, )22,'.

$0

0nowled e$
Knowledge is a familiarity with someone or something, which can include facts, information, description or skills acquired through e?perience and education. It can refer to a theoretical or practical understanding of a su -ect "<?ford dictionaries, $%)$'.

-nalysis of %ata
're1uency distribution !he data that have een coded and prepared for automatic processing are now ready for analysis. !he first task is to conduct frequency distri utions to e?amine the pattern of responses to each of the independent and dependent varia les under investigation. # frequency distri ution of a single varia le sometimes referred to as a uniCvariate frequency distri ution, is the frequency of o servation in each category of a varia le. !o construct a frequency distri ution, a researcher simply lists the categories of the varia le and counts the no. of o servation in each. It gives a standard form of a uniCvariate frequency distri ution.

&ercenta e$
=ercentages were worked out in simple and cross ta les for the purpose of making comparisons. !he formula used to calculate the percentage is an under. : = N CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC ? )%% Where =N :N 7N =ercentage :requency !otal num ers of frequencies 7

$2

Chapter 2 R(#"3!# -.% %I#C"##IO.

!he purpose of this chapter is to present analysis and interpretation of data relating to the research pro lems under investigation. UniCvariate analysis deals with the analysis of the socioCeconomic characteristics of the respondents and community perception regarding socioCeconomic factors and pro lems of unsafe drinking water.

4".I-5-RI-!( -.-36#I#7 #ocio-(conomic and %emo raphic Information of the Respondents

BocioC9conomic and /emographic characteristics of the respondents like age, education, income play an important role regarding use of unsafe drinking water. !he data relating to these aspects presented and discussed as underD

- e
#ge is an important factor in determining the ehavior of human eing. It indicates the a ility to do work and attitude of person towards various social and economic aspect of life. #ge refers to the num er of years completed y an individual since his irth. #ge factor is very important to influence one(s ehaviorE it widens the vision of an individual through e?perience. !he respondents were asked a out their age and data in this regard is presented in !a le ). #s there were many people who told a out their livings. :rom their living ratios it has een noted that distri ution of the respondent according to their age @+.) percent of the respondents had )1C+% years of age, while $1.2 percent of the respondents had +)C,% years of age. !he iggest percentage of people was in etween )1C+%. !able 1$ %istribution of the respondents accordin to their a e 're1uency ))@ &+ )1% &ercenta e @+.) $1.2 )%%.% - e )1C+% +)C,% !otal (ducation$

+%

7ow a days education or qualification is very important for peoples, everyone wants to learn more and more. #s we know that 8Buccess of a country depends upon the qualification of its persons.6 Bo, education level is descri ed in the ta le no $ which shows that &&.& percent of the respondents were intermediate ,,.1 percent of the respondents were graduation. !able 2$ %istribution of the respondents accordin to their 1ualifications 9ualification Inter .raduate !otal 6ears livin in the area$ #s we know that 8Man is a social animal. : ;e moves from one area to another in the search of etter facilities and environment. !he ta le shows that $@.,3 of the respondents were living at /. .. Khan from up to , years. 2.&3 of the respondents were living from 1C)% years. 1+.)3 of the respondents were living from ))C)1 years. !able 3$ %istribution of the respondents accordin to their years of livin in area 6ears of livin in the area Up to , years 1C)% )1 I # ove !otal ;ouse type$ :ood, fi er and shelter are asic necessities for human eings. !he type of houses was e?plored and the data regarding type of houses is shown in the ta le ,. Bo, 0.@3 of the respondents were living in semi concrete house type. 2).+3 of the respondents were living in concrete house type. 're1uency && ), )%) )1% &ercenta e $@., 2.& 1+.) )%%.% 're1uency @) 02 )1% &ercenta e &&.& ,,.1 )%%.%

!able 2$ %istribution of the respondents accordin to their type of house !ype house Bemi concrete 're1uency )& +) &ercenta e 0.@

8oncrete !otal Marital #tatus$

)&1 )1%

2).+ )%%.%

>espondents are categorized according to their marital status. ,&.&3 of the respondents were unmarried. <nly &,.,3 of the respondents were married. !able <$ %istribution of the respondents accordin to their marital status Marital status Unmarried Married !otal 're1uency 0@ @+ )1% &ercenta e ,&.& &,.1 )%%.%

'amily structure$ In the present situation persons like to live together. !hat(s why ma-ority of the respondents are the mem er of the -oint family. !his is ecause of their cooperation with each other. While on the other hand a separate family can e faced a lot of pro lems. !hat(s why the ma-ority of the persons like to live in a -oint way instead of 7uclear. !able =$ %istribution of the respondents accordin to their family type 'amily type 7uclear Hoint !otal 're1uency +% )+% )1% &ercenta e )0.@ 0).+ )%%.%

Children$

+$

8hildren are the precious gift of the .od. !he results are given in the ta le no @ which shows that the ma-ority of the respondents have children and a few respondents have no children. :rom this, I concluded that most of the respondents were married. Bimilar results presented y .ovt. of =akistan "$%))', the fertility decline started around )200 with a reduction of appro?imately two children per woman in each decade through $%%% and later years, the su sequent decade $%%%C$%%2 has seen a slowing of the fertility transition with a fall from &.0$ a out &.%. !he percentage of the respondents that had children was &,.13. !he percentage of the person "who has no children' did not have any children was ,&.&3. Bomeone has said that 8# a y is .odOs opinion that the world should go on.6 !able >$ %istribution of the respondents accordin to their children Children 7ot applica le Aes !otal .umber of male children$ Bocieties like =akistan is male dominant society most of the people like male children. !he a ove ta le gives the results that most of the respondents had no male children. !here might e the possi ility of female children ut according to the statement ma-ority of the respondents did not have male children. #fter this, most of the respondents had )C+ children. !he percentage of the respondents that had )C+ male children was )0.@3. !he percentage of the respondents that had &C1 male children was 2.+3. !he percentage of the children that had @ and a ove children was )@.,3. !he percentage of those respondents who did not give any answer was ,&.&3. 're1uency 0@ @+ )1% &ercenta e ,&.& &,.1 )%%.%

!able ?$ %istribution of the respondent accordin to their number of male children Male children 're1uency ++ &ercenta e

