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WORLD HISTORY
Pre-Historic Period
The Pre-historic period is divided into four distinct periods. Palaeolithic Period (Old Stone Age) 5,000,000 - 10,000 BC Mesolithic Period (Late Stone Age) 10,000 4000 BC Neolithic Period (New Stone Age) 6000 1000 BC Chalcolithic Period (Metal Age) Paranthropus boisei (originally called Zinjanthropus boisei and then Australopithecus boisei ) was an early hominin and described as the largest of the Paranthropus species. It lived from about 2.6 until about 1.2 million years ago during the Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs in Eastern Africa. lakh years ago in Java and Peking Man who existed some three lakh years ago excavated from Peking in China are some early humans of the Paleolithic Period. Peking Man also called Sinan thropus pekinensis (currently Homo erectus pekinensis), is an example of Homo erectus. A group of fossil specimens was discovered in 1923-27 during excavations at Zhoukoudian near Beijing. Most famous Paleolithic man was the Neandarthal Man who was discovered from Germany. The first proto-Neanderthal traits appeared in Europe as early as 600,000 350,000 years ago. Neanderthal skulls were first discovered in Engis, Belgium (1829) by Philippe-Charles Schmerling and Forbes Quarry, Gibraltar (1848). Johann Karl Fuhlrott first recognised the fossil called Neanderthal man in 1856, discovered in Neanderthal valley in Germany. Palaeolithic people used tools and implements made of rough stone. They ate raw flesh and wild fruits and vegetables. They had no idea of agriculture. They belonged to the Negrito race. Palaeolithic men led a nomadic life, ie, wandering from one place to another. The Middle Palaeolithic period includes the Mousterian culture, often associated with Neanderthal man , an early form of humans, living between 100,000 and 40,000 years ago.

Palaeolithic Period (Old Stone Age)

5,000,000 - 10,000 BC The early part of the Palaeolithic is called the Lower Palaeolithic, which predates Homo sapiens, beginning with Homo habilis (and related species) and with the earliest stone tools, dated to around 2.5 million years ago. Australopithecus was the first hominids on the earth. Homohabilis was the first hominid tool maker. Homo sapiens originated some 200,000 years ago, ushering in the Middle Palaeolithic. Zinjanthropus , which was found in the Great Rift Valley of Central Africa, is considered to be the earliest of the human species. Java Man existed some seven

Palaeolithic Age is known as the Age of Hunters while the Neolithic Age is known as the Age of Farmers.

Cromagnon (France) and Grimaldi (France) men belonged to the Homo Sapiens species who lived in the Middle Stone Age.

Potters Wheel was invented in the Neolithic Age. Most polished weapon of the Neolithic Age was the Stone axe. Man discovered the use of jute and began to use cloth made of jute during the Neolithic period. Earliest human villages appeared towards 6000BC in Egypt and Mesopotamia. The Barter system of exchange came into practice during the Neolithic period. Family life also began during the Neolithic Age. The concept of State also originated during the Neolithic period.

Mesolithic Period (Late Stone Age)

Megalith

10,000 4000 BC The Mesolithic or Middle Stone Age was a period in the development of human techno logy in between the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age and the Neolithic or New Stone Age, in which farming appeared. The term "Mesolithic'' was introduced by John Lubbock in his work Pre-historic Times, published in 1865.

Chalcolithic Period (Metal Age)

Neolithic Period (New stone Age)

6000 1000 BC Neolithic Age means the New Stone Age. People learnt the art of cultivation and the Neolithic Age was the food producing stage. They started using polished and sharp stone implements. Man began to domesticate animals during the Neolithic Age. Dog was the first animal domesticated by man. Wheat and Barley were the earliest cereals grown by man. Early men started the settled life in the Neolithic period.

Chalcolithic Age is known as the Metal Age. The Chalcolithic period or Copper Age period, is a phase in the development of human culture in which the use of early metal tools appeared alongside the use of stone tools. It occurs between the Neolithic and Bronze Ages. Bronze Ages Iron Age The period when man began to The period when man began to use Bronze tools and weapons use iron is known as Iron Age. is known as Bronze Age. Iron Age, the period succeed In this system, in some areas of ing the Bronze Age. the world the Bronze Age fol- Iron Age, period in the devellowed the Neolithic age. Howopment of industry that begins ever, in many parts of sub-Sawith the general use of iron haran Africa, the Neolithic age and continues into modern was directly followed by the Iron times. In Asia, Egypt, and EuAge. In some parts of the world, rope it was preceded by the Copper Age followed the Bronze Age. It did not begin in Neolithic Age and preceded the America until the coming of the Bronze Age. Europeans.

