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Operators Manual

DELTASCOPE FMP10 ISOSCOPE FMP10 DUALSCOPE FMP20

Coating Thickness

Material Analysis

Microhardness

Material Testing

Order number: 902-093

Version 1.1 09/08

DELTASCOPE FMP10 ISOSCOPE FMP10 DUALSCOPE FMP20


Operators Manual

Non-destructive measurement on magnetic and non-magnetic metallic base materials

2008 Copyright by Helmut Fischer GmbH Institut fr Elektronik und Messtechnik, Sindelfingen. All rights reserved. No part of this manual may be reproduced by any means (print, photocopy, microfilm, or any other method) or processed, multiplied or distributed by electronic means without the written consent of Helmut Fischer GmbH Institut fr Elektronik und Messtechnik.

Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

Page 1

Table of Contents

1 Important Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 Trademarks and Liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Symbols and Conventions Used in the Manual . . . . . . . 7 Intended Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 General Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Requirements on the Operating Personnel . . . . . . . . . . 8 Environmental Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Probe Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Handling, Storage and Transport of Calibration Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Instrument Repairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

1.10 Warranty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

2 Description of the Instrument . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13


2.1 2.2 LCD Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Control panel key functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

2.3 Accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.3.1 Probes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.3.2 Calibration Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.4 Technical Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.5 Contents of Shipment and Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.5.1 Standard Contents of Shipment of the Instrument . . . 23 2.5.2 Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

3 Measurement Methods for Coating Thickness Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25


3.1 3.2 3.3 Magnetic Induction Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Eddy Current Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Measurements With DUAL Probes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Page 2

Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

4 System Setup, Maintenance and Cleaning . . . . . 27


4.1 Power Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 4.1.1 Installing or Replacing Batteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 4.2 Connecting Probes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 4.3 Turning the Instrument On/Off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 4.3.1 Measurement Method of the Connected Probe . . . . 33 4.3.2 Power Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 4.3.3 Measuring Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 4.3.4 Turning Off the Instrument . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 4.4 Cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

5 Probe Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
5.1 5.2 5.3 Handling During Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Assigning a New Probe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 . . . . . . . 39 Setting Up the Dual Mode for DUAL Probes

6 Normalization, Calibration and Master Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41


6.1 Information Regarding Normalization, Calibration and Master Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 6.1.1 Recommended Number of Single Readings During a Normalization, Calibration and Master Calibration . 43 Specific Features of DUAL Probes Reference Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

6.2 6.3

6.4 Normalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 6.4.1 Normalization Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 6.5 Corrective Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 6.5.1 Selecting the Calibration Standards for the Corrective Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 6.5.2 Corrective Calibration Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 6.5.3 Deleting a Corrective Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 6.6 Calibration on a Coating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 6.6.1 Procedure for a Calibration on Coating . . . . . . . . . . . 53 6.7 Master Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 6.7.1 Selecting the Calibration Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 6.7.2 Performing a User Master Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 6.7.3 Master Calibration Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

Page 3

6.7.4 Displaying Xn Ranges for Calibration Standards for the Master Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 6.8 Determination of the Normalized Countrate Xn of a Calibration Standard During a Master Calibration . 65

7 Measuring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
7.1 7.2 Preparing for a Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Influencing Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

7.3 Making a Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 7.3.1 Measurement Acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 7.3.2 Measurements With External Start Enabled . . . . . . . 70 7.3.3 Audible signals After the Measurement Acquisition . 71 7.3.4 Display of the measurement method in use when making measurements with dual probes . . . . 71 7.4 Erroneous Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 7.4.1 Deleting Erroneous Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 7.5 Measurements in the Free-Running Display Mode . . 72 7.5.1 Turning the Free-Running Display Mode On/Off . . . . 73 7.5.2 Procedure For Making Measurements in the Free-Running Display Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 7.5.3 Measurements In the Free-Running Display Mode Using Dual Probes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

8 Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 9 Data Transfer Using USB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78


9.1 9.2 USB Connection to a PC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Installing the USB Driver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

9.3 Transfer of the Measurement Data to the Computer . 80 9.3.1 Online Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 9.3.2 Offline Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 9.4 Transmission from the PC to the Instrument . . . . . . . . 81 9.4.1 Transfer Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 9.4.2 Control Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Page 4

Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

10 Instrument Settings in the Service Function Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83


10.1 Service Menu Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 10.2 System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 10.2.1 Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 10.2.2 Contrast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 10.2.3 Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 10.2.4 Automatic Switch Off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 10.2.5 Re-Initialization of the Instrument . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 10.3 USB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 10.3.1 Send Free-Running Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 10.4 Instrument Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 10.4.1 Restricted operating mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 10.5 Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 10.5.1 Audible Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 10.5.2 Measurement Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 10.5.3 External Start . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 10.5.4 Measurement Display Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 10.5.5 Measured Variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 10.5.6 Dual Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 10.6 Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 10.7 Storage Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 10.8 Performing a Master Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 10.9 About ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

11 Malfunctions and Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104


11.1 Malfunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 11.2 Messages on the LCD Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

12 Glossary

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

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Page 6

Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

1.1

Trademarks and Liabilities

DUALSCOPE, DELTASCOPE and ISOSCOPE are registered trademarks of Helmut Fischer GmbH Institute for Electronics and Metrology.
The fact that the trademark characters and may be missing does not indicate that a name is a free trademark.

Great care has been exercised in creating this operator's manual. The Helmut Fischer GmbH Institute for Electronics and Metrology assumes no liability for potentially remaining erroneous or incomplete statements and their results. We would, however, appreciate if you can make us aware of potentially existing errors or incomplete information.

1.2

Symbols and Conventions Used in the Manual


Indicates safety information referring to danger for persons and warnings regarding damage to the measuring instrument or to accessories.
Indicates particularly important information and hints.

The following symbols and conventions are used in this manual:

Indicates a reference to a page or chapter in this manual.

1.
ENTER

Operation to be carried out by the operator at the instrument. Listing. Writing convention for instrument keys and command buttons on the display.

Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

Page 7

Important Information

Important Information

Important Information

1.3

Intended Use

The instrument is to be used for coating thickness measurements on steel and iron base materials as well as on non-ferromagnetic, electrically conducting base materials. Only accessories recommended and approved by Helmut Fischer GmbH ( beginning on Page 19) may be connected to this instrument.

1.4

General Information
The values shown for the measured coating thicknesses and the texts of the information lines of the LCD display serve as examples for possible displays. It is entirely possible that different values appear on the LCD display or in the printout without having made any mistakes.

1.5

Requirements on the Operating Personnel


The instrument should be operated only by staff trained for this purpose!

In addition, basic knowledge of metrology according to DIN 1319 is essential for performing correct coating thickness measurements and evaluations. Basic computer knowledge regarding configuration, operation and programing as well as knowledge of the software in use, which may be obtained from respective instruction manuals, is required when using the instrument in conjunction with a computer.

Page 8

Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

EMC The instrument complies with the laws concerning electromagnetic compatibility of instruments (2004/108/EC). The measured coating thickness values are not influenced by the highest level of interference mentioned in the EN 61000-6-2 Standard (which references the Standards EN 61000-4-2, EN 61000-4-3 and EN 61000-4-4). In particular, the instrument is shielded effectively from strong electromagnetic fields (e.g., motors, power lines, radio transmission towers). Low Voltage The instrument adheres to the Low Voltage Directive 2006/95/EC. Ambient Temperature Range During Operation: +10C ... 40C Temperature Range During Storage and Transport: +5C ... 60C Temperature behind glass panes (e.g., in cars) in direct sunlight easily rise above 60C! To avoid damage from heat, do not store the instrument or accessories in such places. The instrument and accessories (in particular the AC adapter) must not come in direct contact with water! Risk of electrical shorts! Instruments or accessories may be operated, kept or stored only in places, where the relative humidity is between 30% and 90% (non-condensing). Because the instrument and accessories are not acid resistant, avoid direct contact with acid or acidic liquids. The instrument and accessories are not suited for operation in explosion-hazard areas! Protect the instrument and accessories from static charges! Electrical discharges may damage internal components or delete internal memories.

Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

Page 9

Important Information

1.6

Environmental Conditions

Important Information

1.7

Probe Handling
To avoid breakage of the wiring, do not bend the probe connector cable! The radius of rolled up probe connector cables should always be at least 50 mm!
Probeconnector cable

R 50 mm !

Fig. 1-1 Probe handling

During the measurement, the magnetic poles of the probes are placed directly onto the specimen. Observe the following to keep wear of the magnetic poles during the contacting measurement to a minimum: Place the probes speedily yet gently on the specimen surface! Avoid hard impacts! Do not drag the probe across the specimen surface.

Do not place standard probes on hot or acid-wetted surfaces; do not immerse them in liquids. Special probe models are available for such applications (ref. the probe data sheets of the brochure Measurement Probes and Measurement Aids - Optimized Probes - The Key to Successful Coating Thickness Measurements). You can obtain this brochure from the Helmut Fischer GmbH Institute for Electronics and Metrology or from your authorized supplier.

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Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

The instrument is calibrated using calibration standards in the form of foils or hard paper with various thicknesses. Proper condition of the calibration standards is an important prerequisite for a correct calibration, and thus for a correct measurement. Observe the following to ensure the proper condition of the calibration standards:
To keep wear of the calibration standards during the contacting measurements to a minimum, use the calibration standards for the calibration only and not for test measurements! Do not soil, bend or scratch calibration standards! Replace soiled, bent, scratched or cracked calibration standards or those with strong indentations with non-damaged standards. In particular foils with thicknesses of less than 50 m are subject to rapid wear. Recommendation: Replace foils after no more than 100 to 200 measurements! To protect the calibration standards from dirt or damage, keep them in their supplied case for transporting and storing.

1.9

Instrument Repairs
The instrument may be opened only for replacing rechargePage 28). Other service operaable or regular batteries ( tions on the instrument or the accessories must be performed only by technical personnel authorized by Helmut Fischer GmbH.

No repairs should be performed on the instrument.

Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

Page 11

Important Information

1.8

Handling, Storage and Transport of Calibration Standards

Important Information

1.10 Warranty
The Helmut Fischer GmbH Institute for Electronics and Metrology will assume no warranties in the following instances:
Use of instrument or accessories for purposes other than the intended use. Connection of accessories not recommended or approved by the Helmut Fis-

cher GmbH Institute for Electronics and Metrology.


Repairs or structural changes to the instrument or accessories that have not

been carried out by authorized persons.


Improper handling of instrument or accessories (e.g., use in explosion-haz-

ard or very hot environments).


Disregard of information in this operator's manual.

Page 12

Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

1 2

Probe connector socket, Page 30 LCD Display, Page 14

3 4

Keys for directly retrieving functions, Page 16 USB port for connecting a PC ON/OFF key to turn the instrument on or off, Page 33 Cover; additional function keys can be found under the cover, Page 16 Non-slip rubber supports Foldable instrument stand Battery compartment, Page 28

3 4 5 6 5

7 8 7 9

7
Fig. 2-1 Front and rear view of the instrument, connections

Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

Page 13

Description of the Instrument

Description of the Instrument

Description of the Instrument

2.1

LCD Display

The LCD display consists of several display elements. When powering up the instrument using ON/OFF ( Page 33), all display elements will appear briefly at the same time.

Display elements of the LCD display after power up (example)


Display element Explanation A normalization is performed (on the uncoated specimen = base material) ( beginning on Page 45). A calibration is carried out ( beginning on Page 47). The measurement uses the magnetic induction method.

The measurement uses the eddy current method.

Padlock: is enabled, i.e., the keys ZERO and CAL are not active, the service functions cannot be retrieved, applications cannot be deleted ( beginning on Page 92).

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Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

Display element

Explanation Arrow circle: Free-running display is enabled, measurements are displayed continuously when the probe is placed on the specimen ( beginning on Page 72). Alternatively: Display for area measurement Display for automatic measurement

-8.8.8.8

Numeric elements for presenting readings, errors and warning messages. Unit of measurement for the displayed reading. Battery: The battery must be replaced or the rechargeable battery must be charged because the voltage dropped below a minimum value ( beginning on Page 27). Hourglass: Measurements are currently not possible because an instrument-internal routine is running.

...SCOPE ... FKA...

Information lines: Instrument type: Instrument-internal software version

Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

Page 15

Description of the Instrument

Description of the Instrument

2.2

Control panel key functions

For easier opening:

1. 2.

Press on the corners of the cover and then slide the cover downwards.

Fig. 2-2 Opening the cover of the control panel keys

The overview on the following pages provides a brief description of the functions of the individual control panel keys:
Key DEL Function Deletes the last measured reading 2 x DEL: Deletes all readings .. during normalization: 1x DEL - Deletes the last reading, 2x DEL - Deletes the measurement series of the base material .. during calibration: 1x DEL - Deletes the last reading, 2x DEL - Deletes the measurement series of the current calibration standard. Repeated pressing of DEL: Deletes the measurement series of the previous calibration standards ( beginning on Page 72). .. in all menus: DEL - Returns to the previous menu or cancels the procedure.

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Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

Key FINAL-RES

Function Retrieving the final result ( beginning on Page 75)

Repeated pressing of FINAL-RES: Displays the individual components of the final result (mean value, standard deviation, etc.) in succession. .. and then ENTER: Ends the display of the final result (return to the measurement screen) and deletes the stored values. .. and then : Ends the display of the final result (return to the measurement screen) without deleting the stored values. .. during calibration or normalization: Enables or disables the free-running display mode (display of the normalized countrates of the readings; readings will not be stored and will not be integrated in the calibration or normalization). ON/OFF ZERO CAL Turns the instrument on and off ( Retrieves the normalization ( beginning on Page 33)

beginning on Page 45) beginning on

Retrieves the corrective calibration ( Page 47) .. and then CAL: Cancels the corrective calibration. .. and then DEL: Deletes the corrective calibration.

.. and then ZERO: Retrieves the calibration on the coating (possible only for magnetic induction probes and the magnetic induction channel of dual probes). .. and then ZERO: Retrieves the calibration on coating.

Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

Page 17

Description of the Instrument

Description of the Instrument

Key

Function With the calibration: Sets the target value of the used calibration standard that will be displayed after the CAL Target notification. With parameter selection: Selects the desired parameters. The display will change faster if is pressed for longer than 3 seconds.

Turns the free-running display mode on/off. With the calibration: Sets the target value of the used calibration standard that will be displayed after the CAL Target indicator. With parameter selection: Selects the desired parameters. The display will change faster if is pressed for longer than 3 seconds.

SEND ENTER

Transfers the values to a connected computer. Confirms entries 5 x ENTER: Calls the service functions The instrument settings in the Service Functions menu are password-protected. 157 will be displayed after pressing ENTER 5 times. Press , 2 times to increase this value to the factory-default password 159 and confirm the entry with ENTER.

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Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

2.3.1

Probes

All probes that can be connected to the instrument are equipped with a memory chip, a so-called EEPROM, in their connector plug. Probe-specific information (such as probe type, production number, measurement method or coefficients of the master characteristic, for example) is stored permanently - even without power supply - in this memory chip, which can be overwritten as many times as desired. When powering up the instrument, this information is automatically retrieved and processed by the instrument; the instrument "recognizes" the connected probe. Correct coating thickness measurements can be performed only if a probe that fits the measurement is used ( Chapter 5.2 Assigning a New Probe, beginning on Page 38).
Fig. 2-3 Probe plug of an FGAB 1.3 probe

Various probe models are available for measurements on objects with different shapes and different surface properties. Special probes with different measurement ranges are available for the following areas of application, for example: particularly rough or abrasive surfaces Particularly soft surfaces damp, acidic contamination on the surface particularly thick or thin coatings hot surfaces Coatings in pipes and bore holes For available probe models and the probe model best suited for your application, see the respective probe data sheets of the brochure Measurement Probes and Measurement Aids - Optimized Probes - The Key to Successful Coating Thickness Measurements. You can obtain this brochure from Helmut Fischer GmbH Institute for Electronics and Metrology or from your authorized supplier.

Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

Page 19

Description of the Instrument

2.3

Accessories

Description of the Instrument

2.3.2

Calibration Standards

Calibration standards (in the form of foils or hard paper with different thicknesses) are used for the calibration; the standards are placed on the uncoated specimen in order to simulate a coating with a known thickness. A probe-specific calibration standard set for the master calibration (can be ordered as an option) and a probe-specific calibration standard set for the corrective calibration (included with the probe) are available for each probe model and have been compiled specifically for this probe model. You can obtain additional calibration standards of various thicknesses on request from Helmut Fischer GmbH Institute for Electronics and Metrology or from your authorized supplier.

Order number of the cali bration foil

Reference area

Foil thick-

75.0 Masterfolie 2

Guaranteed error limit

Fig. 2-4 Calibration foil (example) and master foil (example)

At Helmut Fischer GmbH Institute for Electronics and Metrology, the foil thicknesses of the calibration standards are determined using a mechanical axial caliper. The function of the axial caliper has been verified using gauge blocks of the accuracy class I, which have been verified according to national standards. The guaranteed error limits stated on the calibration standards refer only to the identified reference area.
Due to the smaller error caused by deformation when compared to plastic foils, copper beryllium foils should be used for calibration standards with thicknesses of less than 30 m. Because copper beryllium is an electrically conducting material, CuBe standards may be used only for calibrating magnetic induction probes and/or for calibrating the magnetic induction channel of dual probes.

