Helsinki University of Technology (HUT) Bridge Engineering (BE) Mikko Hilli

Spring 2003 SEMINAR Rak-11.146 Sillanrakennuksen seminaari Rak-11.163 Licentiate Seminar in B. E. 030404 1 (15)

Eurocodes

DESING OF COMPOSITE STEEL AND CONCRETE STRUCTURES, BRIDGES

Mikko Hilli Presentation 11.04.2003 time 08, R9

CONTENTS ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION 1 2 3 4 5 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES FATIQUE SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE REFERENCES 2 2 2 5 10 13 15

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ABSTRACT This seminar presentation is based on prEN 1994-2 Design of steel and concrete composite structures, part 2, bridges, which quite unfinished, therefore there are some corrections in the text. Most of them are just in the wording but there are also some wrong coefficients in the formulas. Generally in this part of Eurocode basis on other parts of Eurocode, and there are lots of references on other parts of Eurocode, for that reason is necessary to have following parts also, EN 1990, EN 1991, EN 1992, EN 1993. Which are: EN 1990 Basis of structural design EN 1991 Actions on structures EN 1992 Design of concrete structures EN 1993 Design of steel structures INTRODUCTION In Eurocodes EN 1994 part 1 and 2 are exclusive. They give partially how composite structures should be design, unless it is calculated in a more precise way. On the other hand Eurocode is indented for clients, designers, contractors and public authorities therefore it is quite massive piece of work. Thats why I have been forced to neglect the part, which handled columns of this presentation 1 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

1.1Effective width According to prEN 1994-2 The total effective width in typical cross-section beff can be defined as follows:

beff = b0 + i bei

(1)

Where b0 is the distance between the shear connectors, for composite plates b0=2aw, where aw is the smaller value of 200mm or 10 times the width of steel flange. The coefficient bei is the effective width of the web. The effective width is bei =Le/8 but not greater than the geometric width bi, which is the distance from the farthest shear connector to a point mid-way between adjacent webs or to a free edge. The length Le is the distance between points of zero bending moments. The coefficient I is 1.0 on the mid-spans. Otherwise is it defined as follows:

i = (0.55 + 0.025

Le ) 1.0 bi

(2)

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Figure 1: Effective width of concrete flange. [prEN1994-2 figure 5.1]

1.2Stiffness assumptions For material stiffness assumptions for the elastic section properties of a composite crosssection prEN 1994-2 give some rules: If the concrete is compressed, then the material value must be divided by the relevant modular ratio. Concrete should be ignored if is affected by tension. The un-cracked and the cracked flexural stiffness of cross-section are defined as EaI1 and EaI2 , where I1 is the inertia moment of the effective equivalent steel section calculated assuming concrete is un-cracked, otherwise, when concrete is cracked, the inertia moment is calculated neglecting concrete but including reinforcement. The torsional stiffness of box griders should be calculated for transformed cross-section, where the slab thickness is reduced by the modular ratio n0G=Ga/Gc, where Ga and Gc are the shear modulus. The reduced thickness is assumed to be located in the center of the slab. In areas, where concrete has cracked due to bending and shear stresses, shear reinforcement is required and the slab thickness should be reduced to one half. 1.3Creep and shrinkage

The effect of creep may be taken into account with the modular ratio nL, which depends on the type of load. Its defined in prEN 1994-2 as follows: nL = n0 (1 + t ) where n0=Ea/ Ecm and Ea is the modulus of elasticity for structural steel and Ecm is the secant modulus of elasticity for short term loading according to table 3.1 of prEN 1992-1:2001 t is the creep coefficient (t,t0) according to clause 3.1.3 or to clause 10.3.1.3 of prEN 1992-1:2001. Where t is the age of the concrete at the moment considered and t0 is the (3)