A megalith is a large stone that has been used to construct a structure or monument, either alone or together with other stones. Megalithic describes structures made of such large stones, utilizing an interlocking system without the use of mortar or cement. The construction of these structures took place mainly in the Neolithic and continued into the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age.

Stonehenge, England, erected by Neolithic peoples ca. 4500-4000 years ago.

First metal used by man was Copper. Copper was first used to make ornaments and tools.

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Major Human Races of the World

More than 100 million native speakers

Language
Mandarin Chinese Spanish English Hindi/Urdu

Family
Sino-Tibetan, Chinese Indo-European, Italic, Romance Indo-European, Germanic, West Germanic, Anglo-Frisian, English Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central Zone, Western Hindi, Khariboli Afro-Asiatic, Semitic Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan Indo-European, Italic, Romance Indo-European, Slavic, East Slavic Japonic, formerly Language isolate

The term race or racial group usually refers to the categorization of humans into populations or ancestral groups on the basis of various sets of heritable characteristics. People living in Africa, Arabia, Central and South India, Malaya, Australia and Tasmania belonged to the Negroid Race. Pigmies seen in Africa, South East Asia and Indonesia is a subgroup of the Negroids. Majority of modern Human race belonged to the Mongoloid race. People living in Japan, China, Indonesia, Formosa, Tibet etc. belonged to the Mongoloid race. People lived in Ancient Egypt belonged to the Hemitic race. Ancient Babylonians, Hebrews, Phoneicians, Arabs etc belonged to the Semitic race. Semitic, Hemitic and Indo-Europeans are the subgroups of the Caucasoid race. The 20th century racial classification by American anthropologist Carleton S. Coon, divided humanity into five races: Caucasoid race, Congoid race, Capoid race, Mongoloid race, Australoid race.

Arabic Bengali Portuguese Russian Japanese

Origin of Languages and writing

Man began to speak meaningfully during the Neolithic Period.

English, French, German, Spanish, Italian, Greek, Russian, Persian, Sanskrit and American languages belonged to the IndoEuropean or Aryan language group Hebrew, Arabic, Abyssenian, early Assyrian and Phoenician languages belonged to the Semitic group of languages. Languages spoken by the people lived around Mediterranean sea were of the Hemitic group. Lapish, Finnish, Magyar,Tartar, Manchu, Mongol etc, belonged to the Turaniam group of languages. Egyptians were the first to use Phonetic writing. The early writing of the Egyptians were known as Hieroglyphics. Phoenicians were considered as the originators of the modern pattern of writing.

Major language families

By number of native speakers 1. Indo-European languages 46% (Europe, Southwest to South Asia, America, Oceania) 2. Sino-Tibetan languages 21% (East Asia) 3. Niger-Congo languages 6.4% (Sub-Saharan Africa) 4. Afro-Asiatic languages 6.0% (North Africa to Horn of Africa, Southwest Asia) 5. Austronesian languages 5.9% (Oceania, Madagascar, maritime Southeast Asia) 6. Dravidian languages 3.7% (South Asia) 7. Altaic languages 2.3% (Central Asia, Northern Asia, Anatolia, Siberia) 8. Japonic languages 2.1% (Japan) 9. Austro-Asiatic languages 1.7% (mainland Southeast Asia) 10. Tai-Kadai languages 1.3% (Southeast Asia)

Semitic languages family includes (largely Middle Eastern origin) the ancient and modern forms of Akkadian, Amharic, Arabic, Aramaic, Ge'ez, Hebrew, Maltese, Phoenician, Tigre and Tigrinya among others.

Sumerian or Mesopotamian civilization (3000-1600 BC)

CUNIEFORM WRITING
Cuneiform was the most widespread and historically significant writing system in the ancient Middle East. The Sumerians are credited with the invention of a distinctive system of writing known as Cunieform. They wrote on clay tablets with a sharp stylus made of reed. The name Cunieform was originated from the Latin word cuneus which means wedge. The Cunieform script was desciphered by Henry Rawlinson.