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Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

When measuring the thickness of foils with the same thickness but made of different materials (e.g., a 12 m thick CuBe foil and a 12 m thick plastic foil) on rough specimens, the values measured on these two foils may deviate by 1 - 2 m from each other, depending on the roughness. This deviation is caused by the greater rigidity of the CuBe foil. (The rigid CuBe foil rests relatively plane on the roughness peaks while the soft plastic foil adjusts somewhat to the roughness due to the pressure force of the probe tip.) For this reason, the same foil material that is used for the calibration should also be used for the test measurements!

Certification of the Calibration Standards Certificates for the calibration standards are available upon request from your authorized supplier or directly from the Helmut Fischer GmbH Institute for Electronics and Metrology.

2.4

Technical Data
DUALSCOPE FMP20 DELTASCOPE FMP10 ISOSCOPE FMP10 Graphical backlit LCD display Non-ferromagnetic coatings (NF) on steel or iron (Fe) Electrically non-conducting coatings (Iso) on nonferromagnetic metallic base materials (NF)

Instrument model

Display Measurable coatings

Measuring modes Magnetic induction measurement method Amplitude-sensitive eddy current method Dimensions Weight Instrument: 170 mm x 90 mm x 35 mm (L x W x H) LCD display: 44 mm x 57 mm (L x W) approx. 340 g (without probe, ready to operate)

Permissible ambi- +10 C ... +40 C ent temperature during operation

Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

Page 21

Description of the Instrument

Description of the Instrument

Permissible storage temperature Permissible relative air humidity Power supply

5 ... 60 C 30 ... 90% (non-condensing) 4 x 1.5 V batteries with about 50 h service life, (Size AA or Mignon) or 4 x 1.5 V NiMH rechargeable batteries with about 45 h service life at 2100 mAh, (Size AA or Mignon) 0.3 W with the LCD display not illuminated 0.5 W with the LCD display illuminated Probe:10-pin round plug Mini USB port Mini AB About 0.2 seconds in the free-running mode

Power consumption Connectors USB port Minimum time between two measurements

Minimum Dependant on the measurement range of the conlift-off distance nected probe; at least 3 to 4 times the max. measurbetween two mea- able coating thickness surements Measurement range, trueness and repeatability precision Depends on the connected probe (These and other probe characteristics can be obtained from the brochure Measurement Probes and Measurement Aids - Optimized Probes - The Key to Successful Coating Thickness Measurements) of Helmut Fischer GmbH Institute for Electronics and Metrology or can be requested from your authorized supplier or directly from Helmut Fischer GmbH Institute for Electronics and Metrology.)

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Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

After receiving the shipment, packaging and contents should be checked for potential damage. If the packaging, the contents or the accessories show signs of damage, retain the packaging. It might be needed to assert a claim for damages versus the shipping company. It is also advisable to keep the packaging for future transport. Also verify that all components of the standard contents of the shipment and all ordered options are present. Notify your authorized supplier or the Helmut Fischer GmbH Institute for Electronics and Metrology if this is not the case.

2.5.1

Standard Contents of Shipment of the Instrument

The standard contents of shipment of the instrument includes: Instrument Batteries Interface cable FMP/PC, Carrying and storage case, carrying strap Mini CD with USB driver Operator's Manual Short form operator's manual

2.5.2

Options

Available options are: Various measurement probes Foils - also with certificate - for the calibration and for verifying the calibration Probe-specific calibration standard set for the master calibration also with certificate Charger for NiMh battery Support stand V12 for reproducible positioning of measurement probes on the specimen Jig for angle probes for use in the support stand V12 (e.g., for probe FGABW 1.3)

Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

Page 23

Description of the Instrument

2.5

Contents of Shipment and Options

Description of the Instrument

Jig for inside probes for use in the support stand V12 (e.g., for probe

FGABI 1.3-150 mm) Support stand V12-AM for motor-controlled touch-down and lift-off of measurement probes Piston ring measuring stage V4FKB4 for measuring, for example, chrome coatings on piston rings and oil wiper rings Guide device V5GW2/TW3 for angle probes for measurements at recessed or hard to reach areas PC-Datex software for transferring measurement data from the instrument to a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet (add-in module for Microsoft Excel beginning with Version 95 under Windows 95 to Windows Vista)

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Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

The following table shows an exemplary listing of FMP instruments and probes as well as the measuring application for which they can be used and the measurement method employed to measure the coating thickness.
Instrument DELTASCOPE FMP10 DELTASCOPE FMP 30 Probe model Area of application FGAB1.3 Measurement method

Determination of the thickness of Magnetic Induction Method non-magnetic coatings on steel or According to DIN EN ISO iron. E.g, chrome, copper, zinc as 2178. well as paint, lacquer, enamel or plastic coatings on steel or iron.

FTA3.3 ISOSCOPE FMP10 ISOSCOPE FMP 30

Determination of the thickness of electrically non-conducting, nonmagnetic coatings on non-ferromagnetic electrically conducting base materials. Paint, lacquer or plastic coatings on, for example, aluminum, copper, zinc, etc as well as anodized coatings on aluminum.

Amplitude-Sensitive Eddy Current Method According to DIN EN ISO 2360.

FD10

DUALSCOPE FMP20 DUALSCOPE FMP40

Determination of the thickness of Magnetic Induction Method non-magnetic coatings on steel or According to DIN EN ISO iron. E.g, chrome, copper, zinc as 2178. well as paint, lacquer, enamel or plastic coatings. Determination of the thickness of electrically non-conducting, nonmagnetic coatings on non-ferromagnetic electrically conducting base materials. Paint, lacquer or plastic coatings on, for example, aluminum, copper, zinc, etc as well as anodized coatings on aluminum. Amplitude-Sensitive Eddy Current Method According to DIN EN ISO 2360.

Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

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Measurement Methods for Coating Thickness Measurements

Measurement Methods for Coating Thickness Measurements

Measurement Methods for Coating Thickness Measurements

3.1

Magnetic Induction Method

Contacting measurement method. The excitation current generates a low-frequency magnetic field with a strength that is dependent on the distance between the measurement probe and the base material. The magnetic field is measured by means of the measuring coil. The obtained measurement signal is converted in the instrument to a coating thickness value via the characteristic probe output function. Glossary

3.2

Eddy Current Method

The excitation current generates a high-frequency magnetic field that induces eddy currents in the material. The development of these eddy currents depends on the distance (coating thickness) between the measurement probe and the base material. The measurement signal, which captures the reaction of the magnetic field of the eddy currents on the original magnetic field, is converted into a reading that is proportional to the coating thickness. Glossary

3.3

Measurements With DUAL Probes

Dual probes (e.g., FD10) combine the magnetic induction and the eddy current methods. Thus, these probes can be used to measure both non-magnetic coatings or insulating coatings on steel or iron as well as insulating coatings on non-ferromagnetic, electrically conducting base materials.

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Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

To avoid electrical discharge, inserting a battery should be carried out only with the unit turned off! Even a small electrical discharge can delete the instruments memory.

The information in Chapter 1 Important Information must be observed!

System setup consists of the following steps:


Providing the power supply for the instrument

( ( (

4.1 Power Supply, beginning on Page 27) 4.2 Connecting Probes, beginning on Page 30) 9 Data Transfer Using USB, beginning on Page 78)

Connecting a measurement probe to the instrument Connecting a computer (if desired) to the instrument Selecting the language for the instrument if your language has not been set

when the instrument was shipped ( 10.6 Units, beginning on Page 101)

4.1

Power Supply

Electrical power can be supplied to the instrument in the following ways:


4 x 1.5 V batteries (AA or mignon) or 4 x 1.5 V NiMh rechargeable batteries, 2100 mAh (AA or mignon).

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System Setup, Maintenance and Cleaning

System Setup, Maintenance and Cleaning

System Setup, Maintenance and Cleaning

4.1.1

Installing or Replacing Batteries


Indicator for battery replacement. Batteries or rechargeable batteries should be replaced.

If the battery voltage is too low, the instrument will turn off automatically. Procedure Battery Replacement

1. 2.

Use ON/OFF (

Page 33) to switch the instrument off (if not yet done).

Place the instrument with its back pointing up on the table. Open and remove the battery compartment cover on the rear of the instrument as depicted below.

Fig. 4-1 Opening the battery compartment cover

3.

If old batteries are in the instrument, remove them from the unit. Otherwise, install new batteries directly; observe the correct polarity of the batteries
Disposal: Do not dispose of batteries with regular household waste! Place damaged or used batteries / rechargeable batteries in designated collection containers! Please observe the guidelines in your region concerning proper handling of waste electrical and electronic equipment and accessories.

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Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

Observe the correct polarity when installing the batteries.

LR6 1.5V

LR6 1.5V

Fig. 4-2 Inserting the batteries and closing the battery compartment cover

Use only type MIGNON, 1.5 V, LR6 - AA - AM3 - MN1500 batteries or 4 individual rechargeable batteries 1.2 V 2400 mAh Type AA. Using other batteries may lead to instrument damage.

Use only non-damaged batteries.

Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

LR6 1.5V

LR6 1.5V

- + + + +

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System Setup, Maintenance and Cleaning

4.

Close the battery compartment cover.

System Setup, Maintenance and Cleaning

4.2

Connecting Probes

A measurement probe must be connected to the instrument to make coating thickness measurements. This must be an appropriate probe suitable for the base material. Connect probes only when the instrument is off!
To turn the instrument off: Press the ON/OFF key on the right side of the control panel. The LCD display is not lit and no characters are visible.

Protect the instrument and accessories from electrostatic charges! Electrical discharges may damage internal components or delete internal memories.
Such discharges may occur, for example, when connecting the probe to the instrument. Thus, please ensure that the person connecting a probe is properly grounded. It is recommended to store the instrument with the connected probe.

1. 2. 3.

Use ON/OFF (

Page 33) to switch the instrument off (if not yet done).

If the probe connected to the instrument is to be replaced, unscrew the knurled nut of the probe plug completely and pull the probe plug carefully from the connector socket of the instrument. Plug the probe plug of the new probe into the probe connector socket of the instrument.

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Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

When inserting the plug, ensure that the key of the plug fits into the groove of the socket. Otherwise, an erroneous connection between the instrument and the plug may occur or the contact pins of the probe plug may be damaged.

Key (plug)

Groove (socket)

Fig. 4-3 Probe plug and probe connector socket

4.

Tighten the knurled nut of the probe plug. Hold the plug tight to avoid an unintentional turning of the probe plug. To avoid damage to the contact pins of the probe plug, only the knurled nut may be turned! The probe plug must not be turned in the connector socket.

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System Setup, Maintenance and Cleaning

System Setup, Maintenance and Cleaning

1.
Probe connector plug

2.

Connector socket Instrument

Fig. 4-4 Connecting a probe

5.

Use ON/OFF to turn the instrument on again. The instrument automatically recognizes the type of probe connected to it.

Exception: A flashing symbol for the measurement method on the LCD display indicates that the instrument does not recognize the connected probe. In such a case:
The probe must be assigned to the instrument (

5.2 Assigning a New

Probe, beginning on Page 38)


A new corrective calibration must be performed after the probe has been assigned ( Page 47)!

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Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

To avoid erroneous readings, no metallic objects must be in close proximity to the probe tip when powering up the instrument. The minimum distance to be kept is probe-specific (Guideline: Five times the upper measurement range limit, i.e., a minimum distance of 25 mm should be maintained for a probe with the measurement range 0...5 mm).

4.3.1

Measurement Method of the Connected Probe

After instrument power-up, the LCD display shows the measurement method of the connected probe or the measurement method of the last measurement carried out. With dual probes, the dual method set in the open Application will be displayed as well (For an explanation of the dual method: 5.3 Setting Up the Dual Mode for DUAL Probes, beginning on Page 39 / 10.5.6 Dual Method, beginning on Page 100).
Display [NF/Fe] [NC/NF] [NF/Fe NC/NF] Explanation Magnetic induction probe connected. Eddy current probe connected. Dual probe connected and dual method set to [both] (i.e., in the open application, both methods can be used to make measurements). Dual probe connected and dual method set to [NF/Fe] (i.e., in the open application, only the magnetic induction method can be used to make measurements). Or: The last time the probe has been placed on Fe material. Dual probe connected and dual method set to [NC/NF] (i.e., in the open application, only the eddy current method can be used to make measurements). Or: The last time the probe has been placed on NF material.

[NF/Fe NC/NF]

[NF/Fe NC/NF]

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System Setup, Maintenance and Cleaning

4.3

Turning the Instrument On/Off

System Setup, Maintenance and Cleaning

4.3.2
Key sequence ON/OFF

Power Up
Detail of the LCD display Explanation Press the ON/OFF key to power up the instrument. You will hear an audible signal. A monitoring routine will run automatically. All display elements of the LCD display will appear briefly at the same time ( Page 14). At the end of the monitoring routine, the instrument is ready to make measurements. The icon of the measurement method of the connected probe is displayed ( Page 33). [m] or [mm] or [mils]: Unit of measurement for the displayed reading [Thickn.]: Measurement program Coating thickness ( 10.5.5 Measured Variable, beginning on Page 99) [n=]: Number of the stored measurements This error message appears briefly after power-up if no probe is connected to the instrument, if the probe is not connected properly or if the connected probe is defective. It is not possible to make measurements without a connected probe. ( 4.2 Connecting Probes, beginning on Page 30).

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Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

Key sequence

Detail of the LCD display

Explanation

This warning appears briefly after powerup if a probe other than the last one used is connected to the instrument. ( 5.2 Assigning a New Probe, beginning on Page 38).

4.3.3

Measuring Modes

( Chapter 10.5.5 Measured Variable, beginning on Page 99) Depending on the set measuring mode, one of the following can appear after power-up of the instrument:
a coating thickness reading d, a normalized countrate Xn a countrate X d and Xs (countrate for a lifted-off probe) or Xn and Xs

4.3.4

Turning Off the Instrument

Press the ON/OFF key to turn the instrument off manually. The instrument shuts down automatically if for about 5 minutes no measurements are made or no key is pressed.

Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

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System Setup, Maintenance and Cleaning

System Setup, Maintenance and Cleaning

4.4

Cleaning
To avoid damage to the instrument due to electrical shock, the line plug of the AC adapter must be pulled before cleaning the instrument or the accessories!

Soiled instruments or accessories should be cleaned using a plastic care product and a soft cloth. The following should be observed during cleaning:
Risk of electrical shorts! Water or other liquids must not enter the instrument or the accessories! Do not immerse or place the instrument or accessories into liquids to loosen dirt through soaking! Do not pour liquids on the instrument or accessories! Wipe off dirt immediately to avoid it from drying onto the surface!

Do not use aggressive agents to clean the instrument or the accessories because they could attack the plastic housing!

To prevent damage, avoid scraping as a means of cleaning off dirt, in particular in the area of the probe tip.

Do not use aggressive agents to clean the calibration standards because they could damage the calibration standard! The use of damaged calibration standards (e.g., dirty or scratched standards) will lead to wrong measurement results! (For additional information: 1.8 Handling, Storage and Transport of Calibration Standards, beginning on Page 11)

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Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

5.1

Handling During Measurements


Example: Probe FGAB1.3

Always hold the probe at its grip sleeve (right fig-

Grip sleeve Specimen

ure).
Always place the probe gently and at a right angle

on the specimen surface.


Slide the grip sleeve to the specimen surface such

that the sleeve rests on the specimen (center and bottom Figure, right).
With the default setting, a beep will signal the mea-

surement capture.
Lift the probe off the specimen before making the

next measurement.

Avoid hard impacts. Do not allow the probe to hover directly above the surface. Doing so will lead to erroneous readings. Do not bend the probe connector cable! Doing so can lead to broken wires.

Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

Page 37

Probe Handling

Probe Handling

Probe Handling

5.2

Assigning a New Probe

The instrument recognizes if the probe connected to the unit is different than the one expected according to the probe identification in the current Application. Reason: Each individual probe has a name consisting of the identification number and the model designation (e.g., FGAB 1.3). The probe must be registered in the instrument under this name. Potential Causes of Problems:
The probe received a different identification number after a repair. A newly purchased probe has not yet been assigned. If a user has more than one probe of the same probe model, a problem occurs

if a not yet assigned probe is connected to the instrument. In such a case, it is advisable to identify the probes and/or instruments with numbers. If the instrument is powered up and a probe other than the one used last is connected, the following display will appear:
Key sequ./ Action Detail of the LCD display Explanation

This warning appears briefly after powerup if a probe other than the last one used is connected to the instrument.

After a bief time, the display shown to the left will appear. Example: FD10 = Name of the connected probe DEL: Probe assignment starts ENTER: Probe will not be assigned, measurement method display flashes DEL DEL: All stored readings will be deleted. ENTER: The probe will not be assigned, measurement method display continues to flash

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Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

Key sequ./ Action

Detail of the LCD display

Explanation

ZERO and CAL appear on the display. A normalization and a corrective calibration must be performed ( beginning on Page 45). ENTER: The normalization will be skipped. Only a corrective calibration will be performed. DEL (2x): The existing corrective calibration will be deleted. CAL: The action will be canceled. Neither the normalization nor the corrective calibration will be carried out.

