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EDI
Fatigue Analysis
The spectral fatigue approach utilizes wave spectra and transfer
functions, thus allowing the relationship of the ratio of
structural response to wave height as a function of wave
frequency to be developed for the wave frequency range.
Therefore spectral fatigue accounts for the actual distribution
of energy over the entire wave frequency range.
In Dynamic Spectral Fatigue , Spectrum used to define the fatigue
environment are:
JONSWAP
Ochi-Hubble
Pierson-Moskowitz
These Spectra are in-built in SACS
EDI
Fatigue Analysis
Fatigue program features are as below
Includes a wide range Stress Concentration Factor
(SCF) theories and allows user defined input.
Automatic redesign of chords or braces may be
done to determine required joint can or brace stub
thickness
API, AWS and NPD fatigue failure (S-N) curves are
built into the program. Also allows user defined
input.
Generates output for the Interactive Fatigue Module for Interactive redesign.
J182 J186-J182 TUB 45.7 1.0 K BRC 3.74 5.03 4.76 4.74 4.84 0.26334 B 94.93
J182 JF2-J182 TUB 55.9 2.5 K CHD 3.74 2.31 1.88 1.88 1.99 3.70E-03 T 6,763.51
Chord
Len.(m)
Out of
Plane
Service
Life
Stress Concentration Factors
OD
(cm)
WT
(cm)
Joint
Type
Member
Type
Original Dimensions
Joint Member Type ID Inplane Damage Location
Axial
(Crown)
Axial
(Saddle)
MEMBER FATIGUE REPORT (DAMAGE ORDER)
EDI
Dynamic Spectral Fatigue
Analysis Procedure:
Linearize Foundation
-choose load cases for developing foundation superelement
Modal Analysis to generate mass and mode files
- check cumulative mass participation factors
Run Wave Response to generate Transfer Function for each direction.
- use waves of constant steepness to generate transfer function.
- avoid waves under 1 foot ( 30cm )
- check transfer function for overturning moment and base shear.
- solve for equivalent static loads.
Run Fatigue
- choose appropriate spectrum
- choose S-N and SCF options
EDI
Earthquake Analysis
Two approaches available:
1)Response Spectrum:
A response spectrum depicts the maximum
response to a ground motion of a series of single
degree of freedom oscillators having different natural
periods but the same amount of internal damping.
2) Time History
Time History is a continuous record of ground motion or response.
EDI
Earthquake Analysis
Analysis Method:
1. All support points are assumed to be moving with the ground.
2. Each mode of vibration is assumed to act as a single degree of freedom.
3. Solve equations of motion for each mode.
4. The response from each mode for each direction (X, Y and Z) is combined using
the SRSS (Square Root of the Sum of Squares) method to obtain the multi
directional response. The SRSS approach is used on the assumption that the
responses from different directions are uncoupled
5. The response for each mode in each direction is also combined using the CQC
(Completer Quadratic Combination) method. For the cases where there is sufficient
modal separation in different directions the CQC method devolves into the SRSS
approach.
EDI
Earthquake Analysis
Analysis Method:
6. The dynamic response program creates a common solution file containing end
forces, stresses, reactions and displacements. Because these results are obtained
by combining modal results using RMS techniques, end forces, stressesetc. have
no sign associated with them and are taken as all positive values.
7. The dynamic response generates two sets of load cases for both the member
check and the joint check.
8. The seismic results are then combined with the results from a static analysis.
This is followed by element code check and joint can check.
EDI
Earthquake Analysis
Damping:
Damping effects are important and for structure immersed in fluid the damping is a
nonlinear effect since damping is a function of the amplitude of response. Three
options for damping available.
1.Linear modal damping. (API recommends overall modal damping of 5% (SDAMP
line)
2. User defined amplitude to be used in fluid damping calculation (FDAMP line).
3. Program will calculate through iterative technique as follows (FDAMP line):
(a)Calculate the response based upon an assumed amplitude.
(b) Calculate equivalent fluid damping based upon this response.
(c) Repeat this process until the response until the response amplitude agrees with
the amplitude used for equivalent fluid damping.
EDI
Earthquake Analysis
Strength Requirements:
Zone Z 1 2 3 4 5
G 0.005 0.10 0.20 0.25 0.40
G is the ratio of the effective horizontal ground acceleration to gravitational acceleration.
Using the response spectrum, the
ordinates of the spectrum should
be multiplied by the factor G for
the zone in which the platform is
located.
The resulting spectrum should be
applied equally along both principal
horizontal axis and one half in the
Vertical direction. All three spectra
should be applied simultaneously and
responses combined using CQC
method.
EDI
Earthquake Analysis
Strength Requirements:
The strength requirements are intended ensure that no significant structural
damage can occur due to a strength level earthquake.
For strength level earth quake both the member check and joint check
allowables may be increased by 70 percent.
