2.

CCkIGn1 AND kLLA1LD kIGn1S

2.1 Sub[ect Matter

SecLlon 241, lnLellecLual properLy Code (lC")

ffectlvlty. - 1hls AcL shall Lake effecL on 1 !anuary 1998.

SecLlon 239.3, lC

1he provlslons of Lhe l Code shall apply Lo works ln whlch copyrlghL proLecLlon
obLalned prlor Lo Lhe effecLlvlLy of Lhls AcL ls subslsLlng: rovlded, LhaL Lhe
appllcaLlon of Lhls AcL shall noL resulL ln Lhe dlmlnuLlon of such proLecLlon.

SecLlon 236, lC

ltesetvotloo of xlstloq klqbts. - noLhlng hereln shall adversely affecL Lhe rlghLs
on Lhe enforcemenL of rlghLs ln paLenLs, uLlllLy models, lndusLrlal deslgns, marks
and works, acqulred ln good falLh prlor Lo Lhe effecLlve daLe of Lhls AcL.

2.2 Def|n|t|on of Copyr|ght

SecLlon 177, lC

Sec. 177. copy ot cooomlc klqbts. - Sub[ecL Lo Lhe provlslons of ChapLer vlll,
copyrlghL or economlc rlghLs shall conslsL of Lhe excluslve rlghL Lo carry ouL,
auLhorlze or prevenL Lhe followlng acLs:

177.1. 8eproducLlon of Lhe work or subsLanLlal porLlon of Lhe work,
177.2 uramaLlzaLlon, LranslaLlon, adapLaLlon, abrldgmenL, arrangemenL or oLher
LransformaLlon of Lhe work,
177.3. 1he flrsL publlc dlsLrlbuLlon of Lhe orlglnal and each copy of Lhe work by
sale or oLher forms of Lransfer of ownershlp,
177.4. 8enLal of Lhe orlglnal or a copy of an audlovlsual or clnemaLographlc work,
a work embodled ln a sound recordlng, a compuLer program, a compllaLlon of
daLa and oLher maLerlals or a muslcal work ln graphlc form, lrrespecLlve of Lhe
ownershlp of Lhe orlglnal or Lhe copy whlch ls Lhe sub[ecL of Lhe renLal, (n)
177.3. ubllc dlsplay of Lhe orlglnal or a copy of Lhe work,
177.6. ubllc performance of Lhe work, and
177.7. CLher communlcaLlon Lo Lhe publlc of Lhe work

8ule 2, CopyrlghL Safeguards and 8egulaLlons

ueflnlLlon of 1erms lor Lhe purpose of Lhese CopyrlghL Safeguards and
8egulaLlons, Lhe followlng Lerms are hereln deflned:

Author ls Lhe naLural person who has creaLed Lhe work, CollecLlve work ls work,
whlch has been creaLed by Lwo (2) or more naLural persons aL Lhe lnlLlaLlve and
under Lhe dlrecLlon of anoLher wlLh Lhe undersLandlng LhaL lL wlll be dlsclosed by
Lhe laLLer under hls own name and LhaL conLrlbuLlng naLural persons wlll noL be
ldenLlfled,

Commun|cat|on Lo Lhe publlc or communlcaLe Lo Lhe publlc means Lhe maklng of
a work avallable Lo Lhe publlc by wlre or wlreless means ln such a way LhaL
members of Lhe publlc may access Lhese works from a place and Llme lndlvldually
chosen by Lhem,

Computer program ls a seL of lnsLrucLlons capable, when lncorporaLed ln
machlne-readable medlum, of causlng a machlne havlng lnformaLlon-processlng
capablllLles, Lo lndlcaLe, perform, or achleve a parLlcular funcLlon, Lask, or resulL,
CopyrlghL ls a rlghL granLed by sLaLuLe Lo Lhe auLhor or orlglnaLor of llLerary,
scholarly, sclenLlflc, or arLlsLlc producLlons, lncludlng compuLer programs. A
copyrlghL glves hlm Lhe legal rlghL Lo deLermlne how Lhe work ls used and Lo
obLaln economlc beneflLs from Lhe work. lor example, Lhe owner of a copyrlghL
for a book or a plece of sofLware has Lhe excluslve rlghLs Lo use, copy, dlsLrlbuLe,
and sell coples of Lhe work, lncludlng laLer edlLlons or verslons of Lhe work. lf
anoLher person lmproperly uses maLerlal covered by a copyrlghL, Lhe copyrlghL
owner can obLaln legal rellef,

Copyr|ght Cff|ce refers Lo Lhe CopyrlghL ulvlslon of Lhe naLlonal Llbrary,

Copyr|ght symbo| ls represenLed by ,

Date of pub||cat|on ls Lhe earllesL daLe when a copy of Lhe flrsL auLhorlzed
edlLlon of Lhe work was placed on sale, sold, dlsLrlbuLed, or oLherwlse made
avallable Lo Lhe publlc, by Lhe copyrlghL owner or hls represenLaLlve,

Decomp||at|on means Lhe reproducLlon of Lhe code and Lhe LranslaLlon of Lhe
forms of a compuLer program Lo achleve Lhe lnLer-operablllLy of an
lndependenLly-creaLed compuLer program wlLh oLher programs,

Lxh|b|t|on of an aud|ov|sua| work means any form of explolLaLlon of a work,
lncludlng lLs dlsLrlbuLlon ln coples, lLs publlc performance, and lLs communlcaLlon
Lo Lhe publlc, lncludlng broadcasL or rebroadcasL, cable reLransmlsslon, or
saLelllLe broadcasL or Lransmlsslon, lee refers Lo Lhe amounL prescrlbed by 1he
naLlonal Llbrary for Lhe lssuance of a CerLlflcaLe of 8eglsLraLlon and ueposlL Lo
clalm copyrlghL or for Lhe flllng of asslgnmenL or llcense, or for such oLher
servlces or LransacLlons as may be covered by Lhese CopyrlghL Safeguards and
8egulaLlons,

erformance symbo| ls represenLed by p,

ub||c |end|ng ls Lhe Lransfer of possesslon of Lhe orlglnal or a copy of a work or
mulLlmedla for a llmlLed perlod, for non-proflL purposes, by an lnsLlLuLlon Lhe
servlces of whlch are avallable Lo Lhe publlc, such as a publlc llbrary or archlve,

ub||c performance ls Lhe reclLaLlon, playlng, danclng, acLlng or any performance
of Lhe work, elLher dlrecLly or by means of any devlce or process,

ln Lhe case of an aud|ov|sua| work, Lhe broadcasL or showlng of lLs lmages ln
sequence and Lhe maklng of Lhe sounds accompanylng lL audlble,

And ln Lhe case of a sound record|ng, Lhe maklng of Lhe recorded sounds audlble
aL a place or aL places where persons ouLslde Lhe normal clrcle of a famlly and
LhaL famlly's closed soclal acqualnLances are or can be presenL, lrrespecLlve of
wheLher Lhey are or can be presenL aL Lhe same place and aL Lhe same Llme, or aL
dlfferenL places and/or dlfferenL Llmes, and where Lhe performance can be
percelved wlLhouL Lhe need for communlcaLlon wlLhln Lhe meanlng of
communlcaLlon Lo Lhe publlc" deflned above, ubllshed work means work
whlch, wlLh Lhe consenL of Lhe auLhor, ls made avallable Lo Lhe publlc by wlre or
wlreless means ln such a way LhaL members of Lhe publlc may access Lhe work
from a place and Llme lndlvldually chosen by Lhem: rovlded, 1haL avallablllLy of
such coples has been such as Lo saLlsfy Lhe reasonable requlremenLs of Lhe
publlc, havlng regard Lo Lhe naLure of Lhe work, ubllsher ls one who produces
and makes avallable for clrculaLlon or dlsLrlbuLlon Lhe publlshed work,

kenta| ls Lhe Lransfer of Lhe possesslon of Lhe orlglnal or a copy of a work or
mulLlmedla for a llmlLed perlod of Llme, for proflL-maklng purposes,

keproduct|on ls Lhe maklng of one (1) or more coples of a work, lncludlng
mulLlmedla, ln any manner or form. A reprographlc reproducLlon, as auLhorlzed
under cerLaln clrcumsLances by Lhe lC, does noL lnclude a dlglLal or machlne-
readable copy, buL ls llmlLed Lo phoLography, xerography and slmllar processes,
resulLlng ln a paper or mlcroform copy,

keprograph|c rlghL ls one exerclsable anywhere Lo reproduce or auLhorlze Lhe
reproducLlon of Lhe work by means of any appllance or process capable of
produclng mulLlple coples of Lhe work ln such a form LhaL Lhe work may be
percelved vlsually. 8eprography and oLher forms of reproducLlon requlre Lhe
permlsslon of Lhe copyrlghL holder, SA8 shall refer Lo Lhese CopyrlghL
Safeguards and 8egulaLlons lssued pursuanL Lo Lhe lC, SCL refers Lo Lhe Llbrary
of Lhe Supreme CourL of Lhe 8epubllc of Lhe hlllpplnes,
1NL refers Lo 1he naLlonal Llbrary of Lhe 8epubllc of Lhe hlllpplnes,

1NL D|rector refers Lo Lhe head of 1he naLlonal Llbrary of Lhe 8epubllc of Lhe
hlllpplnes,
Unpub||shed work means work LhaL has noL been dlssemlnaLed, clrculaLed or
dlsLrlbuLed Lo Lhe publlc prlor Lo lLs reglsLraLlon wlLh Lhe CopyrlghL Cfflce,

Work refers Lo any orlglnal work, derlvaLlve work, performance of producers,
sound recordlng, or recordlng of broadcasLlng organlzaLlons. uerlvaLlve work ls
work LhaL ls derlved from anoLher work,

Work of app||ed art ls an arLlsLlc creaLlon wlLh uLlllLarlan funcLlons, or
lncorporaLed ln a useful arLlcle, wheLher made by hand or produced on an
lndusLrlal scale,

Work of the Government of the h|||pp|nes ls work creaLed by an offlcer or
employee of Lhe hlllpplne CovernmenL or any of lLs subdlvlslons and
lnsLrumenLallLles, lncludlng governmenL-owned or conLrolled corporaLlons, as
parL of hls regularly prescrlbed offlclal duLles.

8ules 11-12, CopyrlghL Safeguards and 8egulaLlons

8ule 11 CommunlcaLlon Lo Lhe ubllc of CopyrlghLed Works

SLC1lCn 1. CommunlcaLlon Lo Lhe ubllc of CopyrlghLed Work. -
CommunlcaLlon Lo Lhe publlc" or communlcaLe Lo Lhe publlc," also lncludes
polnL-Lo-polnL Lransmlsslon of a work, lncludlng vldeo on demand, and provldlng
access Lo an elecLronlc reLrleval sysLem, such as compuLer daLabases, servers, or
slmllar elecLronlc sLorage devlces. 8roadcasLlng, rebroadcasLlng, reLransmlsslon
by cable, and broadcasL and reLransmlsslon by saLelllLe are all acLs of
communlcaLlon Lo Lhe publlc" wlLhln Lhe meanlng of Lhe lC.

8ule 12 llrsL ubllc ulsLrlbuLlon of Work

SLC1lCn 1. llrsL ubllc ulsLrlbuLlon of Work. - An excluslve rlghL of flrsL
dlsLrlbuLlon of work lncludes all acLs lnvolvlng dlsLrlbuLlon, speclflcally lncludlng
Lhe flrsL lmporLaLlon of an orlglnal and each copy of Lhe work lnLo Lhe [urlsdlcLlon
of Lhe 8epubllc of Lhe hlllpplnes.

2.3 Standard for Copyr|ght rotect|on

SecLlon 172.1, lC

172.1 LlLerary and arLlsLlc works, herelnafLer referred Lo as "wotks", are orlglnal
lnLellecLual creaLlons ln Lhe llLerary and arLlsLlc domaln proLecLed from Lhe
momenL of Lhelr creaLlon and shall lnclude ln parLlcular:

(a) 8ooks, pamphleLs, arLlcles and oLher wrlLlngs,
(b) erlodlcals and newspapers,
(c) LecLures, sermons, addresses, dlsserLaLlons prepared for oral dellvery,
wheLher or noL reduced ln wrlLlng or oLher maLerlal form,
(d) LeLLers,
(e) uramaLlc or dramaLlco-muslcal composlLlons, choreographlc works or
enLerLalnmenL ln dumb shows,
(f) Muslcal composlLlons, wlLh or wlLhouL words,
(g) Works of drawlng, palnLlng, archlLecLure, sculpLure, engravlng, llLhography or
oLher works of arL, models or deslgns for works of arL,
(h) Crlglnal ornamenLal deslgns or models for arLlcles of manufacLure, wheLher
or noL reglsLrable as an lndusLrlal deslgn, and oLher works of applled arL,
(l) lllusLraLlons, maps, plans, skeLches, charLs and Lhree-dlmenslonal works
relaLlve Lo geography, Lopography, archlLecLure or sclence,
([) urawlngs or plasLlc works of a sclenLlflc or Lechnlcal characLer,
(k) hoLographlc works lncludlng works produced by a process analogous Lo
phoLography, lanLern slldes,
(l) Audlovlsual works and clnemaLographlc works and works produced by a
process analogous Lo clnemaLography or any process for maklng audlo-vlsual
recordlngs,
(m) lcLorlal lllusLraLlons and adverLlsemenLs,
(n) CompuLer programs, and
(o) CLher llLerary, scholarly, sclenLlflc and arLlsLlc works.

SecLlon 172.2, lC

Works are proLecLed by Lhe sole facL of Lhelr creaLlon, lrrespecLlve of Lhelr mode
or form of expresslon, as well as of Lhelr conLenL, quallLy and purpose.

A person Lo be enLlLled Lo a copyrlghL musL be Lhe orlglnal creaLor of Lhe work.
Pe musL have creaLed lL by hls own sklll, labor, and Lhe [udgmenL wlLhouL dlrecLly
copylng evaslvely lmlLaLlng Lhe work of anoLher. 1he granL of prellmlnary
ln[uncLlon ln copyrlghL cases depends chlefly on Lhe exLenL of doubL on Lhe
valldlLy of Lhe copyrlghL, exlsLence of lnfrlngemenL, and Lhe damage susLalned by
such lnfrlngemenL. lf you flle a case for lnfrlngemenL, lL sLands as a bar Lo a
subsequenL case for copyrlghL reglsLraLlon. (!"#$% '#($ !")($ *+ !,, 2001)

lnfrlngemenL of Lrademark dld noL requlre exacL slmllarlLy. Colorable lmlLaLlon
enough Lo cause confuslon among Lhe publlc was sufflclenL for a Lrademark Lo be
lnfrlnged. 1he essence of copyrlghL reglsLraLlon ls orlglnallLy and a copled deslgn
ls lnherenLly non-copyrlghLable. 1o be enLlLled Lo copyrlghL, Lhe Lhlng belng
copyrlghLed musL be 1) orlglnal 2) creaLed by Lhe auLhor Lhrough hls own sklll,
labor, and [udgmenL, wlLhouL dlrecLly copylng or evaslvely lmlLaLlng Lhe work of
anoLher. (Sambar v. Lev| Strauss, 2002)

2.4 When does Copyr|ght vest?

Cwnershlp vesLs from Lhe momenL of lLs creaLlon. (eralLa)

lnLellecLual creaLlon should be copyrlghLed 30 days afLer lLs publlcaLlon, lf made
ln Manlla, or wlLhln 60 days lf made elsewhere. AuLhor of a ChlrsLmas card
deslgn ls Lhe owner Lhereof and enLlLled Lo paymenL for lLs use, buL once
publlshed and he has falled Lo copyrlghL Lhe same, anyone may use Lhose
deslgns. (-($./0 *+ 12!)33/)%" 45#$.#$% !/+, 1964)

eralLa on SanLos v. McCullough rlnLlng:
1. 8eglsLraLlon ls only meanL Lo proLecL Lhe auLhor's copyrlghL. 8uL
ownershlp vesL on Lhe auLhor from Lhe momenL of creaLlon.

lnLellecLual creaLlon should be copyrlghLed 30 days afLer lLs publlcaLlon, lf made
ln Manlla and 60 lf publlshed elsewhere. lallure Lo do so wlll render such
creaLlon as publlc properLy. (6#3#7#$/ -/2#8.9 /: !/;7/0850 *+ <8$=(;#$ >($,
1987)

Sec. 2, u 49

Sect|on 2. 1he 8lghLs granLed by Lhls uecree shall, from Lhe momenL of creaLlon,
subslsL wlLh respecL Lo any of Lhe followlng classes of works:

(A) 8ooks, lncludlng composlLe and encyclopedlc works, manuscrlpLs, dlrecLorles,
and gazeLLeers,
(8) erlodlcals, lncludlng pamphleLs and newspapers,
(C) LecLures, sermons, addresses, dlsserLaLlons prepared for oral dellvery,
(u) LeLLers,
(L) uramaLlc or dramaLlco-muslcal composlLlons, choreographlc works and
enLerLalnmenLs ln dumb shows, Lhe acLlng form of whlch ls flxed ln wrlLlng or
oLherwlse,
(l) Muslcal composlLlons, wlLh or wlLhouL words,
(C) Works of drawlng, palnLlng, archlLecLure, sculpLure, engravlng, llLhography,
and oLher works of arL, models or deslgns for works of arL,
(P) 8eproducLlons of a work of arL,
(l) Crlglnal ornamenLal deslgns or models for arLlcles of manufacLure, wheLher or
noL paLenLable, and oLher works of applled arL,
(!) Maps, plans, skeLches, and charLs,
(k) urawlngs, or plasLlc works of a sclenLlflc or Lechnlcal characLer,
(L) hoLographlc works and works produced by a process analogous Lo
phoLography, lanLern slldes,
(M) ClnemaLographlc works and works produced by a process analogous Lo
clnemaLography or any process for maklng audlo-vlsual recordlngs,
(n) CompuLer programs,
(C) rlnLs, plcLorlal, lllusLraLlon, adverLlslng coples, labels, Lags, and box wraps,
() uramaLlzaLlon, LranslaLlons, adapLaLlons, abrldgemenLs, arrangemenLs and
oLher alLeraLlons of llLerary, muslcal or arLlsLlc works or of works of Lhe hlllpplne
CovernmenL as hereln deflned, whlch shall be proLecLed as provlded ln SecLlon 8
of Lhls uecree.
(C) CollecLlon of llLerary, scholarly, or arLlsLlc works or of works referred Lo ln
SecLlon 9 of Lhls uecree whlch by reason of Lhe selecLlon and arrangemenL of
Lhelr conLenLs consLlLuLe lnLellecLual creaLlons, Lhe same Lo be proLecLed as such
ln accordance wlLh SecLlon 8 of Lhls uecree.
(8) CLher llLerary, scholarly, sclenLlflc and arLlsLlc works.