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loading age. If prefabricated elements are used, the time when a section becomes effective may be used then, for shrinkage t0=1d. L is the creep factor that is depending on the type of loading. Its 1.1 for permanent loads, 0.55 for shrinkage and 1.5 for imposed deformations due to prestressing. 1.4 Effects of cracking of concrete In the ultimate limits state and the serveability limit state, the regions where the extreme fibre tensile stress in the concrete exceeds the strength 2.0fctm the sections stiffness is EaI2.Otherwise the sections stiffness is EaI1. When the ratios of the length of adjacent continuous span between supports (shorter/longer) are under 0.6, the effect of cracking may be taken into account by using the flexural stiffness EaI2 over 15% of the span on each side of the internal support and the un-cracked values elsewhere. 1.5Temperature effects In analysis for the ultimate limit states the temperature effect should normally be neglected, but during concreting and hardening of concrete in extremely low climatic conditions additional differential temperature should be considered. 1.6Classification of cross-sections The classification system is defined in clause 5.5.2 of EN 1993-1-1:20xx. A composite section should be defined for the least favourable class if the steel elements are in compression. The plastic stress distribution should be used with design values of strengths of material, except at the boundary between classes 3 and 4, where the elastic stress distribution should be used, taking into account the sequence of construction and the effects of creep and shrinkage. In hogging bending, concrete in tension should be neglected. In classes 1 and 2 when reinforcement has tension, it should be in ductility class B or C prEN 1992-1:200x table 3.5. Minimum reinforcement in effective width is defined as follows: As s Ac where As is the effective area of concrete flange and the coefficient s is defined as: (4)

s = (

fy 235

)(

f ctm ) kc f sk

(5)

fy is the nominal value of the yield strength of the structural steel in N/mm2 fsk is the characteristic yield strength of the reinforcement fctm is the mean tensile strength of the concrete kc is a coefficient. is equal to 1.0 and 1.1 for Classes 1 and 2

Welded mesh should not be included in the effective section unless it has been shown to have sufficient ductility, when built into a concrete slab to ensure that it will not fracture.

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In sections of filler beam decks a steel outstand flange should be classified like in table 1 and if class 3 web is encased in concrete it may be assumed to belong to class 2.

Table 1 [prEN1994-2] 2 ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES

2.1 Beams According to prEN 1994-9, the design values of bending resistance may be determined by rigid plastic only if the cross-section is in class 1 or 2 and bonded tendons are not used, typical plastic stress distribution is shown in figure 2. The non-linear theory and elastic analysis is allowed to use in any class. The tensile strength of concrete shall be neglected. When calculating plastic resistance moment Mpl,Rd following assumptions shall be made: There is a full interaction between structural steel, reinforcement and concrete. The effective area of the structural steel member is stressed to its design yield strength fyd in tension or compression. The effective areas of longitudinal reinforcement are stressed to their design yield strength fsd. Alternatively, reinforcement in compression may be neglected. The effective area of concrete in compression resists a stress of 0.85fcd constant over the whole depth between the plastic neutral axis and the most compressed fibre of the concrete For composite cross-sections with structural steel grade S420 or S460, where the distance xpl between the plastic neutral axis and the extreme fibre of the concrete slab in compression exceeds15% of the overall depth h of the member, the design resistance moment MRd should be taken as Mpl,Rd where is the reduction factor given in Figure 3. For values xpl / h greater than 0,4 the resistance to bending should be determined by non-linear theory or elastic theory.

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Figure 2 Plastic stress distribution for composite beam whit solid slab and full shear connection [prEN1994-2 figure 6.1]

Figure 3 defining the reduction factor for moment Mpl.Rd[prEN1994-2 figure 6.3] In non-linear resistance, the bending resistance may be determined by non-linear theory, taking into account the stress-strain relationships of the material. The shear connection shall be designed to provide full continuity of displacements at the interface between steel and concrete. It should be assumed that the cross-section remains plane. The stresses in the concrete should be derivate from the stress-strain curve, which is given in clause 3.1.6 of prEN 1992-1:2001, and the stresses in the reinforcement should be derived from bi-linear diagrams given in clause 3.2.3 of prEN 1992-1:2001 and the stresses in structural steel may be derived from the bi-linear diagram given in 5.4.2.3 of prEN 1993-1-1:2002. The non-linear resistance to sagging bending of the cross-sections, which are in class 1 or 2, may be determined as a function of the compression force in the concrete. It is defined as follows:
M Rd = M a , Sd + ( M el , Rd M a , Sd ) Nc N el

for N c N el

(6)

M Rd = M el , Rd + ( M pl , Rd M el , Rd ) where: Mel,Rd

N c N el N c , f N el

for N el N c N c , f

(7)

is the moment that causes a tensile stress fyd in the extreme bottom fibre of the steel section and the sequence of construction should be taken into account.