7ot applica le )C+ &C1 @ and a ove !otal .umber of female children$

0@ +% ), $0 )1%

,&.& )0.@ 2.+ )@., )%%.%

/aughter is the lessing of .od. !he ta le no 2 reveals that the ma-ority of the respondents had )C+ female children. !he percentage of the respondents that had )C+ female children was 2.&3. !he percentage of the respondents that had &C1 female children was )@.,3. Bome of the respondents although they married ut still have no female child that percentage are )0.03. !able @$ %istribution of the respondents accordin to their number of female children 'emale children 7ot applica le 7o female child )C+ &C1 !otal 're1uency 0@ +% ), $0 )1% &ercenta e ,&.& )0.0 2.& )@., )%%.%

!otal male family members$ Male persons are the uilding lock of the family. !he male mem ers can only support their family. !he elow ta le shows that most of the families had @C2 male mem ers. !he economy of a family depends upon the income of the male mem ers. <ne should e kept in mind that only working male mem ers can support their family. !he percentage of the respondents that had )C+ male family mem ers was )0.)3. !he percentage of the respondents that had &C1 male family mem ers was )0.)3. !he percentage of the respondents that had @C2 male family mem ers was ,&.&3. !he percentage of the respondents that had )% and a ove family mem ers was 2.&3. !able 1A$ %istribution of the respondents accordin to their total male family members

+&

!otal male family members )C+ &C1 @C2 )% and a ove !otal !otal female family member$

're1uency $2 $2 0@ ), )1%

&ercenta e )0.) )0.) ,&.& 2.& )%%.%

:emales play an important role in a family like males. !he cooperation of females develops a family. !he elow ta le shows that most of the respondents had + female mem ers. We know that the enhanced female mem ers can e a urden to a family. !here may cause the social and economical pro lems. !he percentage of the respondents that had no female family mem er was 2.&3. !he percentage of the respondents that had one female family mem er was 2.&3. !he percentage of the respondents that had $ family mem ers was )0.%3. !he percentage of the respondents that had + female family mem ers was ,+.03. !he percentage of the respondents that had & female family mem ers was 2.&3. !able 11$ member %istribution of the respondents accordin 're1uency ), ), $2 01 ), )1% to their total female family &ercenta e 2.& 2.& )0.% ,+.0 2.& )%%.%

'emale family members % ) $ + & !otal

.umber of economically -ctive persons$ 4!he economical condition of a family depends upon its earning hands6. !he elow ta le shows that most of the respondents had one person in their family to support themselves economically. !he earning person faces a lot of pro lems. !he percentage of those respondents that had one earning hand was ,&.&3. !he percentage of those respondents +,

whose family had two economically active mem ers and a ove economically active was $0.)3. #ccording to a =akistan survey .ovt. of =akistan said "$%)$' >eal ./= growth for $%))C)$ has een estimated at +.@ percent as compared to +.% percent in the previous fiscal year $%)). !able 12$ %istribution of the respondents accordin to their number of economically activity (arnin hands ) $ + I # ove !otal Major source of monthly income level$ Income is the only thing that supports a man to meet his e?penditures. !he elow ta le shows that the most of the respondents were the private -o . In private -o earning package is more than the .ovt. -o . Bo, ma-ority of the two third respondents earning through private -o . !he percentage of those respondents that had #griculture as a main source of monthly income was 2.&3. !he percentage of those respondents that had .ovt. -o s as a main source of income was $1.$3. 're1uency 0@ $0 &, )1% &ercenta e ,&.& )@., $0.) )%%.%

!able 13$ %istribution of the respondents accordin to their major source of monthly income Major income source #griculture .overnment -o 're1uency ), )%+ +1 &ercenta e 2.& $1.$

=rivate -o !otal Income level$

&$ )1%

1&.& )%%.%

9very person has a desire to increase his income level so that he might e a le to live a prosper life. !he elow ta le shows that most of the respondents have )%%%)C$%%%%. !his shows that most of the respondents were working as .ovt. servants. !he percentage of those respondents that had income up to )%%%% was 0.03* !he percentage of those respondents that had income of )%%%)C$%%%% was &1.+3. !he percentage of those respondents that had income of $%%%)C+%%%% was )0.)3. !he percentage of those respondents that had income of a ove +%%%% was $1.03. Bomeone has said that 4# roken heart is a very pleasant complaint for a man in 5ondon if he has a comforta le income.6 !able 12$ %istribution of the respondents accordin to their income level Income level Up to )%%%% )%%%)C$%%%% $%%%)C+%%%% # ove +%%%% !otal 're1uency )& @& $2 &+ )1% &ercenta e 0.0 &1.+ )0.) $1.0 )%%.%

#atisfaction with income level$ # man should e satisfied y its income sources ecause it is the amount that ena les him to meet his e?penses. !he ta le shows that most of the respondents are satisfied with their income level. !he percentage of the respondents who were satisfied with their +@

income was @+.)3. !he percentage of the respondents who were not satisfied with their income was $1.23. #s we know that 4Income is the only source that can survive a person in this cruel world.6 !able 1<$ %istribution of the respondents accordin to their satisfaction with income #atisfied with income Aes 7o !otal 're1uency ))@ &+ )1% &ercenta e @+.) $1.2 )%%.%

#ource of water$ 4Water is the necessity of life.6 5ife cannot e possi le without water. !he a ove ta le shows that most of the respondents were supplied y water y the source of motor. #ctually, the people wanted to get water without doing any work. Bo, they had made the connection of motor in their own houses. :rom this, they could get water any time they want. !he percentage of those respondents who got water from motor was &,.13. !he percentage of those respondents who got water from pipe line was $@.,3. !he percentage of those respondents who got water from filtration was )0.)3. !he percentage of those respondents who got water from ground water sources was 0.03. !ore "$%%)' reported that there is a need for 4drastic measures to improve water, sanitation and hygiene condition for all our peoples.6

!able 1=$ %istribution of the respondents accordin to their source of water #ource of water Motor 're1uency @+ +0 &ercenta e &,.1

=ipe line :iltration .round water !otal

&& $2 )& )1%

$@., )0.) 0.0 )%%.%

&umpin for safe drinBin water$ 8ontaminated water is the end of life. It can cause a lot of diseases. !he elow ta le shows that most of the people were disagreed with the supply of water y pumping. !hey thought that from this process the pure water was contaminated that cause a lot of diseases. !he percentage of those respondents who thought that from pumping we could get safe water was +1.$3. !he percentage of those respondents who were not satisfied with the statement was 1+.03. =akCB89# "$%%1', a out 0%3 of =un-a has fresh groundwater, with some saline water in the south and in desert areas. !able 1>$ %istribution of the respondents accordin to their opinion that pumpin is ood for safe drinBin water &umpin for safe drinBin Aes 7o !otal 're1uency ,0 )%$ )1% &ercenta e +1.$ 1+.0 )%%.%

.raphical presentation of the respondents according to their opinion that pumping is good for safe drinking water is given elow.