ArLlcle 3(2), 8erne convenLlon for Lhe roLecLlon of LlLeracy and ArLlsLlc Works

ArLlcle 3(2). 1he en[oymenL and Lhe exerclse of Lhese rlghLs shall noL be sub[ecL
Lo any formallLy, such en[oymenL and such exerclse shall be lndependenL of Lhe
exlsLence of proLecLlon ln Lhe counLry of orlgln of Lhe work. ConsequenLly, aparL
from Lhe provlslons of Lhls ConvenLlon, Lhe exLenL of proLecLlon, as well as Lhe
means of redress afforded Lo Lhe auLhor Lo proLecL hls rlghLs, shall be governed
excluslvely by Lhe laws of Lhe counLry where proLecLlon ls clalmed.

SecLlon 172 and 172.2, lC

Works are proLecLed by Lhe sole facL of Lhelr creaLlon, lrrespecLlve of Lhelr mode
or form of expresslon, as well as of Lhelr conLenL, quallLy and purpose.

8ule 7, SecLlons 2-4, CopyrlghL Safeguards and 8egulaLlons

SLC1lCn 2. LffecLs of 8eglsLraLlon and ueposlL of Work. - 1he reglsLraLlon and
deposlL of Lhe work ls purely for recordlng Lhe daLe of reglsLraLlon and deposlL of
Lhe work and shall noL be concluslve as Lo copyrlghL ownershlp or Lhe Lerm of
copyrlghLs or Lhe rlghLs of Lhe copyrlghL owner, lncludlng nelghborlng rlghLs.

SLC1lCn 3. LffecL of non-8eglsLraLlon and ueposlL. - lf, wlLhln Lhree (3) weeks
afLer recelpL by Lhe copyrlghL owner of a wrlLLen demand from 1nL and/or SCL
for Lhe deposlL of a work llsLed ln 8ule 3 Sec. 4 of Lhls SA8, Lhe requlred coples
are noL dellvered and Lhe fee for reglsLraLlon and deposlL ls noL pald, Lhe
copyrlghL owner, hls asslgnee, or hls agenL shall be llable Lo pay a flne equlvalenL
Lo Lhe requlred fee per monLh of delay and Lo pay Lo 1nL and SCL Lhe amounL of
Lhe reLall prlce of Lhe besL edlLlon of Lhe work.

SLC1lCn 4. CLher Laws. - upon lssuance of a cerLlflcaLe of deposlL, Lhe
copyrlghL owner shall be exempL from maklng addlLlonal deposlLs of Lhe work
wlLh 1nL or Lhe SCL under oLher laws.

2.S Scope of Copyr|ght

ArLlcle 2, 8erne convenLlon for Lhe roLecLlon of LlLeracy and ArLlsLlc and ArLlsLlc
Works

Art|c|e 2
[ltotecteJ wotks. 1. LlLerary and arLlsLlc works", 2. osslble requlremenL of
flxaLlon, 3. uerlvaLlve works, 4. Cfflclal LexLs, 3. CollecLlons, 6. CbllgaLlon Lo
proLecL, beneflclarles of proLecLlon, 7. Works of applled arL and lndusLrlal
deslgns, 8. news]

(1) 1he expresslon llLerary and arLlsLlc works" shall lnclude every producLlon ln
Lhe llLerary, sclenLlflc and arLlsLlc domaln, whaLever may be Lhe mode or form of
lLs expresslon, such as books, pamphleLs and oLher wrlLlngs, lecLures, addresses,
sermons and oLher works of Lhe same naLure, dramaLlc or dramaLlco- muslcal
works, choreographlc works and enLerLalnmenLs ln dumb show, muslcal
composlLlons wlLh or wlLhouL words, clnemaLographlc works Lo whlch are
asslmllaLed works expressed by a process analogous Lo clnemaLography, works
of drawlng, palnLlng, archlLecLure, sculpLure, engravlng and llLhography,
phoLographlc works Lo whlch are asslmllaLed works expressed by a process
analogous Lo phoLography, works of applled arL, lllusLraLlons, maps, plans,
skeLches and Lhree-dlmenslonal works relaLlve Lo geography, Lopography,
archlLecLure or sclence.
(2) lL shall, however, be a maLLer for leglslaLlon ln Lhe counLrles of Lhe unlon Lo
prescrlbe LhaL works ln general or any speclfled caLegorles of works shall noL be
proLecLed unless Lhey have been flxed ln some maLerlal form.
(3) 1ranslaLlons, adapLaLlons, arrangemenLs of muslc and oLher alLeraLlons of a
llLerary or arLlsLlc work shall be proLecLed as orlglnal works wlLhouL pre[udlce Lo
Lhe copyrlghL ln Lhe orlglnal work.
(4) lL shall be a maLLer for leglslaLlon ln Lhe counLrles of Lhe unlon Lo deLermlne
Lhe proLecLlon Lo be granLed Lo offlclal LexLs of a leglslaLlve, admlnlsLraLlve and
legal naLure, and Lo offlclal LranslaLlons of such LexLs.
(3) CollecLlons of llLerary or arLlsLlc works such as encyclopaedlas and anLhologles
whlch, by reason of Lhe selecLlon and arrangemenL of Lhelr conLenLs, consLlLuLe
lnLellecLual creaLlons shall be proLecLed as such, wlLhouL pre[udlce Lo Lhe
copyrlghL ln each of Lhe works formlng parL of such collecLlons.
(6) 1he works menLloned ln Lhls ArLlcle shall en[oy proLecLlon ln all counLrles of
Lhe unlon. 1hls proLecLlon shall operaLe for Lhe beneflL of Lhe auLhor and hls
successors ln LlLle.
(7) Sub[ecL Lo Lhe provlslons of ArLlcle 7(4) of Lhls ConvenLlon, lL shall be a maLLer
for leglslaLlon ln Lhe counLrles of Lhe unlon Lo deLermlne Lhe exLenL of Lhe
appllcaLlon of Lhelr laws Lo works of applled arL and lndusLrlal deslgns and
models, as well as Lhe condlLlons under whlch such works, deslgns and models
shall be proLecLed. Works proLecLed ln Lhe counLry of orlgln solely as deslgns and
models shall be enLlLled ln anoLher counLry of Lhe unlon only Lo such speclal
proLecLlon as ls granLed ln LhaL counLry Lo deslgns and models, however, lf no
such speclal proLecLlon ls granLed ln LhaL counLry, such works shall be proLecLed
as arLlsLlc works.
(8) 1he proLecLlon of Lhls ConvenLlon shall noL apply Lo news of Lhe day or Lo
mlscellaneous facLs havlng Lhe characLer of mere lLems of press lnformaLlon.

Art|c|e 2b|s
[losslble llmltotloo of ltotectloo of cettolo wotks. 1. CerLaln speeches, 2.
CerLaln uses of lecLures and addresses, 3. 8lghL Lo make collecLlons of such
works]

(1) lL shall be a maLLer for leglslaLlon ln Lhe counLrles of Lhe unlon Lo exclude,
wholly or ln parL, from Lhe proLecLlon provlded by Lhe precedlng ArLlcle pollLlcal
speeches and speeches dellvered ln Lhe course of legal proceedlngs.
(2) lL shall also be a maLLer for leglslaLlon ln Lhe counLrles of Lhe unlon Lo
deLermlne Lhe condlLlons under whlch lecLures, addresses and oLher works of Lhe
same naLure whlch are dellvered ln publlc may be reproduced by Lhe press,
broadcasL, communlcaLed Lo Lhe publlc by wlre and made Lhe sub[ecL of publlc
communlcaLlon as envlsaged ln ArLlcle 11bls(1) of Lhls ConvenLlon, when such
use ls [usLlfled by Lhe lnformaLory purpose.
(3) neverLheless, Lhe auLhor shall en[oy Lhe excluslve rlghL of maklng a collecLlon
of hls works menLloned ln Lhe precedlng paragraphs.

SecLlons 172, 172.2, 173.2, 174, lC

172.2. Works are proLecLed by Lhe sole facL of Lhelr creaLlon, lrrespecLlve of Lhelr
mode or form of expresslon, as well as of Lhelr conLenL, quallLy and purpose.

173.1. 1he followlng derlvaLlve works shall also be proLecLed by copyrlghL:
(a) uramaLlzaLlons, LranslaLlons, adapLaLlons, abrldgmenLs, arrangemenLs, and
oLher alLeraLlons of llLerary or arLlsLlc works, and
(b) CollecLlons of llLerary, scholarly or arLlsLlc works, and compllaLlons of daLa
and oLher maLerlals whlch are orlglnal by reason of Lhe selecLlon or coordlnaLlon
or arrangemenL of Lhelr conLenLs.

173.2. 1he works referred Lo ln paragraphs (a) and (b) of SubsecLlon 173.1 shall
be proLecLed as a new works: rovlded however, 1haL such new work shall noL
affecL Lhe force of any subslsLlng copyrlghL upon Lhe orlglnal works employed or
any parL Lhereof, or be consLrued Lo lmply any rlghL Lo such use of Lhe orlglnal
works, or Lo secure or exLend copyrlghL ln such orlglnal works.

Sec. 174. lobllsbeJ Jltloo of wotk. - ln addlLlon Lo Lhe rlghL Lo publlsh granLed
by Lhe auLhor, hls helrs or asslgns, Lhe publlsher shall have a copy rlghL conslsLlng
merely of Lhe rlghL of reproducLlon of Lhe Lypographlcal arrangemenL of Lhe
publlshed edlLlon of Lhe work. (n)

SecLlon 173, lC

Sec. 173. uoptotecteJ 5object Mottet. - noLwlLhsLandlng Lhe provlslons of
SecLlons 172 and 173, no proLecLlon shall exLend, under Lhls law, Lo any ldea,
procedure, sysLem meLhod or operaLlon, concepL, prlnclple, dlscovery or mere
daLa as such, even lf Lhey are expressed, explalned, lllusLraLed or embodled ln a
work, news of Lhe day and oLher mlscellaneous facLs havlng Lhe characLer of
mere lLems of press lnformaLlon, or any offlclal LexL of a leglslaLlve,
admlnlsLraLlve or legal naLure, as well as any offlclal LranslaLlon Lhereof. (n)

SecLlon 176, lC

Sec. 176. wotks of tbe Covetomeot. -

176.1. no copyrlghL shall subslsL ln any work of Lhe CovernmenL of Lhe
hlllpplnes. Powever, prlor approval of Lhe governmenL agency or offlce whereln
Lhe work ls creaLed shall be necessary for explolLaLlon of such work for proflL.
Such agency or offlce may, among oLher Lhlngs, lmpose as a condlLlon Lhe
paymenL of royalLles. no prlor approval or condlLlons shall be requlred for Lhe
use of any purpose of sLaLuLes, rules and regulaLlons, and speeches, lecLures,
sermons, addresses, and dlsserLaLlons, pronounced, read or rendered ln courLs of
[usLlce, before admlnlsLraLlve agencles, ln dellberaLlve assemblles and ln
meeLlngs of publlc characLer.

176.2. 1he AuLhor of speeches, lecLures, sermons, addresses, and dlsserLaLlons
menLloned ln Lhe precedlng paragraphs shall have Lhe excluslve rlghL of maklng a
collecLlon of hls works. (n)

176.3. noLwlLhsLandlng Lhe foregolng provlslons, Lhe CovernmenL ls noL
precluded from recelvlng and holdlng copyrlghLs Lransferred Lo lL by asslgnmenL,
bequesL or oLherwlse, nor shall publlcaLlon or republlcaLlon by Lhe governmenL
ln a publlc documenL of any work ln whlch copy rlghL ls subslsLlng be Laken Lo
cause any abrldgmenL or annulmenL of Lhe copyrlghL or Lo auLhorlze any use or
approprlaLlon of such work wlLhouL Lhe consenL of Lhe copyrlghL owners.

SecLlon 2 of u 49, enumeraLes Lhe classes of work enLlLled Lo copyrlghL
proLecLlon. lL does noL lnclude Lhe formaL or mechanlcs of a Lelevlslon show.
(?/(@)#$ *+ A5#3/$B 1999)

Sec. 2 of u 49 provldes LhaL Lhe rlghLs granLed by Lhls uecree shall, from Lhe
momenL of creaLlon, subslsL wlLh respecL Lo any of Lhe followlng classes of works:
(o) rlnLs, plcLorlal lllusLraLlons, adverLlslng coples, labels, Lags, and box wraps.
Charlle 8rown falls under leLLer (o) of Sec. 2 of u 49. 1herefore, slnce Lhe name
Charlle 8rown and lLs plcLorlal represenLaLlon were covered by a copyrlghL
reglsLraLlon way back ln 1930 Lhe same are enLlLled under u 49. (C$#.8D
68(.)580 -9$D#2(.8 *+ 1)$0#$%E8(5, 1989)

lacLs and lnformaLlon are noL copyrlghLable buL raLher lLs facLual compllaLlon. lL
requlres 1) ownershlp of valld copyrlghL and 2) copylng of consLlLuenL elemenLs
of Lhe work LhaL are orlglnal. 1Pe slne qua non of copyrlghL ls orlglnallLy. 1he
sLandard of creaLlvlLy, however, ls low. (68#0. 4)F3#2(.#/$0B G$2+ *+ H)5(3 >83+
-85*#28 !/.)

2.6 Who owns Copyr|ght?
Sec. 178 and 179(and lLs subparagraphs), Sec. 179, Sec. 174, lC

Sec. 178. koles oo copytlqbt Owoetsblp. - CopyrlghL ownershlp shall be governed
by Lhe followlng rules:

178.1. Sub[ecL Lo Lhe provlslons of Lhls secLlon, ln Lhe case of orlglnal llLerary and
arLlsLlc works, copyrlghL shall belong Lo Lhe auLhor of Lhe work,

178.2. ln Lhe case of works of [olnL auLhorshlp, Lhe co-auLhors shall be Lhe
orlglnal owners of Lhe copyrlghL and ln Lhe absence of agreemenL, Lhelr rlghLs
shall be governed by Lhe rules on co-ownershlp. lf, however, a work of [olnL
auLhorshlp conslsLs of parLs LhaL can be used separaLely and Lhe auLhor of each
parL can be ldenLlfled, Lhe auLhor of each parL shall be Lhe orlglnal owner of Lhe
copyrlghL ln Lhe parL LhaL he has creaLed,

178.3. ln Lhe case of work creaLed by an auLhor durlng and ln Lhe course of hls
employmenL, Lhe copyrlghL shall belong Lo:
(a) 1he employee, lf Lhe creaLlon of Lhe ob[ecL of copyrlghL ls noL a parL of hls
regular duLles even lf Lhe employee uses Lhe Llme, faclllLles and maLerlals of Lhe
employer.
(b) 1he employer, lf Lhe work ls Lhe resulL of Lhe performance of hls regularly-
asslgned duLles, unless Lhere ls an agreemenL, express or lmplled, Lo Lhe
conLrary.

178.4. ln Lhe case of a work-commlssloned by a person oLher Lhan an employer
of Lhe auLhor and who pays for lL and Lhe work ls made ln pursuance of Lhe
commlsslon, Lhe person who so commlssloned Lhe work shall have ownershlp of
work, buL Lhe copyrlghL LhereLo shall remaln wlLh Lhe creaLor, unless Lhere ls a
wrlLLen sLlpulaLlon Lo Lhe conLrary,

178.3. ln Lhe case of audlovlsual work, Lhe copyrlghL shall belong Lo Lhe
producer, Lhe auLhor of Lhe scenarlo, Lhe composer of Lhe muslc, Lhe fllm
dlrecLor, and Lhe auLhor of Lhe work so adapLed. Powever, sub[ecL Lo conLrary or
oLher sLlpulaLlons among Lhe creaLors, Lhe producers shall exerclse Lhe copyrlghL
Lo an exLenL requlred for Lhe exhlblLlon of Lhe work ln any manner, excepL for Lhe
rlghL Lo collecL performlng llcense fees for Lhe performance of muslcal
composlLlons, wlLh or wlLhouL words, whlch are lncorporaLed lnLo Lhe work, and

178.6. ln respecL of leLLers, Lhe copyrlghL shall belong Lo Lhe wrlLer sub[ecL Lo Lhe
provlslons of ArLlcle 723 of Lhe Clvll Code.

Sec. 179. Aoooymoos ooJ lseoJooymoos wotks. - lor purposes of Lhls AcL, Lhe
publlshers shall be deemed Lo represenL Lhe auLhors of arLlcles and oLher
wrlLlngs publlshed wlLhouL Lhe names of Lhe auLhors or under pseudonyms,
unless Lhe conLrary appears, or Lhe pseudonyms or adopLed name leaves no
doubLs as Lo Lhe auLhor's ldenLlLy, or lf Lhe auLhor of Lhe anonymous works
dlscloses hls ldenLlLy.

ArLlcle 722 and 723, Clvll Code

ArL. 722. 1he auLhor and Lhe composer, menLloned ln nos. 1 and 2 of Lhe
precedlng arLlcle, shall have Lhe ownershlp of Lhelr creaLlons even before Lhe
publlcaLlon of Lhe same. Cnce Lhelr works are publlshed, Lhelr rlghLs are
governed by Lhe CopyrlghL laws.

1he palnLer, sculpLor or oLher arLlsL shall have domlnlon over Lhe producL of hls
arL even before lL ls copyrlghLed.