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Ma,Sd Nel

is the sagging moment action where the concrete is neglected. is the compressive force in the concrete slab corresponding to moment Mel,Rd.

2.1 Elastic resistance to bending

Stresses should be calculated by elasticity theory, using an effective cross-section. In calculations, limiting stresses are fcd in concrete in compression, fyd in structural steel in tension or compression and fsd in reinforcement in tension or compression where the compressed reinforcement in concrete slab may de neglected. Creep may be taken into account by using a modular ratio according to formula (3).
2.2 Resistance to vertical shear

Where the vertical shear Ved exceeds half of the shear resistance Vrd or Vb,Rd, allowance should be made for its effect on the resistance moment. On the resistance to bending for class 1 and 2, the influence of the vertical shear area given in figure 4, the design steel strength may be reduced to (1-w)fyd where:

w = (2

VSd 1) 2 VRd

(8)

These assumptions are also applicable when calculating Mf,Rd, where the resistance of the flanges should be taken as the total length of concrete For classes 3 and 4 it is applicable to use the calculated stresses of the composite section.

Figure 4 plastic stress distribution due the vertical shear force [prEN1994-2 figure 6.8] 2.1 Lateral-torsional buckling of composite beams

The design buckling resistance moment of a laterally unrestrained uniform beam with class 1 or 2 should be taken as: M b. Rd = LT M Rd Where (9)

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Mb,Rd

is the reduction factor for lateral-torsional buckling depending on the relative slenderness LT is the design resistance moment under hogging bending.

MRd

The relative slenderness LT may be calculated by:

LT =
Where: MRk Mcr

M Rk M cr

(10)

is the resistance moment of the composite using the characteristic material properties. is the elastic critical moment of the composite section for lateral-torsional buckling. If the slab is attached with two or more steel members the structural model may be like in figure x.x. Also the favourable effect of the St. Venant torsion stiffness GIat may be taken into account.

Figure 5 Example for modelling to lateral-torsional buckling [prEN1994-2 figure 6.12] The rotation stiffness ks at the topsteel flange level may be represent as:
ks = k1k2 k1 + k2

(11)

Where k1 is the flexural stiffness of the cracked concrete in the direction transverse to the steel beam k1=EaI2/a. Coefficient E is 4 for a slab with continuous across the steel beam and 2 for a simply supported or cantilever slab. is the flexural stiffness of the steel web k2 =
Ea t 3 w . A partially encased 4(1 2 a )hs Ea twb 2 f

k1

steel beam the flexural stiffness may be calculated by: k2 =

16hs (1 + 4nt w / b f ) where n is the modular ratio for long-term effects. Other parameters are shown in figure 5 or represented earlier.

2.2

Longitudinal shear force in beams

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In members with some cross-sections in class 1 or 2 there may be lengths where the design bending moment MEd exceeds the bending resistance Mel.Rd=Ma.Ed+kMc.Ed, where Ma.Ed and kMc.Ed are the design bending moments for steel and composite elements, and factor k ( 1) is the lowest value that is reached at that cross-section The design shear resistance of a headed stud is the smaller value of following formulas: ds 1 PRd = 0.8 f u 4 i or
PRd = 0.29 d 2 ( f ck Ecm )

(12)

) 1

(13)

Where d fu fck Ecm h is the diameter of the shank of the stud is the tensile strength of the material but not greater than 500N/mm2 is the characteristic cylinder strength of concrete is the mean value of the secant modulus of concrete =0,2(f/d+1) if 3
h h 4 and =1 if 4 d d

is the height of the stud.