It is the earliest known civilization in the world and is known as the Cradle of Civilization. The Sumerian civilization spanned over 3000 years. Sumer was a civilization and historical region in southern Mesopotamia, modern Iraq. Sumer was the birthplace of writing, wheel, agriculture, arch and irrigation. The Sumerians had developed core agricultural techniques including large-scale intensive cultivation of land, mono-cropping, organized irrigation, and the use of a specialized labour force. Sumerian civilisation flourished on the banks of rivers Euphrates and Tigris later came to be known as Mesopotamian civilisation. A Lunar Calendar based on the Moon was one of the major achievements of the Sumerians. Empires, water supply system, use of gold and silver for transaction, code of laws, libraries,

Cuneiform tablet featuring a tally of sheep and goats

educational centres, poetry, literature, sculpture, palaces, arches, pillars, domes, slavery, autocracy imperialism etc first originated in Sumeria. The first dynasty in the world was established at Ur in Sumeria in 3000 BC. Dungi was the most important ruler of the Sumerians. The Sumerian Empire declined towards BC 2650 due to the attack of the Akkadians. The writing system of the Sumerians was known as Cunieform. Mesopotamian civilization is considered to be the worlds first urban civilisation.

The word Mesopotamia means land between rivers. The name Mesopotamia was given by the Greeks. The Mesopotamian civilisation existed in modern Iraq. The northern part of Mesopotamia was known as Assyria and southern part was known as Babylonia. Babylonian people invented water clock and sundial to know the time. Mesopotamian seals throw light on the trade relation between the Indus people and the Sumerians.

Hammurabis Code
Hammurabi was the sixth king of Babylon from 1792 BC to 1750 BC. Hammurabi is known as the founder of Early Babylonian Empire. Hammurabi is known for the set of laws called Hammurabi's Code, the first written codes of law in history. It was based on the principle of an eye for eye and tooth for a tooth. These laws were written on a stone tablet standing over eight feet tall (2.4 meters). The Code of Hammurabi contained 282 laws, written by scribes. It was written in Akkadian, the common language of Babylon

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Mesopotamian civilisation is also known as the melting pot of civilisation.

The Mesopotamians invented wheel and glassware. Mesopotamians discovered the system of Geometry. It was later called Pythagorus Theorem. Mesopotamians were the first to invent the system of Multiplication. Mesopotamians were worshippers of multi Gods. Their major God was the Sky God Anu. Assyrians were credited for the invention of the system of dividing a circle into 360 degrees. (3000 BC - 1750 BC)

The Pyramids of Giza most recognizable symbols of the civilization of ancient Egypt.

First Pyramid was built about 2700 BC.

Egyptian Civilization

Egyptian civilisation flourished on the banks of Nile river. Egyptian kings were known as Pharoh Pharoh means one who lives in a mansion. Ramses III is considered as the last of great Pharohs of Egypt. Hyksus were a semetic group of people who captured Egypt towards BC 1750. Egyptian Queen Hatshepsut is considered as the first women ruler of the world. Pyramids were the Tombs of Egyptian Pharohs.

Greatest of the Pyramids was the Great Pyramid at Giza built by Hieroglyphics Pharoh Khufu. "Hieroglyphics" refer to the Great Pyramid at Giza is the only characters made by graphical survivor of the Seven Wonders figures, be it animals, objects, of the Ancient World. or concepts that concern the Preserved dead bodies of the religons' gods. Egyptians were known as mummies. Mummification shows their belief in life after death. Biggest of the temples built by the Egyptians was the temple at Karnak. Egyptian Sun God was known as Ra or Re. Osiris was the Goddess of truth worshipped by the Egyptians. Egyptians were responsible for the invention of Addition, Subtraction and Division. The word Chemistry was originated from the Egyptian language.

Egyptians were the first to invent a solar calendar having 365 days with 12 months of 30 days each.