1he sclenLlsL or LechnologlsL has Lhe ownershlp of hls dlscovery or lnvenLlon even
before lL ls paLenLed. (n)

ArL. 723. LeLLers and oLher prlvaLe communlcaLlons ln wrlLlng are owned by Lhe
person Lo whom Lhey are addressed and dellvered, buL Lhey cannoL be publlshed
or dlssemlnaLed wlLhouL Lhe consenL of Lhe wrlLer or hls helrs. Powever, Lhe
courL may auLhorlze Lhelr publlcaLlon or dlssemlnaLlon lf Lhe publlc good or Lhe
lnLeresL of [usLlce so requlres. (n)

ArLlcle 320 of Lhe Clvll Code

ArL. 320. A Lrade-mark or Lrade-name duly reglsLered ln Lhe proper governmenL
bureau or offlce ls owned by and perLalns Lo Lhe person, corporaLlon, or flrm
reglsLerlng Lhe same, sub[ecL Lo Lhe provlslons of speclal laws. (n)

2.7 Durat|on of Copyr|ght

ArLlcles 7 and 7bls, 8erne ConvenLlon for Lhe roLecLlon of LlLerary and ArLlsLlc
Works

Art|c|e 7
[1etm of ltotectloo. 1. Cenerally, 2. lor clnemaLographlc works, 3. lor
anonymous and pseudonymous works, 4. lor phoLographlc works and works of
applled arL, 3. SLarLlng daLe of compuLaLlon, 6. Longer Lerms, 7. ShorLer Lerms, 8.
Appllcable law, comparlson" of Lerms]
(1) 1he Lerm of proLecLlon granLed by Lhls ConvenLlon shall be Lhe llfe of Lhe
auLhor and flfLy years afLer hls deaLh.
(2) Powever, ln Lhe case of clnemaLographlc works, Lhe counLrles of Lhe unlon
may provlde LhaL Lhe Lerm of proLecLlon shall explre flfLy years afLer Lhe work has
been made avallable Lo Lhe publlc wlLh Lhe consenL of Lhe auLhor, or, falllng such
an evenL wlLhln flfLy years from Lhe maklng of such a work, flfLy years afLer Lhe
maklng.
(3) ln Lhe case of anonymous or pseudonymous works, Lhe Lerm of proLecLlon
granLed by Lhls ConvenLlon shall explre flfLy years afLer Lhe work has been
lawfully made avallable Lo Lhe publlc. Powever, when Lhe pseudonym adopLed
by Lhe auLhor leaves no doubL as Lo hls ldenLlLy, Lhe Lerm of proLecLlon shall be
LhaL provlded ln paragraph (1). lf Lhe auLhor of an anonymous or pseudonymous
work dlscloses hls ldenLlLy durlng Lhe above-menLloned perlod, Lhe Lerm of
proLecLlon appllcable shall be LhaL provlded ln paragraph (1). 1he counLrles of
Lhe unlon shall noL be requlred Lo proLecL anonymous or pseudonymous works
ln respecL of whlch lL ls reasonable Lo presume LhaL Lhelr auLhor has been dead
for flfLy years.
(4) lL shall be a maLLer for leglslaLlon ln Lhe counLrles of Lhe unlon Lo deLermlne
Lhe Lerm of proLecLlon of phoLographlc works and LhaL of works of applled arL ln
so far as Lhey are proLecLed as arLlsLlc works, however, Lhls Lerm shall lasL aL
leasL unLll Lhe end of a perlod of LwenLy-flve years from Lhe maklng of such a
work.
(3) 1he Lerm of proLecLlon subsequenL Lo Lhe deaLh of Lhe auLhor and Lhe Lerms
provlded by paragraphs (2), (3) and (4) shall run from Lhe daLe of deaLh or of Lhe
evenL referred Lo ln Lhose paragraphs, buL such Lerms shall always be deemed Lo
begln on Lhe flrsL of !anuary of Lhe year followlng Lhe deaLh or such evenL.
(6) 1he counLrles of Lhe unlon may granL a Lerm of proLecLlon ln excess of Lhose
provlded by Lhe precedlng paragraphs.
(7) 1hose counLrles of Lhe unlon bound by Lhe 8ome AcL of Lhls ConvenLlon
whlch granL, ln Lhelr naLlonal leglslaLlon ln force aL Lhe Llme of slgnaLure of Lhe
presenL AcL, shorLer Lerms of proLecLlon Lhan Lhose provlded for ln Lhe precedlng
paragraphs shall have Lhe rlghL Lo malnLaln such Lerms when raLlfylng or
accedlng Lo Lhe presenL AcL.
(8) ln any case, Lhe Lerm shall be governed by Lhe leglslaLlon of Lhe counLry
where proLecLlon ls clalmed, however, unless Lhe leglslaLlon of LhaL counLry
oLherwlse provldes, Lhe Lerm shall noL exceed Lhe Lerm flxed ln Lhe counLry of
orlgln of Lhe work.

Art|c|e 7b|s
[1etm of ltotectloo fot wotks of Iolot Aotbotsblp]
1he provlslons of Lhe precedlng ArLlcle shall also apply ln Lhe case of a work of
[olnL auLhorshlp, provlded LhaL Lhe Lerms measured from Lhe deaLh of Lhe auLhor
shall be calculaLed from Lhe deaLh of Lhe lasL survlvlng auLhor.

Sec. 213 (and lLs subparagraphs), Sec. 214, lC

Sec. 213. 1etm of ltotectloo. - 213.1. Sub[ecL Lo Lhe provlslons of SubsecLlons
213.2 Lo 213.3, Lhe copyrlghL ln works under SecLlons 172 and 173 shall be
proLecLed durlng Lhe llfe of Lhe auLhor and for flfLy (30) years afLer hls deaLh. 1hls
rule also applles Lo posLhumous works.

213.2. ln case of works of [olnL auLhorshlp, Lhe economlc rlghLs shall be
proLecLed durlng Lhe llfe of Lhe lasL survlvlng auLhor and for flfLy (30) years afLer
hls deaLh. (Sec. 21, Second SenLence, .u. no. 49)

213.3. ln case of anonymous or pseudonymous works, Lhe copyrlghL shall be
proLecLed for flfLy (30) years from Lhe daLe on whlch Lhe work was flrsL lawfully
publlshed: ltovlJeJ, 1haL where, before Lhe explraLlon of Lhe sald perlod, Lhe
auLhor's ldenLlLy ls revealed or ls no longer ln doubL, Lhe provlslons of
SubsecLlons
213.1 and 213.2 shall apply, as Lhe case may be: ltovlJeJ, fottbet, 1haL such
works lf noL publlshed before shall be proLecLed for flfLy (30) years counLed from
Lhe maklng of Lhe work. (Sec. 23, . u. no. 49)

213.4. ln case of works of applled arL Lhe proLecLlon shall be for a perlod of
LwenLy-flve (23) years from Lhe daLe of maklng. (Sec. 24(8), . u. no. 49a)

213.3. ln case of phoLographlc works, Lhe proLecLlon shall be for flfLy (30) years
from publlcaLlon of Lhe work and, lf unpubllshed, flfLy (30) years from Lhe
maklng. (Sec. 24(C), . u. 49a)

213.6. ln case of audlo-vlsual works lncludlng Lhose produced by process
analogous Lo phoLography or any process for maklng audlo-vlsual recordlngs, Lhe
Lerm shall be flfLy (30) years from daLe of publlcaLlon and, lf unpubllshed, from
Lhe daLe of maklng. (Sec. 24(C), . u. no. 49a)

Sec. 214. colcolotloo of 1etm. - 1he Lerm of proLecLlon subsequenL Lo Lhe deaLh
of Lhe auLhor provlded ln Lhe precedlng SecLlon shall run from Lhe daLe of hls
deaLh or of publlcaLlon, buL such Lerms shall always be deemed Lo begln on Lhe
flrsL day of !anuary of Lhe year followlng Lhe evenL whlch gave rlse Lo Lhem.

Class 3 8lghL Lo Make Coples, lnfrlngemenL

2.8 k|ght to Make Cop|es

SecLlons 176 (and lLs subparagraphs), 171.11, 184, 183, 186, 187, 188, lC

Sec. 176. wotks of tbe Covetomeot. -

176.1. no copyrlghL shall subslsL ln any work of Lhe CovernmenL of Lhe
hlllpplnes. Powever, prlor approval of Lhe governmenL agency or offlce whereln
Lhe work ls creaLed shall be necessary for explolLaLlon of such work for proflL.
Such agency or offlce may, among oLher Lhlngs, lmpose as a condlLlon Lhe
paymenL of royalLles. no prlor approval or condlLlons shall be requlred for Lhe
use of any purpose of sLaLuLes, rules and regulaLlons, and speeches, lecLures,
sermons, addresses, and dlsserLaLlons, pronounced, read or rendered ln courLs of
[usLlce, before admlnlsLraLlve agencles, ln dellberaLlve assemblles and ln
meeLlngs of publlc characLer.

176.2. 1he AuLhor of speeches, lecLures, sermons, addresses, and dlsserLaLlons
menLloned ln Lhe precedlng paragraphs shall have Lhe excluslve rlghL of maklng a
collecLlon of hls works.

176.3. noLwlLhsLandlng Lhe foregolng provlslons, Lhe CovernmenL ls noL
precluded from recelvlng and holdlng copyrlghLs Lransferred Lo lL by asslgnmenL,
bequesL or oLherwlse, nor shall publlcaLlon or republlcaLlon by Lhe governmenL
ln a publlc documenL of any work ln whlch copy rlghL ls subslsLlng be Laken Lo
cause any abrldgmenL or annulmenL of Lhe copyrlghL or Lo auLhorlze any use or
approprlaLlon of such work wlLhouL Lhe consenL of Lhe copyrlghL owners.

171.11. A "wotk of tbe Covetomeot of tbe lblllpploes" ls a work creaLed by an
offlcer or employee of Lhe hlllpplne CovernmenL or any of lLs subdlvlslons and
lnsLrumenLallLles, lncludlng governmenL-owned or conLrolled corporaLlons as
parL of hls regularly prescrlbed offlclal duLles.

Sec. 184. llmltotloos oo copytlqbt. -

184.1. noLwlLhsLandlng Lhe provlslons of ChapLer v, Lhe followlng acLs shall noL
consLlLuLe lnfrlngemenL of copyrlghL:

(a) Lhe reclLaLlon or performance of a work, once lL has been lawfully made
accesslble Lo Lhe publlc, lf done prlvaLely and free of charge or lf made sLrlcLly for
a charlLable or rellglous lnsLlLuLlon or socleLy,

(b) 1he maklng of quoLaLlons from a publlshed work lf Lhey are compaLlble wlLh
falr use and only Lo Lhe exLenL [usLlfled for Lhe purpose, lncludlng quoLaLlons
from newspaper arLlcles and perlodlcals ln Lhe form of press summarles:
ltovlJeJ, 1haL Lhe source and Lhe name of Lhe auLhor, lf appearlng on Lhe work,
are menLloned, (Sec. 11, 1hlrd ar., . u. no. 49)

(c) 1he reproducLlon or communlcaLlon Lo Lhe publlc by mass medla of arLlcles on
currenL pollLlcal, soclal, economlc, sclenLlflc or rellglous Loplc, lecLures, addresses
and oLher works of Lhe same naLure, whlch are dellvered ln publlc lf such use ls
for lnformaLlon purposes and has noL been expressly reserved: ltovlJeJ, 1haL
Lhe source ls clearly lndlcaLed, (Sec. 11, . u. no. 49)

(d) 1he reproducLlon and communlcaLlon Lo Lhe publlc of llLerary, sclenLlflc or
arLlsLlc works as parL of reporLs of currenL evenLs by means of phoLography,
clnemaLography or broadcasLlng Lo Lhe exLenL necessary for Lhe purpose, (Sec.
12, . u. no. 49)

(e) 1he lncluslon of a work ln a publlcaLlon, broadcasL, or oLher communlcaLlon
Lo Lhe publlc, sound recordlng or fllm, lf such lncluslon ls made by way of
lllusLraLlon for Leachlng purposes and ls compaLlble wlLh falr use: ltovlJeJ, 1haL
Lhe source and of Lhe name of Lhe auLhor, lf appearlng ln Lhe work, are
menLloned,

(f) 1he recordlng made ln schools, unlverslLles, or educaLlonal lnsLlLuLlons of a
work lncluded ln a broadcasL for Lhe use of such schools, unlverslLles or
educaLlonal lnsLlLuLlons: ltovlJeJ, 1haL such recordlng musL be deleLed wlLhln a
reasonable perlod afLer Lhey were flrsL broadcasL: ltovlJeJ, fottbet, 1haL such
recordlng may noL be made from audlovlsual works whlch are parL of Lhe general
clnema reperLolre of feaLure fllms excepL for brlef excerpLs of Lhe work,

(g) 1he maklng of ephemeral recordlngs by a broadcasLlng organlzaLlon by means
of lLs own faclllLles and for use ln lLs own broadcasL,

(h) 1he use made of a work by or under Lhe dlrecLlon or conLrol of Lhe
CovernmenL, by Lhe naLlonal Llbrary or by educaLlonal, sclenLlflc or professlonal
lnsLlLuLlons where such use ls ln Lhe publlc lnLeresL and ls compaLlble wlLh falr
use,

(l) 1he publlc performance or Lhe communlcaLlon Lo Lhe publlc of a work, ln a
place where no admlsslon fee ls charged ln respecL of such publlc performance or
communlcaLlon, by a club or lnsLlLuLlon for charlLable or educaLlonal purpose
only, whose alm ls noL proflL maklng, sub[ecL Lo such oLher llmlLaLlons as may be
provlded ln Lhe 8egulaLlons, (n)

([) ubllc dlsplay of Lhe orlglnal or a copy of Lhe work noL made by means of a
fllm, sllde, Lelevlslon lmage or oLherwlse on screen or by means of any oLher
devlce or process: rovlded, 1haL elLher Lhe work has been publlshed, or, LhaL
orlglnal or Lhe copy dlsplayed has been sold, glven away or oLherwlse Lransferred
Lo anoLher person by Lhe auLhor or hls successor ln LlLle, and

(k) Any use made of a work for Lhe purpose of any [udlclal proceedlngs or for Lhe
glvlng of professlonal advlce by a legal pracLlLloner.

184.2. 1he provlslons of Lhls secLlon shall be lnLerpreLed ln such a way as Lo allow
Lhe work Lo be used ln a manner whlch does noL confllcL wlLh Lhe normal
explolLaLlon of Lhe work and does noL unreasonably pre[udlce Lhe rlghL holder's
leglLlmaLe lnLeresL.

Sec. 183. lolt use of o copytlqbteJ wotk. -

183.1. 1he falr use of a copyrlghLed work for crlLlclsm, commenL, news reporLlng,
Leachlng lncludlng mulLlple coples for classroom use, scholarshlp, research, and
slmllar purposes ls noL an lnfrlngemenL of copyrlghL. uecompllaLlon, whlch ls
undersLood here Lo be Lhe reproducLlon of Lhe code and LranslaLlon of Lhe forms
of Lhe compuLer program Lo achleve Lhe lnLer-operablllLy of an lndependenLly
creaLed compuLer program wlLh oLher programs may also consLlLuLe falr use. ln
deLermlnlng wheLher Lhe use made of a work ln any parLlcular case ls falr use,
Lhe facLors Lo be consldered shall lnclude:

(a) 1he purpose and characLer of Lhe use, lncludlng wheLher such use ls of a
commerclal naLure or ls for non-proflL educaLlon purposes,

(b) 1he naLure of Lhe copyrlghLed work,

(c) 1he amounL and subsLanLlallLy of Lhe porLlon used ln relaLlon Lo Lhe
copyrlghLed work as a whole, and

(d) 1he effecL of Lhe use upon Lhe poLenLlal markeL for or value of Lhe
copyrlghLed work.

183.2 1he facL LhaL a work ls unpubllshed shall noL by lLself bar a flndlng of falr
use lf such flndlng ls made upon conslderaLlon of all Lhe above facLors.

Sec. 186. wotk of Atcbltectote. - CopyrlghL ln a work of archlLecLure shall lnclude
Lhe rlghL Lo conLrol Lhe erecLlon of any bulldlng whlch reproduces Lhe whole or a
subsLanLlal parL of Lhe work elLher ln lLs orlglnal form or ln any form recognlzably
derlved from Lhe orlglnal, rovlded, 1haL Lhe copyrlghL ln any such work shall noL
lnclude Lhe rlghL Lo conLrol Lhe reconsLrucLlon or rehablllLaLlon ln Lhe same sLyle
as Lhe orlglnal of a bulldlng Lo whlch Lhe copyrlghL relaLes. (n)

Sec. 187. keptoJoctloo of lobllsbeJ wotk. -

187.1. noLwlLhsLandlng Lhe provlslon of SecLlon 177, and sub[ecL Lo Lhe
provlslons of SubsecLlon 187.2, Lhe prlvaLe reproducLlon of a publlshed work ln a
slngle copy, where Lhe reproducLlon ls made by a naLural person excluslvely for
research and prlvaLe sLudy, shall be permlLLed, wlLhouL Lhe auLhorlzaLlon of Lhe
owner of copyrlghL ln Lhe work.

187.2. 1he permlsslon granLed under SubsecLlon 187.1 shall noL exLend Lo Lhe
reproducLlon of:

(a) A work of archlLecLure ln form of bulldlng or oLher consLrucLlon,

(b) An enLlre book, or a subsLanLlal pasL Lhereof, or of a muslcal work ln whlch
graphlcs form by reprographlc means,

(c) A compllaLlon of daLa and oLher maLerlals,

(d) A compuLer program excepL as provlded ln SecLlon 189, and

(e) Any work ln cases where reproducLlon would unreasonably confllcL wlLh a
normal explolLaLlon of Lhe work or would oLherwlse unreasonably pre[udlce Lhe
leglLlmaLe lnLeresLs of Lhe auLhor. (n)

Sec. 188. keptoqtopblc keptoJoctloo by llbtotles. -

188.1. noLwlLhsLandlng Lhe provlslons of SubsecLlon 177.6, any llbrary or archlve
whose acLlvlLles are noL for proflL may, wlLhouL Lhe auLhorlzaLlon of Lhe auLhor
of copyrlghL owner, make a slngle copy of Lhe work by reprographlc
reproducLlon:

(a) Where Lhe work by reason of lLs fraglle characLer or rarlLy cannoL be lenL Lo
user ln lLs orlglnal form,

(b) Where Lhe works are lsolaLed arLlcles conLalned ln composlLe works or brlef
porLlons of oLher publlshed works and Lhe reproducLlon ls necessary Lo supply
Lhem, when Lhls ls consldered expedlenL, Lo person requesLlng Lhelr loan for
purposes of research or sLudy lnsLead of lendlng Lhe volumes or bookleLs whlch
conLaln Lhem, and

(c) Where Lhe maklng of such a copy ls ln order Lo preserve and, lf necessary ln
Lhe evenL LhaL lL ls losL, desLroyed or rendered unusable, replace a copy, or Lo
replace, ln Lhe permanenL collecLlon of anoLher slmllar llbrary or archlve, a copy
whlch has been losL, desLroyed or rendered unusable and coples are noL
avallable wlLh Lhe publlsher.

188.2. noLwlLhsLandlng Lhe above provlslons, lL shall noL be permlsslble Lo
produce a volume of a work publlshed ln several volumes or Lo produce mlsslng
Lomes or pages of magazlnes or slmllar works, unless Lhe volume, Lome or parL ls
ouL of sLock, rovlded, 1haL every llbrary whlch, by law, ls enLlLled Lo recelve
coples of a prlnLed work, shall be enLlLled, when speclal reasons so requlre, Lo
reproduce a copy of a publlshed work whlch ls consldered necessary for Lhe
collecLlon of Lhe llbrary buL whlch ls ouL of sLock.

Sec 189, lC

Sec. 189. 8eproducLlon of CompuLer rogram. -

189.1. noLwlLhsLandlng Lhe provlslons of SecLlon 177, Lhe reproducLlon ln one (1)
back-up copy or adapLaLlon of a compuLer program shall be permlLLed, wlLhouL
Lhe auLhorlzaLlon of Lhe auLhor of, or oLher owner of copyrlghL ln, a compuLer
program, by Lhe lawful owner of LhaL compuLer program: ltovlJeJ, 1haL Lhe copy
or adapLaLlon ls necessary for:

(a) 1he use of Lhe compuLer program ln con[uncLlon wlLh a compuLer for Lhe
purpose, and Lo Lhe exLenL, for whlch Lhe compuLer program has been obLalned,
and

(b) Archlval purposes, and, for Lhe replacemenL of Lhe lawfully owned copy of Lhe
compuLer program ln Lhe evenL LhaL Lhe lawfully obLalned copy of Lhe compuLer
program ls losL, desLroyed or rendered unusable.

189.2. no copy or adapLaLlon menLloned ln Lhls SecLlon shall be used for any
purpose oLher Lhan Lhe ones deLermlned ln Lhls SecLlon, and any such copy or
adapLaLlon shall be desLroyed ln Lhe evenL LhaL conLlnued possesslon of Lhe copy
of Lhe compuLer program ceases Lo be lawful.

