Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
PHASE 2
Module 4 Transmission
UNIT: 3 & 4
Table of Contents
1.0 Learning Out o!e...........................................................1 1.1 "e# Learning $oints......................................................1 %.0 Drive Shafts and Universal &oints.....................................% %.1 %.% %.3 %.4 %.%./ 'un tion.......................................................................% (onstru tion................................................................% O)erating $rin i)le......................................................4 $ro)eller*Shaft +i,ration..............................................Divided $ro)eller Shafts and .heir Su))ort.................0nter!ediate $ro)eller*Shaft Su))ort 1earings...........2
3.0 Drive Arrange!ent........................................................10 3.1 3ear*4heel Drive.......................................................10 3.% 5ot h6iss O)en*.#)e Drive.......................................1% 3.3 (onstant +elo it# &oint...............................................13 4.0 (ornering.......................................................................14 -.0 3ear Axle.......................................................................14 /.0 5alf Shafts.....................................................................12.0 Se!i*'loating.................................................................17.0 .hree*8uarter 'loating..................................................12 9.0 'ull# 'loating.................................................................12 10.0 'ront*4heel Drive........................................................%0
Unit 4 Safe :a 6ing )ro edureA use of axle stands $rin i)le of o)eration of different t#)es of axle hu,s Dis!antle and o!)onents asse!,ling )ro edure of hu,
1earing t#)es and ad:ust!ent )ro edure of hu, ,earings Method of lu,ri ation of hu, ,earings @hen fitted Use of lo 6ing devi es and he 6ing ,earing ondition Sealing !ethods and he 6ing ondition of seals $re*load on ,earingsA reason for )re*load and !ethod of setting )reload .he relationshi)s ,et@een engine s)eedA gear ratioA @heel dia!eter and vehi le s)eed 3e)ort on the ondition of the ,earings and seals
2.2 Construction
.he shaft is a hollo@ tu,ular steel unit @ith a hoo6 :oint at ea h end. .he :oint onsists of t@o u sha)ed C#o6esD @hi h are onne ted at 90E to ea h other ,# a four*legged ross or Cs)iderD. Feedle roller ,earing !a# ,e used to su))ort the s)ider legs in the #o6es.
Simple one-piece propeller shaft with one slip-joint and two universal joints
,ases fro! 3.4 to 4.7 !A ,ut there is so!e overla) de)ending on the vehi leDs @or6 role.
Two-piece drive-line with single intermediate support bearing .he t@o*)ie e )ro)eller shaft has three universal :ointsA and the )ri!ar# )ro)eller shaft is of the fixed*:oints*and*tu,e* asse!,l# t#)eA ,ut the se ondar# )ro)eller shaft has a sli)* :oint at the su))ort*,earing end to a o!!odate an# elongation due to sus)ension !ove!ent. Usuall# the )ri!ar# shaft is in line @ith the gear,ox !ainshaft axisA ,ut the se ondar# )ro)eller shaft is in lined slightl# so that it interse ts the rear*axle final*drive )inion shaft.
Three-piece drive-line with two intermediate support bearings 'or vehi les @ith @heel,ases over 4.7 !A a three*)ie e drive*line @ith t@o inter!ediate su))ort ,earings !a# ,e ne essar#. .here are four universal*:ointsA and it an ,e seen that the inter!ediate shaft lies )arallel to the out)ut shaft of the gear,ox. Again onl# the rear )ro)eller shaft in or)orates a sli)*:oint to o!)ensate for shaft length hange.
Self*aligning inter!ediate*,earing su))orts have !ostl# ,een used on heav#*dut# tru 6s. One t#)e of self*aligning ,earing su))ort is a dou,le*ro@ ,all*,earing @ith a dee)* grooved inner ra e and an internall# se!i ir ular outer ra e H'ig ;a=. 4ith this arrange!entA an# shaft defle tion is a o!!odated ,# the inner ra e and ,alls tilting a,out the fixed outer*ra e s)heri al seat. !i"ided propeller shaft support%bearing assemblies
A se ond !ethod of )roviding self*align!ent for the s)lit shafts is a hieved ,# a single*ro@ dee)*grooved ,all*,earing @ith a s)heri al )rofile on the )eri)her# of the outer ra es. .he ,all ra e is then re eived in a steel su))ort ring @hi h has an internal )rofile to !at h the outside of the ,earingH 'ig. ;,=. 0f there is an# !isalign!ent in servi eA relative !ove!ent of the ,earing and the ring an ta6e )la e @ithout i!)osing strains on the ,earing asse!,l#. 1oth arrange!ents dis ussed need to ,e lu,ri ated )eriodi all# and oil*seals are )rovided to retain the grease and 6ee) dirt out of the ,earing tra 6s.