5.3

Setting Up the Dual Mode for DUAL Probes

If a DUAL probe is connected to the instrument, the menu Dual method will appear additionally in the menu Service Functions / Measurement ( 10.5.6 Dual Method, beginning on Page 100). Select the measurement method from this menu:
Detail of the LCD display Explanation NF/Fe: Measurements using the magnetic induction method NC/NF: Measurements using the eddy current method both: Measurements are possible using the eddy current or the magnetic induction methods Use the error keys or to make the selection. Confirm the selection by pressing ENTER.

Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

Page 39

Probe Handling

Probe Handling

If a dual probe is connected to the instrument, the dual method that has been set up will be displayed on the LCD display after power-up ( 4.3.1 Measurement Method of the Connected Probe, beginning on Page 33):
The measurement uses the magnetic induction method.

The measurement uses the eddy current method.

The dual method can be set up separately for each Application. The dual method settings of the other Applications will not be affected.

If the dual method is set to both, both measurement methods can be used to make measurements. When the probe is placed on the specimen, the correct measurement method will be selected automatically. If the dual method is set to NC/NF or NF/Fe, only the respective selected measurement method can be used to make measurements. This can ensure, for example, that only the coating of interest of a multi-coating system is determined. For example, to measure the thickness of the Iso coating from Fig. 5-1, the NF coating must have a certain minimum thickness (e.g., for zinc about 60 m) and the dual method must be set to NC/NF: Insulating coating (Iso coating) Non-ferromagnetic metal (NF coating) Ferromagnetic base material
Fig. 5-1 Sample structure of a multi-coating system

If the setting is NF/Fe, the ferromagnetic base material will be taken into account and the thickness of the Iso coating plus the NF coating will be determined. However, if the setting is both, either the Iso coating alone (for relative thick NF coatings) or the thickness of the Iso coating plus the NF coating (for relatively thin NF coatings) will be determined depending on the thickness and electrical conductivity of the NF coating.

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Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

Many factors influence the readings of a coating thickness measurement (7.2 Influencing Parameters, beginning on Page 66). These influences can be corrected through a normalization and a calibration. A normalization is sufficient if these properties change only slightly. As a rule, a normalization should be performed in the uncoated reference area of the current specimen. A corrective calibration is required if the changes in shape, magnetic permeability or electrical conductivity are greater and can no longer be corrected with a normalization.
With the same type of specimen, a new normalization, corrective calibration or master calibration should be performed only if inadmissible deviations from a control sample are present. Most often, these deviations are caused by probe tip wear.

A master calibration must be performed if the changes to the aforementioned properties are extremely large.
For the normalization, corrective calibration and master calibration, an uncoated material must be used that corresponds to the specimens to be measured in its base material and shape! The supplied reference part (Fe or Al base) must not be used for the normalization or calibration because its material properties do, as a rule, not correspond to those of the specimen. (It may be used for a function check, for example.)

If an uncoated specimen is not a available, a Calibration on coating, i.e., a calibration on a coated specimen can be performed. Only minor changes in specimen shape can be corrected with a calibration on coating.
A calibration on coating can be performed only with magnetic induction probes or the magnetic induction channel of dual probes. A calibration in coating is not possible with eddy current probes or the eddy current channel of dual probes.

Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

Page 41

Normalization, Calibration and Master Calibration

Normalization, Calibration and Master Calibration

Normalization, Calibration and Master Calibration

6.1

Information Regarding Normalization, Calibration and Master Calibration

The information in Chapter 1 Important Information, beginning on

Page 7 should be observed with every normalization, calibration and master calibration!
All measurements should be performed with great care! Only in this manner

can the trueness specified for the used probe be ensured during the subsequent measurements.
Reference measurements should be performed after every normalization and

calibration to verify the normalization and calibration.


CuBe calibration standards must be used for the calibration of magnetic

induction probes or for the calibration of the magnetic induction channel of dual probes only, because the thickness of the CuBe standards can be measured only with the magnetic induction method.
The information in Chapter

6.2 Specific Features of DUAL Probes, beginning on Page 44 should be observed when performing normalizations and calibrations that have been set up using a dual probe! on coating or a master calibration as long as the restricted operating mode is enabled (indicated by on the LCD display) ( 10.4.1 Restricted operating mode, beginning on Page 92)!

It is not possible to start a normalization, corrective calibration, calibration

With external start enabled, a measurement acquisition can be triggered dur-

ing a normalization or calibration by: - Pressing the FINAL-RES key, - Transmitting one of the ASCII characters G0, ES, EN or - the control character ESC? via the USB port (ESC = ASCII27). Enabling externally triggered measurement acquisition: 10.5.3 External Start, beginning on Page 96; 9.4.2 Control Commands, beginning on Page 81

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Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

In addition to the measurement probe, the number of individual measurements to be carried out depends to a great extent also on the specimen. The following procedures are recommended:
A minimum of 5 single readings with typical (not very rough) technical sur-

faces and only slightly curved measurement locations.


With rough surfaces, strongly curved measurement locations, soft coatings,

inhomogeneous base materials, etc., individual measurements should be performed until the displayed standard deviation s is less than 1/20 of the tolerance limit spread of the coating to be measured. Example of a zinc coating: Upper Specification Limit USL: 25 m (Upper Tolerance Limit) Lower Specification Limit LSL: 15 m (Lower Tolerance Limit) Specification limit spread = USL - LSL = 10 m Max. admissible standard deviation s = 0.5 m
If the standard deviation s is still greater than admissible even after 5 - 10 single readings, either probe positioning aids (prisms, support stands, etc.) should be used or a probe that is better suitable for the measuring application should be selected.

Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

Page 43

Normalization, Calibration and Master Calibration

6.1.1

Recommended Number of Single Readings During a Normalization, Calibration and Master Calibration

Normalization, Calibration and Master Calibration

6.2

Specific Features of DUAL Probes

The first measurement performed during a normalization or calibration with a dual probe determines the channel of the dual probe that is normalized or calibrated (indicated on the display with Fe or NF). For example, if the first measurement for a normalization is performed on a ferromagnetic specimen, the magnetic induction channel of the dual probe will be normalized during the subsequent normalization.

6.3

Reference Measurements

During a reference measurement, readings are obtained on a reference specimen. If the deviations of these readings exceed the limit values specified by the company, the normalization or calibration that is checked using the reference measurement must be performed again. A reference sample (coated specimen with a known thickness that corresponds to the parts to be measured in base material, coating material and shape) is required for a reference measurement.
Reference specimens are subject to wear caused by the contacting measurement. Reference specimens must be checked regularly and replaced by new reference specimens if wear is too great.

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Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

With the normalization, a new zero point is established for the calibration curve and stored in the instrument. Required materials Reference part: Uncoated part from the production.

6.4.1

Normalization Procedure
Detail of the LCD display Explanation

Key sequ./ Action ZERO

Use ZERO to start the normalization. ZERO appears and remains on the LCD display while the normalization is performed. [s]: Standard deviation [n]: Number of measurements [Base material (Fe/NF)]: Measurements should be performed on an uncoated specimen (Fe or NF display for the type of base material). When using dual probes, the type of base material will be displayed only after the 1st measurement is completed. [Cancel: ENTER]: Using ENTER cancels the normalization.

Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

Page 45

Normalization, Calibration and Master Calibration

6.4

Normalization

Normalization, Calibration and Master Calibration

Key sequ./ Action

Detail of the LCD display

Explanation

Perform measurements on the uncoated specimen (base material). Perform the number of individual measurements recommended in Chapter 6.1.1, Page 43 at various points of the reference area. The mean value of all readings obtained for the normalization will be displayed. [s]: Standard deviation [n]: Number of measurements [Base material]: Measurements should be performed on an uncoated specimen. The base material (NF) or (Fe) will be displayed. [Delete: DEL]: Use DEL to delete the last measurement, 2x DEL to delete all readings obtained for the normalization. [OK: ENTER]: Using ENTER ends the normalization. ENTER A confirmation indicating that the normalization has been carried out successfully appears. Pressing ENTER confirms the message.

ENTER

The new characteristic will be computed automatically and stored. The instrument is again ready to make measurements. 2.1 LCD Display, beginning on Page 14).

Perform several check measurements by measuring the thickness of a cali-

bration standard placed on the uncoated reference area in order to verify a correct normalization. The thickness of the standard should be close to the nominal thickness value of the coating to be measured.

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Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

foil, delete the readings of the reference measurement before starting with the measurements on your specimens.
If the mean value is not within the guaranteed error limits, perform a correc-

tive calibration.

6.5

Corrective Calibration

With a corrective calibration, a new zero point and one additional point (onepoint calibration with one calibration standard) or two additional points (twopoint calibration with two calibration standards) are established for the calibration curve and are stored in the instrument. Required materials
Reference part (uncoated part from the production) Calibration foils

6.5.1 Selecting the Calibration Standards for the Corrective Calibration A corrective calibration using the calibration standards included with the probe shipment provides the best measuring precision for the entire measurement range of the probe. To enhance the measuring precision in a certain thickness range, a foil with a thickness in this specific range may be used as well. However, the measuring precision outside of this particular thickness range will not be as good as with the corrective calibration using the probe-specific calibration standards.

Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

Page 47

Normalization, Calibration and Master Calibration

if the obtained mean value is with the guaranteed error limits stated on the

Normalization, Calibration and Master Calibration

6.5.2 Corrective Calibration Procedure


Key sequ./ Action CAL Detail of the LCD display Explanation

Use CAL to start the corrective calibration. CAL appears and remains on the LCD display while the corrective calibration is performed. [s]: Standard deviation [n]: Number of measurements [Base material (Fe/NF)]: Measurements should be performed on an uncoated specimen (Fe or NF display for the type of base material), i.e., a Normalization is carried out. When using dual probes, the type of base material will be displayed only after the 1st measurement is completed. [CAL-Delete: DEL]: Using DEL deletes the corrective calibration ( Page 52). [Skip: ENTER]: Using ENTER skips the normalization (the stored normalization is retained unchanged). [Cancel: CAL]: Using CAL cancels the corrective calibration (the stored corrective calibration is retained unchanged). ZERO: Pressing ZERO starts the calibraPage 53). tion on coating procedure (

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Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

Key sequ./ Action

Detail of the LCD display

Explanation

Perform measurements on the uncoated specimen (base material) (normalization). Perform the number of individual measurements recommended in Chapter 6.1.1, Page 43 at various points of the reference area. The mean value of all readings obtained for the normalization will be displayed. [s]: Standard deviation [n]: Number of measurements [Base material]: Measurements should be performed on an uncoated specimen, i.e., a normalization is carried out. The used base material (NF) or (Fe) will be displayed. [Delete: DEL]: Use DEL to delete the last measurement, 2x DEL to delete all readings obtained for the normalization. [OK: ENTER]: Using ENTER ends and stores the normalization. ENTER [Entry: ]: Use the arrow keys to set the nominal thickness value of the calibration standard. The rated value is printed onto the calibration standard. The rated value can be set faster if a measurement is performed on the calibration standard and then the rated value is corrected using the arrow keys. [CAL-rat.1: 23.70]: Display of the set rated value for the thickness of the calibration standard (Example: 23.7 m) [Cancel: ENTER]: Using ENTER cancels the calibration procedure

Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

Page 49

Normalization, Calibration and Master Calibration

Normalization, Calibration and Master Calibration

Key sequ./ Action

Detail of the LCD display

Explanation

Place the calibration standard 1 (in the example with a thickness of 23.7 m) on the uncoated specimen and perform measurements. Perform the number of individual measurements recommended in Chapter 6.1.1, Page 43 at various points of the reference area. Displayed is the mean value of all measurements performed for this step. [s]: Standard deviation [n]: Number of measurements

or

[Entry: ]: Use the arrow keys to set the nominal thickness value of the calibration standard. The rated value is printed on the calibration standard. The rated value can be set faster if a measurement is performed on the calibration standard and then the rated value is corrected using the arrow keys. This step is not required if - as shown in the example - the rated value for the thickness of the calibration standard coincides with the stored thickness. [OK: ENTER]: Using ENTER ends the current calibration step.

ENTER

If a corrective calibration is desired with 2 standards, proceed in the same manner with calibration standard #2. Otherwise: Use ENTER to end the corrective calibration. The new characteristic will be computed automatically and stored. The instrument is again ready to make measurements.

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Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

Key sequ./ Action ENTER

Detail of the LCD display

Explanation

A confirmation indicating that the corrective calibration has been carried out successfully appears. Pressing ENTER confirms the message.

Calibration standards are included with the probe shipment. To obtain a high measuring precision, it is recommended to select two standards for the corrective calibration as follows: 1st calibration standard: The thickness corresponds approximately to the upper limit of the measurement range. 2nd calibration standard: The thickness corresponds approximately to the lower tolerance limit of the measurement range. A corrective calibration with only one calibration standard is sufficient if coating thickness measurements are performed that are narrowly around a target value. In such cases, the thickness of the calibration standard should correspond approximately to the target coating thickness value. Perform several reference measurements by measuring the thickness of the

standards used for the calibration on the uncoated reference area in order to verify a correct corrective calibration.
If the obtained mean value is within the guaranteed error limits stated on the

foil, delete the readings of the reference measurement before starting with the measurements on your specimens.
If the mean value is not within the guaranteed error limits, repeat corrective

calibration.

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Normalization, Calibration and Master Calibration

Normalization, Calibration and Master Calibration

6.5.3

Deleting a Corrective Calibration

When deleting the corrective calibration of a dual probe, only the corrective calibration of the currently active channel will be deleted.

Key sequ./ Action CAL

Detail of the LCD display

Explanation

Use CAL to start the corrective calibration. [CAL-Delete: DEL]: Using DEL deletes the corrective calibration. [Cancel: CAL]: Using CAL cancels the corrective calibration (the stored corrective calibration is retained unchanged).

DEL

[Yes: DEL]: The corrective calibration will be deleted. [No: ENTER]: Cancels the delete procedure. The corrective calibration will be deleted. The instrument is again ready to make measurements.

DEL

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Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

With a calibration on coating, an adjustment for the base material is made through an existing coating by making measurements on a calibration standard (included in the probe shipment) placed on this coating. When should it be performed
A calibration on coating is necessary when no uncoated specimen is avail-

able as a reference part, e.g., during the receiving inspection or for measurements on site.
Please note that a Calibration on coating does not provide as good an adjustment for the base material as a calibration with an uncoated reference part. The additionally encountered measurement error depends on the coating thickness that is present during the calibration and on the thickness of the used calibration standard; for this reason, it is not possible to provide a generally applicable value for this additional measurement error. If at all possible, an uncoated reference part should be used for the calibration.

Required materials
Reference part (coated part from the production) Calibration standards (included with the probe shipment)

6.6.1

Procedure for a Calibration on Coating

A normalization is required before a calibration on coating can be performed ( Page 45). The following error message appears if a normalization has not yet been performed:

Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

Page 53

Normalization, Calibration and Master Calibration

6.6

Calibration on a Coating

Normalization, Calibration and Master Calibration

Key sequ./ Action CAL + ZERO

Detail of the LCD display

Explanation

Use CAL + ZERO to start the calibration on coating. ZERO + CAL appear and remain on the LCD display while the calibration on coating is performed. [s]: Standard deviation [n]: Number of measurements [Coating Sample]: Measurements should be performed on the uncoated specimen. [Cancel: ENTER]: Using ENTER cancels the current calibration step. Perform measurements on the coated specimen (base material). Perform the number of individual measurements recommended in Chapter 6.1.1, Page 43 at various points of the reference area. The mean value of all readings obtained in this step will be displayed. [s]: Standard deviation [n]: Number of measurements [CBase material.]: Measurements shall be performed on the coated specimen. The used base material (NF) or (Fe) will be displayed. [Delete: DEL]: Use DEL to delete the last measurement, 2x DEL to delete all readings obtained for the normalization. [OK: ENTER]: Use ENTER to end and store the calibration step.

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Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

Key sequ./ Action ENTER

Detail of the LCD display

Explanation [ ]: Use or to set the rated value for the foil thickness (value printed on the correction foil). This step is not required if the rated value for the foil thickness coincides with the stored foil thickness. [Cancel: ENTER]: Use ENTER to cancel the calibration step. Place the calibration standard on the coated specimen and perform measurements. Perform the number of individual measurements recommended in Chapter 6.1.1, Page 43 at various points of the reference area. The mean value of all readings obtained in this step will be displayed. [Entry: ]: Use the arrow keys to set the nominal thickness value of the calibration standard. The rated value is printed onto the calibration standard. The rated value can be set faster if a measurement is performed on the calibration standard and then the rated value is corrected using the arrow keys. [CAL-rat.1: 23.70]: Display of the set rated value for the thickness of the calibration standard (Example: 23.7 m) [Delete: DEL]: Use DEL to delete the last measurement, 2x DEL to delete all readings obtained for the calibration.

Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

Page 55

Normalization, Calibration and Master Calibration

Normalization, Calibration and Master Calibration

Key sequ./ Action ENTER

Detail of the LCD display

Explanation

A confirmation indicating that the calibration on coating has been carried out successfully appears. Pressing ENTER confirms the message.

To verify the calibration on coating proceed as follows:

1. 2. 3.