Tubular Joints
Joints for the primary structural members should be sized for either
the tensile yield load or the compressive buckling load of the brace.
EDI
Earthquake Analysis
Strength Requirements:
Tubular Joints calculation of allowables.
The punching shear stress allowable, v
pa
is :
The factor Q
f
is given by :
In which the factor A is computed as :
Where f
AX
, f
IPB
and f
OPB
are stress in the chord due to twice the strength level
seismic loads in combination with gravity, buoyancy, hydrostatic pressure or
or the full capacity of the chord away from the joint can whichever is the less.
EDI
Earthquake Analysis
Strength Requirements:
Tubular Joints calculation of unity check
For combined axial and bending stresses in the brace the following
interaction equation should be satisfied:
For earthquake analysis the terms corresponding to bending are
ignored since we are checking against the tensile yield loads or the
compressive buckling load of the brace.
Joint can requirements for a earthquake analysis can be activated by specifying
the EQK option on the JCNOPT line and also by specifying 2.0 for the joint
load case factor on the STCMB line.
EDI
Earthquake Analysis
Ductility Requirements
Rare Intense Earthquake:
In seismically active areas, rare intensive earthquake motion may involve inelastic
action and structural damage may occur. The ductility requirements are intended to
ensure that the structure and the foundation have enough reserve capacity to
prevent collapse in the event of a rare intense earthquake.
Equivalent Static Loads:
The Dynamic response module can output equivalent static loads corresponding to
The modal responses being combined to generate the highest amount of base
shear or overturning moment in 20 directions (every 18 degrees)
EDI
Earthquake Analysis
Design Criteria:
Equivalent Static Loads:
The Dynamic response module can output equivalent static loads corresponding to
the modal responses being combined to generate the highest amount of base
shear or overturning moment in 20 directions (every 18 degrees).
For rare intense earthquakes the equivalent static loads can be used to design the
foundations and also conduct an elasto-plastic analysis of the structure to design
against failure.
EDI
Earthquake Analysis
Design Criteria:
Low-level Earthquake:
For areas where the ground acceleration is less than 0.05g no earthquake analysis
is required. For areas where the ground acceleration is between 0.05g 0.1g a low
level earthquake analysis is required. The joint check requirements for a low level
earthquake are the same as those for an in-place analysis.
The joint can requirements for a low-level earthquake analysis can be activated by
specifying LLEW option for API working stress design , LLEL for API LRFD design
on the JCNOPT line and also by using the DLOAD load line in the Joint can input
file to identify the dead load case used in static analysis.
EDI
Spectral Wind Fatigue
Method:
1.Conduct modal extraction analysis determine mode shapes and natural
frequencies.
2.
2. Each mode of vibration is assumed to act as a single degree of freedom.
3.Determine Mechanical Transfer function H(f) for each mode.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
where K
i
is the generalized stiffness matrix, f
n
is the natural frequency and c
is percent damping.
EDI
Spectral Wind Fatigue
Method (continued):
4. Determine o
RMS
response for each mode.
where S
i
(f) is the Harris spectrum given by:
where L
H
is the reference length (1800m), k is the surface roughness
coefficient (0.0025) and v
10
is the wind speed at 10m reference height.
EDI
Spectral Wind Fatigue
Method (continued):
5. The response for each mode is combined to obtain the total response using the
CQC (Completer Quadratic Combination) method.
where I and k refer to the i
th
and the k
th
mode and P
ik
is the modal correlation
coefficient.
EDI
Spectral Wind Fatigue
Method (continued):
6. Wind velocities are assumed to conform to the Weibull distribution.
Wind velocities are selected to define the Weibull distribution time slices and velocity
ranges for integration limits to calculate fraction of occurrence.
EDI
Non-Linear Analysis : Collapse
Salient Features of Collapse Module are
Linear and non-linear material behavior
Includes member Global / Local
buckling including 8 or more hinge
points per member
Includes tubular joint flexibility, joint
plasticity and joint failure due to
excessive strain
Includes strain hardening and residual
stress
Creates analysis results file which is
read by Collapse View Program which
shows failure progression and the
gradual plastification and collapse
mechanism graphically
EDI
Pushover Analysis
Pushover Analysis conducted to determine
the reserve strength ratio of a jacket
structure.
Loading applied to the structure in sequence.
Apply all gravity loads first.
Apply environmental storm loading.
Increase magnitude of environmental
loading until the structure fails.
RSR = Base Shear at 100% storm Load
Base Shear at Failure
Other approaches define failure with
100, 500, 1000, 5000,year storms
First Failure
EDI
Ship Impact Analysis is carried out to determine the
Reserve Strength in the structure after the collision.
Vessel mass, added mass coefficient and velocity at
the time of collision is specified on ENERGY line.
Impact load case and impact joint defined on
IMPACT input line.
Run Collapse impact load will be applied until all
kinetic energy is absorbed. The structure will then
automatically unload and the post impact loading
can be applied.