189.3. 1hls provlslon shall be wlLhouL pre[udlce Lo Lhe appllcaLlon of SecLlon 183
whenever approprlaLe. (n)

Sec. 190, lC

Sec. 190. lmpottotloo fot letsoool lotposes. -

190.1. noLwlLhsLandlng Lhe provlslon of SubsecLlon 177.6, buL sub[ecL Lo Lhe
llmlLaLlon under Lhe SubsecLlon 183.2, Lhe lmporLaLlon of a copy of a work by an
lndlvldual for hls personal purposes shall be permlLLed wlLhouL Lhe auLhorlzaLlon
of Lhe auLhor of, or oLher owner of copyrlghL ln, Lhe work under Lhe followlng
clrcumsLances:

a. When coples of Lhe work are noL avallable ln Lhe hlllpplnes and:
1. noL more Lhan one (1) copy aL one Llme ls lmporLed for sLrlcLly
lndlvldual use only, or
2. 1he lmporLaLlon ls by auLhorlLy of and for Lhe use of Lhe
hlllpplne CovernmenL, or
3. 1he lmporLaLlon, conslsLlng of noL more Lhan Lhree (3) such
coples or llkenesses ln any one lnvolce, ls noL for sale buL for
Lhe use only of any rellglous, charlLable, or educaLlonal socleLy
or lnsLlLuLlon duly lncorporaLed or reglsLered, or ls for Lhe
encouragemenL of Lhe flne arLs, or for any sLaLe school, college,
unlverslLy, or free publlc llbrary ln Lhe hlllpplnes.

b. When such coples form parLs of llbrarles and personal baggage
belonglng Lo persons or famllles arrlvlng from forelgn counLrles and are
noL lnLended for sale: rovlded, 1haL such coples do noL exceed Lhree
(3).

190.2. Coples lmporLed as allowed by Lhls SecLlon may noL lawfully be used ln
any way Lo vlolaLe Lhe rlghLs of owner Lhe copyrlghL or annul or llmlL Lhe
proLecLlon secured by Lhls AcL, and such unlawful use shall be deemed an
lnfrlngemenL and shall be punlshable as such wlLhouL pre[udlce Lo Lhe
proprleLor's rlghL of acLlon.

190.3. Sub[ecL Lo Lhe approval of Lhe SecreLary of llnance, Lhe Commlssloner of
CusLoms ls hereby empowered Lo make rules and regulaLlons for prevenLlng Lhe
lmporLaLlon of arLlcles Lhe lmporLaLlon of whlch ls prohlblLed under Lhls SecLlon
and under LreaLles and convenLlons Lo whlch Lhe hlllpplnes may be a parLy and
for selzlng and condemnlng and dlsposlng of Lhe same ln case Lhey are
dlscovered afLer Lhey have been lmporLed.

8ule 14, CopyrlghL Safeguards and 8egulaLlons
8ule 14. LlmlLaLlons on CopyrlghL

SLC1lCn 1. ubllc erformance or CommunlcaLlon Lo Lhe ubllc of Work by
non-roflL lnsLlLuLlon. - 1he publlc performance or Lhe communlcaLlon Lo Lhe
publlc of a work, ln a place where no admlsslon fee ls charged ln respecL of such
publlc performance or communlcaLlon, by a club or lnsLlLuLlon for charlLable or
educaLlonal purposes only, whose alm ls noL proflL-maklng, shall noL consLlLuLe
lnfrlngemenL of copyrlghL, lf:

(a) 1he works are llmlLed Lo non-dramaLlc llLerary works and non-copyrlghLed
muslcal composlLlons, and do noL lnclude audlovlsual works or compuLer
programs,
(b) 1he clubs or lnsLlLuLlons Lo whlch Lhls subsecLlon applles are llmlLed Lo
Lhose organlzed excluslvely for charlLable or educaLlonal purposes, and lf Lhe
followlng condlLlons are saLlsfled:
(l) no fee or compensaLlon ls pald Lo any performers, promoLers or
organlzers of Lhe publlc performance,
(ll) 1here ls no dlrecL or lndlrecL admlsslon charge Lo Lhe place where
Lhe performance occurs, and
(lll) Admlsslon Lo Lhe performance ls resLrlcLed Lo persons who are, and
for aL leasL Lhe precedlng LhlrLy days have been, members ln good
sLandlng of Lhe club or Lhe lnsLlLuLlon for whose charlLable or
educaLlon purposes Lhe performance ls belng carrled ouL.

SLC1lCn 2. use ln !udlclal roceedlngs or by Legal racLlLloners. - WlLhouL
pre[udlce Lo oLher excepLlons Lo proLecLlon, Lhe use of copyrlghLed works as
provlded ln Lhe lC for Lhe glvlng of professlonal advlse by a legal pracLlLloner"
ls llmlLed Lo Lhose uses dlrecLly connecLed Lo Lhe renderlng of legal advlce
wlLhrespecL Lo such works, or Lo lndlvlduals, lnsLlLuLlons, evenLs or clrcumsLances
Lo whlch Lhe creaLlon of explolLaLlon of such works are dlrecLly relaLed. 1hls
excepLlon does noL apply Lo Lhe exerclse of excluslve rlghLs of copyrlghL owners
ln legal research maLerlals, legal-relaLed compuLer sofLware, legal-relaLed on-
llne maLerlal, or Lhe oLher works uLlllzed ln Lhe pracLlce of law on a regular basls.

SLC1lCn 3. uses CompaLlble wlLh lalr use. - 1o deLermlne wheLher use of a
copyrlghLed work ls compaLlble wlLh falr use," Lhe crlLerla seL forLh ln Sec. 183
of Lhe lC shall be applled.

SLC1lCn 4. lalr use and uecompllaLlon of CompuLer SofLware. - An acL of
decompllaLlon of sofLware may quallfy for analysls under Lhe falr use provlslons lf
lL meeLs all of Lhe crlLerla seL ouL ln Lhe lC, vlz:

(a) lL conslsL only of Lhe reproducLlon of code and LranslaLlon of
Lhe forms of a compuLer program,
(b) 1he reproducLlon and LranslaLlon are lndlspensable Lo obLaln
lnformaLlon, such LhaL lnformaLlon can be obLalned ln no oLher
way Lhan Lhrough decompllaLlon,
(c) 1he lnformaLlon ls necessary ln order Lo achleve
lnLeroperablllLy (l.e., lnLeroperablllLy cannoL be achleved
wlLhouL obLalnlng Lhe lnformaLlon and wlLhouL uslng
decompllaLlon Lo obLaln lL) , and
(d) 1he lnLeroperablllLy LhaL ls soughL ls beLween Lhe decomplled
program and an lndependenLly creaLed compuLer program (l.e.,
a compuLer program LhaL was creaLed prlor Lo and wlLhouL
reference Lo Lhe decompllaLlon). lf Lhe above crlLerla are
saLlsfled, Lhen Lhe falr use facLors seL forLh ln Lhe lC can be
applled ln order Lo declde wheLher or noL Lhe decompllaLlon, ln
Lhe parLlcular clrcumsLances lnvolved, consLlLuLes a falr use.
1he facL LhaL a use ls decompllaLlon (as deflned by Lhe
sLaLuLory crlLerla) creaLes no presumpLlon LhaL Lhe use ls falr.

SLC1lCn 3. LffecL on value of Lhe Work. - 1he effecL of Lhe use upon Lhe
value of Lhe copyrlghLed work shall also consLlLuLe a llmlLaLlon on falr use of
works, parLlcularly whenever Lhelr reproducLlon wlll affecL Lhelr usefulness,
rellablllLy, and valldlLy such as psychologlcal LesLs and oLhers of slmllar naLure.
8eproducLlon of Lhese works shall, Lherefore, need prlor auLhorlLy of Lhe
copyrlghL owner.

SLC1lCn 6. 8eproducLlon or CommunlcaLlon Lo Lhe ubllc by Mass Medla
of ArLlcles, LecLure, eLc. - 1he reproducLlon or communlcaLlon Lo Lhe publlc by
mass medla of arLlcles, such as Lhose publlsh ln newspapers or perlodlcals on
currenL pollLlcal, soclal, economlc, sclenLlflc, or rellglous Loplcs, as well as
lecLures, addresses, and oLher works of Lhe same naLure, whlch are dellvered ln
publlc, shall noL consLlLuLe lnfrlngemenL of copyrlghL lf such use ls for
lnformaLlon purposes and has noL been expressly reserved: rovlded, LhaL Lhe
source ls clearly lndlcaLed and LhaL Lhe use of Lhe work should noL unreasonably
pre[udlce Lhe rlghL holder's leglLlmaLe lnLeresLs.

lnLellecLual creaLlon should be copyrlghLed 30 days afLer lLs publlcaLlon, lf made
ln Manlla and 60 lf publlshed elsewhere. lallure Lo do so wlll render such
creaLlon as publlc properLy. I6#3#7#$/ -/2#8.9 /: !/;7/0850 *+ <8$=(;#$ >($,
1987)

AlLhough Lhe general rule ls Lo clLe only Lhe auLhor ln Lhe books publlshed. 1he
hlllpplne law speclflcally provldes LhaL news lLems, edlLorlal paragraphs, and
arLlcles ln perlodlcals," shall also sLaLe Lhe publlsher as a source. 1hls ls Lo proLecL
an enLerprlslng newspaper or magazlne LhaL lnvesLs lLs money and pays for Lhe
rlghL Lo publlsh an orlglnal arLlcle, and LhaL was Lhe reason why Lhe LeglslaLure
saw flL Lo use Lhe language ln quesLlon.I4"#3#77#$8 JD)2(.#/$ !/+ *+ -/../K

Ann 8artow, Lducat|ona| Ia|r Use |n Copyr|ght: kec|a|m|ng the k|ght to
hotocopy Iree|y, 60 Un|vers|ty of |ttsburg Law kev|ew, 149 (1998)- **Copy of
th|s Iourna| Art|c|e can be |ocated through Lex|s Nex|s**
WheLher or noL Lhe fooLnoLe ls sufflclenLly deLalled, so as Lo saLlsfy Lhe
fooLnoLlng sLandards of counsel for peLlLloners ls noL an eLhlcal maLLer buL one
concernlng clarlLy of wrlLlng. 1he sLaLemenL "See 1ams, Lnforclng CbllgaLlons
Lrga Cmnes ln lnLernaLlonal Law (2003)" ln Lhe vlnuya declslon ls an aLLrlbuLlon
no maLLer lf 1ams LhoughL LhaL lL gave hlm somewhaL less credlL Lhan he
deserved. Such aLLrlbuLlon alLogeLher negaLes Lhe ldea LhaL !usLlce uel CasLlllo
passed off Lhe challenged passages as hls own.lf Lhe !usLlce's clLaLlons were
lmpreclse, lL would [usL be a case of bad fooLnoLlng raLher Lhan one of LhefL or
decelL. lf lL were oLherwlse, many would be LargeL of abuse for every edlLorlal
error, for every mlsLake ln clLlng paglnaLlon, and for every Lechnlcal deLall of
form.IG$ >"8 1(..85 /: ."8 !"(5%80 /: 43(%#(5#0;B J.2+B ,%(#$0. ,00/2#(.8 ?)0.#28
1(5#($/ !+ A83 !(0.#33/B Cctober 12, 2010)

Whlle Lhe academlc publlshlng model ls based on Lhe orlglnallLy of Lhe wrlLer's
Lhesls, Lhe [udlclal sysLem ls based on Lhe docLrlne of sLare declsls, whlch
encourages courLs Lo clLe hlsLorlcal legal daLa, precedenLs, and relaLed sLudles ln
Lhelr declslons. 1he [udge ls noL expecLed Lo produce orlglnal scholarshlp ln every
respecL. 1he sLrengLh of a declslon lles ln Lhe soundness and general accepLance
of Lhe precedenLs and long held legal oplnlons lL draws from.
CourL declslons are noL wrlLLen Lo earn merlL, accolade, or prlze as an
orlglnal plece of work or arL. uecldlng dlspuLes ls a servlce rendered by Lhe
governmenL for Lhe publlc good. !udges lssue declslons Lo resolve everyday
confllcLs lnvolvlng people of flesh and blood who ache for speedy [usLlce or
[urldlcal belngs whlch have rlghLs and obllgaLlons ln law LhaL need Lo be
proLecLed. 1he lnLeresL of socleLy ln wrlLLen declslons ls noL LhaL Lhey are
orlglnally crafLed buL LhaL Lhey are falr and correcL ln Lhe conLexL of Lhe parLlcular
dlspuLes lnvolved. !usLlce, noL orlglnallLy, form, and sLyle, ls Lhe ob[ecL of every
declslon of a courL of law.
CrlglnallLy ln Lhe law ls vlewed wlLh skepLlclsm. lL ls only Lhe arroganL
fool or Lhe Lruly glfLed who wlll deparL enLlrely from Lhe esLabllshed LemplaLe
and reformulaLe an exlsLlng ldea ln Lhe bellef LhaL ln dolng so Lhey wlll lmprove lL.
Whlle over Llme lncremenLal changes occur, Lhe wholesale abandonmenL of
esLabllshed expresslon ls generally consldered foolhardy. IG$ >"8 1(..85 /: >"8
!"(5%80 /: 43(%#(5#0;B J.2+ ,%(#$0. ,00/2#(.8 ?)0.#28 1(5#($/ !+ A83 !(0.#33/B
Iebruary 8, 2011)

2.9 1ransfer of Copyr|ght
SecLlons 180 (and lLs subparagraphs), 181, 182, 183, lC

Sec. 180. klqbts of Asslqoee. -

180.1. 1he copyrlghL may be asslgned ln whole or ln parL. WlLhln Lhe scope of Lhe
asslgnmenL, Lhe asslgnee ls enLlLled Lo all Lhe rlghLs and remedles whlch Lhe
asslgnor had wlLh respecL Lo Lhe copyrlghL.

180.2. 1he copyrlghL ls noL deemed asslgned lotet vlvos ln whole or ln parL unless
Lhere ls a wrlLLen lndlcaLlon of such lnLenLlon.

180.3. 1he submlsslon of a llLerary, phoLographlc or arLlsLlc work Lo a newspaper,
magazlne or perlodlcal for publlcaLlon shall consLlLuLe only a llcense Lo make a
slngle publlcaLlon unless a greaLer rlghL ls expressly granLed. lf Lwo (2) or more
persons [olnLly own a copyrlghL or any parL Lhereof, nelLher of Lhe owners shall
be enLlLled Lo granL llcenses wlLhouL Lhe prlor wrlLLen consenL of Lhe oLher
owner or owners.

Sec. 181. copytlqbt ooJ Motetlol Object. - 1he copyrlghL ls dlsLlncL from Lhe
properLy ln Lhe maLerlal ob[ecL sub[ecL Lo lL. ConsequenLly, Lhe Lransfer or
asslgnmenL of Lhe copyrlghL shall noL lLself consLlLuLe a Lransfer of Lhe maLerlal
ob[ecL. nor shall a Lransfer or asslgnmenL of Lhe sole copy or of one or several
coples of Lhe work lmply Lransfer or asslgnmenL of Lhe copyrlghL.

Sec. 182. lllloq of Asslqomeot of llceose. - An asslgnmenL or excluslve llcense
may be flled ln dupllcaLe wlLh Lhe naLlonal Llbrary upon paymenL of Lhe
prescrlbed fee for reglsLraLlon ln books and records kepL for Lhe purpose. upon
recordlng, a copy of Lhe lnsLrumenL shall be, reLurned Lo Lhe sender wlLh a
noLaLlon of Lhe facL of record. noLlce of Lhe record shall be publlshed ln Lhe lC
CazeLLe.

Sec. 183. ueslqootloo of 5oclety. - 1he copyrlghL owners or Lhelr helrs may
deslgnaLe a socleLy of arLlsLs, wrlLers or composers Lo enforce Lhelr economlc
rlghLs and moral rlghLs on Lhelr behalf.

SecLlons 4.2 ln relaLlon Lo SecLlons 87 and 88, lC

4.2. 1he Lerm "tecbooloqy ttoosfet ottooqemeots" refers Lo conLracLs or
agreemenLs lnvolvlng Lhe Lransfer of sysLemaLlc knowledge for Lhe manufacLure
of a producL, Lhe appllcaLlon of a process, or renderlng of a servlce lncludlng
managemenL conLracLs, and Lhe Lransfer, asslgnmenL or llcenslng of all forms of
lnLellecLual properLy rlghLs, lncludlng llcenslng of compuLer sofLware excepL
compuLer sofLware developed for mass markeL.