Through several reference measurements ( Glossary), determine the mean value of the thickness of the reference coating. Through several reference measurements, determine the mean value of the total thickness, comprised of the calibration standard used for the calibration and the reference coating. Compute the difference of the two coatings. It must correspond to the engraved value of the calibration standard. the guaranteed error limits stated on the standard, delete the readings of the reference measurements before starting with the measurements on your specimens.

If the computed difference (thickness of the calibration standard) is within

If the computed difference is not within the guaranteed error limits, perform

an additional calibration on coating.

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Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

The master calibration determines the coefficients of the master characteristic and stores them in the EEPROM of the probe plug. These coefficients determine the master characteristic, i.e.; the correlation between the measurement signal of the probe and the coating thickness. The EEPROM in the probe plug contains memories for the coefficients of two master calibrations. These two master calibrations differ from each other in the following manner: Factory Master Calibration One master calibration (factory master calibration) is performed at the facility of the Helmut Fischer GmbH Institute for Electronics and Metrology with a very high precision and, depending on the probe type, using at least 8 or more calibration standards. It cannot be deleted or overwritten by the user. User Master Calibration You can set up the user master calibration by yourself using 4 - 8 calibration standards. This memory is empty when a new probe is supplied. Once the user has set up his own master calibration in the manner described below, he can overwrite or even delete this calibration, if needed. At least 4 calibration standards are required to set up a user master calibration. They are part of the optional probe-specific master calibration standard set. The Xn value of one of these calibration standards must be within the prescribed Xn range of the master calibration for all 4 Xn ranges to be occupied. To increase the measuring precision in a certain measurement interval of the probe, up to 4 additional calibration standards with thicknesses in this interval can be used. This means that max. 5 calibration standards can be in an Xn range of the user master calibration. If the user master calibration is deleted and an new one is not set up, the factory master calibration will be used automatically to make measurements.
An existing corrective calibration will be deleted after a user master calibration is set up or deleted. This means that after deleting the user calibration and continued measurement with the factory master calibration, a new corrective calibration should be performed - if necessary.

Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

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Normalization, Calibration and Master Calibration

6.7

Master Calibration

Normalization, Calibration and Master Calibration

6.7.1

Selecting the Calibration Standards


For the user master calibration, it is essential to use the probe-specific calibration standard set that is associated with the connected probe! Only in this manner can the trueness specified for the used probe be ensured during the subsequent measurements.

During the user master calibration, the master characteristic can be determined only if suitable calibration standards are used. The calibration standards are suited for the user master calibration only if their normalized countrates Xn are within pre-established probe-specific Xn ranges. The Xn values can be displayed after the 1st step of the user master calibration (normalization) (Query of the probespecific limits of the Xn ranges for the connected probe during the master calibration: Page 63.)

6.7.2

Performing a User Master Calibration


A user master calibration (hereafter simply referred to as a master calibration) must be performed only by experienced users.

If a dual probe is connected, only the normalization and corrective calibra-

tion of the measuring method in which the new master calibration has been performed will be deleted. Required materials
Uncoated specimen with base material and shape that correspond to those of

the actual parts to be measured


Probe-specific calibration standard set (master foils)

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Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

The master calibration is retrieved from the Service function menu ( 10.8 Performing a Master Calibration, beginning on Page 102).
Key sequ./ Action 5 x ENTER 2x Detail of the LCD display Explanation

Press ENTER 5 times to retrieve the Service Function menu and set the identification number 159 of the Service Functions using the arrow key . Retrieve the master calibration from the Service Functions menu and use ENTER to start the procedure. ZERO + CAL appear and remain on the LCD display while the master calibration is performed. [s]: Standard deviation [n]: Number of measurements [MCL Delete: DEL]: Use DEL to delete an existing master calibration (appears only if a master calibration has already been performed). Use CAL if you do not wish to delete the master calibration. [Cancel: CAL]: Using CAL cancels the master calibration.

ENTER

If you press DEL again after deleting the master calibration in order to exit the menu, subsequent measurements will be made with the factory master calibration - without a corrective calibration.

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Normalization, Calibration and Master Calibration

6.7.3

Master Calibration Procedure

Normalization, Calibration and Master Calibration

Key sequ./ Action

Detail of the LCD display

Explanation

Perform measurements on the uncoated specimen (base material). Perform the number of individual measurements recommended in Chapter 6.1.1, Page 43 at various points of the reference area. The mean value of all readings obtained for the normalization will be displayed. [s]: Standard deviation [n]: Number of measurements [Base material]: Measurements should be performed on an uncoated specimen, i.e., a normalization is carried out. The used base material (NF) or (Fe) will be displayed. [Delete: DEL]: Use DEL to delete the last measurement, 2x DEL to delete all readings obtained for the normalization. [OK: ENTER]: Use ENTER to end and store the normalization. The previous normalization will be overwritten

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Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

Key sequ./ Action ENTER

Detail of the LCD display

Explanation [Entry: ]: Use the arrow keys to set the nominal thickness value of the calibration standard. The rated value is printed onto the calibration standard. The rated value can be set faster if a measurement is performed on the calibration standard and then the rated value is corrected using the arrow keys. [CAL-rat.1: 23.70]: Display of the set rated value for the thickness of the calibration standard (Example: 23.7 m) [Cancel: ENTER]: Using ENTER cancels the calibration procedure Pressing FINAL-RES: Determination of the Normalized Countrate Xn of a Calibration Standard During a Master Calibration Page 65. Pressing ZERO: Displaying Xn Ranges for Calibration Standards for the Master Calibration Page 63.

Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

Page 61

Normalization, Calibration and Master Calibration

Normalization, Calibration and Master Calibration

Key sequ./ Action

Detail of the LCD display

Explanation

Place the calibration standard 1 (in the example with a thickness of 23.7 m) on the uncoated specimen and perform measurements. Perform the number of individual measurements recommended in Chapter 6.1.1, Page 43 at various points of the reference area. Displayed is the mean value of all measurements performed for this step. [s]: Standard deviation [n]: Number of measurements [CAL-rat.1: 23.70]: Display of the set rated value for the thickness of the calibration standard (Example: 23.7 m) [Delete: DEL]: Use DEL to delete the last measurement, 2x DEL to delete all readings obtained for the normalization. [OK: ENTER]: Use ENTER to end and store the calibration step.

or

Use or to set the rated value for the foil thickness (value printed on the correction foil). This step is not required if the rated value for the foil thickness coincides with the stored foil thickness. [OK: ENTER]: Using ENTER ends the current calibration step.

ENTER

Proceed with calibration standard #2 (master foil #2) in the same as described for calibration standard #1. The same for all subsequent calibration steps.

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Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

Key sequ./ Action ENTER

Detail of the LCD display

Explanation

After the last calibration step has been concluded using ENTER, the new calibration curve will be computed automatically and stored, and a confirmation indicating that the master calibration has been carried out successfully appears. Pressing ENTER confirms the message.

Please note the information regarding the number of calibration standards under 6.7 on Page 57. Perform several reference measurements by measuring the thickness of the

master foils used for the calibration on the uncoated reference area in order to verify a correct master calibration. If the obtained mean values are outside the guaranteed error limits stated on the foils, the master calibration must be repeated. Now, it is possible to make measurements. Delete the readings of the reference measurement before starting with the measurements on your specimens.

6.7.4

Displaying Xn Ranges for Calibration Standards for the Master Calibration

During the master calibration, the master characteristic can be determined only if suitable calibration standards are used. The calibration standards are suited for the master calibration only if their normalized countrates Xn are within pre-established probe-specific Xn ranges. The probe-specific limits of the Xn ranges for the connected probe can be queried during the master calibration without affecting the calibration.

Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

Page 63

Normalization, Calibration and Master Calibration

Normalization, Calibration and Master Calibration

Key sequ./ Action 5 x ENTER 2x

Detail of the LCD display

Explanation

Retrieve the master calibration from the Service Functions menu and use ENTER to start the procedure. Relevant explanations beginning on Page 59. Using ZERO displays the probe-specific Xn range for calibration standard #1 (master foil #1). [0.0300<Xn<0.1500]: Xn range limits, the normalized countrates Xn of calibration standard #1 must be within this range. The specific limits for the probe FD10 are shown here as an example. Using ZERO displays the probe-specific Xn range for calibration standard #2 (master foil #2) [0.1500<Xn<0.3500]. Using ZERO displays the probe-specific Xn range for calibration standard #3 (master foil #3) [0.5000<Xn<0.8000]. Using ZERO displays the probe-specific Xn range for calibration standard #4 (master foil #4) [0.8000<Xn<0.9800]. Use ZERO to end the display of the probespecific Xn range. It is now possible to continue the master calibration. Or: Press CAL + DEL to return to the measuring mode.

ZERO

ZERO

ZERO

ZERO

ZERO

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Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

The normalized countrate Xn of a calibration standard can be determined as described below during a master calibration without affecting the calibration.
Because FINAL-RES triggers a measurement acquisition if external measurement acquisition is enabled, is not possible to determine the normalized countrate if external start is enabled during a calibration! Key sequ./ Action FINAL-RES Detail of the LCD display Explanation

Retrieve the master calibration from the Service Functions menu and use ENTER to start the procedure. Relevant explanations beginning on Page 59. Press FINAL-RES to start the procedure. Place the probe whose normalized countrate Xn is to be determined on the calibration standard. The normalized countrate Xn of the calibration standard will be displayed (the normalized countrate will not be stored!).

FINAL-RES

[off: FINAL-RES]: Using FINAL-RES returns the free-running display mode to the disabled state. It is now possible to continue the calibration.

Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

Page 65

Normalization, Calibration and Master Calibration

6.8

Determination of the Normalized Countrate Xn of a Calibration Standard During a Master Calibration

Measuring

Measuring
The information stated in Chapter 1 Important Information, beginning on Page 7 must be observed when making measurements!

7.1

Preparing for a Measurement

The instrument and the measurement area must be prepared in the following manner before measurements can be made:
Agreement on the reference areas (determination on where several single

readings are to be taken), according to DIN EN ISO 2064.


Ensuring that the reference areas are free of interfering contaminants (e.g.,

moisture, dirt or grease) and are not damaged.


Carrying Out the System Setup ( Switching on the instrument (

Page 27). Page 34). Page 83).

Determining the instrument configuration (

Verifying the normalization and calibration through reference measurements

on an uncoated specimen and on a specimen with a known coating thickness ( Page 44).

7.2

Influencing Parameters

The following factors influence the readings of a coating thickness measurement:


Geometry of the specimen (size of the reference area = measurement area,

curvature, surface roughness, base material thickness)


Magnetic permeability or electrical conductivity of the specimen Probe handling by the operator, in particular during probe placement

The influences of these factors can be corrected through a normalization ( beginning on Page 41) or a calibration ( beginning on Page 47, Page 57).

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Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

To make a measurement, place the probe at a right angle on the specimen surface ( Page 37). The probe can be lifted off after measurement acquisition, i.e., after the reading appears on the display. The instrument is ready to make measurements. Observe the following during the measurement:
Measurements should be made within the reference area. To avoid erroneous readings, do not allow the probe to hover above the spec-

imen.
How high the probe should be lifted off depends on the measurement range

of the probe. To obtain a correct air value, the distance to the specimen should be at least 3 to 4 times the max. measurable coating thickness.
To allow sufficient time for a measurement acquisition, the time between

individual measurements must be greater than 0.5 seconds. 1. Place the probe: 2. Lift the probe off:

Measurement Object

Fig. 7-1 Measurement using an axial probe

1. Place the probe:

2. Lift the probe off:

Measurement Object

Fig. 7-2 Measurement using an angle probe

Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

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Measuring

7.3

Making a Measurement

Measuring

In addition, the following should be observed when using two-tip probes for the measurements:
With cylindrical specimens:

Place the probe tips parallel to the longitudinal axis!


Place both probe tips simultaneously and with the same pressure on the spec-

imen!
For specimens with a base material exhibiting a preferred magnetic direc-

tion, it is recommended to generate the measured value from two averaged readings with the probe being rotated by 90 after the first measurement. A preferred magnetic direction may be created through specimen processing (e.g., rolling or drawing of sheet metal). Measurements using two-tip angle probes on specimens with a preferred magnetic direction: 1. Place the probe 4. Place the probe

2. Lift the probe off 5. Lift the probe off

3. Rotate the probe 90 6. Rotate the probe 90

Specimen with a preferred magnetic direction

Fig. 7-3 Measurements using two-tip probes

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Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

Measurement acquisition occurs automatically immediately after the probe is placed on the specimen. An audible signal will sound after the measurement acquisition (unless it has been disabled) ( 7.3.3 Audible signals After the Measurement Acquisition, beginning on Page 71). With the free-running display mode on, measurement acquisition can be triggered in the following manner ( 7.5 Measurements in the Free-Running Display Mode, beginning on Page 72):
Pressing the ENTER key Transmitting one of the ASCII characters G0, ES, EN or Transmitting the control character ESC? via the USB port (ESC =

ASCII27) ( 9.4.2 Control Commands, beginning on Page 81) Regardless of how the measurement acquisition occurred, the reading will appear on the LCD display following the measurement acquisition.

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Measuring

7.3.1

Measurement Acquisition

Measuring

7.3.2

Measurements With External Start Enabled

When an automatic measurement acquisition is not desired, e.g., when making measurements in pipes, boreholes or grooves, external start should be enabled and automatic measurement acquisition disabled. (Enabling externally triggered measurement acquisition and disabling automatic measurement acquisition: Page 96) With external start enabled, the measurement acquisition can be triggered manually in the following ways once the probe is positioned on the measurement location:
Press the key

(not with a normalization or calibration)


Press the FINAL-RES key

(only during a normalization or calibration)


Transmitting the ES command via the USB port

9.4.2 Control Commands, beginning on Page 81)


With externally triggered measurement acquisition, the measurement acquisition can be delayed by up to 2.5 sec ( 10.5.3 External Start, beginning on Page 96)

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Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

An audible signal will sound after the measurement acquisition (unless it has been disabled). The measurement acquisition signal indicates that a signal arriving from the probe has been recognized and that the probe can be lifted off the specimen. As an option, the measurement acquisition signal can be disabled ( 10.5.1 Audible Signal, beginning on Page 94). The other audible signals cannot be disabled!

7.3.4

Display of the measurement method in use when making measurements with dual probes

After powering up the instrument, the measurement method of the connected probe appears on the LCD display ( 4.3.4 Turning Off the Instrument, beginning on Page 35). In addition, with dual probes, the measurement method used for the last performed measurement will be indicated.
Display [NF/Fe NC/NF] [NF/Fe NC/NF] Explanation The magnetic induction method was used for the measurement with the dual probe. The eddy current method was used for the measurement with the dual probe.

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Measuring

7.3.3

Audible signals After the Measurement Acquisition

Measuring

7.4

Erroneous Readings

7.4.1

Deleting Erroneous Readings

If an erroneous reading is recognized directly after measurement acquisition, the reading can be deleted by pressing DEL. Pressing DEL twice will delete all readings.

7.5

Measurements in the Free-Running Display Mode

When making measurements in the free-running display mode, the coating thickness distribution across the surface can be determined simply by moving the probe along the surface. In the free-running display mode,
the readings are displayed continuously, and the readings are not accepted and stored automatically, the data are output continuously via the USB port only if [Free-running

transmit on] has been selected from the Service functions.


Measurements that are outside the measurement range, e.g., when the probe is lifted off the surface, are also output to the USB port. As long as the free-running mode is on, measurements acquisition can be

triggered using ENTER.

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To enable the free-running display mode: Press the arrow key.


The free-running display mode remains enabled until it is disabled; i.e., it

does not need to be enabled every time the instrument is powered up. To disable the free-running display mode: Press the arrow key again. As long as the free-running display mode is enabled,

will appear on the LCD display, ting one of the ASCII characters G0, ES, EN or the control character ESC? (ESC = ASCII27) via the USB port ( 9.4.2 Control Commands, beginning on Page 81),

the acquisition of a reading can be triggered using ENTER or by transmit-

the acquisition of reading can be triggered using if externally triggered

measurement acquisition is enabled,


it is not possible to retrieve the service functions!

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Measuring

7.5.1

Turning the Free-Running Display Mode On/Off

Measuring

7.5.2

Procedure For Making Measurements in the Free-Running Display Mode


The magnetic poles are subject to increased wear when moving the probe across a surface.

Key sequ./ Action

Detail of the LCD display

Explanation Press the arrow key to enable the freerunning display mode. will appear on the LCD display. [Thickn.]: Displays the coating thickness readings (measurement program 10.5.5 Measured Variable, beginning on Page 99) [n= ]: Number of measurements Place the probe on the specimen and move it across the surface of the specimen to determine the coating thickness distribution. Lift the probe off the specimen.

Use to disable the free-running display mode.

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Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

The last measurement that has been made with a dual probe prior to turning on the free-running display mode determines the measurement method that will be used for the measurement in the free-running display mode. The last used measurement method is shown on the LCD display ( 7.3.4 Display of the measurement method in use when making measurements with dual probes, beginning on Page 71).
Automatic base material detection and selection of the correct measurement method is not enabled for measurements in the free-running display mode.