For angle connectors the design shear resistance is determined as follows:

PRd = 10bh3/ 4 f ck 2 / 3 /

(14)

Where b is the length of the angle, h is the height of the angle, and other dimensions are the same as above. The applicable maximum value for the height of the angle connector is 10 times the thickness of the angle or 150mm, and the length of the angle connector should be more than 300m. The eccentric of the force is e=h/4 and the welds should be designed for 1.2PRd. Where a concrete haunch is used between steel beam and concrete slab, then the angle should be more than 45o from the out stand edge of the connector. The concrete cover from the side of haunch should be more than 50mm and the distance between the steel beam and the connectors which resist uplift should be over 40mm. See figure 6

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Figure 6 Dimensions for the haunched slab[prEN1994-2 figure 6.15] The maximum distance between the connectors is four times the thickness of the slab or 800mm. In the composite plates the spacing in the direction of compression should not exceed 40t 235 / f v where t is the thickness of the flange and fv is the nominal yield strength of the flange. If the steel compression flange that would otherwise be in lower class is assumed to be in class 1 or 2 because of restraint from the shear connectors, then the distance between connectors should not be more than: If the slab is contacted with full length 22t 235 / f y And otherwise 15t 235 / f y For the headed stud connectors the height of the stud should be more the 3d, where d is the diameter of the shank. The head should be more than 1.5d and the depth not less than 0.4d. When spacing studs the maximum space in the direction of shear force is 5d and in the transverse direction for solid slabs it is 2.5d and for others 4d. The diameter of welded stud should not be more than 1.5 times the thickness of the plate or flange, to which it is welded.
3 FATIQUE

According to prEN 1994-2 the fatigue strength curve of an automatic welded headed stud is given with normal weight concrete by

( R )

N = ( c ) N
m

(15)

Where R c m N

is the fatigue strength, is the reference value at 2 million cycles with c = 95 N / mm 2 is the slope of fatigue strength curve with value (m=8), but it is still under discussion. is the number of stress range cycles.

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Figure 7: Fatigue strength curve for headed stub in solid slabs [prEN1994-2 figure 6.8-1] In case of studs in lightweight concrete, the value fatigue strength can be calculated with the above formula where R and R are multiplied with coefficient which is:

densityclass 2.2

(16)

The minimum and maximum effective bending moments and internal forces due to the relevant fatigue loading should be calculated as follows
M max, f , E = M perm + M max, f M min, f , E = M perm + M min, f

(17) (18)

Where Mperm is the most adverse bending moment in the composite section for the characteristic combination where the fatigue load is the leading action. Mmax,f is the maximum bending moment due to the relevant fatigue load Mmax,f is the minimum bending moment due to the relevant fatigue load is the damage equivalent factor, which is given for steel element in XXX of EN19932:200X and for reinforcement is given in XXX of EN 1992-2:200X

The effect of tension stiffening of concrete between cracks on the stress ranges in reinforcement may be taken as follows:

max, f , E = s ,max min, f , E = s ,max

Where

M max, f , E M max M min, f , E M max

(19)

(20)

Mmax is the bending moment in the composite section for the fatigue loading

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s ,max is the stress in the reinforcement, and it is defined as follows, s ,max = s ,max,0 + s
(21)

where s,max,o is the stress in the reinforcement due to Mmax which is calculated neglecting concrete in tension, and s is given. If Mmin,f,E causes compression in the concrete slab, the stresses min, f , E and the structural steel should be determined with the cross-section properties of the uncracked section using the modular ratio n0 for short term loading for the bending moment Mmin,f. The stress ranges in reinforcement and structural steel should be calculated as follows: E = max, f , E min, f , E
3.1 Shear connection

M min, f , E M max

(22)

The longitudinal shear force per unit length shall be calculated by elastic analysis. For verification of stud shear connectors based on nominal stress ranges, the equivalent constant stress range for 2 million cycles is given by
E ,2 = v

(23)

Where v is the damage equivalent depending on the spectra and the slope m is the fatigue strength curve and is the stress range. The damage equivalent factor is v,1=1.55 for stud connector in road bridges, where the length of the span is up to 100m. For railroad bridges the damage equivalent factor may be taken from figure 3.1

Figure 8, Values v,1 for load model 71[prEN1994-2 figure 6.8-2]

3.2 Fatigue assessment based on nominal stress ranges

The fatigue assessment for reinforcement should be made by checking the criterion.