Sec. 87. ltoblblteJ clooses. - LxcepL ln cases under SecLlon 91, Lhe followlng
provlslons shall be deemed prlma facle Lo have an adverse on compeLlLlon and
Lrade:

87.1. 1hose whlch lmpose upon Lhe llcensee Lhe obllgaLlon Lo acqulre from a
speclflc source caplLal goods, lnLermedlaLe producLs, raw maLerlals, and oLher
Lechnologles, or of permanenLly employlng personnel lndlcaLed by Lhe llcensor,

87.2. 1hose pursuanL Lo whlch Lhe llcensor reserves Lhe rlghL Lo flx Lhe sale or
resale prlces of Lhe producLs manufacLured on Lhe basls of Lhe llcense,

87.3. 1hose LhaL conLaln resLrlcLlons regardlng Lhe volume and sLrucLure of
producLlon,

87.4 1hose LhaL prohlblL Lhe use of compeLlLlve Lechnologles ln a non-excluslve
Lechnology Lransfer agreemenL,

87.3. 1hose LhaL esLabllsh a full or parLlal purchase opLlon ln favor of Lhe llcensor,

87.6. 1hose LhaL obllgaLe Lhe llcensee Lo Lransfer for free Lo Lhe llcensor Lhe
lnvenLlons or lmprovemenLs LhaL may be obLalned Lhrough Lhe use of Lhe
llcensed Lechnology,

87.7. 1hose LhaL requlre paymenL of royalLles Lo Lhe owners of paLenLs for
paLenLs whlch are noL used,

87.8. 1hose LhaL prohlblL Lhe llcensee Lo exporL Lhe llcensed producL unless
[usLlfled for Lhe proLecLlon of Lhe leglLlmaLe lnLeresL of Lhe llcensor such as
exporLs Lo counLrles where excluslve llcenses Lo manufacLure and/or dlsLrlbuLe
Lhe llcensed producL(s) have already been granLed,

87.9. 1hose whlch resLrlcL Lhe use of Lhe Lechnology supplled afLer Lhe explraLlon
of Lhe Lechnology Lransfer arrangemenL, excepL ln cases of early LermlnaLlon of
Lhe Lechnology Lransfer arrangemenL due Lo reason(s) aLLrlbuLable Lo Lhe
llcensee,

87.10. 1hose whlch requlre paymenLs for paLenLs and oLher lndusLrlal properLy
rlghLs afLer Lhelr explraLlon, LermlnaLlon arrangemenL,

87.11. 1hose whlch requlre LhaL Lhe Lechnology reclplenL shall noL conLesL Lhe
valldlLy of any of Lhe paLenLs of Lhe Lechnology suppller,

87.12. 1hose whlch resLrlcL Lhe research and developmenL acLlvlLles of Lhe
llcensee deslgned Lo absorb and adapL Lhe Lransferred Lechnology Lo local
condlLlons or Lo lnlLlaLe research and developmenL programs ln connecLlon wlLh
new producLs, processes or equlpmenL,

87.13. 1hose whlch prevenL Lhe llcensee from adapLlng Lhe lmporLed Lechnology
Lo local condlLlons, or lnLroduclng lnnovaLlon Lo lL, as long as lL does noL lmpalr
Lhe quallLy sLandards prescrlbed by Lhe llcensor,

87.14. 1hose whlch exempL Lhe llcensor for llablllLy for non-fulflllmenL of hls
responslblllLles under Lhe Lechnology Lransfer arrangemenL and/or llablllLy
arlslng from Lhlrd parLy sulLs broughL abouL by Lhe use of Lhe llcensed producL or
Lhe llcensed Lechnology, and

87.13. CLher clauses wlLh equlvalenL effecLs

Sec. 88. MooJototy ltovlsloos. - 1he followlng provlslons shall be lncluded ln
volunLary llcense conLracLs:

88.1. 1haL Lhe laws of Lhe hlllpplnes shall govern Lhe lnLerpreLaLlon of Lhe same
and ln Lhe evenL of llLlgaLlon, Lhe venue shall be Lhe proper courL ln Lhe place
where Lhe llcensee has lLs prlnclpal offlce,

88.2. ConLlnued access Lo lmprovemenLs ln Lechnlques and processes relaLed Lo
Lhe Lechnology shall be made avallable durlng Lhe perlod of Lhe Lechnology
Lransfer arrangemenL,

88.3. ln Lhe evenL Lhe Lechnology Lransfer arrangemenL shall provlde for
arblLraLlon, Lhe rocedure of ArblLraLlon of Lhe ArblLraLlon Law of Lhe hlllpplnes
or Lhe ArblLraLlon 8ules of Lhe unlLed naLlons Commlsslon on lnLernaLlonal 1rade
Law (unCl18AL) or Lhe 8ules of ConclllaLlon and ArblLraLlon of Lhe lnLernaLlonal
Chamber of Commerce (lCC) shall apply and Lhe venue of arblLraLlon shall be Lhe
hlllpplnes or any neuLral counLry, and

88.4. 1he hlllpplne Laxes on all paymenLs relaLlng Lo Lhe Lechnology Lransfer
arrangemenL shall be borne by Lhe llcensor.

SecLlon 92, lC

Sec. 92. Noo-keqlsttotloo wltb tbe uocomeototloo, lofotmotloo ooJ 1ecbooloqy
1toosfet 8oteoo. - 1echnology Lransfer arrangemenLs LhaL conform wlLh Lhe
provlslons of SecLlons 86 and 87 need noL be reglsLered wlLh Lhe uocumenLaLlon,
lnformaLlon and 1echnology 1ransfer 8ureau. non-conformance wlLh any of Lhe
provlslons of SecLlons 87 and 88, however, shall auLomaLlcally render Lhe
Lechnology Lransfer arrangemenL unenforceable, unless sald Lechnology Lransfer
arrangemenL ls approved and reglsLered wlLh Lhe uocumenLaLlon, lnformaLlon
and 1echnology 1ransfer 8ureau under Lhe provlslons of SecLlon 91 on
excepLlonal cases. (n)

SecLlon 237, lC

Sec. 237. Notlflcotloo oo 8etoe AppeoJlx. - 1he hlllpplnes shall by proper
compllance wlLh Lhe requlremenLs seL forLh under Lhe Appendlx of Lhe 8erne
ConvenLlon (arls AcL, 1971) avall lLself of Lhe speclal provlslons regardlng
developlng counLrles, lncludlng provlslons for llcenses granLable by compeLenL
auLhorlLy under Lhe Appendlx. (n)

2.10 Depos|t of copyr|ghtab|e mater|als

SecLlons 191-192, lC

Sec. 191. keqlsttotloo ooJ ueposlt wltb Notloool llbtoty ooJ tbe 5opteme coott
llbtoty.- AfLer Lhe flrsL publlc dlssemlnaLlon of performance by auLhorlLy of Lhe
copyrlghL owner of a work falllng under SubsecLlons 172.1, 172.2 and 172.3 of
Lhls AcL, Lhere shall, for Lhe purpose of compleLlng Lhe records of Lhe naLlonal
Llbrary and Lhe Supreme CourL Llbrary, wlLhln Lhree (3) weeks, be reglsLered and
deposlLed wlLh lL, by personal dellvery or by reglsLered mall, Lwo (2) compleLe
coples or reproducLlons of Lhe work ln such form as Lhe dlrecLors of sald llbrarles
may prescrlbe. A cerLlflcaLe of deposlL shall be lssued for whlch Lhe prescrlbed
fee shall be collecLed and Lhe copyrlghL owner shall be exempL from maklng
addlLlonal deposlL of Lhe works wlLh Lhe naLlonal Llbrary and Lhe Supreme CourL
Llbrary under oLher laws. lf, wlLhln Lhree (3) weeks afLer recelpL by Lhe copyrlghL
owner of a wrlLLen demand from Lhe dlrecLors for such deposlL, Lhe requlred
coples or reproducLlons are noL dellvered and Lhe fee ls noL pald, Lhe copyrlghL
owner shall be llable Lo pay a flne equlvalenL Lo Lhe requlred fee per monLh of
delay and Lo pay Lo Lhe naLlonal Llbrary and Lhe Supreme CourL Llbrary Lhe
amounL of Lhe reLall prlce of Lhe besL edlLlon of Lhe work. Cnly Lhe above
menLloned classes of work shall be accepLed for deposlL by Lhe naLlonal Llbrary
and Lhe Supreme CourL Llbrary.

Sec. 192. Notlce of copytlqbt. - Lach copy of a work publlshed or offered for sale
may conLaln a noLlce bearlng Lhe name of Lhe copyrlghL owner, and Lhe year of
lLs flrsL publlcaLlon, and, ln coples produced afLer Lhe creaLor's deaLh, Lhe year of
such deaLh.

SecLlons 227-229, lC

Sec. 227. Owoetsblp of ueposlt ooJ losttomeots. - All coples deposlLed and
lnsLrumenLs ln wrlLlng flled wlLh Lhe naLlonal Llbrary and Lhe Supreme CourL
Llbrary ln accordance wlLh Lhe provlslons of Lhls AcL shall become Lhe properLy of
Lhe CovernmenL.

Sec. 228. lobllc kecotJs. - 1he secLlon or dlvlslon of Lhe naLlonal Llbrary and Lhe
Supreme CourL Llbrary charged wlLh recelvlng coples and lnsLrumenLs deposlLed
and wlLh keeplng records requlred under Lhls AcL and everyLhlng ln lL shall be
opened Lo publlc lnspecLlon. 1he ulrecLor of Lhe naLlonal Llbrary ls empowered
Lo lssue such safeguards and regulaLlons as may be necessary Lo lmplemenL Lhls
SecLlon and oLher provlslons of Lhls AcL.

Sec. 229. copytlqbt ulvlsloo lees. - 1he CopyrlghL SecLlon of Lhe naLlonal Llbrary
shall be classlfled as a ulvlslon upon Lhe effecLlvlLy of Lhls AcL. 1he naLlonal
Llbrary shall have Lhe power Lo collecL, for Lhe dlscharge of lLs servlces under Lhls
AcL, such fees as may be promulgaLed by lL from Llme Lo Llme sub[ecL Lo Lhe
approval of Lhe ueparLmenL Pead.

8ule 3, CopyrlghL Safeguards and 8egulaLlons

8uLL 3. 8eglsLraLlon and ueposlL of Work

SLC1lCn 1. Who May Apply. - 1he owner or asslgnee of Lhe copyrlghL or hls
duly auLhorlzed agenL or represenLaLlve, may apply for a cerLlflcaLe of
reglsLraLlon and deposlL of Lhe work: rovlded, 1haL lf an auLhor could noL clalm
Lhe beneflL of copyrlghL proLecLlon, hls asslgnee or agenL cannoL clalm lL. lf Lhe
appllcanL ls noL Lhe owner or auLhor or asslgnee of Lhe work, he shall be requlred
Lo submlL hls auLhorlLy Lo apply. An asslgnee ls a person Lo whom an auLhor may
asslgn copyrlghL ln whole or ln parL. 1he asslgnee ls enLlLled Lo all Lhe rlghLs and
remedles whlch Lhe asslgnor has wlLh respecL Lo Lhe copyrlghL. AlLhough no
copyrlghL should subslsL ln any work of Lhe governmenL, any employee may clalm
lL by submlLLlng for reglsLraLlon any work LhaL has been creaLed durlng Lhe Llme
of hls employmenL buL whlch does noL form parL of hls regularly prescrlbed
offlclal duLles.

SLC1lCn 2. ldenLlflcaLlon of AuLhor or AuLhors. - An appllcaLlon for copyrlghL
cerLlflcaLe shall ldenLlfy Lhe auLhor or auLhors, as far as pracLlcable, wlLhouL
pre[udlce Lo Lhe provlslons of SecLlons 171.2 and 179 of Lhe lC.

SLC1lCn 3. non-8esldenL AppllcanL. - A non-resldenL appllcanL shall appolnL a
resldenL agenL, by speclal power of aLLorney (SA), who shall be auLhorlzed Lo
pursue Lhe copyrlghL appllcaLlon for hls/her/lLs behalf wlLh 1nL and/or Lhe SCL
and Lo recelve servlce of noLlce or oLher legal process relaLlng Lo Lhe appllcaLlon
and Lhe copyrlghL. ln Lhe evenL of deaLh, absence or lncapaclLy of Lhe resldenL
agenL, Lhe appllcanL shall appolnL a new resldenL agenL, by SA wlLh revocaLlon
of Lhe prlor SA, and flle noLlce and a copy Lhereof wlLh 1nL and/or Lhe SCL.

SLC1lCn 4. Works 1haL Shall 8e 8eglsLered and ueposlLed. - 1wo (2) coples or
reproducLlons of Lhe followlng classes of works, and Lransfers and asslgnmenLs
relaLed LhereLo, shall be reglsLered and deposlLed wlLh 1nL CopyrlghL ulvlslon
and anoLher Lwo (2) coples wlLh Lhe SCL:

8ooks, pamphleLs, arLlcles and oLher wrlLlngs,
erlodlcals and newspapers,
LecLures, sermons, addresses, dlsserLaLlons prepared for oral dellvery
wheLher or noL reduced ln wrlLlng or oLher maLerlal form,
LeLLers,
Muslcal composlLlons wlLh or wlLhouL words.

SLC1lCn 3. 8epllcas and lcLures. - lor pracLlcal purposes, only repllcas and
plcLures of Lhe followlng classes of works, shall be reglsLered and deposlLed wlLh
1nL CopyrlghL ulvlslon:

Works of drawlng, palnLlng, archlLecLure, sculpLure, engravlng, llLhography
or oLher works of arL, models or deslgns for works of arL,
Crlglnal ornamenLal deslgns or models for arLlcles of manufacLure,
wheLher or noL reglsLerable as an lndusLrlal deslgn, and oLher works of
applled arL,
lllusLraLlons, maps, plans, skeLches, charLs and Lhree-dlmenslonal works
relaLlve Lo geography, Lopography, archlLecLure or sclence,
urawlngs or plasLlc works of a sclenLlflc or Lechnlcal characLer.

SLC1lCn 6. Works LhaL May be 8eglsLered and ueposlLed. - 1he followlng
works may be reglsLered and deposlLed:

uramaLlc or dramaLlc-muslcal composlLlons, choreographlc works or
enLerLalnmenL ln shows, hoLographlc works lncludlng works produced
by a process analogous Lo phoLography, lanLern slldes, Audlovlsual
works and clnemaLographlc works and works produced by a process
analogous Lo clnemaLography or any process for maklng audlo-vlsual
recordlngs,
lcLorlal lllusLraLlons and adverLlsemenLs,
CompuLer programs,
CLher llLerary, scholarly, sclenLlflc and arLlsLlc works,
Sound recordlngs,
8roadcasL recordlngs.

SLC1lCn 7. When Lo 8eglsLer and ueposlL. - 1he reglsLraLlon and deposlL
of coples or reproducLlons of Lhe work or works, uslng Lhe prescrlbed form, shall
be made personally or by reglsLered mall wlLhln Lhree (3) weeks afLer Lhe flrsL
publlc dlssemlnaLlon or publlcaLlon as auLhorlzed by Lhe auLhor.

2.11 lnfr|ngement

Def|n|t|on
kemed|es
SecLlons 221-224, lC

Sec. 221. lolots of Attocbmeot fot wotks ooJet 5ectloos 172 ooJ 17J. -

221.1. 1he proLecLlon afforded by Lhls AcL Lo copyrlghLable works under
SecLlons 172 and 173 shall apply Lo:
(a) Works of auLhors who are naLlonals of, or have Lhelr hablLual
resldence ln Lhe hlllpplnes,
(b) Audlo-vlsual works Lhe producer of whlch has hls headquarLers
or hablLual resldence ln Lhe hlllpplnes,
(c) Works of archlLecLure erecLed ln Lhe hlllpplnes or oLher arLlsLlc
works lncorporaLed ln a bulldlng or oLher sLrucLure locaLed ln Lhe
hlllpplnes,
(d) Works flrsL publlshed ln Lhe hlllpplnes, and
(e) Works flrsL publlshed ln anoLher counLry buL also publlshed ln
Lhe hlllpplnes wlLhln LhlrLy days, lrrespecLlve of Lhe naLlonallLy or
resldence of Lhe auLhors.

221.2. 1he provlslons of Lhls AcL shall also apply Lo works LhaL are Lo be
proLecLed by vlrLue of and ln accordance wlLh any lnLernaLlonal convenLlon
or oLher lnLernaLlonal agreemenL Lo whlch Lhe hlllpplnes ls a parLy. (n)

Sec. 222. lolots of Attocbmeot fot letfotmets. - 1he provlslons of Lhls AcL on
Lhe proLecLlon of performers shall apply Lo:

222.1. erformers who are naLlonals of Lhe hlllpplnes,

222.2. erformers who are noL naLlonals of Lhe hlllpplnes buL whose
performances:
(a) 1ake place ln Lhe hlllpplnes, or
(b) Are lncorporaLed ln sound recordlngs LhaL are proLecLed under
Lhls AcL, or
(c) Whlch has noL been flxed ln sound recordlng buL are carrled by
broadcasL quallfylng for proLecLlon under Lhls AcL. (n)

Sec. 223. lolots of Attocbmeot fot 5oooJ kecotJloqs. - 1he provlslons of Lhls
AcL on Lhe proLecLlon of sound recordlngs shall apply Lo:

223.1. sound recordlngs Lhe producers of whlch are naLlonals of Lhe
hlllpplnes, and

223.2. Sound recordlngs LhaL were flrsL publlshed ln Lhe hlllpplnes. (n)

Sec. 224. lolots of Attocbmeot fot 8tooJcosts. -

224.1. 1he provlslons of Lhls AcL on Lhe proLecLlon of broadcasLs shall apply
Lo:
(a) 8roadcasLs of broadcasLlng organlzaLlons Lhe headquarLers of
whlch are slLuaLed ln Lhe hlllpplnes, and
(b) 8roadcasLs LransmlLLed from LransmlLLers slLuaLed ln Lhe
hlllpplnes.

224.2. 1he provlslons of Lhls AcL shall also apply Lo performers who, and Lo
producers of sound recordlngs and broadcasLlng organlzaLlons whlch, are Lo
be proLecLed by vlrLue of and ln accordance wlLh any lnLernaLlonal
convenLlon or oLher lnLernaLlonal agreemenL Lo whlch Lhe hlllpplnes ls a
parLy.

Sec. 3, lC

Sec. 3. lotetootloool cooveotloos ooJ keclptoclty. - Any person who ls a naLlonal
or who ls domlclled or has a real and effecLlve lndusLrlal esLabllshmenL ln a
counLry whlch ls a parLy Lo any convenLlon, LreaLy or agreemenL relaLlng Lo
lnLellecLual properLy rlghLs or Lhe represslon of unfalr compeLlLlon, Lo whlch Lhe
hlllpplnes ls also a parLy, or exLends reclprocal rlghLs Lo naLlonals of Lhe
hlllpplnes by law, shall be enLlLled Lo beneflLs Lo Lhe exLenL necessary Lo glve
effecL Lo any provlslon of such convenLlon, LreaLy or reclprocal law, ln addlLlon Lo
Lhe rlghLs Lo whlch any owner of an lnLellecLual properLy rlghL ls oLherwlse
enLlLled by Lhls AcL. (n)

SecLlons 10.2, lC

Sec. 10. 1be 8oteoo of leqol Affolts. - 1he 8ureau of Legal Affalrs shall have Lhe
followlng funcLlons:

10.2.
(a) Lxerclse orlglnal [urlsdlcLlon ln admlnlsLraLlve complalnLs for vlolaLlons of laws
lnvolvlng lnLellecLual properLy rlghLs: ltovlJeJ, 1haL lLs [urlsdlcLlon ls llmlLed Lo
complalnLs where Lhe LoLal damages clalmed are noL less Lhan 1wo hundred
Lhousand pesos (200,000): ltovlJeJ, fottbet, 1haL avallmenL of Lhe provlslonal
remedles may be granLed ln accordance wlLh Lhe 8ules of CourL. 1he ulrecLor of
Legal Affalrs shall have Lhe power Lo hold and punlsh for conLempL all Lhose who
dlsregard orders or wrlLs lssued ln Lhe course of Lhe proceedlngs. (n)

(b) AfLer formal lnvesLlgaLlon, Lhe ulrecLor for Legal Affalrs may lmpose one (1)
or more of Lhe followlng admlnlsLraLlve penalLles:
(l) 1he lssuance of a cease and deslsL order whlch shall speclfy Lhe
acLs LhaL Lhe respondenL shall cease and deslsL from and shall
requlre hlm Lo submlL a compllance reporL wlLhln a reasonable Llme
whlch shall be flxed ln Lhe order,

(ll) 1he accepLance of a volunLary assurance of compllance or
dlsconLlnuance as may be lmposed. Such volunLary assurance may
lnclude one or more of Lhe followlng:
(1) An assurance Lo comply wlLh Lhe provlslons of Lhe
lnLellecLual properLy law vlolaLed,
(2) An assurance Lo refraln from engaglng ln unlawful and
unfalr acLs and pracLlces sub[ecL of Lhe formal
lnvesLlgaLlon,
(3) An assurance Lo recall, replace, repalr, or refund Lhe
money value of defecLlve goods dlsLrlbuLed ln commerce,
and
(4) An assurance Lo relmburse Lhe complalnanL Lhe
expenses and cosLs lncurred ln prosecuLlng Lhe case ln Lhe
8ureau of Legal Affalrs.
1he ulrecLor of Legal Affalrs may also requlre Lhe
respondenL Lo submlL perlodlc compllance reporLs and flle
a bond Lo guaranLee compllance of hls underLaklng,

(lll) 1he condemnaLlon or selzure of producLs whlch are sub[ecL of
Lhe offense. 1he goods selzed hereunder shall be dlsposed of ln
such manner as may be deemed approprlaLe by Lhe ulrecLor of
Legal Affalrs, such as by sale, donaLlon Lo dlsLressed local
governmenLs or Lo charlLable or rellef lnsLlLuLlons, exporLaLlon,
recycllng lnLo oLher goods, or any comblnaLlon Lhereof, under such
guldellnes as he may provlde,

(lv) 1he forfelLure of paraphernalla and all real and personal
properLles whlch have been used ln Lhe commlsslon of Lhe offense,

(v) 1he lmposlLlon of admlnlsLraLlve flnes ln such amounL as
deemed reasonable by Lhe ulrecLor of Legal Affalrs, whlch shall ln
no case be less Lhan llve Lhousand pesos (3,000) nor more Lhan
Cne hundred flfLy Lhousand pesos (130,000). ln addlLlon, an
addlLlonal flne of noL more Lhan Cne Lhousand pesos (1,000) shall
be lmposed for each day of conLlnulng vlolaLlon,

(vl) 1he cancellaLlon of any permlL, llcense, auLhorlLy, or reglsLraLlon
whlch may have been granLed by Lhe Cfflce, or Lhe suspenslon of
Lhe valldlLy Lhereof for such perlod of Llme as Lhe ulrecLor of Legal
Affalrs may deem reasonable whlch shall noL exceed one (1) year,

(vll) 1he wlLhholdlng of any permlL, llcense, auLhorlLy, or
reglsLraLlon whlch ls belng secured by Lhe respondenL from Lhe
Cfflce,

(vlll) 1he assessmenL of damages,
(lx) Censure, and

(x) CLher analogous penalLles or sancLlons.