+2

'i , 1$ Craphical presentation of the respondents accordin pumpin is ood for safe drinBin water Dater condition$

to their opinion that

!his is the common o servation that the foul water has a ad taste. !he ta le shows that most of the respondents had found the ad taste of water got y the process of pumping. !he percentage of those respondents who thought that such water had ad taste was ,+.03. !he percentage of those respondents who were not satisfied with the statement was &1.$3. Bomeone has said that 49verything is the mi?ture of water6 !he contamination water has a ad smell due to the presence of impurities in it. !he a ove ta le shows that the most of the respondents were agreed that the contaminated water had a ad smell. !he contaminated water had a ad smell also. !he percentage of those respondents who thought that such water had ad smell was @+.)3. !he percentage of those respondents who were not satisfied with the statement was $1.23. !he acute stage of contaminated water is called gray water. !he elow ta le shows that the respondents were disagreed with the statement that the ad water had gray water. !he percentage of the respondents who were not satisfied with the statement was )%%3. Water is the liquid form which is highly appreciated. We know that life is not possi le without water. !he a ove ta le shows that none of the respondent was agreed that there was any other source of getting pure water from pumping. !he percentage of those respondents who were not agreed with the statement was )%%3.

&%

!he W;< estimates that a ma-ority i.e ,@.,3 of respondents were adopted any measures to improve the quality of drinking water and &$.,3 of respondents never adopted any measures to improve the quality of drinking water. !he W;< estimates that etter access to clean water could have dramatic impact on improving health staggering )%3 of the glo al diseases urden could e prevented y simple measure such as increasing safe access to clean drinking water. #n additional $.1 million lack adequate sanitation services. It is estimated that over $ illion people will e affected y water scarcity y the year $%$, "W;<, $%%2'. #ccording to .ovt. of =akistan "$%%2' said that the /. .. Khan district people, in general, are poor and e?perience high levels of mortality, mor idity and disa ility. #n appropriately defined and maintained set of health indicators provides information for the ela oration of a relevant profile of the population(s health situation. In /istrict /. .. Khan, 0$3 of the population has access to safe drinking water while the sanitation facilities are availa le to &&3 of the population. !able 1?$ %istribution of the respondents accordin to the water condition Dater condition Ead !aste Response Aes 7o !otal Ead smell Aes 7o !otal 're1uency 01 @& )1% ))@ &+ )1% &ercenta e ,+.0 &1.$ )%%.% @+.) $1.2 )%%.%

.raphical presentation of condition of water is given elowD

&)

'i , 2$ Craphical presentation of condition of water

#ource for drinBin $ !he water which is used for drinking purpose should e pure. !he ta le shows that most of the respondents were agreed with the statement that the water which was used for drinking purpose y pumping was not safe and relia le. !he percentage of those respondents who were agreed with the statement to great e?tent was &,.13. !he percentage of those respondents who were agreed with the statement to some e?tent was ,&.&3.

!able 1@$ %istribution of the respondents accordin to their opinion that pumped water is safe for drinBin

&$

#ource for drinBin !o great e?tent !o some e?tent !otal

're1uency @+ 0@ )1%

&ercenta e &,.1 ,&.& )%%.%

-ccess to safe drinBin water$ =ure water is the necessity of life. 5ife can not possi le without pure water. !he ta le shows that the most of the respondents were strongly satisfied with the statement that with the supply of pure water the human health could e improved. :rom this, the spreading of disease can e controlled. !he percentage of those respondents who were strongly satisfied with the statement was &,.13. !he percentage of those respondents who were satisfied with the statement was &,.13. !he percentage of those respondents who were dissatisfied with the statement was 0.03. =an #merican ;ealth <rganization "=#;<, $%%)', a out @@ million people in the region lack access to drinking water supply and sanitation. !he ma-ority of people without access to services was poor and live in rural areas as well as in ur an areas. Waste water of a out $%0 million people released into recipient cells waters without treatment, causing serious pollution pro lems.

!able 2A$ %istribution of the respondents accordin to their opinion that access to safe drinBin water can improve human health

&+

-ccess to safe drinBin water Btrongly satisfied Batisfied /issatisfied !otal

're1uency

&ercenta e

@+ @+ )& )1%

&,.1 &,.1 0.0 )%%.%

.raphical presentation of the respondents according to their opinion that access to safe drinking water can improve human health is given elow.

'i , 3$ Craphical presentation of the respondents accordin to their opinion that access to safe drinBin water can improve human health

Ead health$

&&

#s we know that the main source of spreading of disease is the impure water. In /. .. Khan, this is the main pro lem. In few places, the pure water can e found. !he ta le shows that the ad health in the city /. .. Khan was due to the presence of impure water. !he percentage of those respondents who were agreed with the statement was 2).+3. !he percentage of those respondents who were not agreed with the statement was 0.@3 . 9gun "$%)%' said that rapid ur anization, lack of financial resources for the adequate protection of the environment has led to an increase in production of sewage and to raise awareness of the dangers caused y poor wastewater management on the environment. !here is an urgent need to allocate sufficient funds to solve the pro lem of shortage of drinking more water to develop a pu licCprivate partnership. !able 21$ %istribution of the respondents accordin to their opinion that poor 1uality of water is main cause of bad health Ead health Aes 7o !otal 're1uency )&1 )& )1% &ercenta e 2).+ 0.@ )%%.%

.raphical presentation of the respondents according to their opinion that poor quality of water is main cause of ad health is given elow.

&,

'i , 2$ Craphical presentation of the respondents accordin to their opinion that poor 1uality of water is main cause of bad health Cround water$ !he pure water is the lessing of .od. !he ta le shows that most of the respondents were strongly agreed that the most of the people were falling ill due to the ground water. .round water could cause a lot of disease. !he percentage of those respondents who were agreed with the statement was 0).23. !he percentage of those respondents who were not agreed with the statement was )0.)3. Hang 7ewspaper "$%%$' noted that scarcity and unhygienic drinking water has ecome a great pro lem more or less in all the ma-or cities of =akistan like Karachi, 5ahore, /era .hazi Khan, Multan, :aisala ad, =eshawar and even Islama ad. In most of the areas, the mi?ing of sewage water with fresh water is a main cause of diseases.