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Ff E ,2 R ( N *) / Mf

(24)

where E is the equivalent constant amplitude stress range and R(N*) is the reference value of fatigue strength. For welded stud connectors which are always under compression the assessment should be made by checking:

Ff E ,2 c / Mf

(25)

where E,2 is defined above and c is the reference value of fatigue strength at 2 million cycles. The stress of the stud should be determined with the cross-section area of the shank of the stud using the nominal diameter d of the shank. For welded stud connectors, which are always in tension under characteristic combination of actions, the following formula should be checked.

Ff E ,2 Ff E ,2 + 1,3 c / Mf c / Mf
Where both divisions must be one or smaller.
4 4.1 SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE Deformations

(26)

Deformations shall be calculated using elastic analysis.

4.2 Cracking of concrete

According to prEN 1994-2, for classes 2 to 4 the crack width is limited to 0,3 mm for reinforced concrete and to 0.2 mm for prestressed composite bridges. The minimum reinforcement in all sections, unless they are prestressed with tendons, is defined as:
As = k s kc kf ct ,eff Act / s

(27)

Where Fct,eff k ks is the mean value of the tensile strength of the concrete effective at first time cracks may occur is a coefficient which allows for the effect of non-uniform self-equilibrating stresses, which may be taken as 0,8 is a coefficient which allows for the effect of the reduction of the normal force of the concrete slab due to initial cracking and local slip of the shear connection, which may be taken as 0,9

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kc

is a coefficient which takes into account the stress distribution within the section 1 + 0,3 1, 0 . For immediately prior to cracking, and it is defined by kc = 1 + hc /(2 z0 ) the filler beam decks kc should be 0,4. is the thickness of the slab including the haunches and rids is the vertical distance between the centrioid of the un-cracked un-reinforced concrete flange and the un-cracked un-reinforced composite section, calculated using the modular ration n0 for short term effects. is the maximum stress, which is permitted for reinforcement. The value is given in table 4.1 is the area of the tensile zone. It is caused by direct loading and primary effect of shrinkage. It may be assumed to be the slab with the effective width.
maximum bar diameter for desing crack width wk=0.4mm 40 32 20 16 12 10 8 6 wk=0.3mm 32 25 16 12 10 8 6 5 wk=0.2mm 25 16 12 8 6 5 4 -

hc z0

s Act

Steel stress s [N/mm2] 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 450

Table 2 Maximum bar diameter [prEN1994-2 table 7.2] The maximum diameter for the minimum reinforcement can be modified as,

s = s* f ct ,eff / f ct ,0
where
s s

(28)

is the adjusted maximum bar diameter. is the maximum bar size from table 4.1 is the reference value 2,5N/mm2

fct,0

The maximum bar spacing is given in table 4.2

Steel stress s [N/mm2] 160 200 240 280 320 maximum bar spacing(mm) for desing crack width wk=0.4mm 300 300 250 200 150 wk=0.3mm 300 250 200 150 100 wk=0.2mm 200 150 100 50 -

Table 3: Maximum bar spacing [prEN1994-2 table 7.3] In composite beams where concrete slab is assumed to be cracked the stresses to reinforcement due to loading may be calculated as

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s = s ,0 + s
where
so so

(30)

with

s =

0, 4 f cmt

st s

(31)

is the stress in reinforcement, calculated neglecting concrete is the increase of stress due to tension stiffening of concrete is the mean tensile value of concrete is the reinforcement ratio, given by s = ( As / Act )

fctm

st = ( AI / Aa I a ) where A and I are the area and the second moment of the area, respectively,
of the composite section neglecting concrete in tension and profiled sheeting and Aa and Ia are the corresponding properties of the structural steel.
5 REFERENCES

[1] European Committee for Standardivation: prEN 1992-1, Design of concrete structures - Part 1-1:Generel structural rules , Brussel, 252 s. [1] European Committee for Standardivation: prEN 1993-1-1, Design of steel structures, Part 1-1:Generel structural rules, Brussel, 252 s.2002 [2] European Committee for Standardivation: prEN 1993-2, Design of steel structures Part 2: Steel bridges, Brussel, 182 s. 2002 [3] European Committee for Standardivation: prEN 1994-2 Design of composite steel and concrete structures, Part 2, Bridges, Draft 1, Brussel 2001. [4] Hannu Honkanen: Euronormien vaikutus liittorakenteisten siltojen suunnitteluun, diplomity. Espoo 2000. 101s.