If the magnetic induction method was used before the free-running display mode was turned on, the measurements in the free-running mode will be made according to the magnetic induction method as well. The dual probe will then measure only on ferromagnetic base materials. The probe will not measure on other base materials, i.e., [- - - -] will remain on the LCD display. If the eddy current method was used before the free-running display mode was turned on, the measurements in the free-running mode will be made according to the eddy current method as well. The dual probe will make correct measurements only on non-ferromagnetic base materials; erroneous measurements will be taken on ferromagnetic base materials. If no measurements were made before the free-running display mode is turned on, the measurements in the free-running mode will be made according to the magnetic induction method.

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Measuring

7.5.3

Measurements In the Free-Running Display Mode Using Dual Probes

Evaluation

Evaluation

The following parameters will be determined from the readings during the evaluation and can be displayed:
Number of evaluated readings Mean value th. , Standard deviation s , Lowest reading, Highest reading, and Range. More detailed information about the individual computed parameters can be obtained from the Glossar. Key sequ./ Action FINAL-RES Detail of the LCD display Explanation

Use FINAL-RES to start the evaluation.

[Info: CAL]: Press CAL to display an explanation of the computed parameter: [n]: Number of evaluated readings. [th.]: Mean value th. [s]: Standard deviation s [min]: Minimum value [max]: Maximum value [R]: Range [Leave open: ]: Press to end the evaluation without deleting the readings.

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Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

Key sequ./ Action ENTER + DEL

Detail of the LCD display

Explanation

Use ENTER + DEL to end the evaluation and delete the readings. [No: ENTER ]: Ends the evaluation without deleting the readings. The instrument is again ready to make measurements.

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Evaluation

Data Transfer Using USB

Data Transfer Using USB


Basic computer knowledge regarding configuration, operation and programing as well as knowledge of the software in use, which may be obtained from respective instruction manuals, is required when using the instrument in conjunction with a computer.

The USB port for the instrument is on the unit's rear side. Bi-directional data exchange occurs via the USB interface. The following operations are possible when the USB port is connected to a computer (PC):
Transfer of the readings and the characteristic statistical data from the instru-

ment to the PC.


Remote control of the instrument by sending commands from the PC to the

instrument.
Requesting measurement data and other data (e.g., the name of the current

Application) by sending commands from the PC to the instrument.


Transfer of data (e.g., designations for Applications) from the PC to the

instrument by sending commands from the PC to the instrument. Both commercial or one's own data processing programs can be used to process the data exported by the instrument. Information regarding import and processing of the data using such programs may be obtained from the respective manuals for these programs. Use the USB to
transfer measurement data and additional information in the ASCII format,

e.g., using PC-DATEX (additional information about the PC-DATEX program is available from Helmut Fischer GmbH or your authorized system supplier) directly into an EXCEL spreadsheet, and
transmit commands and data, e.g., via Windows Hyper Terminal (only up

to version Windows XP), from the PC to the instrument.

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Connect the USB port of the instrument with the USB port of the PC. Use the USB cable supplied with the instrument.

Fig. 9-1 Side view of the instrument with the USB port

9.2

Installing the USB Driver

If there is no USB driver installed for the USB connection on your PC, proceed as follows:
If the USB driver was downloaded from a Website of Helmut Fischer GmbH: Before installing the driver, extract the downloaded driver file into a folder on your PC (e.g., C:\Programme\USB-Treiber\FMPUSB).

1. 2.

Connect the instrument to the USB port of your PC. The Found New Hardware Wizard opens. Follow the instructions of the Windows wizard. If the driver is not found automatically, select or enter the source to search for the USB driver (e.g., CD-ROM drive. removable media (CD, diskettes, ...) or local path).
Windows XP: Ignore the message for the Windows Logo Test (Window Hardware Installation). Click the Continue Installation button and continue the installation.

The successful installation of the USB driver can be verified in the Windows Device Manager.
Open the Device Manager: Start/Control Panel/System, Hardware tab,

Device Manager button.

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Data Transfer Using USB

9.1

USB Connection to a PC

Data Transfer Using USB

You will find an additional COM port under Ports (COM & LPT), e.g.,

USB Driver for FMP (COM3) if the instrument is connected to the PC via the USB interface.

9.3

Transfer of the Measurement Data to the Computer


Knowledge regarding operation of the computer and the software in use, which may be obtained from respective instruction manuals, is required.

1. 2. 3. 4.

Establish the USB connection: Select the data for online export: on Page 92.

Page 79. 10.4 Instrument Mode, beginning

Data transfer from the instrument to the PC .. during the measurement (online operation): 9.3.1, .. after the measurement (offline operation) Page 80. Control the instrument from the PC: Page 81.

9.3.1

Online Operation

For transferring measurement data during online operation, the instrument is connected to the computer during the measurement and the data are output immediately (online) via the USB port.

9.3.2

Offline Operation

With offline operation, the data stored in the instrument are output at a later time (offline) via the USB port. The data output is triggered by pressing SEND.

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9.4.1

Transfer Formats

All input and output data are transferred as ASCII-Strings followed by a CR

and a LF control character (Carriage Return Line Feed; CR = ASCII13, LF = ASCII10).


The max length of data received by the instrument is 20 characters.

9.4.2

Control Commands

The instrument can be remote controlled and can request readings and other data by sending the control commands from the PC to the instrument. The requested readings or the data, respectively, are then transmitted by the instrument via the USB port and received by the PC. If sending the commands DAM, DAT, GAN, GBN, SAN, SBN, SGS or SWA results in an error, i.e., the respective function cannot be executed, the instrument will return the ASCII character NAK via the USB port to the computer.
Response: ACK (ASCII6) Response in case of an error: NAK (ASCII21)

Command STATE

Function Requests information on the current state of the instrument. 1 is output if the instrument is ready to make measurements. 0 is output if the current Application has not been set up. -1 is output for any other state (e.g., if the service functions are called at the particular time). Triggers the measurement acquisition Measurement data are output by the instrument via the USB port. Requests the current count rate Outputs the current count rate but does not store it in the instrument.

G0 or ES or EN or ESC? XX or z

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Data Transfer Using USB

9.4

Transmission from the PC to the Instrument

Data Transfer Using USB

Command XN or y SAM ESC0 ESC1 ESC3 ESC4 ESC5 ESC6 ESC7 ESC: ESC; SER VV

Function Requests the current normalized countrate. Outputs the current normalized countrate, but does not store it in the instrument. Requests all measurement data. Operates the DEL key Operates the FINAL-RES key Operates the ON/OFF key Operates the ZERO key Operates the CAL key Operates the key Operates the key Operates the SEND key Operates the ENTER key Requests the serial number of the instrument. Requests the version designation of the instrument internal software (e.g., RBA12)

For information about operation, maintenance and care of the printer, consult the instruction manual of the printer.

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Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

The instrument settings described below are configured from the Service function menu. How to access the Service functions menu:
Key sequ./ Action ON/OFF 5 x ENTER Detail of the LCD display Explanation

Use ON/OFF to turn the instrument on After pressing ENTER 5 times, the identification number 157 appears on the LCD display. Enter the identification number 159 by pressing the arrow key 2 times. Use ENTER to confirm the setting. The Service settings menu will be displayed. Press the arrow keys or to select the desired service function.

2x

ENTER

How to exit the Service functions menu:


Key sequ./ Action DEL Explanation

Press the DEL key to exit the Service functions menu. The instrument is ready to make measurements.

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Instrument Settings in the Service Function Menu

10 Instrument Settings in the Service Function Menu

Instrument Settings in the Service Function Menu

A re-initialization will reset the settings in the service functions to the default settings ( Page 90). However, language are not reset by the re-initialization!
The descriptions below assume that the service functions have been retrieved and not yet exited.

10.1 Service Menu Overview


Service menu System Functions Language Contrast Lighting Autom. off Initialization Send free-running mode Limited mode audible signal Measurement effect External start Measured variable Dual method metric/imperial save/don't save/delete on off Information about the instrument configuration Start on Page 85 86 87 89 90 91 92 94 95 96 99 100 101 102 103

USB Instrument mode Measurement

Units Storage mode About ...

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Operators Manual FMP10 / FMP20

10.2.1

Language
Do not select a language for which you do not understand the characters, e.g., Cyrillic! You might have difficulty returning to a language that is familiar to you!

Key sequ./ Action

Detail of the LCD display

Explanation

Select System from the service menu. Use ENTER to confirm the selection.

ENTER

Select the Language by pressing the arrow key or and confirm the selection with ENTER.

ENTER

Select the desired language by pressing the arrow key or and confirm the selection with ENTER.

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Instrument Settings in the Service Function Menu

10.2 System

Instrument Settings in the Service Function Menu

10.2.2

Contrast

Use the contrast setting to adjust the LCD display brightness continuously. The contrast value can be between 0 (brightest LCD display) and 99 (darkest LCD display). The default contrast setting is 60.
Key sequ./ Action Detail of the LCD display Explanation

Select System from the service menu. Use ENTER to confirm the selection.

ENTER

Select the Contrast by pressing the arrow key or and confirm the selection with ENTER.

ENTER

or

Use ENTER to confirm the Contrast selection, or specify a new value by pressing the arrow key or , then confirm the entry with ENTER. Use DEL at any time to cancel the procedure.

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The following options are available for the light setting


off after n sec: The light turns off after n seconds. always off: The light is always off. always on: The light is always turned on.

Key sequ./ Action

Detail of the LCD display

Explanation

Select System from the service menu. Use ENTER to confirm the selection.

ENTER

Select Light by pressing the arrow key or and confirm the selection with ENTER.

ENTER

Select the desired setting by pressing the arrow key or . Use ENTER to confirm the desired setting. Use DEL at any time to cancel the procedure.

or
Enter

off after n sec Use ENTER to confirm the value, or: specify a new value by pressing the arrow key or . Pressing ENTER returns you to the menu in order to enter additional settings. always off After confirming the selection always off with ENTER you are immediately returned to the menu in order to enter additional settings.

or
Enter

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Instrument Settings in the Service Function Menu

10.2.3

Lighting

Instrument Settings in the Service Function Menu

Key sequ./ Action

Detail of the LCD display

Explanation

or
Enter

always on After confirming the selection always on with ENTER, you are immediately returned to the menu in order to enter additional settings.

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Key sequ./ Action

Detail of the LCD display

Explanation

Select System from the service menu. Use ENTER to confirm the selection.

ENTER

Select Auto. switch off by pressing the arrow key or and confirm the selection with ENTER.

ENTER

Select the desired mode by pressing the arrow key or and confirm the selection with ENTER. [off]: The instrument does not switch off automatically. The switch-off mode is disabled. [on]: The instrument switches off automatically if for about 5 minutes no measurements are made or no key is pressed. The switch-off mode is enabled. Use DEL at any time to cancel the procedure.

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Instrument Settings in the Service Function Menu

10.2.4

Automatic Switch Off

Instrument Settings in the Service Function Menu

10.2.5

Re-Initialization of the Instrument

The restoration of the default settings of the instrument is called re-initialization. With a re-initialization of the instrument,
all readings are deleted, all settings in the service functions are reset to the default settings (i.e., to the

factory settings) (exception: language); thus, if necessary the settings will have to be made again.
the coefficients of the master characteristic that is stored in the EEPROM of

the probe plug are not changed because the re-initialization concerns only the memory of the instrument.
Key sequ./ Action Detail of the LCD display Explanation

Select System from the service menu. Use ENTER to confirm the selection.

ENTER

Select the Initialization by pressing the arrow key or and confirm the selection with ENTER.

ENTER

[Yes: DEL]: Press DEL to carry out the reinitialization. [No: ENTER]: Press ENTER to not carry out the re-initialization.

Press DEL only if the re-initialization is indeed desired!

DEL

[Continue: ENTER]: Press ENTER to return to the System menu.

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10.3.1

Send Free-Running Mode


Detail of the LCD display Explanation

Key sequ./ Action

Select USB from the service menu. Use ENTER to confirm the selection.

ENTER

Select the desired free-running mode by pressing the arrow key or and confirm the selection with ENTER. [off]: Measurement data that have been taken using the free-running display mode will not be transmitted via the USB port. [on]: Measurement data that have been taken using the free-running display mode will be transmitted via the USB port. Use DEL at any time to cancel the procedure.

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Instrument Settings in the Service Function Menu

10.3 USB

Instrument Settings in the Service Function Menu

10.4 Instrument Mode

10.4.1

Restricted operating mode

When the restricted operating mode is enabled, only the keys necessary for measurement and evaluation are active. This avoids erroneous measurements due to unintentional adjustments of instrument parameters. The following keys are not active in the restricted operating mode: ZERO CAL No actions are triggered and the LCD display will not change when pressing these keys while in restricted operating mode.
As long as the restricted operating mode is enabled, the LCD display will show .

The restricted operating mode will remain enabled even after the instrument is switched off and on.
Key sequ./ Action Detail of the LCD display Explanation

Select the Device Mode by pressing the arrow key or and confirm the selection with ENTER.

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Key sequ./ Action

Detail of the LCD display

Explanation

Select the desired operating mode by pressing the arrow key or and confirm the selection with ENTER. [off]: The restricted operating mode is disabled, i.e., all functions are enabled according to their settings. [on]: The restricted operating mode is enabled. Use DEL at any time to cancel the procedure.

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Instrument Settings in the Service Function Menu

Instrument Settings in the Service Function Menu

10.5 Measurement

10.5.1

Audible Signal

The audible signal, i.e., the measurement acquisition signal that sounds after every measurement can be disabled.
Key sequ./ Action Detail of the LCD display Explanation

Select Measurement by pressing the arrow key or and confirm the selection with ENTER.

ENTER

Select Audible signal by pressing the arrow key or and confirm the selection with ENTER. Select the desired mode by pressing the arrow key or and confirm the selection with ENTER. [off]: No audible signal sounds when the probe is placed on the specimen. [on]: An audible signal sounds when the probe is placed on the specimen. Use DEL at any time to cancel the procedure.

ENTER

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Key sequ./ Action

Detail of the LCD display

Explanation

Select Measurement by pressing the arrow key or and confirm the selection with ENTER.

ENTER

Select Meas. signal by pressing the arrow key or and confirm the selection with ENTER. Select the desired measurement effect by pressing the arrow key or and confirm the selection with ENTER. [off]: Measurement effect disabled, i.e., the reading will not be acquired automatically (automatic measurement acquisition disabled). [on]: Measurement effect enabled, i.e., the reading will be acquired automatically once the probe is placed on the specimen (automatic measurement acquisition enabled). Use DEL at any time to cancel the procedure.

ENTER

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Instrument Settings in the Service Function Menu

10.5.2

Measurement Effect

Instrument Settings in the Service Function Menu

10.5.3

External Start
Detail of the LCD display Explanation

Key sequ./ Action

Select Measurement by pressing the arrow key or and confirm the selection with ENTER.

ENTER

Select Extern start by pressing the arrow key or and confirm the selection with ENTER.

ENTER

Select Extern Start on or Extern Start off by pressing the arrow key or and confirm the selection with ENTER. [off]: External start is not possible (External start disabled) [on]: External start is possible (enabled), i.e., external measurement acquisition can be triggered by pressing the key (or FINAL-RES during a normalization or calibration). Use DEL at any time to cancel the procedure.

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Key sequ./ Action ENTER

Detail of the LCD display

Explanation Select the desired delay by pressing the arrow key or and confirm the selection with ENTER. [0 ms]: no pause after external start [100 ms]: 100 ms pause after external start to [2500 ms]: 2500 ms pause after external start [Page : CAL]: Press CAL to leaf through the pages. Use DEL at any time to cancel the procedure.

The combination measurement effect off and external start off is not permissible because it would not allow for a measurement acquisition. If this combination is set, the instrument will automatically reset the parameters to measurement effect on and external start off.

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Instrument Settings in the Service Function Menu

Instrument Settings in the Service Function Menu

10.5.4

Measurement Display Resolution

The measurement display resolution specifies the resolution for displaying the readings on the LCD display. Example: Measured value 18.61 Display with resolution setting low:19 Display with resolution setting medium: 18.6 Display with resolution high: 18.61
Resolution low medium high 0.0 ...999 0.9 0.99 999 1.0 ...9.99 9.9 9.9 9.99 10 ...99.99 99 99.9 99.99 100 ...999.9 999 999 999.9 1000 ...9999 9999 9999 9999

Key sequ./ Action

Detail of the LCD display

Explanation

Select Disp. resolution by pressing the arrow key or and confirm the selection with ENTER.

or

Use the arrow keys or to select the desired resolution.

ENTER

Press ENTER to confirm the selection and return to the menu to enter additional settings. Press DEL to return to the measurement screen. The instrument is ready to make measurements.

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Key sequ./ Action

Detail of the LCD display

Explanation

Select Measurement by pressing the arrow key or and confirm the selection with ENTER.

ENTER

Select Meaured variable by pressing the arrow key or and confirm the selection with ENTER.

ENTER

Select the measurement data type by pressing the arrow key or and confirm the selection with ENTER. The readings will be presented on the LCD display corresponding to the selected measurement data type ( 4.3.3 Measuring Modes, beginning on Page 35). Use ENTER to confirm the selection. Use DEL at any time to cancel the procedure. With every modification of the type of measurement data, a prompt for deleting readings that are already stored in the Application will appear because it is not possible to evaluate different types of measurement data statistically. This prevents erroneous interpretations of the measurement results. [Yes: DEL]: Press DEL to delete all readings that have been stored thus far. [No: ENTER]: Press ENTER to cancel the procedure.