SecLlons 216-220, lC

Sec. 216. kemeJles fot loftloqemeot. -

216.1. Any person lnfrlnglng a rlghL proLecLed under Lhls law shall be llable:
(a) 1o an ln[uncLlon resLralnlng such lnfrlngemenL. 1he courL may
also order Lhe defendanL Lo deslsL from an lnfrlngemenL, among
oLhers, Lo prevenL Lhe enLry lnLo Lhe channels of commerce of
lmporLed goods LhaL lnvolve an lnfrlngemenL, lmmedlaLely afLer
cusLoms clearance of such goods.
(b) ay Lo Lhe copyrlghL proprleLor or hls asslgns or helrs such acLual
damages, lncludlng legal cosLs and oLher expenses, as he may have
lncurred due Lo Lhe lnfrlngemenL as well as Lhe proflLs Lhe lnfrlnger
may have made due Lo such lnfrlngemenL, and ln provlng proflLs Lhe
plalnLlff shall be requlred Lo prove sales only and Lhe defendanL
shall be requlred Lo prove every elemenL of cosL whlch he clalms,
or, ln lleu of acLual damages and proflLs, such damages whlch Lo Lhe
courL shall appear Lo be [usL and shall noL be regarded as penalLy.
(c) uellver under oaLh, for lmpoundlng durlng Lhe pendency of Lhe
acLlon, upon such Lerms and condlLlons as Lhe courL may prescrlbe,
sales lnvolces and oLher documenLs evldenclng sales, all arLlcles and
Lhelr packaglng alleged Lo lnfrlnge a copyrlghL and lmplemenLs for
maklng Lhem.
(d) uellver under oaLh for desLrucLlon wlLhouL any compensaLlon all
lnfrlnglng coples or devlces, as well as all plaLes, molds, or oLher
means for maklng such lnfrlnglng coples as Lhe courL may order.
(e) Such oLher Lerms and condlLlons, lncludlng Lhe paymenL of
moral and exemplary damages, whlch Lhe courL may deem proper,
wlse and equlLable and Lhe desLrucLlon of lnfrlnglng coples of Lhe
work even ln Lhe evenL of acqulLLal ln a crlmlnal case.

216. 2. ln an lnfrlngemenL acLlon, Lhe courL shall also have Lhe power Lo
order Lhe selzure and lmpoundlng of any arLlcle whlch may serve as evldence
ln Lhe courL proceedlngs.

Sec. 217. ctlmlool leooltles. -

217.1. Any person lnfrlnglng any rlghL secured by provlslons of arL lv of Lhls
AcL or aldlng or abeLLlng such lnfrlngemenL shall be gullLy of a crlme
punlshable by:
(a) lmprlsonmenL of one (1) year Lo Lhree (3) years plus a flne
ranglng from llfLy Lhousand pesos (30,000) Lo Cne hundred flfLy
Lhousand pesos (130,000) for Lhe flrsL offense.
(b) lmprlsonmenL of Lhree (3) years and one (1) day Lo slx (6) years
plus a flne ranglng from Cne hundred flfLy Lhousand pesos
(130,000) Lo llve hundred Lhousand pesos (300,000) for Lhe
second offense.
(c) lmprlsonmenL of slx (6) years and one (1) day Lo nlne (9) years
plus a flne ranglng from llve hundred Lhousand pesos (300,000) Lo
Cne mllllon flve hundred Lhousand pesos (1,300,000) for Lhe Lhlrd
and subsequenL offenses.
(d) ln all cases, subsldlary lmprlsonmenL ln cases of lnsolvency.

217.2. ln deLermlnlng Lhe number of years of lmprlsonmenL and Lhe amounL
of flne, Lhe courL shall conslder Lhe value of Lhe lnfrlnglng maLerlals LhaL Lhe
defendanL has produced or manufacLured and Lhe damage LhaL Lhe
copyrlghL owner has suffered by reason of Lhe lnfrlngemenL.

217.3. Any person who aL Lhe Llme when copyrlghL subslsLs ln a work has ln
hls possesslon an arLlcle whlch he knows, or oughL Lo know, Lo be an
lnfrlnglng copy of Lhe work for Lhe purpose of:
(a) Selllng, leLLlng for hlre, or by way of Lrade offerlng or exposlng
for sale, or hlre, Lhe arLlcle,
(b) ulsLrlbuLlng Lhe arLlcle for purpose of Lrade, or for any oLher
purpose Lo an exLenL LhaL wlll pre[udlce Lhe rlghLs of Lhe copyrlghL
owner ln Lhe work, or
(c) 1rade exhlblL of Lhe arLlcle ln publlc, shall be gullLy of an offense
and shall be llable on convlcLlon Lo lmprlsonmenL and flne as above
menLloned.

Sec. 218. AfflJovlt vlJeoce. -

218.1. ln an acLlon under Lhls ChapLer, an affldavlL made before a noLary
publlc by or on behalf of Lhe owner of Lhe copyrlghL ln any work or oLher
sub[ecL maLLer and sLaLlng LhaL:
(a) AL Lhe Llme speclfled Lhereln, copyrlghL subslsLed ln Lhe work or
oLher sub[ecL maLLer,
(b) Pe or Lhe person named Lhereln ls Lhe owner of Lhe copyrlghL,
and
(c) 1he copy of Lhe work or oLher sub[ecL maLLer annexed LhereLo ls
a Lrue copy Lhereof, shall be admlLLed ln evldence ln any
proceedlngs for an offense under Lhls ChapLer and shall be prlma
facle proof of Lhe maLLers Lhereln sLaLed unLll Lhe conLrary ls
proved, and Lhe courL before whlch such affldavlL ls produced shall
assume LhaL Lhe affldavlL was made by or on behalf of Lhe owner of
Lhe copyrlghL.

218.2. ln an acLlon under Lhls ChapLer.
(a) CopyrlghL shall be presumed Lo subslsL ln Lhe work or oLher
sub[ecL maLLer Lo whlch Lhe acLlon relaLes lf Lhe defendanL does noL
puL ln lssue Lhe quesLlon wheLher copyrlghL subslsLs ln Lhe work or
oLher sub[ecL maLLer, and
(b) Where Lhe subslsLence of Lhe copyrlghL ls esLabllshed, Lhe
plalnLlff shall be presumed Lo be Lhe owner of Lhe copyrlghL lf he
clalms Lo be Lhe owner of Lhe copyrlghL and Lhe defendanL does noL
puL ln lssue Lhe quesLlon of hls ownershlp.
(c) Where Lhe defendanL, wlLhouL good falLh, puLs ln lssue Lhe
quesLlons of wheLher copyrlghL subslsLs ln a work or oLher sub[ecL
maLLer Lo whlch Lhe acLlon relaLes, or Lhe ownershlp of copyrlghL ln
such work or sub[ecL maLLer, Lhereby occaslonlng unnecessary cosLs
or delay ln Lhe proceedlngs, Lhe courL may dlrecL LhaL any cosLs Lo
Lhe defendanL ln respecL of Lhe acLlon shall noL be allowed by hlm
and LhaL any cosLs occasloned by Lhe defendanL Lo oLher parLles
shall be pald by hlm Lo such oLher parLles. (n)

Sec. 219. ltesomptloo of Aotbotsblp. -

219.1. 1he naLural person whose name ls lndlcaLed on a work ln Lhe usual
manner as Lhe auLhor shall, ln Lhe absence of proof Lo Lhe conLrary, be
presumed Lo be Lhe auLhor of Lhe work. 1hls provlslon shall be appllcable
even lf Lhe name ls a pseudonym, where Lhe pseudonym leaves no doubL as
Lo Lhe ldenLlLy of Lhe auLhor.

219.2. 1he person or body, corporaLe whose name appears on an audlo-
vlsual work ln Lhe usual manner shall, ln Lhe absence of proof Lo Lhe
conLrary, be presumed Lo be Lhe maker of sald work. (n)

Sec. 220. lotetootloool keqlsttotloo of wotks. - A sLaLemenL concernlng a
work, recorded ln an lnLernaLlonal reglsLer ln accordance wlLh an
lnLernaLlonal LreaLy Lo whlch Lhe hlllpplnes ls or may become a parLy, shall
be consLrued as Lrue unLll Lhe conLrary ls proved excepL:

220.1. Where Lhe sLaLemenL cannoL be valld under Lhls AcL or any oLher law
concernlng lnLellecLual properLy.

220.2. Where Lhe sLaLemenL ls conLradlcLed by anoLher sLaLemenL recorded
ln Lhe lnLernaLlonal reglsLer.

SecLlons 223-226, lC

Sec. 223. IotlsJlctloo. - WlLhouL pre[udlce Lo Lhe provlslons of SubsecLlon 7.1(c),
acLlons under Lhls AcL shall be cognlzable by Lhe courLs wlLh approprlaLe
[urlsdlcLlon under exlsLlng law.

Sec. 226. uomoqes. - no damages may be recovered under Lhls AcL afLer four (4)
years from Lhe Llme Lhe cause of acLlon arose.

Sec. 231, lC

Sec. 231. kevetse keclptoclty of lotelqo lows. - Any condlLlon, resLrlcLlon,
llmlLaLlon, dlmlnuLlon, requlremenL, penalLy or any slmllar burden lmposed by
Lhe law of a forelgn counLry on a hlllpplne naLlonal seeklng proLecLlon of
lnLellecLual properLy rlghLs ln LhaL counLry, shall reclprocally be enforceable upon
naLlonals of sald counLry, wlLhln hlllpplne [urlsdlcLlon. (n)

ku|e on Search and Se|zure |n C|v|| Act|ons for Infr|ngement of Inte||ectua|
roperty k|ghts (A.M. No. 02-1-06-SC)

Sect|on 1. covetoqe. - 1hls 8ule shall govern Lhe provlslonal selzure and
lmpoundlng of documenLs and arLlcles ln pendlng and lnLended clvll acLlons for
Lhe purpose of prevenLlng lnfrlngemenL and preservlng relevanL evldence ln
regard Lo alleged lnfrlngemenL under 8epubllc AcL no. 8293, oLherwlse known as
Lhe lnLellecLual properLy Code of Lhe hlllpplnes, ArLlcle 30 of Lhe AgreemenL on
1rade 8elaLed AspecLs of lnLellecLual roperLy 8lghLs, oLherwlse known as 18lS
and oLher relaLed laws and lnLernaLlonal convenLlons.

Sect|on 2. 1be wtlt of seotcb ooJ selzote. - Where any delay ls llkely Lo cause
lrreparable harm Lo Lhe lnLellecLual properLy rlghL holder or where Lhere ls
demonsLrable rlsk of evldence belng desLroyed, Lhe lnLellecLual properLy rlghL
holder or hls duly auLhorlzed represenLaLlve ln a pendlng clvll acLlon for
lnfrlngemenL or who lnLends Lo commence such an acLlon may apply ex potte for
Lhe lssuance of a wrlL of search and selzure dlrecLlng Lhe alleged lnfrlnglng
defendanL or expecLed adverse parLy Lo admlL lnLo hls premlses Lhe persons
named ln Lhe order and Lo allow Lhe search, lnspecLlon, copylng, phoLographlng,
audlo and audlovlsual recordlng or selzure of any documenL and arLlcle speclfled
ln Lhe order.

Sect|on 3. wbete oppllcotloo flleJ. - 1he appllcaLlon shall be flled wlLh any of Lhe
8eglonal 1rlal CourLs of Lhe [udlclal reglon deslgnaLed Lo Lry vlolaLlons of
lnLellecLual properLy rlghLs sLaLloned aL Lhe place where Lhe alleged vlolaLlon
occurred or ls Lo occur, or me place Lo be searched, aL Lhe elecLlon of Lhe
appllcanL. rovlded, however, LhaL where Lhe complalnL for lnfrlngemenL has
a1ready been flled, Lhe appllcaLlon shall be made ln Lhe courL where Lhe case ls
rendlng.

Sect|on 4. vetlfleJ oppllcotloo ooJ offlJovlts. - 1he appllcanL shall flle a verlfled
appllcaLlon alleglng Lhe ground upon whlch lL ls based and Lhe speclflc
descrlpLlon and locaLlon of Lhe documenLs and arLlcles Lo be searched, lnspecLed,
copled or selzed and Lhelr value. lL shall also sLaLe Lhe names of Lhe appllcanL, hls
represenLaLlve, wlLnesses and counsel who wlll aLLend Lhe search ln Lhe evenL
LhaL Lhe appllcaLlon ls granLed. 1he appllcaLlon shall be supporLed by affldavlLs of
wlLnesses who personally know Lhe facLs and by auLhenLlcaLed or cerLlfled
documenLs.
1he appllcaLlon shall conLaln a cerLlflcaLlon agalnsL forum shopplng as prescrlbed
by SecLlon 3, 8ule 7 of Lhe 1997 8ules of Clvll rocedure.
1he appllcanL shall underLake ln hls appllcaLlon LhaL he wlll noL use any of Lhe
documenLs, arLlcles or lnformaLlon obLalned by reason of Lhe search and selzure
for any purpose oLher Lhan ln Lhe acLlon ln whlch Lhe wrlL ls lssued.

Sect|on S. xomlootloo of oppllcoot, tecotJ, cooflJeotlollty of ptoceeJloqs. - 1he
appllcaLlon shall be acLed upon wlLhln LwenLy-four (24) hours from lLs flllng, 1he
[udge musL, before lssulng Lhe wrlL, examlne ln Lhe form of searchlng quesLlons
and answers, ln wrlLlng and under oaLh or afflrmaLlon, Lhe appllcanL and Lhe
wlLnesses he may produce on facLs personally known Lo Lhem. 1he examlnaLlon
of Lhe appllcanL and hls wlLnesses shall be recorded. 1helr sworn sLaLemenLs and
Lhelr affldavlLs shall form parL of Lhe record of Lhe case.
1he hearlng on Lhe appllcaLlon for Lhe wrlL shall be held ln Lhe chambers of Lhe
[udge. CourL personnel shall malnLaln Lhe confldenLlallLy of Lhe appllcaLlon
proceedlng.lowpbl1.oet
1he courL may requlre Lhe appllcanL Lo glve oLher lnformaLlon necessary for Lhe
ldenLlflcaLlon of Lhe arLlcles and documenLs Lo be searched, lnspecLed, copled or
selzed and Lhe premlses Lo be searched. Where feaslble, lL may dlrecL Lhe
appllcanL Lo submlL coples and phoLographs of Lhe documenLs or arLlcles Lo be
selzed and lmpounded.

Sect|on 6. CtoooJs fot tbe lssoooce of tbe otJet. - 8efore Lhe Crder can be
lssued, Lhe evldence proffered by Lhe appllcanL and personally evaluaLed by Lhe
[udge musL show LhaL:
(a) Lhe appllcanL ls Lhe rlghL holder or hls duly auLhorlzed represenLaLlve,
(b) Lhere ls probable cause Lo belleve LhaL Lhe appllcanL's rlghL ls belng lnfrlnged
or LhaL such lnfrlngemenL ls lmmlnenL and Lhere ls a ptlmo focle case for flnal
rellef agalnsL Lhe alleged lnfrlnglng defendanL or expecLed adverse parLy,
(c) damage, poLenLlal or acLual, llkely Lo be caused Lo Lhe appllcanL ls lrreparable,
(d) Lhere ls demonsLrable rlsk of evldence LhaL Lhe alleged lnfrlnglng defendanL
or expecLed adverse parLy may desLroy, hlde or remove Lhe documenLs or
arLlcles before any appllcaLlon lotet pottes can be made, and
(e) Lhe documenLs and arLlcles Lo be selzed consLlLuLe evldence of Lhe alleged
lnfrlnglng defendanL's or expecLed adverse parLy's lnfrlnglng acLlvlLy or LhaL Lhey
lnfrlnge upon Lhe lnLellecLual properLy rlghL of Lhe appllcanL or LhaL Lhey are used
or lnLended Lo be used as means of lnfrlnglng Lhe appllcanL's lnLellecLual
properLy rlghL.

Sect|on 7. wbeo wtlt moy lssoe. - lf Lhe [udge ls saLlsfled wlLh Lhe proof of facLs
upon whlch Lhe appllcaLlon ls based, he shall lssue Lhe wrlL requlrlng Lhe search,
lnspecLlon or copylng of Lhe sub[ecL documenLs or arLlcles or commandlng Lhe
sherlff Lo Lake Lhem lnLo hls cusLody sub[ecL Lo Lhe conLrol of Lhe courL. 1he
enforcemenL of Lhe wrlL shall be supervlsed by an lndependenL Commlssloner Lo
be appolnLed by Lhe courL.