Egyptian script was pictographic in nature. It was known as Hieroglyphics. The hieroglyphs that were originally used for recording agricultural products and handicrafts led to the birth of linear and cuneiform script, widely used by

Sphinx
Sphinx was a mythological animal of the ancient Egyptians. It was the largest of the Egyptian statues. It has a human head and the body of a lion. It has 100 feet length and 70 feet height. The ancient Greeks adapted this image and applied their own name for a male monster, the strangler, an archaic figure of Greek mythology.

the Sumerians, Assyrians and China was one of the cradles of the human race. The Chinese nation is not only the most populous but also one of the oldest in the world. Fossils that Babylonians. The word Hieroglyphic means have been found in Chinese territory include those of Yuanmou Man, the sacred writing. It consisted of first Homo erectus, who lived 1.7 million years ago, those of Lantian Man, who lived 750,000 years ago, and those of the Peking Man, who lived at 24 signs. Vowels were not used. Zhoukoudian in today's suburban Beijing 600,000 years ago. The fossils The Egyptian alphabets were of Shu Ape, a primate that lived 45 million years ago, which is known as the deciphered by Champollion. "first anthropoid", were discovered in China in 1994.

Indus Valley Civilization

The Indus Valley Civilization was a Bronze Age civilization which was centred mostly in the western part of the Indian Subcontinent. Indus Valley Civilization flourished around the Indus river basin. Indus Valley Civilisation was discovered in 1920-22 at Mohenjodaro and Harappa (Both in Pakistan) by R.D. Banarjee and Dayaram Sahni. The mature phase of this civilization is known as the Harappan Civilization. (more details are given in the Indian History part).

The Great Wall is 1800 mile long and having 20 feet breadth and 22 feet height. Early communication of the Chinese was done by knots made in strings. Paper was invented by the Chinese. Confucianism was the new religion founded by Confucious. Siesmograph and Gun Powder were also invented by the Chinese. Tea was invented by the Chinese. Ancient China enjoyed a developed agriculture and advanced irrigation system, an independent tradition of medicine and advanced botanical knowledge. China's four great inventions, namely, the compass, gunpowder, movable type printing and papermaking, not only changed the world but also accelerated the evolution of world history. Lao-Tse , Confucious and Mencious were the three major Philosophers of ancient China. Lao-Tse was the founder of the most important religion of China known as Taoism. Lao-Tse is considered as the Chinese Buddha.

Taoism was an important school of thought, and is known for its simple dialectical elements. Its position of "quietude and inaction" has many identical views with the thoughts of modern man. Taoism, based on the Taoist doctrines, is an independent religion established in China.

Persian Civilisation

Chinese Civilization

Chinese Civilisation originated on the banks of river Hwang Ho. Shang dynasty was the first dynasty to rule China from BC 1750-1125. Shih Hwangti was the First Emperor of China. The Qin dynasty established Chinas first strong central government. Chin ruler Shih Hwangti was responsible for the construction of the Great Wall of China to prevent the Huna invasion. Shih Hwangti was the founder of Chin dynasty.

Persian Civilisation existed in modern Iran Persians belonged to the IndoEuropean race. Cyrus was the strongest of the Persian rulers. Cyrus is considered as the founder of the Persian Empire. Greatest of the Persian rulers was Darius I. Darius I was responsible for the foundation of the ever largest empires of the world. The Greeco- Persian conflict began during the period of Darius I. The Battle of Marathon (BC 490) between the Persians and Athenians was led by Darius I. The writing of the Persians was Cunieform, adopted from the Mesopotamians. The Persian priests were known as Maji.

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Zorastrianism (Persian religion) was founded by Zorathushtrar. The Parsies of India believe in Zorastrianism. Ahuramazda is the God of the Zorastrian religion. Ahriman was considered as the evil spirit by the Persians. Avesta (Zend Avesta) is the sacred book of Zorastrianism. Avesta is known as Persian Bible

The Parthenon, a temple dedicated to Athena, located on the Acropolis in Athens, is one of the most representative symbols of the culture and sophistication of the ancient Greeks.

Greek Civilization

Greek Civilisation dates back to 800 BC Greece is on the coast of Mediterranean sea. The civilisation existed in Greece, before the Greeks was known as Aegean Civilization. Early Greek immigrants were known as Ionians. Greeks were collectively known as Hellenes. Hence their civilization was known as Hellenistic Civilization. Democracy was originated in Greece. Greek Democracy was direct democracy. The civilisation of Greek city states is known as Classical Civilisation. Athens, Sparta, Corinth, Thebes, Macedonia etc. were the major city states in Greece. Pindar was a famous Greek Lyric Poet. Aesceles was the greatest of the Greek dramatists, who wrote famous tragedies. Greeks were the first to introduce Vowels in the alphabet. Euripides and Aristophenes

were the other famous Greek dramatists. Demosthenese was a world famous Greek orator Thales of Meletus is considered as the father of Greek Mathematics Pythagoras who made great contributions in Geometry was a Greek. Anaxagoras, Euclid etc were famous Greek Mathematicians. Hipparchus calculated the diameter of the Moon. Erathosthenes calculated the circumference of the Earth. The first Olympic Games were held at Olympia in Greece in 776 BC. Flavius Theodosius also called Theodosius I and Theodosius the Great was Roman Emperor from 379 to 395. Theodosius was the last emperor of both the Eastern and Western Roman Empire. The Roman Emperor Theo dosius banned Olympics in 394 BC.