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Instrument Settings in the Service Function Menu

10.5.5

Measured Variable

Instrument Settings in the Service Function Menu

10.5.6

Dual Method

The menu option Dual method appears only if a dual probe is connected.
Key sequ./ Action Detail of the LCD display Explanation

Select Measurement by pressing the arrow key or and confirm the selection with ENTER.

ENTER

Select Dual method by pressing the arrow key or and confirm the selection with ENTER.

ENTER

Select the desired dual method by pressing the arrow key or and confirm the selection with ENTER. [NF/Fe]: In the open application, only the magnetic induction method can be used to make measurements. [NC/NF]: In the open Application, only the eddy current method can be used to make measurements. [both]: In the open Application, only the two methods can be used to make measurements.

ENTER

Use DEL at any time to cancel the procedure. Press ENTER to confirm and store the measuring mode settings. The instrument is ready to make measurements.

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Key sequ./ Action

Detail of the LCD display

Explanation Select Units by pressing the arrow key or and confirm the selection with ENTER.

ENTER

Select the desired units by pressing the arrow key or and confirm the selection with ENTER. [metric]: Units of measurement in m or mm

[inch units]: Units of measurement in mils Use DEL at any time to cancel the procedure.

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Instrument Settings in the Service Function Menu

10.6 Units

Instrument Settings in the Service Function Menu

10.7 Storage Mode


Key sequ./ Action Detail of the LCD display Explanation

Select Storage mode by pressing the arrow key or and confirm the selection with ENTER.

ENTER

Select the desired mode by pressing the arrow key or and confirm the selection with ENTER. [store]: The readings are stored and will be retained even after the instrument is switched off [do not store]: The readings will be displayed but not stored [delete at off]: All readings will be deleted when the instrument is switched off Use DEL at any time to cancel the procedure.

10.8 Performing a Master Calibration


Key sequ./ Action Detail of the LCD display Explanation

Select Master Calibration by pressing the arrow key or and confirm the selection with ENTER.

Performing the master calibration: Page 57.

6.7 Master Calibration, beginning on

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Key sequ./ Action

Detail of the LCD display

Explanation

Select About ... by pressing the arrow key or and confirm the selection with ENTER.

ENTER

Displays the software version, the internal state and the name of the connected probe. Pressing ENTER repeatedly displays the instrument configuration in succession (cv. 11 Malfunctions and Messages, beginning on Page 104).

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Instrument Settings in the Service Function Menu

10.9 About ...

Malfunctions and Messages

11 Malfunctions and Messages

11.1 Malfunctions
Malfunction/Message No display Cause Correction from Page 33 33

Instrument not switched Use ON/OFF to turn on. the instrument on. Instrument has switched off automatically. Battery discharged. Use ON/OFF to turn the instrument on. Replace the rechargeable or regular battery with a new one.

28

No change on the display for ZERO or CAL

restricted operating mode is enabled.

Use ON/OFF + ENTER 92 to disable the restricted operating mode with the instrument switched off beforehand. Use to disable the free-running display mode. Repeat measurement. 72

Unable to retrieve Free-running display the service functions mode is enabled. Probe does not mea- Measurement acquisisure tion did not occur because the previous measurement acquisition was less than two seconds earlier. Computing the coating thickness is not possible because the coating is too thick.

37

Use a different specimen.

--

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Malfunction/Message

Cause

Correction

from Page 30 38

Probe does not mea- Wrong probe connect- Connect the correct sure ed. probe or assign a new The indicator for the probe. measurement method flashes on the LCD display.

Wrong base material Use a specimen with a -(measurements with ferromagnetic base magnetic induction material. probes are possible only on ferromagnetic base materials). Wrong base material Use a specimen with a -(measurements in the ferromagnetic base free-running display material. mode using a dual probe are not possible on base materials made of non-ferrous metal if the last measurement prior to enabling the 'free-running display mode was carried out on a ferromagnetic base material). Wrong dual method setting. A measurement with a dual probe on non-ferromagnetic base materials is not possible if the dual method (NF/ Fe) was set in the service function. Use a specimen with a 100 ferromagnetic base material, or Set the dual method (both) in the service function.

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Malfunctions and Messages

Malfunctions and Messages

Malfunction/Message

Cause

Correction

from Page

Probe does not mea- Automatic sure measurement acquisition disabled.

Enable automatic mea- 98 surement acquisition from the service functions or trigger the external measurement acquisition by pressing the key (or FINALRES during the normalization or calibration). Use properly functioning probe. --

Probe defective. Wrong readings Probe placed on specimen incorrectly (e.g., probe hovers over specimen).

Place probe on speci- 37 men correctly and observe the minimum liftoff distance when lifting off the probe.

Wrong base material Use a specimen with a -(correct measurements non-ferromagnetic with eddy current base material. probes are possible only on non-ferromagnetic base materials). Wrong base material Use a specimen with a -(correct measurements non-ferromagnetic in the free-running dis- base material. play mode using a dual probe are possible on non-ferrous base materials only if the last measurement prior to enabling the 'free-running display mode was carried out on a non-ferromagnetic base material).

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Malfunction/Message Wrong readings

Cause

Correction

from Page

Conducting metal close Use a specimen with- -to the measurement lo- out a conducting metal. cation when making measurements using eddy current probes. (e.g., on the back side of a pc-board). Wrong dual method setting (A correct measurement with a dual probe on ferromagnetic base materials is not possible if the dual method (NC/ NF) was set in the service function. Incorrect normalization or calibration. Probe tip worn. Use a specimen with a 100 non-ferromagnetic base material or set the dual method (both) in the service function.

Perform a correct normalization or calibration. Use a probe with a proper probe tip.

41

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Malfunctions and Messages

Malfunctions and Messages

11.2 Messages on the LCD Display


The error messages (E***) and warning messages (W***) that may occur during instrument operation are contained in the overview on the following pages.
Malfunction/Message Cause Correction from Page

----

Reading cannot be displayed (because the value is greater than 9999 or smaller than - 9999) Cause: Measurement carried out incorrectly.

Perform the measure- 37 ment correctly (e.g., do not allow the probe to hover over the specimen before or after the measurement; observe the minimum liftoff distance!) 45

Cause: Eddy current Continue normalizaprobe that is currently tion. normalized on a nonferromagnetic base material has previously been normalized on a ferromagnetic base material.

Instrument is not ready Use ZERO to start and 45 to make measureperform the normalizaments. tion. Cause: Re-initialization was carried out and the instrument was then switched off.

E Math Error !

001

Instrument-internal error.

Use ON/OFF to turn the instrument off and then again on. If this error occurs repeatedly: Inform customer service.

33

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Malfunction/Message

Cause

Correction

from Page

E Appl. memory overflow !

004

The internal instrument memory is full.

Delete the stored mea- 72 surement data.

E Unable to det. introuvable !

005

Unable to perform the computation for the calibration on coating because the thickness of the used calibration standard is insufficient.

Perform a calibration 53 on coating with a suitable calibration standard (the used calibration standard should have a thickness of at least 50% of the coating thickness of the coated specimen that is used for the calibration on coating). Perform measurements on specimens with coatings that can be measured with the connected probe or use a different probe. --

E Measurements out of range !

006

Unable to display reading because it is out of the probe's measurement range. Cause: Coating too thick. Cause: Measurement carried out incorrectly.

Perform the measure- 37 ment correctly (e.g., do not allow the probe to hover over the specimen before or after the measurement; observe the minimum liftoff distance!) Perform a normaliza45 tion with the eddy current probe on a nonferromagnetic base material and repeat the measurement.

Cause: Measurement with eddy current probe on a non-ferromagnetic base material after a normalization on a ferromagnetic base material.

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Malfunctions and Messages

Malfunctions and Messages

Malfunction/Message

Cause

Correction

from Page

E Measurements out of range !

006

Cause: ENTER was pressed during the measurement in the free-running display mode while the probe was lifted off. Outlier measurement recognized during normalization or calibration. Cause: Measurement on calibration standard carried out incorrectly.

Place the probe on the 72 specimen and then press ENTER to trigger the measurement acquisition.

E Measurements invalid !

007

Repeat the calibration 37 step and perform the calibration measurement correctly (e.g., do not allow the probe to hover over the standard before or after the measurement; observe the minimum liftoff distance!) Repeat the calibration 47 step and make the calibration measurement on a correct standard.

Cause: Measurement performed on a wrong calibration standard (e.g., a measurement on an uncoated base material instead of a calibration standard).

E Meas. method not supported !

010

Connected probe not Connect a suitable suitable or not support- probe. ed (measurement method of the connected probe does not fit the instrument). Probe defective. Connect a properly functioning probe.

30

30

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Malfunction/Message

Cause

Correction

from Page

E Measurements out of interval !

011

Unable to complete corrective calibration. Cause: Measurement carried out incorrectly.

Repeat the corrective 47 calibration and perform the calibration measurement correctly (e.g., do not allow the probe to hover over the standard before or after the measurement; observe the minimum lift-off distance!) Repeat the corrective calibration with correct and good calibration standards. 47

Cause: Calibration standards used that did not exhibit the required coating thickness or are defective. Cause: Normalization carried out on calibration standard instead of on uncoated specimen.

Repeat the corrective 45 calibration and perform the normalization on the uncoated specimen. Repeat the corrective calibration and measure the standards in the correct sequence. 47

E Invalid std. sequence !

012

Calibration standards were measured out of sequence during the corrective calibration (standard 1 mixed up with standard 2) and foil thickness was not adjusted correspondingly using the arrow keys.

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Malfunctions and Messages

Malfunctions and Messages

Malfunction/Message

Cause

Correction

from Page

E Countrate out of interval !

013

Unable to complete the master calibration. Cause: Measurement carried out incorrectly.

Repeat the master cali- 57 bration and perform the calibration measurement correctly (e.g., do not allow the probe to hover over the standard before or after the measurement; observe the minimum liftoff distance!) Repeat the master cali- 57 bration with correct and good calibration standards. Repeat the master cali- 45 bration and perform the 57 normalization on the uncoated specimen. Repeat the master cali- 57 bration. If this error occurs repeatedly: Inform customer service.

Cause: Calibration standards used that did not exhibit the required coating thickness or are defective. Cause: Normalization carried out on calibration standard instead of on uncoated specimen.

E Unable to calc. parameters !

014

Instrument-internal error: Unable to compute the coefficients of the master characteristic (original master characteristic will be retained). Unable to store master characteristic. Cause: Probe not plugged in and tightened properly.

E Unable to store cal. in probe !

015

Plug probe in and tight- 30 en properly; repeat the master calibration.

Cause: Probe defective. Connect a properly 30 functioning probe and if 57 applicable repeat the master calibration.

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Malfunction/Message

Cause

Correction

from Page

E Std. and meas. not matching !

016

The stored foil thicknesses do not correspond to the measured standards. Cause: Calibration standards were measured out of sequence during the master calibration (standard 1 mixed up with standard 2) and foil thickness was not adjusted correspondingly using the arrow keys. Unable to perform corrective calibration with the set foil thickness (e.g., because [Standard 2: 0] was set). No probe connected. Probe not connected correctly. Probe defective.

Repeat the master cali- 57 bration and measure the standards in the correct sequence.

E Entered Standard invalid !

021

Set the rated values for 47 the used calibration standard and continue with the corrective calibration. Connect a probe. 30

E Missing probe !

022

Connect probe correct- 30 ly. Use properly functioning probe. 30

E Cal. on coating not supported !

026

Unable to perform a cal- Connect a suitable ibration on coating with probe and repeat the the connected probe (a calibration on coating. calibration on coating can be performed only with magnetic induction probes or the magnetic induction channel of dual probes).

53

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Malfunctions and Messages

Malfunctions and Messages

Malfunction/Message

Cause

Correction

from Page --

E Probe damaged !

030

Probe contents does not correspond to the test value.

Inform customer service.

E USB overcurrent !

031

Electric consumption of Check and/or replace -a connected USB deconnected USB device. vice too high (max. 100 mA permitted).

E Measurem. equip. not adjusted !

032

The measurement elec- Inform customer sertronics has not been vice. balanced properly. Because of this, measurement data may be incorrect. Internal write/read error. Inform customer service.

--

E Device damaged !

033

--

E Unsupported Probe format !

034

The probe contains an unknown data format.

Perform a software up- -date.

E Please perform a normalization !

035

Unable to compute a Perform a normalizameasurement because tion. a normalization has not been carried out on the current base material. Internal instrument error. Inform customer service.

45

E System error !!!

999

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Malfunction/Message

Cause

Correction

from Page --

W Options corrected !

003

Instrument corrected faulty settings autonomously.

--

W Action canceled !

004

A procedure was canceled (e.g., the corrective calibration was canceled using ENTER). Two-point calibration performed with calibration standards with thicknesses that are not sufficiently far apart (will be considered a onepoint calibration).

Repeat the procedure if necessary.

--

W 1-Point calibration !

005

Repeat the corrective 47 calibration with suitable calibration standards. The difference of the normalized count rates Xn of the two calibration standards must be greater than 0.1: Xn Calibration standard 2 - Xn Calibration standard 1 Xn > 0,1

W Probe changed !

006

A probe of the same -type but with a different serial number has been connected.

30

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Malfunctions and Messages

Malfunctions and Messages


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Terms and Formulas


Adjustments Application Calibration

Measurement Application of the User. The instrument memory, where the coefficients from the corrective calibration/normalization (adjustment of the measurement system to the specimen / coating/base material adjustment, system adjustment), the parameter settings and the measurement data for a certain measuring application of the user are stored is called an application.
Application Selection

Menu page(s) in the instrument, where all Applications are listed that have been set up thus far. Use the command button APPL or use File/Open to select an Application.
Application Memory

The instrument memory contains all data and measurements that are relevant to a measuring application.
Outliers

Readings that are significantly lower or higher than the other readings of a measurement series and that can, therefore, be considered unexpected and not acceptable.
Outlier Rejection

Is used to prevent the distortion of measurement results by Outliers. Outlier rejection can be carried out using the Grubbs-Test or Sigma- Outlier Rejection (specification of a known spread). Measurements that are recognized as outliers during outlier rejection are not included in the statistical evaluations.
Evaluation

Computation of statistical parameters such as mean value, standard deviation, etc. as well as the graphical presentation of the measurements, e.g., in a sum frequency chart.

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Glossary

12 Glossary

Glossary

Evaluation Menu

Selection menu for the evaluation and presentation of the measurements as well as for exporting the measurements, evaluations and presentations via the USB-port to a USB-stick or a printer. Use the EVALUATE button or Eval/Final result to call the evaluation menu.
Automatic Block Creation

A block closure is carried out automatically each time a specified number of measurements is reached. In statistical evaluations, the block mean values will be used instead of the single readings.
Baud

Unit of the speed for transferring information (data). 1 Baud corresponds to a transfer rate of one bit per second.
Baud Rate

Data transfer rate. Used mainly in connection with terminal programs for data transfer. Since data are transferred via a serial port, the transfer rate is calculated in bits per second.
Bidirectional Data Exchange

Data can be transmitted and received by both participants (for example, from the instrument to the PC and from the PC to the instrument).
Bit

(Binary Digit), binary number. 1 bit is the smallest unit in the binary number system. The value of a bit is 0 or 1. Being the smallest unit of information in a computer, a bit forms the basis of every computer system. 8 bits are combined to a byte and several bytes to a word.
Block

Grouping of single readings. Several measurements are combined into a block. A key symbol on the display indicates the end of each block (conclusion of a block).
End of Block

Mark after n single readings. As a rule, a key symbol on the display indicates the end of a block.
Block Result

Statistical evaluation of the measurement data of a block. E.g., mean value, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, range, minimum value, maximum value, number of single readings per block.

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Number of single readings that are combined to form a block.


Block Mean Value Block, open d. or , d

Group of single readings for which the block has not yet been ended.
Carriage Return (CR)

CR is a character of the ASCII-character set (ASCII13) and has the following function: When data or commands are entered, the line one is currently working on will be closed by pressing the CR-key (Enter or Return key on the PC keyboard) and the information that has been entered will be processed accordingly. The curser is again placed at the beginning of the line. CR is usually used together with the LF (Line Feed) character to start the next line at the beginning of the line.
Chi-Squared-Test

Statistical mathematical test method to determine an existing normal distribution of the measurements (for more than 30 measurements).
Cp: Cpk: CR: Cu Capability Indexes Capability Indexes Carriage Return (CR)

Copper
S1

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Glossary

Block Size

Glossary

d. or d

Arithmetic mean value of the single readings, called arithmetic mean value (d., d ). The arithmetic mean value d. is the sum of all single readings di of a measurement series (of a block), divided by the number of measurements.
d 1 + d 2 + d 3 + ... + d n 1 - - = -d. = -------------------------------------------------n n

di

d. n di

Mean value (block mean value) Number of single readings (in a block) Single readings (of a block)

i=1

d..