&1

!able 22$ %istribution of the respondents accordin to their opinion the round water cause diseases 'ell ill due to drinBin water Aes 7o !otal )+) $2 )1% 0).2 )0.) )%%.% 're1uency &ercenta e

%iseases faced by respondents$ Kidney stone is the result of impure water. !he ta le shows that the most of the respondents were strongly satisfied that the Kidney Btone was due to ground water. !his disease was very common in /. .. Khan. !he percentage of those respondents who were agreed with the statement was 2).+3. !he percentage of those respondents who were not agreed with the statement was 0.@3. .ood health is the gift of .od. !he ta le shows that the most of the respondents were agreed that most of the people were suffering with /iarrhea due to the supply of poor and contaminated water. !his disease was also very common in /. .. Khan. !he percentage of those respondents who were agreed with the statement was ,&.&3. !he percentage of those respondents who were not agreed with the statement was &,.13. .round water is the iggest source of causing serious diseases. !he ta le shows that the most of the respondents elieved that 8holera was spreading among the people due to the supply of contamination water. 8holera is the main disease which is spreading due to impure water. !his disease was very common in /. .. Khan. !he percentage of those respondents who were agreed with the statement was 2%.13. !he percentage of those respondents who were not agreed with the statement was 2.&3. 8ontamination of drinking water is the source of disease. !he ta le shows that the most of the respondents were strongly agreed that #llergy was spreading among the people due to the presence of contamination water. !his was the common disease in /. .. Khan. !he percentage of those respondents who were agreed with the statement was 2%.13. !he percentage of those respondents who were not agreed with the statement was 2.&3. We know that 4Impure water is a curse ,: !he ta le &@

shows that the most of the respondents were strongly satisfied with the statement that most of the people were suffering with 9czema. !his is the perfect disease which is caused y impure water. !his disease was also common in /. .. Khan. !he percentage of those respondents who were satisfied with the statement was )%%3. Impure water is the main cause of infection. !he ta le shows that the most of the respondents were strongly satisfied with the statement that the most of the people were suffering with the typhoid due to the presence of impure water. !his disease was also common in /. .. Khan. !he percentage of those respondents who were strongly satisfied with the statement was )%%3. !he main cause of disease from contamination water is due to the presence of acteria. !he ta le shows that the most of the respondents were strongly agreed with the statement that the most of the diseases were occurring due to the presence of impure water. !he percentage of those respondents who were satisfied with the statement was 2).+3. !he percentage of those respondents who were not satisfied with the statement was 0.@3. !he percentage of those respondents who were affected y hepatitis # I F was 2).+3. #ccording to Bo sey "$%%+' said that ma-ority of world(s population lacks access to adequate and safe water supply. #s a result, there is prevalence of a num er of water orne diseases as well as mortalities "death' among developing countries. >esearcher showed that a variety of micro iological agents "pathogens' are responsi le to contri ute in contamination of drinking water. It was also stated that among children and adults in the developing countries, there is acute prevalence of infections of diarrhea diseases or cholera, eczema, and skin cancer, etc. #ccording to an estimate around ), to $% 3 of community is suffering from diarrheal disease in developing countries ecause of unsafe drinking water. Bimilar results were found y Hohnstone "$%%)'. ;e found that water orne diseases include /iarrhea, 8holera, !yphoid, ;epatitis # I F.

&0

!able 23$ %istribution of the respondents accordin to their diseases %iseases 0idney #tone Responses Aes 7o !otal %iarrhea Aes 7o !otal Cholera Aes 7o !otal -ller y Aes 7o !otal ;epatitis - F E Aes 7o !otal 're1uency )&1 )& )1% 0@ @+ )1% )&, ), )1% )&, ), )1% )&1 )& )1% &ercenta e 2).+ 0.@ )%%.% ,&.& &,.1 )%%.% 2%.1 2.& )%%.% 2%.1 2.& )%%.% 2).+ 0.@ )%%.%

.raphical presentation of the diseases is given elow.

&2

'i , <$ Craphical presentation of the diseases is iven below,

Medication and treatment$ #s we know that the private hospitals show more efficiency than that of govt. hospital. !he ta le shows that the most of the respondents paid ))%%C),%% for medical treatment. !his shows that the most of the respondents were attracted towards the private hospitals. !he percentage of those respondents who thought that they paid nothing for medical treatment was )0.)3. !he percentage of those respondents who thought that they paid )%%C,%% for medical treatment was )@.,3. !he percentage of those respondents who thought that they paid 1%%C)%%% for medical treatment was )0.03. !he percentage of those respondents who thought that they paid ))%%C),%% for medical treatment was &,.13.

,%

!able 22$ %istribution of the respondents accordin to their medication and treatment Medication F treatment 7o >espond "%' )%%C,%% 1%%C)%%% ))%%C),%% !otal 're1uency $2 $0 +% @+ )1% &ercenta e )0.) )@., )0.0 &,.1 )%%.%

.raphical presentation of the respondents according to their medication and treatment is given elow.

'i , =$ Craphical presentation of the respondents accordin to their medication and treatment is iven below,

,)

5ital reason of contamination of drinBin water$ #s we know that 4!here is a solid reason ehind every happening.6 !he elow ta le shows that the most of the respondents were strongly agreed that the most of the people were suffering from ad diseases due to the poor sanitary conditions. =oor sanitary conditions are asically the wastage of raw materials which are mi?ed up in the water. !hen, it causes different type of disease. !he percentage of those respondents who thought that sanitary was the reason of ad water was 0.03. !he percentage of those respondents who thought that poor sanitary was the reason of ad water was 0$.,3. !he percentage of those respondents who thought that house wastage reason for ad water was 0.@3. #ccording to survey conducted y .ovt. of =akistan "$%%0' it is noticea le that in =akistan, there are several potential sources of contamination of drinking water. Facteriological contamination of drinking water has een reported as one of the most serious pro lems throughout the country in rural as well as ur an areas. Buch contamination is attri uted to leakage of pipes, sewerage pipes pollution due to a pro lem in the distri ution system, water supply and intermittent shallow groundwater caused y human activities. # second source of heavy contamination of groundwater in irrigated areas and industrial chemical pollution of to?ic su stances in industrial effluents, te?tile dyes, pesticides, nitrogen fertilizers, arsenic and other chemicals. :or pu lic health reasons, it is a solutely essential to esta lish quality standards for drinking water and the criteria that are medically safe and chemically alanced. !able 2<$ %istribution of the respondents accordin to their vital reason 5ital reason Balinity =oor Banitary ;ouse wastage !otal 're1uency )& )+$ )& )1% &ercenta e 0.0 0$., 0.@ )%%.%

,$

.raphical presentation of the respondents according to their vital reason is given elow.