It became a prominent empire under its king Philip II (359 - 336 BC) Alexander the Great, the son and successor of Philip II, was born in 350 BC and became the ruler in 337 BC. Alexander defeated the Persian ruler Darius III. Alexander captured Egypt and founded the city of Alexandria there. Alexander invaded India in 326 BC and defeated Porus, the ruler of Taxila. He died at the age of 33 in 323 BC at Babylonia. Archemedes the originator of the law of specific gravity lived in the Hellenistic Age.

Roman Civilisation

Macedonian Empire

Macedonia was a Greek city state.

Roman Civilisation developed on the banks of river Tiber in Italy. The idea of Republic originated in Rome. Senate was the Roman Assembly of Elders Punic Wars were fought between Rome and Carthage (264-146 B.C.). Caesar modified the Old Calendar which had only 355 days, New Calendar came to be known as Julian Calendar. Roman society was divided into two classes - Patricians (the upper class) and Plebians (the lower class). The Roman Colosseum, a huge amphitheatre was built in the first century A.D. for staging bloody fights between gladiators and wild beasts.

ANCIENT GREEK PERSONALITIES SOCRATES

Socrates was a classical greek philosopher. He was treated as one of the founders of Western philosophy. His notable ideas were Socratic method (or Method of Elenchus or Socratic Debate), and Socratic irony. It was first described by Plato in the Socratic Dialogues. Plato, Xenophon, Antisthenes and Aristippus were the disciples of Socrates. He was forced to commit suicide by drinking Hemlock, a poison, in 399 BC. Zantippee was the wife of Socrates.

THUCYDIDES
Thucydides (c. 460 BC c. 395 BC) was a Greek historian and author of the History of the Peloponnesian War, which recounts the 5th century BC war between Sparta and Athens to the year 411 BC. Thucydides has been dubbed the father of scientific history

PLATO
Plato was a Classical Greek philosopher, mathematician, and writer. He was the founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Aristotle was the famous student of Plato. Republic was the famous work of Plato. Plato was the disciple of Socrates. His original name was Aristocles.

HOMER
Homer, a blind Greek poet, composed Greek epics Illiad and Odyssey. Homer lived in the 9th century BC.

HIPPOCRATES
Hippocrates who is considered as the father of Medical Science was a Greek. He was an ancient Greek physician of the Age of Pericles (Classical Athens). Hippocratic School of medicine revolutionized medicine in ancient Greece, establishing it as a discipline distinct from other fields. He is credited with clinical medicine, medical knowledge of previous schools, and prescribing practices for physicians through the Hippocratic Oath, Corpus and other works.

PERICLES
Pericles (c. 495 429 BC) was a prominent and influential statesman, orator, and general of Athens specifically, the time between the Persian and Peloponnesian wars. Greek Civilisation reached the Zenith of its progress during the period of Pericles. His Age is considered as the Golden Age of Athens. Under Pericles the city of Athens got the name the School of Hellas.

HERODOTUS
Herodotus was an ancient Greek historian (c.484 BC c.425 BC). He is considered as the Father of History. Herodotus wrote about the Persian war. He is exclusively known for writing The Histories, a record of his inquiry into the origins of the GrecoPersian Wars which occurred in 490 and 480 - 479 BC.

ARISTOTLE
Aristotle (384 BC 322 BC) was a Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and the teacher of Alexander the Great. He is highly regarded as the father of logic and reasoning. His writings cover many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric, politics, government, ethics, biology, and zoology. Aristotle is one of the most important founding figures in Western philosophy. His analytical method, now known as Aristotelian logic, is the backbone of not only mathematics, but of all the natural sciences. Aristotle founded a school named Lycium in Athens.

DEMOSTHENES
Demosthenes (384322 BC) was a prominent Greek statesman and orator of ancient Athens. Demosthenes played a leading part in his citys uprising against the new King of Macedon, Alexander the Great.