Mean value of the block mean values of selected blocks. Analogous to the arithmetic mean value (d.), the block mean values are added up and divided by the number of evaluated blocks nBl.
1 - d.. = -----n Bl
n Bl

d.i

d.. nBl d.i

Mean value of the block mean values Number of blocks Block mean values

i=1

DUALSCOPE

Protected brand name of Helmut Fischer GmbH for the measuring instrument.
Standard Calibration Standard

Single Reading

Measurement result that is displayed or printed after a single measurement at the measurement location.
Final Result

Evaluation of all measurements or selected blocks of an Application (measurement application memory).


External Start

A setting in the menu function File/Properties/Measurement Acceptance.

Measurement Acceptance can be initiated by tapping the menu function Meas/Initiate External Start, the command button Ext, by transmitting commands from a connected PC.
Excess Curvature

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The process capability is evaluated using the factors Cp and Cpk. The capability index Cp is a measure for the spread of a process and its ability for continuously producing parts according to specifications. The capability index Cpk takes the position of the mean value in relation to set specification limits into account.
OGW UGW Cp = --------------------------------- 6

and

OGW d.. Cpk = ------------------------- 3

d.. UGW -------------------------- 3

d..: Average of all group mean values : Estimated value for the theoretical standard deviation = nBl: Number of blocks si: Standard deviation of the individual blocks USL: Upper specification limit LSL: Lower specification limit

1 ------ n Bl

n Bl

si

i=1

FDD Evaluation

Graphical presentation of the mean values of the measurement blocks (= Features) in an ascending rank order. Application: By using the FDD, existing systematic differences of coatings can be shown quickly and clearly in a graphical format Example 1: When painting car bodies, the desired homogeneous coating distribution is not achieved if the settings of one or more spray robots is wrong or disturbed. If the readings of one feature (e.g, the hood) are combined into one measurement block, then the systematic differences between various features (hood, roof, doors, trunk lid, etc.) can be recognized quickly using FDD, and corrective measures can be initiated promptly. Example 2: When electroplating racks, parts may be coated inadequately due to erroneous current contacting or shadowing of flux lines. If the readings of adjacent parts of the rack are combined into one measurement block, then the groups, which statistically do not fit together with the other groups, i.e., which exhibit systematic differences, are identified clearly in the FDD evaluation. This allows for easy localization of the source of the error.
Fe

Magnetizable material made of steel or iron.


Error Cone Confidence Borders

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Glossary

Capability Indexes

Glossary

Free-Running Mode

With the probe placed on the specimen, measurements are displayed continuously. Use the menu function Meas/Free-Running to enable the free-running mode.
Gaussian Normal Distribution Gaussian Probability Paper Gaussian Distribution Accuracy Normal Distribution Sum Frequency Chart

Normal Distribution

Qualitative designation for the degree of approximation of a measurement result to the true value. Usually, the accuracy is divided into Trueness and Precision.
Bell Curve Normal Distribution

Specification Limits

The upper specification limit (USL) is the highest reading and the lower specification limit (LSL) is the lowest reading allowed at the measurement location.
Maximum Value

Maximum value measured in a test series.


Grubbs Test

Test method for outlier rejection. A method developed by Grubbs to test, whether the highest or lowest single reading should be considered an outlier.
Population

All pieces or specimens to be measured. In practical applications, for example, all parts of a production unit, batch, etc.
Group Separator

Mark for the end of a block that can be transferred together with the measurement data to the PC. Default setting ASCII character 29.
Frequency Distribution Histogram

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Graphical presentation of all readings of an Application (measuring application memory) according to their portions in classes (e.g., coating thickness ranges), where the class frequencies are illustrated by the contents of rectangles. The class widths should be of equal size. Among other criteria, the informational value of statistical results depends on the shape of this distribution curve.
Interface Iso Interface,

Insulating material, electrically non-conducting, non-magnetizable.


Calibration Curve

(Characteristic, master characteristic) Quantitative relationship between the signal of the probe and a scale for the coating thickness as represented by the calibration standards.
log d

The coating thickness d is presented as a calibration curve as a function of the normalized count rate Xn. The mid portion of the calibration curve approaches a straight line and constitutes the range with the lowest relative measurement error.
Xn 1

As long as no normalization (coating/base material adjustment, measuring system adjustment) or corrective calibration (adjustment of the measuring system to the specimen) has been performed, the calibration curve is identical with the master characteristic. During a normalization or corrective calibration, the calibration curve is adjusted to the individual measuring application. The coefficients of the normalization or corrective calibration are stored in the active Application (measurement application memory).
Calibration

In this manual, the term calibration is used as a comprehensive term for the adjustment and the calibration: Adjustment of the instrument using calibration standards to adapt the measuring system (instrument and probe) to the measuring application.

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Histogram

Glossary

Calibration Standard

(Standards) Object with essentially the same attributes as the specimen, which differs only in the coating thickness and with a coating thickness that has been determined with a very accurate measurement method. May also be a foil.
Calibration Standards Characteristic Class Calibration Standard

Calibration Curve

Range between a lower and an upper class boundary (limit values). The readings of a measurement series can be sorted according to such classes if they cover the entire measurement range without gaps. The class contents (frequency or number of measurements per class) plotted over the classes is called a histogram.
Minimum Value

Minimum value measured in a test series.


Kolmogoroff Smirnoff Test

Statistical mathematical test method to determine the normal distribution of the readings (for 5 to 30 measurements).
System Check

A significant part of monitoring the measurement devices. Calibration standards or better yet, reference samples are used to check the calibration and to ensure the measurement stability.
Corrective calibration

One-point or two-point calibration. Adjustment of the instrument using 1 or 2 calibration standards. The corrective calibration includes calibration and adjustment. During the corrective calibration, the master characteristic (calibration curve) is adjusted to the individual measuring application. The obtained coefficients are stored in the active Application (measuring application memory). The master characteristic itself remains unchanged.
Kurtosis LF Curvature

Line Feed

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LF line feed. Advances the printer paper by one line. Is usually used together with the CR (carriage return) character to start the next line at the beginning.
Magnetic induction measurement method (DIN EN ISO 2178, ASTM B499)

Contacting measurement method. The excitation current generates a lowfrequency magnetic field with a strength that is dependent on the distance between the measurement probe and the base material. The magnetic field is measured by means of the measuring coil. The obtained measurement signal is converted in the instrument to a coating thickness value via the characteristic probe output.
Excitation current
-

Soft iron core of the probe Low frequency alternating magnetic field

U = f(d) Measurement signal

Coating material ferrous base material

Operating principle of the magnetic induction measuring method

Unit of Measurement

Unit for displaying measurement data. In coating thickness measurement, the common units are m and mils. 100 m = 3.9 mils.
Master characteristic

(Characteristic probe output function) Original characteristic of the measurement system. The master characteristic is the basis for determining the measurements because it represents the relationship between the probe signal and the coating thickness. The coefficients of the master characteristic are stored in the probe plug.
Max

Highest measured value of a test series.


Maximum Max

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Glossary

Line Feed

Glossary

Measuring

To measure means to compare! The probe signal generated at the measuring position is compared to the probe signal on the calibration standard. Using the calibration curve, the instrument converts the probe signal to the measurement result, which is presented in the specified unit of measurement.
Measuring Application

Properties of the test specimen with regard to measurement quantity, geometry, geometric dimensions, permeability, etc. The test method, the measurement display mode, the probe and the type of instrument are all determined by the measurement application.
Measurement Range

The range between two limit values within which a measurement is possible at a specified trueness and precision. In a narrower sense, it refers to the range of the scale of an analog instrument. The measurement range depends on the measurement method, the design of the probe and the measuring application.
Measurement Error

The difference between the actual and the measured value of a measured quantity. For measuring instruments, there is a distinction between random (unpredictable) and systematic (correctable) measurement errors. Random errors determine the repeatability precision. Systematic errors affect the trueness and the reproducibility. Systematic measurement errors are far more prevalent in practical applications. Systematic measurement errors can be traced back to 1. faulty calibration, 2. operating or personal errors and 3. deviations in the test conditions (inhomogeneities, instabilities, material aging, etc.). They tend to lean in one direction. With appropriate care, the influences 1. and 2. can usually be avoided or corrected or taken into account in the result.
Measurement Accuracy Instrument Memory Accuracy Application

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A quality assurance task. It consists of ensuring at specified intervals that the test equipment (instrument, probe) is still operating properly and calibrated correctly, and to take corrective measures, if necessary (recalibration or repair of the instrument). System Check
Measuring Mode

This is the condition in which the instrument can capture and display measurement data. The display mode is determined by the respective measurement display settings.
Measurement Object

Object on whose surface the measurements are performed to determine the coating thickness.
Measurement Series

A series of single readings between two block or final results.


Measurement Probe Measurement Location Probe

A limited and clearly defined location within a reference area of the specimen, where the coating thickness is to be determined.
Measurement Uncertainty Measurement Method u

A procedure and process for obtaining information from the specimen concerning its properties. The measurement method is based on scientific knowledge and is determined by the measuring application.
Reading

Numeric reading of an instrument supplemented by the unit of measurement. The measurement can be obtained from the result of a single reading or from the arithmetic mean of several single readings (for example for the averaged display value (i individual values)).
Measurement Data Presentation

Refers to the manner of presentation and evaluation of measurement data. In the FMP100, 3 presentation modes are available: Statistics display, histogram display and specification limit display.
Min

Lowest measured value of a test series.

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Monitoring of the Test Equipment

Glossary

Minimum Mean Value

Min d. or d..

Mean Value of the Block Mean Values Mean Range NF Metals R.

Non-ferrous, non-magnetizable metals.


NF

Non-magnetizable material.
Ni

Nickel
Standard Calibration Standard

Normal Distribution

Gaussian normal distribution, Gaussian distribution, bell curve. Probability distribution discovered by C. F. Gau in 1794. If a quantity X is classified as having normal distribution, 68.3 % of the observed values X are within the -interval of the spread, around the mean value of the quantity X. I.e., the following applies to 68.3 % of the observed values: X + . In the following figure, this interval is identified by the gray areas underneath the curve.
Probability distribution P(X) of a quantity X with a normal distribution.

Probability P(X)

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The probability distribution P(X) is symmetrical around the mean value of the quantity X with normal distribution. Skewness and Curvature equal zero for the normal distribution. The populations that are examined for technical purposes often can be classified as having normal distribution. However, the following fact is of great significance: If several random samples of equal extent are drawn from any population (blocks) and their mean values (block mean values) are determined, these mean values will always have normal distribution (central limits theorem). The mean value of these random sample mean values (block mean val = d.) for the mean value of the populaues) is an estimated value ( tion. Due to the normal distribution, the measurement uncertainty u can be calculated using the standard deviation of the random sample mean values. The sum frequency chart shows, whether a quantity has normal distribution, with a straight line indicating normal distribution. In the instrument, the test, whether the measurements at hand (random samples) have a normal distribution is carried out using the Kolmogoroff Smirnoff Test (for up to 30 readings) and the Chi-Squared Test (30 readings and up).
Normalized Count Rate Normalization Count Rate

Adjustment of the instrument to the material properties of the coating and/ or the base material (probe dependent). Thus, the normalization essentially defines the zero point or end point, respectively. A normalization is crucial for correct measurements due to the electrical conductivity and the permeability of the specimen materials. The coefficients of the adapted calibration plot are stored in the active Application (measurement application memory).
Offline

State of a peripheral device (printer or PC) connected to the instrument that does not allow it to receive data.
Open Block

Group of readings for which the block has not yet been closed.
USL

The upper specification limit (USL) is the highest reading allowed at the measurement location.

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Glossary

Online

State of a peripheral device (printer or PC) connected to the instrument that allows it to receive data. In this state, the device is ready for operation.
Parity)

An error check method for data transmission, where the cross-sum of all error-free transmitted bit groups must always be even or odd. During data transfer, the parity bits are linked to the data bits of each character or byte to be transferred. In every word, this bit is set such that the sum of the Ones of a byte are always an even or odd number. This corresponds to an even or odd parity. The type of parity requirement must be defined prior to data transfer. By checking the parity, the recipient can determine if bit transfer errors occurred.
Precision

Agreement between the individual measurement results under precisely defined test conditions; the precision is comprised of reproducibility and repeatability precision.
Specimen Measurement Object

Quality Assurance

All measures taken in a plant that are concerned with ensuring that a controlled production within established quality requirements can take place. One partial aspect of it is quality monitoring of which coating thickness measurement is a part.
R

The range R equals the difference between the highest reading (Maximum) dmax and the lowest reading (Minimum) dmin of a measurement series. R = dmax - dmin

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Mean range of all block ranges.


d R. = 2 R.: : d2: Mean range Estimated standard deviation of the population Factor, depends on the random sample size, can be obtained from popular published tables.

Range

Reference Area

A defined partial area of the specimen surface with a known coating thickness.
Trueness

Agreement between the true value and the mean value of a measurement result generally obtained under practical circumstances. The true value is considered a value known based on mathematical theoretical approaches. Since such values are rarely available, a value traced to national or international standards is generally assumed to be correct. This correct value is often called the true value.
USB Port

Interface that is used for connecting instruments with PCs, printers, USB sticks and USB keyboards.

Estimated value for the standard deviation of the population. Is output only in the final result for Applications (measurement application memories), for which automatic block creation has been enabled.
= R. ---d2 : R. d2: Estimated value of the standard deviation of the population Mean range Factor, depends on the random sample size, can be obtained from popular published tables.

SS

or for preset specification limits:

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Glossary

R.

Glossary

UGW = OGW ---------------------------------6 Cp

Estimated standard deviation of the population

USL: Upper Specification Limit LSL: Lower Specification Limit Cp: Capability factor (default setting 1.33)

The standard deviation s is a measure for the spread of the single readings of a measurement series from their common mean value. It is equal to the mean square deviation of the single readings from the mean value and is calculated in the following manner:
s: s = 1 ----------- n1 Standard deviation Mean value across all single readings Number of single readings Single readings

( d. d i )

d.: n: d i:

i=1

The following figure points out that two very different measurement series can have different standard deviations even with the same mean value.

Measurement series with the same mean value d. and different standard deviations

sa

Spread of the mean values of various groups (Blocks Block), corrected with regard to the spread of the single readings. To be able to calculate sa, the spread of the group mean values SII must be significantly greater than the spread of the single values SI within the group. If, for example, the same number of measurements per measurement spot is performed at several measurement spots, and the measurements per spot are combined in one group (block), then SI is a measure for the instru-

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F beo 1 sa = S I -----------------n Bl

S II F beo = ------- ( 2 SI

Variance-analytical evaluation)

sa: S I: SII: nBl:

corrected spread of the block mean values Spread of the single readings Spread of the group mean values Number of measurement data groups

Fbeo: Check value for decisions regarding the question

Estimated Value for the Coefficient of Variation Estimated Value for the Standard Deviation Skewness

VDach V SS

Measure for the asymmetry of a single-peak probability distribution around its mean value. A positive skewness indicates a distribution with a peak that stretches more toward values that are greater than the mean value. A negative skewness indicates a distribution with a peak that stretches more toward values that are smaller than the mean value. The skewness for a symmetric distribution (normal distribution) is zero.
Interface

Transfer or connecting point between components, circuits or programs. A data exchange is carried out via the interface. With serial interfaces, the data are transferred in individual bits (i.e., one bit after another), with parallel interfaces, several bits are transferred simultaneously.
Sigma Limits Around a Regression Line

The sigma limits around the regression line constitute the confidence interval around the straight line, where the straight line is located at a confidence level of 95% (the value 95% is defined internally in the FMP100 unit).

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Glossary

ment spread and sa is the product spread adjusted by the instrument spread.

Glossary

Supervisor Code

Password for a menu function to prevent unintended changes of the parameter settings. Factory default password: 159 The user can change the factory default password.
Probe

Transducer that delivers an electrical signal to the instrument based on a particular measurement method. This signal is proportional to the coating thickness and is converted in the instrument into a corresponding coating thickness value according to the master characteristic and the normalization and calibration coefficients of the open Application (measurement application memory). All probes of Helmut Fischer GmbH have been master-calibrated in the plant.
Probe Frequency

A generator feeds the measurement probe with an alternating current of a certain frequency. The applied frequency is determined by the measuring application and the probe type.
Probe Characteristic Range R s Master characteristic

Standard Deviation Start Bit

With asynchronous serial data transfer, a start bit is transmitted before the data word to be transferred. With the logic One to logic Zero transition of the start bit, the receiver can be synchronized to the subsequent data bits.
Statistics

The result of a measurement series, i.e., the compilation of a large number of single readings into a few characteristic quantities (e.g., mean value, standard deviation, etc.)
Statistical Evaluation

Calculation using the measurement data according to statistical mathematical methods.