Commercial vehicle single-row self-alignment outer bearing race 'lexi,le*!ounted inter!ediate*,earing su))orts for divided shafts !a# ,e used for ,oth light and heav# vehi les. All these t#)es tend to have a single*ro@ dee)*grooved ,all* ,earing @hi h fits dire tl# over one of the divided shafts and surrounding this ,earing is a ru,,er !e!,er @hi h is en losed in a steel fra!e. .he inter!ediate shafts are then given su))ort ,# ,olting this asse!,l# to the hassis or ,od# shell. .his ru,,er !ounting )rovides a flexi,le su))ort for the ,earing so that a slight tilt of the shaft an ,e a o!!odated. 0n additionA the flexi,le ru,,er a ts as a vi,ration da!)er and isolates an# )ro)eller*shaft vi,rations fro! the ,od# !e!,ers. 'or extra*heav# dut#A a solid ru,,er ring ,lo 6 fitting over a ,earing hu,A !a# ,e usedH'ig. ; =. 0t an ,e seen that the inner ,earing ra e is held in )osition ,# the universal*:oint flange and that the outer ,earing ra e is lo ated ,# a shi!!ed
5eav# +ehi le Me hani $hase %
sleeve. 3egular lu,ri ation is ne essar# @ith this asse!,l#. Most light*and heav#*dut# inter!ediate*,earing asse!,lies no@ use )re*greased and sealed*for*life dee)*groove ,earings.
3.0
!ri"e (rrangement
A further exa!)le of torBue rea tion is sho@n in @hi h a tra tor @ith its rear driving @heels lo 6ed in a dit h. 0n this situation the driver !ust ,e arefulA ,e ause torBue rea tion is li6el# to lift the front of the tra tor rather than turn the rear @heels.
10
Lever action of wheel 4hen the la@ stated a,ove is a))lied to rear axlesA #ou @ill see that so!e arrange!ent !ust ,e )rovided to )revent the axle asing turning in the o))osite dire tion to the driving @heels.
11
1%
)*racta+ type constant%"elocity uni"ersal ,oint fitted to a front wheel dri"e a-le
13
4.0
.ornering
As the vehi le turns a ornerA the inner @heel !oves through a s!aller distan e than the outerA the @heels @ill ta6e the sa!e ti!e to turn the orner so the outer @heel !ust !ove faster to over the greater distan e. 0f a differential @as not e!)lo#ed a lot of t#re s ru,,ing @ould ta6e )la e and the vehi le @ould ,e hard to ontrol. 0n the differential asse!,l# the differen e in road resistan e on ea h side of the vehi le auses the sun @heel to rotate the )lanet gears @hi h in reases the s)eed of the outer @heelA de reases the s)eed of the inner @heel at the sa!e )ro)ortionA @hile !aintaining an eBual torBue at ,oth @heels.
/ote: UneBual rear t#re )ressureA ,ad road onditions also ,rings in the differential asse!,l# into o)eration.
0.0
1ear (-le
.he rear axle is @here the final in rease in torBue and de rease in engine s)eed ta6es )la e. 1e ause of the large* dia!eter @heels reBuired to arr# the heav# loadsA a ver# high torBue is reBuired at the end of the half shaft to turn the @heels and )ro)el the vehi le. .he axle asing is usuall# a ,an:o*t#)e asting @ith su))ort ,earings for the rear @heels at ea h end and a deta ha,le asting @hi h houses the differential gears and ro@n @heel asse!,l#.
14
On light o!!er ial vehi lesA a onventional s)iral ,evel of h#)oid*t#)e rear axle onstru tion is used. As the load* arr#ing a)a it# of the vehi le in reasesA the axle ratio also has to ,e in reased to give the reBuired torBue at the rear @heels. 4hen this ratio rea hes a))roxi!atel# 7G1 the single ,evel gear axle gives @a# to a @or! and @heel arrange!ent or uses a dou,le redu tion arrange!ent to give the desired ratio @ithin reased strength.