'i , ?$ Craphical presentation of the respondents accordin iven below, Consulted medication$

to their vital reason is

We know that the diseased person can e cured in hospital. !he ta le shows that the most of the respondents were using private hospitals for their medical checkup. !he reason is that the private hospitals showed more efficiency in checking the person than that of .ovt. hospitals. !he percentage of those respondents who preferred .ovt. hospitals for treatment was )0.)3. !he percentage of those respondents who preferred private hospitals for treatment was 0).23. #s we know that 4;ospital is the house of in-ured persons.6 #ccording to Khurram "$%%,' reported that the poor water and sanitation is a ma-or pu lic health concern. Water orne diseases are responsi le for su stantial human and

,+

economic losses. ;ence sanitation, water quality and quantity, and pu lic awareness and education are of prime importance to =akistan in implementing its poverty reduction strategy. !able 2=$ %istribution of the respondents accordin to their consulted medication Consulted medication .ovt. ;ospital =rivate ;ospital !otal 're1uency $2 )+) )1% &ercenta e )0.) 0).2 )%%.%

.raphical presentation of the respondents according to their consulted medication is given elow.

'i , @$

Craphical presentation of the respondents accordin to their consulted medication

#ervice delivery of water supply$ !here are many immediate harms of water pollution. !he ta le shows that the most of the respondents were satisfied with the service delivery of water supply. !he percentage of those respondents who were strongly agreed with the statement was 0.03. !he percentage of those respondents who were satisfied with the statement was ,+.03. !he ,&

percentage of those respondents who did not give any answer was )0.03. !he percentage of those respondents who were dissatisfied with the statement was )0.13. !able 2>$ %istribution of the respondents accordin to their service delivery #ervice delivery Btrongly satisfied Batisfied 7o opinion /issatisfied !otal 're1uency )& 01 +% +% )1% &ercenta e 0.0 ,+.0 )0.0 )0.1 )%%.%

.raphical presentation of the respondents according to their service delivery is given elow.

,,

'i , 1A$

Craphical presentation of the respondents accordin to their service delivery

Complaint ne li ent staff$ !he ta le shows that the most of the respondents did not want to do complaint against negligent staff. # few wanted to do that and a very little num er of respondents did not want to do complaint against negligent staff. !he percentage of those respondents who did not give any answer was 1+.)3. !he percentage of those respondents who were agreed with the statement was $0.)3. !he percentage of those respondents who were not agreed with the statement was 0.03. !able 2?$ %istribution of the respondents accordin to their complaint ne li ent staff Complaint ne li ent staff 7o >espond Aes 7o !otal 're1uency )%) &, )& )1% &ercenta e 1+.) $0.) 0.0 )%%.%

Method adopted a ainst bad water$ !he ta le shows that most of the respondents wanted to do lodge complaint against the ad water*contamination water. #nd a very few num er of respondents did not want to do any complaint ad water. !he percentage of those respondents who were agreed with the statement was ,,.%3. !he percentage of those respondents who were not agreed with the statement was &,.%3. !he ta le shows that the most of the respondents wanted to do complaint against the negligent staff with the help of letter or newspaper. !he percentage of those respondents who were satisfied with the statement was 0).23. !he percentage of those respondents who were not satisfied with the statement was )0.)3. # few num ers of respondents did not do anything. !he percentage of those respondents who were agreed with the statement was 2%.13. !he percentage of those respondents who were not satisfied with ,1

the statement was 2.&3. #ll the respondents did anything against the negligent staff. !he percentage of those respondents who did anything against negligent staff was )%%3. !able 2@$ %istribution of the respondents accordin to their method adopted a ainst bad water Method adopted a ainst bad water 3od e complaint Aes 7o !otal Ri ht letter to media Aes 7o !otal &rotest of community Aes 7o !otal @$ 00 )1% )+) $2 )1% )&, ), )1% ,,.% &,.% )%%.% 0).2 )0.) )%%.% 2%.1 2.& )%%.% Responses 're1uency &ercent

.raphical presentation of the respondents according to their method adopted against ad water is given elow. :ig. )) also shows that a huge ma-ority i.e. 2%.1 percent of the respondents reported that they protest of community, while 0).2 percent of them told that right letter to media and more than a half i.e. ,,.% percent of them were lodge complaint.

,@

'i , 11$

Craphical presentation of the respondents accordin adopted a ainst bad water

to their method

-ffected person$ 8hildren are asically affected from water. !he ta le shows that the most of the respondents were agreed that the children were affected from impure water. # few num ers of old persons were also affected from contaminated water ut the ma-ority of the children were affected. !he percentage of those respondents who thought that the children were affected y ad water was 2%.13. !he percentage of those respondents who thought that the old persons were affected y ad water was 2.&3. !able 3A$ %istribution of the respondents accordin to their affected person -ffected person 8hildren <ld !otal 're1uency )&, ), )1% &ercenta e 2%.1 2.& )%%.%

,0

Ceneral attitude of people about filtration plant$ !he ta le shows that the most of the respondents used filtration plants for getting pure and clean water. # few num er of respondents used water which was o tained from other sources ut ma-ority was using the water which was o tained from the filtration plant. !he percentage of those respondents whom attitude was neutral was 2.&3. !he percentage of those respondents whom attitude was e?tremely positive was 1&.&3. !he percentage of those respondents whom attitude was slightly positive was $1.$3. !able 31$ %istribution of the respondents accordin to their eneral attitude of people about filtration plant Ceneral attitude of people 7eutral 9?tremly Pve Blightly Pve !otal 're1uency ), )%+ &$ )1% &ercenta e 2.& 1&.& $1.$ )%%.%