SACS can optionally account for vessel
deformation. Local indentation energy can be
accounted for by either meshing the impacted
member or using API methodology.
Ship Impact Analysis (Static)
EDI
Dynamic Response
Force Driven Analysis
Force time history, Periodic and Engine vibration analyses are supported.
The main capabilities and features for force driven analysis are detailed below:
Force Time History
1. Linear, quadratic, or cubic interpolation available for the time history input.
2. Automatic load case selection based on overturning moment, base shear, joint
displacement, etc.
3. Variable time step integration procedure.
4. Time history plots including modal responses, overturning moments, base
shear, etc.
5.Generation of equivalent static loads for force/time history collapse analysis.
EDI
Blast Analysis
Large Deflection, Elasto-Plastic Non-
Linear Finite Element Analysis is performed
in SACS for Blast loads.
Blast Resistant Design to minimize the risk
to people and facilities from the hazards of
accidental explosions.
Dynamic Response Module can be used to
apply blast load profile to the structure at
discrete time steps.
Dynamic Response
EDI
Blast Analysis (continued)
Dynamic Response will generate a structural output file
containing incremental loading (including dynamic and
static components).
Dynamic Response will also output a load sequence
file for Collapse.
Run Collapse for non-linear elasto-plastic
analysis using incremental loading.
Collapse shows plasticity over time
with each load step representing a
time increment.
Dynamic Response
EDI
Dynamic Ship Impact
Use Dynamic Response module to determine dynamic
structural response due to impact.
Set analysis option to SHIP on the DROPT line.
Define vessel mass, velocity, direction of motion and
the impact joint on the SHIP input line.
Define the time history source as SHIP on the time
history load line THLOD.
Prepare Collapse input with control parameters
and load sequence for dead loads.
Run dynamic response.
Dynamic will output Collapse load sequence
and incremental loading containing dynamic
and static components of the structural
response
Dynamic Response
EDI
Dynamic Response
Earthquake/Base Driven Analysis
Both spectral earthquake and time history earthquake analyses are supported.
Some of the seismic analysis capabilities follow:
Spectral Earthquake
1. API response spectra are built into the program.
2. Supports user defined response spectra.
3. Spectral motion can be described as acceleration, velocity, or displacement.
4. Modal combinations using linear, SRSS, peak plus SRSS, or CQC methods.
5. Ability to use a different response spectrum for each direction.
6. Combines seismic results with static results automatically.
EDI
Dynamic Response
Earthquake/Base Driven Analysis
Time History Earthquake
1. Includes earthquake time history libraries.
2. User defined input time histories.
3. Linear, quadratic, or cubic interpolation available for the time history input.
4. Variable time step integration procedure.
5. Automatic load case selection based on overturning moment, base shear, etc.
6. Graphical representation of output variables.
EDI
Dynamic Response
Engine/Compressor Vibration
1.Supports mechanical unbalanced forces and gas torques in addition to
reciprocating loads.
2. Linear and/or nonlinear interpolation of forces between running speeds.
3. User can select specific joints to monitor or monitor all joints.
4. Allows user defined phasing of forces and moments within a load case.
5. Can automatically combine maximum response of various load cases.
6. Generates plots of input data versus time for any load case.
7. Calculates periodic forces amplitudes and periods from force versus time input.
EDI
Dynamic Response
Spectral Wind Analysis
The wind spectral fatigue and extreme wind analyses are supported. Some of
the spectral wind analysis capabilities are as follows:
Extreme Wind
1. Determines dynamic amplification factors automatically.
2. Generates common solution file containing internal loads, stresses, reactions
and displacements multiplied by its own dynamic amplification factor.
3. Includes cross correlation of modal responses using the Complete Quadratic
Combination (CQC) modal combination technique.
4. Plots generalized force spectrum and response spectrum for each wind speed.
5. Uses Harris Wind spectrum.
EDI
Dynamic Response
Spectral Wind Analysis
The wind spectral fatigue and extreme wind analyses are supported. Some of
the spectral wind analysis capabilities are as follows:
Wind Fatigue
1. Uses Harris Wind spectrum.
2. Optionally creates Fatigue input file automatically.
3. Distributes wind speed utilizing a Weibull distribution.
4. Assumes Rayleigh distribution of RMS stresses.
5. Handles multiple wind directions in same analysis execution.
EDI
Dynamic Response
Ice Force Analysis Ice Vibration
The ice vibration analysis capability includes the following features:
1. Automatically includes ice stiffness.
2. Maximum and minimum peak selection.
3. Automatic cycle count for fatigue analyses.
4. Creates fatigue input data automatically.
5. Full plot capabilities including ice forces, modal responses,
overturning moments, base shear, etc.
6. Variable time step integration procedure.
EDI
SACS
Engineering Dynamics
2113 38
th
Street
Kenner
LA 70065
USA
Telephone: (504) 443 5481
www.sacs-edi.com