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The Mayan is a Mesoamerican civilization, noted for the only known fully developed written language of the pre-Columbian Americas, as well as its art, architecture, and mathematical and astronomical systems. It was one of the most densely populated and culturally dy namic societies in the world. Many Mayan cities reached their highest state development during the Classic period (c. 250 AD to 900 AD), and continued throughout the Post-Classic period until the arrival of the Spanish. Mayan influence can be detected from Hondu ras, Guatemala, El Salvador and to as far as central Mexico, more than 1000 km (625 miles) from the Mayan area. Toltecs were also masters at architecture,(picture) building Mayan books written on the temples(picture) and pyramids bark of trees were known as for their gods. Codid. The vital center of the Toltecs Mayan Civilisation declined in was located at Tula. the 15th century due to Spanish invasion. In the year 1200 C.E. the Toltecs finally collapsed Toltecs were another Amarindian people who devel- Aztecs finally arrived in the Valoped their civilisation to the ley of Mexico and settled in south of Mexican plateau. Coatlicamac, where they fought with scattered groups of Toltecs The Toltecs were a diverse for the land. group of people that are said to have appeared between 800 to The organized life of the Aztecs C.E. was relatively short. The period American Civilisation 900 from their foundation in 1345 They built the city of Tollan lountil their conquest (by the cated fifty miles north of Mexico Mayan, Inca and Aztec are the Spaniards) in the year 1521, was City. main native American only 176 years. The Toltecs were one of the civilisations flourished before Floating Gardens built by the first to use and become experts the European colonization of Aztecs were known as in metallurgy (metal sculpture) America. Chinambus. using copper and gold for their The Maya, the Inca, and The work. Aztecs believed in the worships Aztecs are existed in Meseo of serpents (Snakes) america. The capital of Aztec- Tino chtitlans was captured by Spanrn in rs of Rome was bo le ru t ish conquerors in 1519 AD, thus en in om pr e of th an Julius Caesar one rmation of the Rom fo ns ended the Aztec Civilisation. tra e th in le ro a critical 102 BC. He played Most civilised of the Amarindian . re pi man Em Casius, Brutus and Republic into the Ro by BC civilisations was the Inca, which 44 in ed assassinat hich ultimat ely w s, Julius Caesar was ar w l developed in Peru (South vi ci of s resulted a serie pire by Caesar s Em an m other senators. This America) Ro t en an ent of the perm . s) tu us led to the establishm ug A Inca was politically the most as n ius (later kn ow ng adopted heir Octav yi sa s developed Amarindian tribes. ou m fa nquered His I came, I saw, I co

Later this calendar was modified by Pope Gregory XIII and came to be known as Gregorian Calendar. Caesarism means autocracy or imperial supremacy. Ottoman Turks captured Constantinople in 1453 A.D. The Greatest contribution of Romans to the world is their code of laws. Virgil the author of Aenid was a famous Roman poet. Lucricius the author of On the Nature of Things was famous Epicurian Philosopher. Pliny wrote the famous book Historia Naturalis Romans were the inventors of concrete and the technique of binding stone and bricks. The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire is a famous book written by Edward Gibbon.

According to myth, Incan civilization began with Manco Capac, who carried a golden staff called the tapac-yauri. The Inca people began as a tribe of the Killke culture in the Cuzco area around the 12th century AD. Under the leadership of Manco Capac, they formed the small city-state of Cuzco (Quechua Qosqo). In 1442, Patchacuti founded the Inca Empire ( Tawantinsuyu), which became the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. The Sun Temple at Cusco was a contribution of the Inca

Civilisation. America derived its name from Americo Vespuci, an Italian explorer. Copper was the first metal used by Americans. Maize cultivation was the base of American Civilisation.

African Civilisation

It is believed that human beings evolved in Africa. Africa is considered as the birthplace of humanity! The Portuguese were the first Europeans to reach Africa.

City of Moro in Central Africa is known as Berminhatam of Central Africa. First country formed in the western part of Africa is Ghana. Ghana is also known as the Gold Coast. Bandus are the Negroes of Central and South Africa. Bandu means humans. The dark skinned race of Africa are called Negroes. Swahilis are the people living in the parts of Kenya and Tanzania. Zulus are the people living in South Africa, belonging to the Bandu family.