-ccess to filter plant$ 4=ure water is the lessing of .od.6 It keeps us healthy and physically fit. !he ta le shows that most of the respondents used water from filter plant. !heir percentage was )%%3. !he percentage of those respondents who were satisfied with the statement was )%%3. !able 32$ %istribution of the respondents accordin to their access to filter plant 'ilter plant functionin Aes 're1uency )1% &ercenta e )%%.%

,2

-vailability of %rinBin water$ =ure water is the asic need of life. !here are three asic needs upon which the life e?ists and those are water, air and food. !he ta le shows that the percentage of respondents who availed the drinking water daily was @$.,3. !he percentage of people who availed the drinking water ne?t following day was $@.,3. !able 33$ %istribution of the respondents accordin to their avail of drinBin water -vail of %rinBin water <nce a day 7e?t following day !otal 're1uency ))1 && )1% &ercenta e @$., $@., )%%.%

%onGt avail$ !he ta le reveals that most of the respondents did not avail the pure water for drinking. !he percentage of those people who were suffering from financial pro lem was 0).+3. !he percentage of those people who had a lack of awareness was )0.@3. !his shows that the most of the people were suffering from financial pro lems. /ue to this they did not avail pure water for drinking purpose. !able 32$ %istribution of the respondents accordin to their not avail of drinBin water %onGt avail :inancial =ro lem 5ack of awareness !otal 're1uency )+% +% )1% &ercenta e 0).+ )0.@ )%%.%

1%

Covt, provides safe drinBin water$ .ovt. should play their vital role for the supply of pure water. #s we know that 8!he pure water is the necessity of life.6 !he ta le shows that the percentage of the respondents who were agreed with the statement that the govt. was supplying the pure water was +1.23. !he percentage of those people who were not agreed with the statement that the govt. was supplying the pure water was 1+.)3. !able 3<$ %istribution of the respondents accordin to their opinion that ovt, provides safe drinBin water Covt, provides Aes 7o !otal 're1uency ,2 )%) )1% &ercenta e +1.2 1+.) )%%.%

Method of storin water$ =ure water can e saved y different process. !he ta le shows that the

percentage of the respondents who stored the water in cooler was 0).+3. !he other method of storing water is to store it in cane. !he percentage of the respondents who used the method to store water in cans was )0.@3. !able 3=$ %istribution of the respondents accordin to their methods of storin water Method of savin 8ooler 8ane !otal 're1uency )+% +% )1% &ercenta e 0).+ )0.@ )%%.%

1)

'ilter valve is necessary for the purification of water$ =ure water is an odorless, tasteless, clear liquid. Water is one of natureOs most important gift to mankind. !he statement shows that the percentage of the respondents who were agreed with the statement to great e?tent was 1&.&3. !he percentage of the respondents who are agreed with the statement to some e?tent was +,.13. #s we know that 4Water is used in every purpose of life.6 !able 3>$ %istribution of the respondents accordin to their filter valve is necessary for the purification of water if yes If yes !o great e?tent !o some e?tent !otal 're1uency )%+ ,@ )1% &ercent 1&.& +,.1 )%%.%

Contamination factors$ 4Water makes up ,% to 2% percent of the weight of living things.6 !he ta le shows that the percentage of the respondents who were agreed with the statement to great e?tent was 0%.%3. !he percentage of the respondents who were agreed with the statement to some e?tent was )0.03 and the percentage of the respondents who did not give any answer was ).$3. Water is one of the most essential elements to good health. It is necessary for the digestion and a sorption of food. !he statement shows that the percentage of the respondents who were agreed with the statement to great e?tent was 0.@3. !he percentage of the respondents who did not give any answer was 2).+3. Bomeone has said 4the ody will not function properly without enough water and discusses the importance of drinking plenty of water for permanent weight loss.6 !he statement shows that the percentage of the respondents who were agreed with the statement to great e?tent was %.1. !he percentage of the respondents who did not give any answer was 22.&3 the a ove statement shows that the percentage of the respondents who were agreed with the statement to large e?tent was %.13.

1$

!he percentage of the respondents who did not give any answer was 22.&3. !he statement shows that the percentage of the respondents who did not give any answer was )%%3. !he World Fank, "$%%,', in our country municipal wastewater and industrial waste water usually get mi?ed in some open drains after eing discharged on their source than this mi?ed water flows to some streams, canals and river which contaminated their pure water. Bo, this process of contamination gradually changes these natural water odies into sewers. It is pity that there is no regular monitoring system of quality assessment for oth of the surface water and ground water odies. With this we also have no quality standard surface water in =akistan. When the quality of surface water is compared with the standard of discharged water, we find an alarming ratio of water pollution due to the frequent mi?ing of waste water into the surface water.

1+

!able 3?$ %istribution of the respondents accordin to their contamination factors Contamination factors &oor sanitation Responses 7ot at all !o great e?tent !o some e?tent !otal Dater contamination 7ot at all !o great e?tent !otal Dater lo in 7ot at all !o great e?tent !otal Dater pollution 7ot at all !o great e?tent !otal 're1uency $ )$0 +% )1% )&1 )& )1% ),2 ) )1% ),2 ) )1% &ercent ).$ 0%.% )0.0 )%%.% 2).+ 0.@ )%%.% 22.& %.1 )%%.% 22.& 1 )%%.%

1&

Chapter-< #"MM-R6 -.% #"CC(#!IO.#

Water is the main source and essential element of daily life. It is utilized for drinking, in sanitation and irrigating the agricultural crops. Keeping in view the importance of water, developed countries are trying to store fresh water and use it for many days ut in developing countries situation is quite adverse. In developing countries, municipal waste, industrial wastes are included in sewage water and this water is either used as irrigational purpose or dump into canal wastes. Unfortunately, while =akistan is lessed with adequate surface and groundwater resources, rapid population growth, ur anization and unsustaina le water consumption practices have placed immense stress on the quality as well as the quantity of water resources in the country. !here lies a risk factor that use of water from the ground water system, mostly arranged on private asis y using hand pumps and water well, can e harmful for human health ecause of contamination. ;istorically drinking water contaminated with wastewater discharged from near y communities has een a ma-or pu lic health pro lem whose solution was directed towards the treatment of drinking water rather than of the source of contamination. /era .hazi Khan district is counted one of the most ackward and deprived area of Bouthern =un-a having lack of quality education, health facilities and provision of safe drinking water. !here is arsenic and microorganism in the water which is often used for the drinking purpose. /ue to this uneven and health hazard situations, a great ma-ority of the local population is convicted of various water orne diseases like hepatitis, dysentery, .astro, eczema and skin cancer etc. #s a result rate of mor idities "diseases' mortalities is significantly higher as compare to other areas of =un-a . #s community is the actual eneficiary to receive availa le drinking water y the pu lic or private sector, it can generally e o served that there is lack of awareness among local communities and general pu lic to use safe drinking water. !hey can avoid use of contaminated water y adopting different methods like multi dimensional approaches, use of est practices, working on relevant est case studies and developing etter relationship with the government functionaries. #s department of =u lic ;ealth 9ngineering "=;9' along with municipal corporations supplying safe drinking water to general pu lic. In that conte?t community perception is very essential to e?plore various risk factors associated with the use of unsafe drinking water likewise there is dire need to identify and analyze potential factors 1,