Sect|on 8. cooteots of tbe wtlt. - 1he wrlL shall conLaln Lhe followlng:
(a) an order Lo Lhe alleged lnfrlnglng defendanL, expecLed adverse parLy or Lo Lhe
person who appears Lo be ln charge or ln conLrol of Lhe premlses or resldlng or
worklng Lhereln Lo permlL Lhe persons named ln Lhe wrlL Lo enLer lnLo Lhe
premlses for Lhe purpose of searchlng, lnspecLlng, copylng, or removlng from Lhe
premlses and Lransferrlng Lo Lhe cusLody of Lhe sherlff and sub[ecL Lo Lhe conLrol
of Lhe courL Lhe sub[ecL documenLs and arLlcles,
(b) an order Lo Lhe alleged lnfrlnglng defendanL, expecLed adverse parLy or Lo Lhe
person ln charge or ln conLrol of Lhe premlses Lo dlsclose Lo Lhe sherlff servlng
Lhe wrlL Lhe locaLlon of Lhe documenLs and arLlcles sub[ecL of Lhe wrlL,
(c) Lhe perlod when Lhe wrlL shall be enforced whlch ln no case shall be more
Lhan Len (10) days from Lhe daLe of lssuance by Lhe courL,
(d) Lhe names of Lhe appllcanL or hls agenL or represenLaLlve and Lhe
Commlssloner who shall supervlse Lhe enforcemenL of Lhe wrlL, and
(e) oLher Lerms and condlLlons LhaL wlll lnsure Lhe proper execuLlon of Lhe wrlL
wlLh due regard Lo Lhe rlghLs of Lhe alleged lnfrlnglng defendanL or expecLed
adverse parLy.
lL shall also conLaln a warnlng LhaL vlolaLlon of any of Lhe Lerms and condlLlons of
Lhe wrlL shall consLlLuLe conLempL of courL.

Sect|on 9. 8ooJ ooJ lts cooJltloos. - 1he appllcanL shall be requlred Lo posL a cash
bond, sureLy bond or oLher equlvalenL securlLy execuLed ln favor of Lhe
defendanL or expecLed adverse parLy ln a reasonable amounL Lo be flxed by me
courL ln lLs order granLlng me lssuance of a wrlL of search and selzure. 1he bond
shall be condlLloned on Lhe underLaklng of Lhe appllcanL LhaL he wlll pay all Lhe
cosLs whlch may be ad[udged Lo defendanL or expecLed adverse parLy and all
damages whlch me laLLer may susLaln by reason of me lssuance of Lhe wrlL.

Sect|on 10. wbeo wtlt sboll be setveJ. - 1he wrlL shall be served only on
weekdays and from 8 o'clock ln Lhe mornlng Lo 3 o'clock ln Lhe afLernoon.
Powever, Lhe courL may dlrecL LhaL Lhe wrlL be served on any day and any Llme
for compelllng reasons sLaLed ln Lhe appllcaLlon and duly proved.

Sect|on 11. 1o wbom wtlt sboll be setveJ. - 1he wrlL shall be served on Lhe
alleged lnfrlnglng defendanL or expecLed adverse parLy ln Lhe place Lo be
searched.
lf Lhe alleged lnfrlnglng defendanL or expecLed adverse parLy cannoL be found ln
Lhe premlses, Lhe wrlL shall be served on hls agenL or represenLaLlve. ln Lhe
absence of an agenL or represenLaLlve, lL shall be served on Lhe person ln charge
or ln conLrol of Lhe premlses, or resldlng or worklng Lhereln who ls of sufflclenL
age and dlscreLlon. lf such person ls absenL, Lhe sherlff or proper offlcer shall
posL Lhe papers on Lhe premlses and proceed wlLh Lhe enforcemenL of Lhe wrlL.

Sect|on 12. commlsslooet, Jotles, poollflcotloos ooJ fees. - 1he enforcemenL of
Lhe wrlL shall be supervlsed by Lhe lndependenL Commlssloner appolnLed by Lhe
courL. ln Lhe performance of hls duLy, Lhe Commlssloner shall:
(a) glve lmparLlal advlse Lo Lhe alleged lnfrlnglng defendanL, expecLed adverse
parLy or Lo Lhe person ln charge of Lhe premlses Lo be searched as Lo Lhe
meanlng and coverage of Lhe wrlL,
(b) aLLempL Lo achleve agreemenL on a sulLable search procedure,
(c) assess whaL documenLs or arLlcles come wlLhln Lhe Lerms of Lhe wrlL,
(d) ensure Lhe accuracy of Lhe llsL of documenLs and arLlcles searched, lnspecLed,
copled or selzed by Lhe sherlff,
(e) prepare hls own reporL on Lhe search and selzure and verlfy and slgn Lhe
reLurn prepared by Lhe sherlff, and
(f) generally, asslsL ln Lhe proper execuLlon of Lhe wrlL.
1he Commlssloner shall be a member of Lhe hlllpplne 8ar and of proven
compeLence, lnLegrlLy and problLy. Pe shall recelve such reasonable
compensaLlon as may be deLermlned by Lhe courL whlch can be charged as cosL
of sulL.

Sect|on 13. 5eotcb to be cooJocteJ lo tbe pteseoce of JefeoJoot, bls
tepteseototlve, petsoo lo cbotqe of tbe ptemlses ot wltoesses. - 1he premlses
may noL be searched excepL ln Lhe presence of Lhe alleged lnfrlnglng defendanL,
expecLed adverse parLy or hls represenLaLlve or Lhe person ln charge or ln conLrol
of Lhe premlses or resldlng or worklng m Lhereln who shall be glven Lhe
opporLunlLy Lo read Lhe wrlL before lLs enforcemenL and seek lLs lnLerpreLaLlon
from Lhe Commlssloner. ln Lhe absence of Lhe laLLer, Lwo persons of sufflclenL
age and dlscreLlon resldlng ln Lhe same locallLy shall be allowed Lo wlLness Lhe
search or ln Lhe absence of Lhe laLLer, Lwo persons of sufflclenL age and
dlscreLlon resldlng ln Lhe nearesL locallLy.

Sect|on 14. Moooet of seotcb ooJ selzote, Jotles of tbe sbetlff. - upon servlce of
Lhe wrlL ln accordance wlLh secLlon 11 hereof, sherlff, under Lhe supervlslon of
Lhe Commlssloner, shall search for Lhe documenLs and arLlcles speclfled ln Lhe
wrlL, and Lake Lhem ln hls cusLody sub[ecL Lo Lhe conLrol of Lhe courL.
lf Lhe sub[ecL arLlcles are noL capable of manual dellvery, Lhe sherlff shall aLLach
Lo Lhem a Lag or label sLaLlng Lhe facL of selzure and warnlng all persons from
Lamperlng wlLh Lhem.

1he sherlff shall, ln Lhe presence of Lhe appllcanL or hls represenLaLlve, and under
Lhe supervlslon of Lhe Commlssloner, prepare a deLalled llsL of Lhe selzed
documenLs and arLlcles. Pe shall glve an accuraLe copy of Lhe same Lo Lhe alleged
lnfrlnglng defendanL, expecLed adverse parLy, hls agenL or represenLaLlve, Lo Lhe
person ln charge or ln conLrol of Lhe premlses or resldlng or worklng Lhereln ln
whose presence Lhe search and selzure were made. ln Lhe absence of Lhe person
ln charge or ln conLrol of Lhe premlses or resldlng or worklng Lhereln, Lhe sherlff
musL, ln Lhe presence of aL leasL Lwo wlLnesses of sufflclenL age and dlscreLlon
resldlng ln Lhe same locallLy, leave a copy of Lhe recelpL ln Lhe place ln whlch he
found Lhe selzed properLy. Where no wlLnesses are avallable ln Lhe same locallLy,
Lhe copy of Lhe recelpL shall be lefL by Lhe sherlff ln Lhe presence of Lwo
wlLnesses resldlng ln Lhe nearesL locallLy. 1he appllcanL or hls represenLaLlve and
Lhe Commlssloner shall also be glven a copy of Lhe recelpL.
AfLer Lhe sherlff has Laken possesslon of Lhe documenLs and arLlcles, he shall
dellver Lhem Lo a bonded warehouse or governmenL warehouse for safekeeplng.
1he appllcanL or hls represenLaLlve shall be allowed access Lo sald maLerlals for
Lhe purpose of examlnlng Lhem.
1he appllcanL shall be responslble for Lhe necessary expenses lncurred lll Lhe
selzure and safekeeplng of Lhe documenLs and arLlcles ln a bonded warehouse or
governmenL warehouse.

Sect|on 1S. use of teosoooble fotce to effect wtlt. - 1he sherlff, lf refused
admlLLance Lo Lhe premlses afLer glvlng noLlce of hls purpose and auLhorlLy or ln
absence of Lhe alleged lnfrlnglng defendanL or expecLed adverse parLy, hls agenL
or represenLaLlve, or person ln charge or ln conLrol of Lhe premlses or resldlng or
worklng Lhereln who ls of sufflclenL age and dlscreLlon, may use reasonable force
Lo galn enLry Lo Lhe premlses or any parL of Lhe bulldlng or anyLhlng Lhereln, Lo
enforce Lhe wrlL or Lo llberaLe hlmself or any person lawfully aldlng hlm when
unlawfully deLalned Lhereln.

Sect|on 16. 5elzote of compotet Jlsks otbet stotoqe Jevlces. - 1he selzure of a
compuLer dlsk or any sLorage devlce may be execuLed ln any of Lhe followlng
manner:
(a) by Lhe physlcal Laklng Lhereof,
(b) by Copylng lLs conLenLs ln a sulLable devlce or dlsk provlded by Lhe appllcanL,
or
(c) by prlnLlng ouL Lhe ConLenLs of Lhe dlsk or devlce wlLh a Lhe use of a prlnLer.
When Lhe compuLer dlsks or sLorage devlces cannoL be readlly removed from Lhe
compuLer Lo whlch Lhey are flLLed, Lhe sherlff may Lake Lhe sub[ecL compuLer
from Lhe cusLody of Lhe alleged lnfrlnglng defendanL, expecLed adverse parLy or
person ln charge or ln conLrol of Lhe premlses or resldlng or worklng Lhereln.

Sect|on 17. 5betlff's tetoto. - 1he sherlff who execuLed Lhe wrlL shall, wlLhln Lhree
(3) days from lLs enforcemenL, make a verlfled reLurn Lo Lhe courL whlch lssued
Lhe wrlL. 1he reLurn shall conLaln a full sLaLemenL of Lhe proceedlngs under Lhe
wrlL and a compleLe lnvenLory of Lhe documenLs and arLlcles searched, lnspecLed
or copled or selzed and lmpounded, wlLh coples served on Lhe appllcanL, Lhe
defendanL or expecLed adverse parLy and Lhe Commlssloner.
lf noL all of Lhe documenLs and arLlcles enumeraLed ln Lhe order and wrlL were
selzed, Lhe sherlff shall so reporL Lo Lhe courL and sLaLe ls Lhe reasons Lherefor.
All ob[ecLlons of Lhe defendanL, expecLed adverse parLy or person ln charge of
Lhe premlses on Lhe manner and regularlLy of Lhe servlce of Lhe wrlL shall be
lncluded by Lhe sherlff ln hls reLurn.

Sect|on 18. ulscbotqe of wtlt by tbe JefeoJoot ot expecteJ oJvetse potty. -
WlLhouL walLlng for reLurn Lo be flled by Lhe sherlff, Lhe defendanL, expecLed
adverse parLy or Lhe parLy whose properLy has been searched, lnspecLed, copled
or selzed may flle a moLlon wlLh Lhe courL whlch lssued Lhe wrlL for lLs dlscharge
wlLh prayer for Lhe reLurn of Lhe documenLs and arLlcles selzed.
1he wrlL may be dlscharged on any of Lhe followlng grounds:
(a) LhaL Lhe wrlL was lmproperly or lrregularly lssued, or excesslvely enforced,
(b) LhaL Lhe bond ls lnsufflclenL,
(c) LhaL Llle safeguards provlded ln Lhe wrlL have been vlolaLed by Lhe appllcanL
or Lhe sherlff, or
(d) LhaL Lhe documenLs and arLlcles selzed are noL lnfrlnglng coples or means for
maklng Lhe maLerlals alleged Lo lnfrlnge Lhe lnLellecLual properLy rlghL of Lhe
appllcanL.
1he wrlL may be dlscharged ln a summary hearlng by Lhe courL afLer noLlce Lo Lhe
appllcanL, Lhe sherlff and Lhe Commlssloner.
lf Lhe courL flnds LhaL Lhe bond ls lnsufflclenL, lL shall order a. new bond Lo be
flled by Lhe appllcanL wlLhln a reasonable Llme. 1he dlscharge of Lhe wrlL based
on Lhe lnsufflclency of Lhe bond may only be made lf Lhe appllcanL falls Lo posL
Lhe new bond wlLhln Lhe perlod flxed by Lhe courL.

Sect|on 19. ltoceeJloqs oo tetoto. - llve (3) days afLer lssuance of Lhe wrlL, Lhe
lssulng [udge shall ascerLaln lf Lhe wrlL has noL been served or Lhe reLurn has
been made by Lhe sherlff. lf Lhe wrlL was noL served or no reLurn was made, lL
shall summon Lhe sherlff and Lhe appllcanL Lo whom Lhe wrlL was lssued and
requlre Lhem Lo explaln why Lhe wrlL was noL served or why no reLurn has been
flled as Lhe case may be. lf Lhe reLurn has been made, Lhe [udge shall, afLer
noLlce Lo Lhe appllcanL, Lhe alleged lnfrlnglng defendanL or expecLed adverse
parLy, Lhe sherlff and Lhe Commlssloner, ascerLaln wheLher Lhe provlslons of Lhls
8ule and appllcable laws have been complled wlLh.

Sect|on 20. lollote to flle complolot. - 1he wrlL shall also. upon moLlon of Lhe
expecLed adverse parLy, be seL aslde and Lhe selzed documenLs and arLlcles
reLurned Lo Lhe expecLed adverse parLy lf no case ls flled wlLh Lhe approprlaLe
courL or auLhorlLy wlLhln LhlrLy-one (31) calendar days from Lhe daLe of lssuance
of Lhe wrlL.

Sect|on 21. clolm fot Jomoqes. - Where Lhe wrlL ls dlscharged on any of dle
grounds provlded ln Lhls 8ule, or where lL ls found afLer Lrlal LhaL Lhere has been
no lnfrlngemenL or LhreaL of lnfrlngemenL of an lnLellecLual properLy rlghL, Lhe
courL. upon moLlon of Lhe alleged lnfrlnglng defendanL or expecLed adverse
parLy and afLer due hearlng, shall order Lhe appllcanL Lo compensaLe Lhe
defendanL or expecLed adverse parLy upon Lhe cash bond, sureLy bond or oLher
equlvalenL securlLy for any ln[ury or damage Lhe laLLer suffered by Lhe lssuance
and enforcemenL of Lhe wrlL. Should Lhe damages exceed Lhe amounL of Lhe
bond, Lhe appllcanL shall be llable for Lhe paymenL of Lhe excess.
When a complalnL ls already flled ln courL, Lhe moLlon shall be flled wlLh Lhe
same courL durlng Lhe Lrlal or before appeal ls perfecLed or before [udgmenL
becomes execuLory, wlLh due noLlce Lo Lhe appllcanL, seLLlng forLh Lhe facLs
showlng Lhe defendanL's rlghL Lo damage's and Lhe amounL Lhereof. 1he award
of damages shall be lncluded ln Lhe [udgmenL ln Lhe maln case.
Where no complalnL ls flled agalnsL Lhe expecLed adverse parLy, Lhe moLlon shall
be flled wlLh Lhe courL whlch lssued Lhe wrlL. ln such a case, Lhe courL shall seL
Lhe moLlon for summary hearlng and lmmedlaLely deLermlne Lhe expecLed
adverse parLy's rlghL Lo damages.
A [udgmenL ln favor of Lhe appllcanL ln lLs prlnclpal clalm, should noL necessarlly
bar Lhe alleged lnfrlnglng defendanL from recoverlng damages where he suffered
losses by reason of Lhe wrongful lssuance or enforcemenL of Lhe wrlL.
1he damages provlded for ln Lhls secLlon shall be lndependenL from Lhe damages
clalmed by Lhe defendanL ln hls counLerclalm.

Sect|on 22. IoJqmeot. - lf lL appears afLer Lrlal LhaL Lhe selzed documenLs and
arLlcles are found Lo lnfrlnge Lhe lnLellecLual properLy rlghL of Lhe appllcanL or
LhaL Lhey consLlLuLe Lhe means for Lhe producLlon of lnfrlnglng goods, Lhe courL
shall order Lhelr desLrucLlon or donaLlon Lo charlLable, educaLlonal or rellglous
lnsLlLuLlons wlLh Lhe prohlblLlon agalnsL brlnglng Lhe same lnLo Lhe channels of
commerce. ln Lhe laLLer case, lnfrlnglng Lrademarks or Lrade names found on
labels, Lags and oLher porLlons of Lhe lnfrlnglng maLerlals shall be removed or
defaced before Lhe donaLlon. ln no case shall Lhe lnfrlnglng maLerlals be reLurned
Lo Lhe defendanL.
lf Lhe courL flnds no lnfrlngemenL, Lhe selzed maLerlals shall be lmmedlaLely
reLurned Lo Lhe defendanL.

Sect|on 23. ultect fllloq, ptovlsloool Jocketloq ooJ Jeposlt of ptesctlbeJ fllloq fee.
- 1he 8eglonal 1rlal CourLs speclally deslgnaLed Lo Lry vlolaLlons of lnLellecLual
properLy rlghLs shall keep a dlsLlncL and separaLe logbook for wrlLs of search and
selzure. 1he appllcaLlon for a wrlL of search and selzure flled dlrecLly wlLh Lhe
sald courLs shall be glven a provlslonal dockeL number. 1he prescrlbed flllng fee
shall be deposlLed wlLh Lhe branch clerk of courL and properly recelpLed for and
LransmlLLed Lo Lhe Clerk of CourL wlLhln LwenLy-four (24) hours from lssuance of
Lhe order granLlng or denylng Lhe appllcaLlon for sald wrlL. lf a formal complalnL
ls flled LhereafLer, Lhe Clerk of CourL may make a. reassessmenL of Lhe flllng fee.

Sect|on 24. 5epotote loqbook. - ln every courL, Lhere shall be a logbook under Lhe
cusLody of Lhe Clerk of CourL whereln shall be dockeLed and enLered wlLhln
LwenLy-four (24) hours afLer Lhe lssuance or denlal of Lhe wrlL of search and
selzure, Lhe flllng of such appllcaLlon and oLher parLlculars Lhereof. All Lhe
subsequenL proceedlngs concernlng Lhe wrlL of search and selzure shall be
falLhfully recorded ln Lhe separaLe logbook.

Sect|on 2S. ffect of vlolotloo. - A vlolaLlon of any of Lhe Lerms and condlLlons of
Lhe order and Lhe wrlL of search and selzure or any provlslon of Lhls 8ule shall
consLlLuLe conLempL of courL.

Sect|on 26. wtlt oot o bot to otbet meosotes. - 1he avallmenL of Lhe wrlL of
search and selzure under Lhls 8ule shall noL prevenL Lhe appllcanL from resorLlng
Lo oLher provlslonal measures or remedles provlded ln exlsLlng laws and
procedural rules.

Sect|on 27. ffectlvlty. - 1hls 8ule shall Lake effecL on lebruary 13, 2002 afLer lLs
publlcaLlon ln Lwo (2) newspapers of general clrculaLlon noL laLer Lhan !anuary
30, 2002.