2.0
&alf #hafts
.hree !ain !ethods are used to su))ort the half shafts in the rear axle ase. 0n all of the! the inner ends of the shafts are s)lined into and su))orted ,# the sun @heels of the differential asse!,l#. .he differen es lie in the arrange!ent of the hu, ,earing in relation to ,oth the ase and the shaft and in the for es or loads i!)osed u)on the shaft itself.
3.0
#emi%4loating
.he hu, and the half shaft areA in effe tA a one )ie e unit although the# !a# in fa t ,e s)lined or fitted together ,# !eans of a ta)erA 6e# and lo 6 nut. .he ,earing is arried on the shaft and is lo ated ,# a nut or a sleeve. .he outer tra 6 of the ,earing is fitted into a re ess in the axle ase and is lo ated ,# a retainer )late ,olted to the end flange of the axle ase. .his ,earing is usuall# sealed on one side to )revent ex ess lu,ri ant ruining the ,ra6e lining.
1-
1/
4orces acting on the half shaft: 1. Shear for e due to the @eight of the vehi le. %. 1ending for e due to the @eight of the vehi le. 3. .orsional or t@isting for es due to the driving and ,ra6ing for e. 4. Side thrusts as the vehi le turns.
5.0
*hree%6uarter 4loating
.he ,earing is !ounted on the asing and is held against a shoulder ,# a lo 6nut and ta, @asher. .he hu, is !ade in t@o )artsA the inner )art fitting over the ,earing and also en losing a s)ring loaded oil seal. .he outer )art !a# ,e integral @ith the half shaftA ,e s)lined and interferen e fit u)on it or ,e se ured to the shaft ,# a ta)erA 6e# and lo 6nut. .he ,ra6e dru! !a# ,e integral @ith the hu, outer half or se ured to it ,# ounter sun6headed s re@s. .he ,a 6 )late !ounting flange is nearer to the entre of the axle than the se!i*floating design. .his design is !ainl# on light o!!er ial vehi les.
4orces acting on the half shaft: 1. 1ending for e due to side thrust @hen ornering. %. .orsional ;t@isting= for es due to the driving and ,ra6ing thrusts.
7.0
4ully 4loating
.his design is !ainl# used on heav# o!!er ial vehi les. .he hu, is a heav# forging or asting of steel and is arried on the axle ase ,# t@o heav# dut# o))osed ta)er roller ,earings. .he tra 6s of these ,earings are lo ated ,# shoulder and a lo 6nut and are ad:usta,le. .he hu, drive
5eav# +ehi le Me hani $hase %
12
)late is integral @ith the shaft and is se ured to the hu, ,# radiall# arranged set ,oltsA a gas6et fitted ,et@een the t@o. A s)ring loaded oil seal is fitted into the inner side of the hu, near the ,a 6 )late flange. .he half shaft !a# ,e re!oved @ithout re!oving the @heel.
17
4orces acting on the half shaft: .orsional ;t@isting= for es due to the driving and ,ra6ing thrusts. /ote: 0n all of the designs des ri,ed the ,rea6ing of a half shaft @ill result in the loss of driving torBue due to the a tion of the differential unit.
19
%0
.he four*s)eed gear,ox has t@o shaftsG an in)ut shaft s)lined to the lut h and a !ainshaft onne ted to the final drive )inion. A ,evel gear final drive is ne essar# @hen the engine is !ounted longitudinall# ,ut in the la#out sho@nA the engine )osition allo@s the use of nor!al heli al gears. Drive fro! the final drive is trans!itted through the differential to the t@o drive shafts. S)eed variation due to drive shaft angularit# is )revented ,# using onstant velo it# universal :oints at ea h endK the in,oard :oint at ea h side ,eing of the )lunge t#)e. During a elerationA or at ti!es @hen the engine is used as a ,ra6eA torBue rea tion tends to !a6e the engine rotate a,out the ran6shaftA so suita,l# s)a ed engine !ountings are fitted to resist this !ove!ent. Driving thrust and ,ra6ing torBue are ta6en ,# the sus)ension !e!,ersA in )arti ular the tie ,ar fitted fro! the tra 6 ontrol ar! to the ,od#.
%1
%%