which are responsi le to make the drinking water contaminated. >esearch area will e city of /. .. Khan. !he purpose of the present study was to e?plore community perception a out risk factors associated with use of unsafe drinking water. Multistage sampling technique was used for the selection of )1% respondents. #t first stage, & union councils from ur an, at second stage, 0 locks $ from each union council and at third stage, $% respondents from each lock was selected y simple random sampling technique. Interview schedule was designed in line with the o -ectives of study. !o check the work a ility of interview schedule, it was pretested on ), respondents. #fter incorporating the needed changes highlighted at pretesting stage the newly constructed interview schedule were used to collect the data from respondents. !he collected data analyzed for getting information a out the usage of safe drinking water through B=BB "Btatistical =ackage for Bocial Bciences' software. #ccording to the opinion of the respondents main cause of drinking water contamination in city /. .. Khan was poor sanitation. Which further results into several chronic diseases like diarrhea, cholera, allergy and other a dominal diseases prevalence especially in children. # num er of time people reported to !M# and to media a out the drinking water pro lem as well as protest to improve the safety of surface drinking water. #lthough authorities had installed some drinking water filtration plants in the city ut they were una le to fulfill the need of the whole city. =resent scenario of the universe of this study demand for new sanitation system as well as provision of safe and hygienic drinking water from the authority.

11

Main findin s
). # out @+.) percent of the respondents were etween the ages of )1C+% years and a ove. $. !he percentage of the respondents who were graduate passed was ,,.13. +. !he percentage of the respondents who were living from )1 and a ove years was 1+.)3. &. !he percentage of the respondents who had concrete houses was 2).+3. ,. !he ma-ority of the respondents were unmarried and their percentage was ,&.&3. 1. Most of the respondents were the mem ers of -oint family. !heir percentage was 0).+3. @. !he percentage of the respondents who had children was &,.13. 0. Most of the respondents had no male children. !heir percentage was ,&.&3. 2. !he ma-ority of the respondents had @C2 male family mem ers. !heir percentage was ,&.&3. )%. ,+.0 percent of the respondents had from + females in their family. )). ,&.& percent of the respondents had only ) earning hand. )$. Most of the respondents had private -o . !heir percentage was $$.,3. )+. Ma-ority of &1.+ percent respondents had income a ove )%%%)C$%%%% rupees per month. )&. !he percentage of the respondents who were satisfied with their income was @+.)3. ),. &,.1 percent of the respondents had the facility of motor pump. )1. Most of the respondents were not agreed that the pumping was used safe for drinking. !heir percentage was 1+.03. )@. !he percentage of the respondents who said that contaminated water had ad taste was ,+.03. )0. !he percentage of the respondents who said that contaminated water had ad smell was @+.)3. )2. Ma-ority of the respondents said that source for drinking. !heir percentage was ,&.&3. $%. &,.1 percent of the respondents said that access to save drinking water. $). 2+.) percent of the respondents they said that ad health for using the ground water. 1@

$$. !he percentage of the respondents said that they fell ill use of ground water was 0).23. $+. Most of the respondents said they fell in disease of malaria y using drinking water. !heir percentage was 2).+3. $&. Ma-ority of the respondents suffered from disease diarrhea. !heir percentage was ,&.&3. $,. Most of the respondents were suffered from disease cholera. !heir percentage was 2%.13. $1. !he percentage of the respondents who suffered from disease allergy was 2%.13. $@. !he percentage of the respondents who said that they paid for ))%%C),%% for medication and treatment was &,.13. $0. Most of the respondents were agreed that illness due to ad water. !heir percentage was &1.23. $2. Most of the respondents said that poor sanitary was the reason of ad water. !heir percentage was 0$.,3. +%. !he percentage of the respondents who said that they used private hospitals for treatment was 0).23. +). !he percentage of the respondents who were agreed with the service delivery of water was ,+.03. +$. Most of the respondents had done the protest. !heir percentage was 2%.13. ++. Most of the respondents were affected from contaminated water. !heir percentage was 2%.13. +&. !he ma-ority of the respondents had positive attitude. !heir percentage was 1&.&3. +,. Most of the respondents said that used the water daily. !heir percentage was @$.,3. +1. 0).+ percent of the respondents who did not use the water due to the financial pro lem. +@. 1+.) percent of the respondents thought that they were not provided with the safe water y the .ovt. +0. !he percentage of the respondents who saved water in cooler was 0).+3. +2. !he percentage of the respondents who used the filtration water was 1&.&3.

10

&%. Most of the respondents said that ground water was poor sanitation. !heir percentage was 0%3.

#u

estions F Recommendations

In that conte?t, programmatic areas of emphasis works with partners must e implemented which includeD

7ational, =rovincial I /istrict level monitoring of the water supply and sanitation sector through the .overnment :unctionaries, 5ine /epartment ,=u lic ;ealth 9ngineering I !M# appropriate Hoint Monitoring =rogramme for Water Bupply and Banitation.

=reparation, continuous updating and wide dissemination of the !M#*=u lic ;ealth 9ngineering .uidelines for /rinking Water Kuality and other norms which are fundamental to improve the quality of water and sanitation servicesE

=ioneering studies comparing the cost of providing or improving water and sanitation services and the health and nonChealth enefits of the different interventionsE

=romotion of and supporting action plans on home water treatment through a district, provincial I nationalCwide network made up of U7 #gencies, national I international organizations, research institutes, government staff ,line departments etcE

=romotion and support to improving hygiene ehaviors and gender aspectsE

Btrong support to the use of sound approaches towards improving use of safe drinking water I sanitation coverage with technologies which are afforda le, effective and environmentallyC friendly.