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Some parts of the population. In practical applications, a small part of a production batch taken from the production according to random sampling methods; the results of the random sample are extrapolated to the entire batch (lot, production unit).
Stop Bit

With asynchronous serial data transfer, the stop bit is added to the data word to be transferred. 1 to 2 bit logic Ones are used. After the stop bit, the transmitter remains at logic One until the start bit of the next character arrives.
Spread of the Block Mean Values Student Factor Sum Frequency t sa

The sum frequency is that portion of parts (in percent), where the coating thickness is smaller or equal to a particular measurement. In a sum frequency chart, the sum frequency can be viewed referenced to the coating thickness. Example: One realizes that 9% of the parts exhibit a coating thickness of less than or equal to 39 m (1.56 mils).
Sum Frequency Chart

Graphical presentation method that can be used to check the measurements for normal distribution. A straight line in the sum frequency chart indicates a normal distribution.
Systematic Measurement Error t Measurement Error

The student factor t can be obtained from popular published tables (e.g., Graf, Henning, Stange, Wilrich: Formeln und Tabellen der angewandten mathematischen Statistik [Formulas and Tables in Applied Mathematical Statistics by Graf, Henning, Stange and Wilrich]; Springer-Verlag) and is stated as follows:
t
1 -- ;f 2

Example for a confidence level of 95 % and n > 200 (and thus, degree of freedom 199, since f = n - 1) the student factor is t97.5; 199 = 1.96.

Part

Specimen

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Glossary

Random Sample

Glossary

Specification Limits u

Specification Limits

Every instrument is subject to random measurement errors ( Accuracy). With a certain probability (the confidence level), the presumed true value () of the measured quantity lies within an interval around the measured mean value d. of a measurement series. The interval is also refereed to as confidence interval. The boundaries of this interval are at a distance u, the measurement uncertainty, from the mean value .
d. u d. + u

For a population with normal distribution, the measurement uncertainty u for a set confidence level (1 - ) is calculated according to the following formula: u is
ts u = ------n t: Student factor (can be obtained from popular published tables, e.g., Formeln und Tabellen der angewandten mathematischen Statistik [Formulas and Tables in Applied Mathematical Statistics] by Graf, Henning, Stange and Wilrich). For example, at a 95% confidence level and n > 200, the student factor is t97.5; 199 = 1.96. Standard deviation Number of measurements

s: n:

By entering the coefficient of variation V in the equation, the relative measurement uncertainty urel in % is obtained.
tV u rel = --------- [ % ] n

Transfer Rate LSL

Baud Rate

Lower specification limit; is the smallest reading allowed at the measurement location.
u-Scale

Scale on the right ordinate in the printout of the sum frequency chart. Linear transformation of the measurements into standardized features u. The transformation serves comparison and analysis purposes. The standardized feature values are without dimension; their arithmetic mean u is Zero and their standard deviation (u) is always 1.

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d u = ----------

u: d:

Feature value Measured value Mean value of the population Standard deviation of the population

: :

Coefficient of variation. The spread of a measurement series in percent, i.e., the standard deviation in reference to the mean value. V [%] is a characteristic process constant. A sudden change in V [%] indicates a change in the process conditions. V is calculated in the following manner:
s V = ---- 100 [ % ] d. V: s: d. Coefficient of variation Standard deviation Mean value

VDach

Estimated value of the coefficient of variation.


= ----- 100 [ % ] V d.. : V : d.. Estimated value of the coefficient of variation Estimated value of the standard deviation of the population Mean value across the block mean values

Variance

Mean squared deviation. The square root of the variance is called standard deviation (s).
1 2 s = ----------n1

( d i d. )

s2: d.: d i: n

Variance Mean value of the single readings Single readings Number of measurements

i=1

Variance-Analytical Evaluation

Statistical method for checking the mean values of various random samples to determine, whether they are comparable or exhibit significant differences. The spreads of the group mean values is compared to the mean spread of the single readings within the groups. The check value Fbeo is determined ( sa) and based on a comparison

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Glossary

Glossary

with the table value FTab, a determination is made, whether a significant difference between the measurement groups exists. Example: Variance analytical evaluation when measuring k random samples (groups, Blocks Block), each with n single readings.
1 2 S I = -k

sj
j=1

SI2: k: SII2:
2

Mean value of the squared group spreads sj2 Number of random samples Squared spread of the group mean values Group mean value of the group Number of single readings per group Mean value of the group mean values

n 2 S II = ---------k1

( xj x )
j=1

x j: n x

with:

1 x = -k
2

j=1

xj

S II F beo = ------2 SI

Fbeo

Check value for deciding the answer to the question (in the instrument possibly designated with Fb)

If the condition Fbeo FTab is met, the mean values of the random samples belong to a common population. If Fbeo > FTab, then the mean values are significantly different. The characteristic value sa ( sa) states the spread of the mean values corrected with regard to the spread of the single readings.
FTab f Table value of the F-distribution with Ff1, f2, 1- Degrees of freedom with f1 = (k-1) and f2 = k (n-1) Significance level

Coefficient of Variation Reproducibility

Term for the differences of the individual measurement results under reproducibility conditions. Reproducibility conditions refer to measurements on a specimen according to a specified method, e.g., at different times or with different instruments or with different observers or at different locations. Measurement results that have been obtained by different persons using different instruments at different locations on the identical specimen must be comparable. The reproducibility is the basis for computing the confidence interval for the expected value.
Confidence Interval u

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An area of the sum frequency chart, where the sum plot can be found. With 95% certainty (confidence level), the true portion following below the respective feature value (e.g., coating thickness) can be found within these borders. For a normal distribution, the confidence borders ptop and pbottom are calculated as follows:
d. 2 d ------------ 1 d d. = ------------- 1,96 -- + --------------------- n 2n 2

p unten

pbottom: Lower confidence border ptop: Upper confidence border d: d. n: Measured value Mean value Number of all single readings

p oben

d. 2 d ------------ d d. 1 = ------------- + 1,96 -- - + -------------------- 2n 2 n

Estimated value for the standard deviation for the population

For measurements not having normal distribution, the confidence borders are entered into the sum frequency chart as a polygon plot and computed as follows:
2 ( yp ( i ) ) 1 p unten ( i ) = y p ( i ) 1,96 -- + ------------------ n 2n 2

yp(i): y-Values of the polygon (sum curve when the measurements do not have normal distribution) where i = 1 to n - 1.

2 ( yp ( i ) ) 1 - - + -----------------p oben ( i ) = y p ( i ) + 1,96 -n 2n 2

Confidence Level True Value

Trueness

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Glossary

Confidence Borders

Glossary

Probability Chart Repeatability

Sum Frequency Chart Repeatability Precision

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Repeated measuring under consistent conditions at the same measurement location leads to random deviations of the measurement data. Consistent conditions means the same observer performing measurements according to a specified method on an identical specimen within short periods using the same instrument at the same location. The standard deviation of the measurement data obtained under repeatability conditions is a measure for the repeatability precision. A large standard deviation or measurement uncertainty of an instrument indicates a poor repeatability precision. The smaller the standard deviation, the better the repeatability precision. The repeatability precision is dependent on the measurement method and the properties of the instrument but also on the properties of the specimen. The repeatability precision can be improved by generating mean values of the measurement series (i single readings).
Eddy Current Method, Amplitude-Sensitive (DIN EN ISO 2360)

The excitation current generates a high-frequency magnetic field that induces eddy currents in the material. The development of these eddy currents depends on the distance (coating thickness) between the measurement probe and the base material. The measurement signal, which captures the reaction of the magnetic field of the eddy currents on the original magnetic field, is converted into a reading that is proportional to the coating thickness.
Ferrite core of the probe
Excitation current U = f(d) Measurement signal

High frequency alternating magnetic field

Coating material d base material induced eddy currents

Principle of the amplitude sensitive eddy current method

Curvature

The curvature is a measure for how pointed (Excess) or how flat (Kurtosis) a distribution is compared to a normal distribution. A positive curva-

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Glossary

Repeatability Precision

Glossary

ture is an indication for a relatively narrow and pointed distribution. A negative curvature indicates a relatively flat and wide distribution. The curvature for a normal distribution is Zero.
X XN Count Rate Count Rate

Count Rate

X (Phi). Probe signal displayed as a number of electrical impulses. Phi corresponds directly to the measured quantity. The Phi values range between the two extremes Xmin and Xmax. In general, displaying the count rate X serves the purpose of determining whether a noticeable measurement effect is present for a particular measuring application. The numeric values for the normalized count rate XN are between 0 and 1 and are calculated according to the following equation:
X X0 XN = ------------------XS X0 XN: X: X0: XS: normalized count rate Count rate for the reading Count rate of the pure, solid coating material Count rate in air (= no electrical conductivity)

Random Measurement Error Two-Point Calibration

Measurement Error

Corrective calibration

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Index A
Accessoires 19 Accuracy 122 Acoustic signals 71, 94 Air humidity 22 Ambient Temperature 9 Amplitude-Sensitive Eddy Current Method 141 Application 117 Save 41 Application Memory 117 Application Selection 117 Arithmetic Mean Value 120 Automatic Block Creation 118

Block mean values Block Range 130 Block Result 118 Block Size 119

91

C
Calibration 123 Corrective Calibration 124 deleting 52 Master calibration 57 Calibration Curve 123 Calibration on coating 41, 53 Calibration Standard 124 Certification 21 Calibration Standards 11, 20, 124 Capability Index 121 Capability Indexes Cp, Cpk 121 Carriage Return 119 Characteristic 123 Chi-Squared-Test 119 Class 124 Coefficient of Variation 137 Confidence Borders 139 Confidence Interval u 138 Confidence Level u 139 Contents of Shipment 23 Contrast 86 Control commands 81 Copper beryllium 20 Corrective Calibration 124 Corrective calibration 41, 47, 48 Corrective Calibration deleting 52 Count Rate 142 Cp 121 Cpk 121 CR 119

B
Battery Battery compartment 13 Battery compartment cover 28 Battery replacement 28 Symbol 15 Baud 118 Baud Rate 118 Bell Curve 122, 128 Bidirectional Data Exchange 118 Bidirectional data exchange Control commands 81 Bit 118 Block 118 Block Mean Value 119 Block Result 118 Block Size 119 End 118 Open 119 open 129 Block Creation automatic 118 Block Mean Value 119, 120

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Curvature

141

D
Data Exchange bidirectional 118 Data transfer virt. COM-Port 80 Description Technical Terms 117 Device mode 92 Display 99 free-running 15 Driver installation 79 DUAL DUAL probe 26, 44 Setting dual mode 39 Dual method 100 Dual probe Measurement method 71

Free-running display 15 FreeRunning Mode 122 Free-running mode 91 Frequency Distribution 122

G
Gaussian Distribution 128 Gaussian Normal Distribution 122, 128 Gaussian Probability Paper 122 Glossary 117 Group Separator 122 Group separator 91 Grubbs Test 122

H
Histogram 123

I
Instrument Contents of Shipment 23 Dimensions 21 On/Off 33 Options 23 Power Connection 27 Power consumption 22 Repairs 11 Warrantee 12 Weight 21 Instrument configuration 103 Instrument mode 92 Instrument setting 83 Service functions 83 Instrument settings Contrast 86 Display 99 Dual method 100 External Start 96 Instrument mode 92 Language 85 Lighting 87 Limited operating mode 92

E
Eddy Current Method amplitude-sensitive 141 EEPROM 19 Eingeschrnkter Bedienmodus 14 EMC 9 End of Block 118 Environmental Conditions 9 Error mesages 108 Estimated Value 131 Evaluation 117 statistical 134 variance analytical 137 External Start 96, 120

F
FDD Evaluation 121 Fe 121 Final Result 120

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Master calibration 102 Measurement acquisition signal 94 Measurement effect 95 Measurement output 91 Measuring mode 99 Re-initialization 90 Storage mode 102 Switch off mode 89 Unit of Measurement 101 Insulating Material 123 Intended Use 8 Iso 123

M
m 125 Magnetic Induction Measuring Method 125 Making measurements acoustic signals 71 Malfunctions 104, 108 Master Calibration Normalized Countrate Xn of a Calibration Standard 65 Xn Ranges for Calibration Standards 63 Master calibration 41, 57, 59, 102 Master Characteristic 123, 125 Master foil 20 Mean Value 120 Block Mean Value 120 mean Value arithmetic 120 Measurement Influencing parameters 66 Making 67 Preparation 66 Measurement Acquisition 69 Measurement Data Presentation 127 Measurement Display Resolution 98 Measurement effect 95 Measurement Error 126 Measurement Location 127 Measurement Method 33, 127 Amplitude-sensitive eddy current method 141 Measurement method 25 Amplitude-sensitive eddy current method 25, 26 Magnetic induction 25, 26 Measurement Object 127 Measurement output 91

K
Keys 13 Arrow down 18 Arrow up 18 CAL 17 DEL 16 ENTER 18 FINAL-RES 17 ON/OFF 13, 17 SEND 18 ZERO 17 Kolmogoroff Smirnoff Test

124

L
Language 85 LCD Display 13, 14 LCD display Contrast 86 Lighting 87 LF 125 Lift-off distance 22 Lighting 87 Limited operating mode 92 Line Feed 125 Low Voltage 9 LSL 122, 136

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Measurement Range 126 Measurement Series 127 Measuring Application 126 Measuring Method magnetic induction 125 Measuring Mode 127 Measuring mode 99 Measuring modes 21, 35 Messages 108 mils 125 Monitoring of the Test Equipment 127

N
Normal Distribution 128 Gaussian 122, 128 Normalization 41, 45, 129 Normalized Countrate Xn 65

Precision 130 Probe 19, 134 Angle probe 67 axial 67 Connection 30 Connector Socket 13 Handling 10, 37 Two-tip 68 probe assigning 38 Probe Characteristic 125 Probe connector 30 Probe connector socket 31 Probe Frequency 134 Probe plug 19, 31

Q
Quality Assurance 130

O
Offline 129 Offline operation 80 On/Off 33 One-Point Calibration 124 Online 130 Online operation 80 Open Block 119, 129 Operating Personnel 8 Options 23 Outlier rejection 117 Outliers 117

R
R 130 R. 130 Random Sample 135 Range 130 R 130 R. 130 Reading 127 Single Reading 120 Readings Transfer to PC 80 Rechargeable battery 28 Reference Area 131 Reference Measurements 44 Regression Line 133 Reinigung 36 Re-initialization 90 Repairs 11 Repeatability 130 Repeatability Precision 141 Reproducibility 130, 138

P
Parity 130 Peep tone 71, 94 Population 122 Power Connection 9, 27 Power consumption 22 Power-Up 34

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Operators Manual FMP10 /FMP20

S
s 132 Service function Contrast 86 Display 99 Dual method 100 External Start 96 Instrument mode 92 Language 85 Lighting 87 Master calibration 102 Measurement effect 95 Measurement output 91 Measuring mode 99 Re-initialization 90 Storage mode 102 Switch off mode 89 Unit of Measurement 101 Service functions 83 Sigma Limits 133 Single readigngs 91 Single Reading 120 Skewness 133 Specification Limit LSL 122, 136 USL 122 Spread 132 s 132 Standard Deviation 132 Estimated Value 131 Start Bit 134 Statistical Evaluation 134 Statistics 134 Stop Bit 135 Storage mode 102 Student Factor t 135 Student factor 135 Sum Frequency 135 Sum Frequency Chart 135 Supervisor Code 134

Supervisor Password Switch off mode 89 Switch on 34 System Check 124

134

T
t 135 Technical Data 21 Technical Terms 117 Temperature Operation 21 Storage 22 Temperature Range During Storage and Transport 9 Transfer formats 81 Trueness 131 Turning Off the Instrument 35 Two-Point Calibration 124

U
u 138, 139 Unit of Measurement 101, 125 USB Connection 79 Connector 13, 22, 78 Driver 79 Port 79 USB connection 78 USB Port 131 u-Scale 136 USL 122 Specification Limit USL 129

V
v 137 Variance 137 Variance Analytical Evaluation 137 Voltage supply 22

Operators Manual FMP10 /FMP20

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W
Warning messages Warrantee 12 Weight 21 108

X
Xn 65

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Sales and Service Departments - all around the world GERMANY


HELMUT FISCHER GMBH Industriestrae 21 D-71069 Sindelfingen : +49 (0) 70 31 / 30 3-0 Fax: +49 (0) 70 31 / 30 3-79 mail@helmut-fischer.de www.helmut-fischer.com

GREAT BRITAIN
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SWITZERLAND
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Valid for Helmut Fischer AG and Branch Offices

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FISCHER INSTRUMENTS, S.A. C/Almogvers 157 3a Planta E-08018 Barcelona : (+34) 93 309 79 16 Fax: (+34) 93 485 05 94 spain@helmutfischer.com www.helmutfischer.com

ITALY
HELMUT FISCHER S.R.L. Tecnica di Misura Via Columella 40 I-20128 Milano : (+39) 0 22 55 26 26 Fax: (+39) 0 22 57 00 39 italy@helmutfischer.com www.helmutfischer.com

JAPAN
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FRANCE
FISCHER INSTRUMENTATION ELECTRONIQUE Parc d'Activits Nord du Pas du Lac 5, rue Michal Faraday F-78180 Montigny le Bretonneux BP 289 F-78053 St Quentin en Yvelines Cedex : (+33) (0) 1 30 58 00 58 Fax: (+33) (0) 1 30 58 89 50 france@helmutfischer.com www.helmutfischer.com

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THE NETHERLANDS
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CHINA
NANTONG FISCHER INSTRUMENTATION LTD. 7F, No. 2 Building 2601 Songhuajiang Road Shanghai 200437 P.R.C. : (+86) 21 65 55 74 55 Fax: (+86) 21 65 55 24 41 china@helmutfischer.com www.helmutfischer.com

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INDIA
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