Conclusion$
Ma-ority respondents had knowledge a out the ad quality of water and its implication on human health. In term of different diseases such as "/iarrhea, 8holera, #llergy, ;epatitis # I F and food poisoning'.

12

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>aza, #. $%%0. 5ahoreD <pen drains cause air pollution, disease. #ccessed at httpD**www.thenews.com.pk*dailyYdetail.aspSdN)+@1%&. >azzolini, M. !. =.$%)). Kuality of water sources used as drinking water in a Frazilian periC ur an area, Frazilian H. Micro, &$D ,1%C,11. >i-s erman, :. $%%&. !he Water 8hallenge. 8openhagen 8onsensus 8hallenge =aper. #ssessed on $@C,C$%)$. >izak. B and B. 9. ;rudey. $%%0. /rinkingCwater safety challenges for community managed systems. H. Water and ;ealth, 1")'D ++C&). >o inson, #. $%%+. Ur an sewerage and sanitationD final report, lesson learned :rom case studies in the =hilippines. World Fank Water and sanitation programe, 9ast #sia and pacific programe. Beshadri, B. $%%2. Water for WaterD .overning /evelopment through Bocial 9nterprise. University of Fristol. ss+$)&Q ris.ac.uk Bkipton, B. <., H. >. ;ygnstrom., W. Woldt. $%)). =rotecting =rivate /rinking Water BuppliesD #n Introduction. University of 7e raskaX5incoln 9?tension, Institute of #griculture and 7atural >esources. online at httpD**e?tension.unl.edu*pu lications. Bo sey, /. M., !. ;andzel and 5. Genczel. $%%+. 8hlorination and safe storage of household drinking water in developing countries to reduce water orne disease. Water Bci. !ech., &@"+'D $$)X$$0. Bouter., :. =., .. /. 8ruickshank., M. R. !ankerville., F. ;. Keswick., F. /. 9llis., /. 9. 5angworthy., K. #. Metz., M. >. #pple y., 7. ;amilton., #. 5. Hones and H. /. =erry. $%%+. 9valuation of a new water treatment for pointCofCuse household applications to remove microorganisms and arsenic from drinking water. H. Water and ;ealth, )"$'D @+C0&. !ansel,F. $%%0. 7ew !echnologies for Water and Wastewater !reatmentD # Burvey of >ecent =atents. >ecent =atents on 8hemical 9ngineering, )D )@C$1. !arozzi, #., B. Falasu ramanya., 5. Fennear., #. =faff. $%%2. Bu -ective >isk #ssessment and >eactions to ;ealthC related InformationD 9vidence from Fangladesh. !erngu, #., <. ;yacinth and B. >ufus. $%)%. =hysicoCchemical and Facteriological Kuality of water from Bhallow Wells in !wo >ural 8ommunities in Fenue Btate, 7igeria. =ak. H. #nal. 9nviron. 8hem. ))")'D @+C@0.

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!he World Fank. $%%,. =akistan country water resources assistance strategy water economyD running dry 7ovem er )&. !ore, H. F. $%%). Bufficient safe and 8lean Water must e key :ocus for sustaina le :uture. Fonn*7airo iE U79=, 1 /ec. $%%). U7;B=. $%%0. .lo al atlas of e?creta, wastewater sludge and iosolid managementD moving forward the sustaina le and welcome uses of glo al resource, U7C;a itat, 7airo i, IBF7D 2@0C2$C)C)+$%%2C), p 1+$. U7I8, $%%+. Water a vital source of life. !he united nation system in =akistan. International year of freshwater IBF7 212C0,1@C%1C$. UB#I/, $%%,. /istrict ;ealth =rofile /era .hazi Khan. =akistan Initiative for Mothers and 7ew orns "=#IM#7' p.)C1%. Golkman, B. $%%+. Bustaina le waste water treatment and reuse in ur an areas of the developing world, Michigan technological university, Master(s International =rograme. www.cee.mtu.edu*peacecorts. Wallace, H. B. 8., G. I. .rover., R. #deel .,U. 8onfalonieri and B. 9lliott. $%%0. Bafe water as the key to glo al health. United 7ations University International 7etwork on Water, 9nvironment and ;ealth "U7UCI7W9;', )@, 5ongwood >oad Bouth, Buite $%& ;amilton, <ntari. 8anada 50= %#). Wateraid and !earfund. $%%$. !he human wasteE # report from !earfund and Water#id, # report y the United 7ation, Washington, /8. Wellman, F. )220. !he 8ommunity question reCevaluatedD community and the city, edited y Michael =eter Bmith. 7ew Frunswick. W;< and U7I89:. $%%&. Meeting the M/. drinkingCwater and sanitation targetD # midC term assessment of progress IBF7 2$ & ),1$@0 ). W;<. $%%1, Who guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, e?creta and grey water. =olicy and regulatory aspects vol, ). IBF7 2$ & ),&10$ &, p.)C)%%. Wikipedia, $%%0. Water >esources. >etrieved #pril )$, $%%0 from httpD**en.wikipedia.org*wiki.waterY>esources. WK>#. $%)). ;ealth Btream. Information and analysis for water and heath professionals. =u lic ;ealth 7ewsletter of Water Kuality >esearch #ustralia.

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WW:, $%%@. =akistan(s water at risksE water I health related issues in =akistan a special report. W;<. $%%2, World ;ealth <rganization. $%%2. !he facts a out water scaricity .enavaE www,who,intHfeaturesHfacts filedsHwaterHenHinde)htmal accessed -u ust 1A , $%%2' ".lo al ;ealth and .lo al ;ealth 9thics' p,$). Aasar, #., 7. A. Khan., #. Fatool., #. F. !a inda., >. Mehmood and #. Iq al. $%)). Women perception of water quality and its impacts on health in .angapur, =akistan. =ak. H. 7utri., )%"@'D @%$C@%1. Aongsi, ;. F. 7. $%%0. ;uman settlement, land management and health in su Baharan cities. Int. H. ;um. Bci., &")'D )%C)@. Aounasi, ;. F. 7., !. M. ;errmann., #. 5. 7tetu and 8. >. Fr ant. $%)%. 9nviromental sanitation and health risks in tropical settingD case study of household refused and diarrheas in yaoundeC8ameroon. Int. H. #dv. Btud. #fr., )")'D $$)C$++.

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