1be pteseototloo of tbe mostet topes of tbe copytlqbteJ fllms ftom wblcb tbe
pltoteJ fllms wete olleqeJly copleJ, wos oecessoty fot tbe vollJlty of seotcb
wottoot oqolost tbose wbo bove lo tbelt possessloo tbe pltoteJ fllms. 1be coott
coooot ptesome tbot Jopllcote ot copleJ topes wete oecessotlly teptoJoceJ ftom
mostet topes tbot lt owos. ILM
."
!8$.)59 6/N *+ !,, 1988)

lnfrlngemenL of copyrlghL ls a Lrespass on a prlvaLe domaln owned and occupled
by Lhe owner of Lhe copyrlghL, and Lherefore, proLecLed by law, and lnfrlngemenL
of copyrlghL, plracy, whlch ls a synonymous Lerm ln Lhls connecLlon, conslsLs ln
dolng by any person, wlLhouL Lhe consenL of Lhe owner of Lhe copyrlghL, of
anyLhlng Lhe sole rlghL Lo do whlch ls conferred by sLaLuLe on Lhe owner of Lhe
copyrlghL. A copy of a plracy s an lnfrlngemenL of Lhe orlglnal, and lL ls no
defense LhaL Lhe plraLe, ln such cases, dld noL know whaL words he was lndlrecLly
copylng, or dld noL know wheLher or noL he was lnfrlnglng any copyrlghL, he aL
leasL knew LhaL whaL he was copylng was noL hlsm and he copled aL hls perll. ln
deLermlnlng Lhe quesLlon of lnfrlngemenL, Lhe amounL of maLLer copled from Lhe
copyrlghLed work ls an lmporLanL conslderaLlon. 1o consLlLuLe lnfrlngemenL, lL ls
noL necessary LhaL Lhe whole or even a large porLlon of Lhe work shall have been
copled. lf so much ls Laken LhaL Lhe value of Lhe orlglnal ls senslbly dlmlnlshed, or
Lhe labors of Lhe orlglnal auLhor are subsLanLlally and Lo an ln[urlous exLenL
approprlaLed by anoLher, LhaL ls sufflclenL ln polnr of law Lo consLlLuLe a plracy.
I!/3);F#( 4#2.)580B G$2+ *+ !/)5. /: ,778(30, 1996)

lebruary 28 and 29 of a leap year should be counLed as separaLe days ln
compuLlng perlods of prescrlpLlon.I48/738 *+ H(;/0, 1978)

A81lCLL 7 Cl LAW Cl ln1LLLLC1uAL 8CL81? sLaLes LhaL: nobody may
reproduce anoLher person's work wlLhouL Lhe owner's consenL, even merely Lo
annoLaLe or add anyLhlng Lo lL, or lmprove any edlLlon Lhereof."1PuS, lL ls noL
necessary, LhaL a work should be an lmproper copy of anoLher work prevlously
publlshed. lL ls enough LhaL anoLher's work has been reproduced wlLhouL Lhe
consenL of Lhe owner, even Lhough lL be only Lo annoLaLe, add someLhlng Lo lL, or
lmprove any edlLlon Lhereof. 1he proLecLlon of Lhe law cannoL be denled Lo Lhe
auLhor of a dlcLlonary, for alLhough words are noL Lhe properLy of anybody, Lhelr
deflnlLlons, Lhe example LhaL explaln Lhelr sense, and Lhe manner of expresslng
Lhelr dlfferenL meanlngs, may consLlLuLe a speclal work. Cn Lhls polnL, Lhe
correcLlonal courL of Lhe Selne held, on AugusL 16, 1864, LhaL a dlcLlonary
consLlLuLes properLy, alLhough some of Lhe words Lhereln are explalned by mere
deflnlLlons expressed ln a few llnes and sancLloned by usage, provlded LhaL Lhe
greaLer parL of Lhe oLher words conLaln new meanlngs, new meanlngs whlch
evldenLly may only belonged Lo Lhe flrsL person who publlshed Lhem.(Serrano
Laktaw v. ag||nawan)

1he CourL consldered as an lndlcla of gullL or wrongdolng Lhe acL of Lhe plraLe of
pulllng ouL from Lhe Coodwlll 8ooksLrores Lhe quesLloned book upon learnlng of
Lhe oLher auLhor's demand. lL was furLher noLed LhaL when Lhe plraLed book was
re-lssued as a revlsed verslon, all Lhe pages clLed by Lhe complalnlng auLhor Lo
conLaln porLlon of hls copyrlghLed book were ellmlnaLed. As regards Lhe quesLlon
when ls Lhere a subsLanLlal reproducLlon of a book?," Lhe courL sald LhaL lL does
noL necessarlly requlre LhaL Lhe enLlre copyrlghLed work, or even a large porLlon
of lL, be copled. lf so much ls Laken LhaL Lhe value of Lhe orlglnal work ls
subsLanLlally dlmlnlshed, Lhere ls an lnfrlngemenL of copyrlghL and Lo an ln[urlous
exLenL, Lhe work ls approprlaLed. ln cases of lnfrlngemenL, copylng alone ls noL
whaL ls prohlblLed. 1he copylng musL produce an ln[urlous effecL. 1he SC also
sald LhaL, a plraLe cannoL clalm LhaL copled porLlons of copyrlghLed book are also
found ln forelgn books and oLher grammar books, and LhaL Lhe slmllarlLy
beLween her sLyle and LhaL of oLher auLhor cannoL be avolded slnce Lhey come
from Lhe same background and orlenLaLlon. under SecLlon 184 of 8A 8293, Lhe
maklng of quoLaLlons from a publlshed work lf Lhey are compaLlble wlLh falr use
and only Lo Lhe exLenL [usLlfled for Lhe purpose" musL provlde for Lhe source and
Lhe name of Lhe auLhor. (nabana v. kob|es, 1999)

1he formaL or mechanlcs of a Lelevlslon show are noL copyrlghLable under Sec. 2
of u 49, whlch enumeraLes Lhe work LhaL can be copyrlghLed, whlch ls Lhe same
as Sec. 172 of Lhe lC, whlch refers Lo flnlshed works and noL concepLs. 1he
copyrlghL does noL exLenL Lo an ldea, procedure, process, sysLem, meLhod of
operaLlon, concepL, prlnclple, or dlscovery, regardless of Lhe form ln whlch lL ls
descrlbed, explalned, lllusLraLed, or emobodled ln such work. CopyrlghL ln Lhe
sLrlcL sense of Lhe Lerm, ls purely a sLaLuLory rlghL. lL ls a new or lndependenL
rlghL granLed by Lhe sLaLuLe, and noL slmply a pre-exlsLlng rlghL regulaLed by Lhe
sLaLue. 8elng a sLaLuLory granL, Lhe rlghLs are only such as Lhe sLaLuLe confers,
and may be obLalned and en[oyed only wlLh respecL Lo Lhe sub[ecLs and by Lhe
persons, and on Lerms and condlLlons speclfled by Lhe sLaLuLe. Slnce copyrlghL ln
publlshed works ls purely a sLaLuLory creaLlon, a copyrlghL may be obLalned only
for a work falllng wlLhln Lhe sLaLuLory enumeraLlon or descrlpLlon. I?/(@)#$ *+
A5#3/$, 1999)

CopyrlghL ls a mere sLaLuLory granL, Lhe rlghLs are llmlLed Lo whaL Lhe sLaLuLe
confers. Accordlngly lL can cover only works falllng wlLh Lhe sLaLuLory
enumeraLlon or descrlpLlon. 8y naLure or Lhlngs, Lhere can be no unfalr
compeLlLlon under Lhe law on copyrlghLs. I48(53 O A8($ *+ -"/8;(5., 2003)

AuLhors of compllaLlon works have copyrlghL up Lo Lhe exLenL of Lhelr work,
whlch ls Lhelr orlglnal work. (eralLa)

2.12 Moral 8lghLs

ArLlcle 6bls, 8erne ConvenLlon for Lhe proLecLlon of LlLerary and ArLlsLlc Works

[Motol klqbts. 1. 1o clalm auLhorshlp, Lo ob[ecL Lo cerLaln modlflcaLlons and
oLher derogaLory acLlons, 2. AfLer Lhe auLhor's deaLh, 3. Means of redress]

(1) lndependenLly of Lhe auLhor's economlc rlghLs, and even afLer Lhe Lransfer of
Lhe sald rlghLs, Lhe auLhor shall have Lhe rlghL Lo clalm auLhorshlp of Lhe work
and Lo ob[ecL Lo any dlsLorLlon, muLllaLlon or oLher modlflcaLlon of, or oLher
derogaLory acLlon ln relaLlon Lo, Lhe sald work, whlch would be pre[udlclal Lo hls
honor or repuLaLlon.

(2) 1he rlghLs granLed Lo Lhe auLhor ln accordance wlLh Lhe precedlng paragraph
shall, afLer hls deaLh, be malnLalned, aL leasL unLll Lhe explry of Lhe economlc
rlghLs, and shall be exerclsable by Lhe persons or lnsLlLuLlons auLhorlzed by Lhe
leglslaLlon of Lhe counLry where proLecLlon ls clalmed. Powever, Lhose counLrles
whose leglslaLlon, aL Lhe momenL of Lhelr raLlflcaLlon of or accesslon Lo Lhls AcL,
does noL provlde for Lhe proLecLlon afLer Lhe deaLh of Lhe auLhor of all Lhe rlghLs
seL ouL ln Lhe precedlng paragraph may provlde LhaL some of Lhese rlghLs may,
afLer hls deaLh, cease Lo be malnLalned.

(3) 1he means of redress for safeguardlng Lhe rlghLs granLed by Lhls ArLlcle shall
be governed by Lhe leglslaLlon of Lhe counLry where proLecLlon ls clalmed.

SecLlons 193-199, lC

Sec. 193. 5cope of Motol klqbts. - 1he auLhor of a work shall, lndependenLly of
Lhe economlc rlghLs ln SecLlon 177 or Lhe granL of an asslgnmenL or llcense wlLh
respecL Lo such rlghL, have Lhe rlghL:

193.1. 1o requlre LhaL Lhe auLhorshlp of Lhe works be aLLrlbuLed Lo hlm, ln
parLlcular, Lhe rlghL LhaL hls name, as far as pracLlcable, be lndlcaLed ln a
promlnenL way on Lhe coples, and ln connecLlon wlLh Lhe publlc use of hls work,

193.2. 1o make any alLeraLlons of hls work prlor Lo, or Lo wlLhhold lL from
publlcaLlon,

193.3. 1o ob[ecL Lo any dlsLorLlon, muLllaLlon or oLher modlflcaLlon of, or oLher
derogaLory acLlon ln relaLlon Lo, hls work whlch would be pre[udlclal Lo hls honor
or repuLaLlon, and

193.4. 1o resLraln Lhe use of hls name wlLh respecL Lo any work noL of hls own
creaLlon or ln a dlsLorLed verslon of hls work.

Sec. 194. 8teocb of coottoct. - An auLhor cannoL be compelled Lo perform hls
conLracL Lo creaLe a work or for Lhe publlcaLlon of hls work already ln exlsLence.
Powever, he may be held llable for damages for breach of such conLracL.

Sec. 193. wolvet of Motol klqbts. - An auLhor may walve hls rlghLs menLloned ln
SecLlon 193 by a wrlLLen lnsLrumenL, buL no such walver shall be valld where lLs
effecLs ls Lo permlL anoLher:

193.1. 1o use Lhe name of Lhe auLhor, or Lhe LlLle of hls work, or oLherwlse Lo
make use of hls repuLaLlon wlLh respecL Lo any verslon or adapLaLlon of hls work
whlch, because of alLeraLlons Lhereln, would subsLanLlally Lend Lo ln[ure Lhe
llLerary or arLlsLlc repuLaLlon of anoLher auLhor, or

193.2. 1o use Lhe name of Lhe auLhor wlLh respecL Lo a work he dld noL creaLe.

Sec. 196. coottlbotloo to collectlve wotk. - When an auLhor conLrlbuLes Lo a
collecLlve work, hls rlghL Lo have hls conLrlbuLlon aLLrlbuLed Lo hlm ls deemed
walved unless he expressly reserves lL.

Sec. 197. Jltloq, Attooqloq ooJ AJoptotloo of wotk. - ln Lhe absence of a
conLrary sLlpulaLlon aL Lhe Llme an auLhor llcenses or permlLs anoLher Lo use hls
work, Lhe necessary edlLlng, arranglng or adapLaLlon of such work, for
publlcaLlon, broadcasL, use ln a moLlon plcLure, dramaLlzaLlon, or mechanlcal or
elecLrlcal reproducLlon ln accordance wlLh Lhe reasonable and cusLomary
sLandards or requlremenLs of Lhe medlum ln whlch Lhe work ls Lo be used, shall
noL be deemed Lo conLravene Lhe auLhor's rlghLs secured by Lhls chapLer. nor
shall compleLe desLrucLlon of a work uncondlLlonally Lransferred by Lhe auLhor
be deemed Lo vlolaLe such rlghLs.

Sec. 198. 1etm of Motol klqbts. -

198.1. 1he rlghLs of an auLhor under Lhls chapLer shall lasL durlng Lhe llfeLlme of
Lhe auLhor and for flfLy (30) years afLer hls deaLh and shall noL be asslgnable or
sub[ecL Lo llcense. 1he person or persons Lo be charged wlLh Lhe posLhumous
enforcemenL of Lhese rlghLs shall be named ln wrlLlng Lo be flled wlLh Lhe
naLlonal Llbrary. ln defaulL of such person or persons, such enforcemenL shall
devolve upon elLher Lhe auLhor's helrs, and ln defaulL of Lhe helrs, Lhe ulrecLor of
Lhe naLlonal Llbrary.

198.2. lor purposes of Lhls SecLlon, "letsoo" shall mean any lndlvldual,
parLnershlp, corporaLlon, assoclaLlon, or socleLy. 1he ulrecLor of Lhe naLlonal
Llbrary may prescrlbe reasonable fees Lo be charged for hls servlces ln Lhe
appllcaLlon of provlslons of Lhls SecLlon.

Sec. 199. ofotcemeot kemeJles. - vlolaLlon of any of Lhe rlghLs conferred by Lhls
ChapLer shall enLlLle Lhose charged wlLh Lhelr enforcemenL Lo Lhe same rlghLs
and remedles avallable Lo a copyrlghL owner. ln addlLlon, damages whlch may be
avalled of under Lhe Clvll Code may also be recovered. Any damage recovered
afLer Lhe creaLor's deaLh shall be held ln LrusL for and remlLLed Lo hls helrs, and ln
defaulL of Lhe helrs, shall belong Lo Lhe governmenL.

2.13 k|ght to roceeds |n Subsequent 1ransfers (Dro|t De Su|te or
Io||ow Up k|ghts)

SecLlons 200-201, lC

Sec. 200. 5ole ot leose of wotk. - ln every sale or lease of an orlglnal work of
palnLlng or sculpLure or of Lhe orlglnal manuscrlpL of a wrlLer or composer,
subsequenL Lo Lhe flrsL dlsposlLlon Lhereof by Lhe auLhor, Lhe auLhor or hls helrs
shall have an lnallenable rlghL Lo parLlclpaLe ln Lhe gross proceeds of Lhe sale or
lease Lo Lhe exLenL of flve percenL (3). 1hls rlghL shall exlsL durlng Lhe llfeLlme of
Lhe auLhor and for flfLy (30) years afLer hls deaLh.

Sec. 201. wotks Not coveteJ. - 1he provlslons of Lhls ChapLer shall noL apply Lo
prlnLs, eLchlngs, engravlngs, works of applled arL, or works of slmllar klnd
whereln Lhe auLhor prlmarlly derlves galn from Lhe proceeds of reproducLlons.

2.14 Ne|ghbor|ng k|ghts

Sec. 202, lC

Sec. 202. uefloltloos.- lor Lhe purpose of Lhls AcL, Lhe followlng Lerms shall have
Lhe followlng meanlngs:

202.1. "letfotmets" are acLors, slngers, muslclans, dancers, and oLher persons
who acL, slng, declalm, play ln, lnLerpreL, or oLherwlse perform llLerary and
arLlsLlc work,

202.2. "5oooJ tecotJloq" means Lhe flxaLlon of Lhe sounds of a performance or
of oLher sounds, or represenLaLlon of sound, oLher Lhan ln Lhe form of a flxaLlon
lncorporaLed ln a clnemaLographlc or oLher audlovlsual work,

202.3. An "ooJlovlsool wotk ot flxotloo" ls a work LhaL conslsLs of a serles of
relaLed lmages whlch lmparL Lhe lmpresslon of moLlon, wlLh or wlLhouL
accompanylng sounds, suscepLlble of belng made vlslble and, where
accompanled by sounds, suscepLlble of belng made audlble,

202.4. "llxotloo" means Lhe embodlmenL of sounds, or of Lhe represenLaLlons
Lhereof, from whlch Lhey can be percelved, reproduced or communlcaLed
Lhrough a devlce,

202.3. "ltoJocet of o soooJ tecotJloq" means Lhe person, or Lhe legal enLlLy,
who or whlch Lakes Lhe lnlLlaLlve and has Lhe responslblllLy for Lhe flrsL flxaLlon of
Lhe sounds of a performance or oLher sounds, or Lhe represenLaLlon of sounds,

202.6. "lobllcotloo of o flxeJ petfotmooce ot o soooJ tecotJloq" means Lhe
offerlng of coples of Lhe flxed performance or Lhe sound recordlng Lo Lhe publlc,
wlLh Lhe consenL of Lhe rlghL holder: ltovlJeJ, 1haL coples are offered Lo Lhe
publlc ln reasonable quallLy,

202.7. "8tooJcostloq" means Lhe Lransmlsslon by wlreless means for Lhe publlc
recepLlon of sounds or of lmages or of represenLaLlons Lhereof, such
Lransmlsslon by saLelllLe ls also "btooJcostloq" where Lhe means for decrypLlng
are provlded Lo Lhe publlc by Lhe broadcasLlng organlzaLlon or wlLh lLs consenL,

202.8. "8tooJcostloq otqoolzotloo" shall lnclude a naLural person or a [urldlcal
enLlLy duly auLhorlzed Lo engage ln broadcasLlng, and

202.9. "commoolcotloo to tbe pobllc of o petfotmooce ot o soooJ tecotJloq"
means Lhe Lransmlsslon Lo Lhe publlc, by any medlum, oLherwlse Lhan by
broadcasLlng, of sounds of a performance or Lhe represenLaLlons of sounds flxed
ln a sound recordlng. lor purposes of SecLlon 209, "commoolcotloo to tbe pobllc"
lncludes maklng Lhe sounds or represenLaLlons of sounds flxed ln a sound
recordlng audlble Lo Lhe publlc.

Sec. 212, lC

Sec. 212. llmltotloos oo klqbts. - SecLlons 203, 208 and 209 shall noL apply where
Lhe acLs referred Lo ln Lhose SecLlons are relaLed Lo:

212.1. 1he use by a naLural person excluslvely for hls own personal purposes,

212.2. uslng shorL excerpLs for reporLlng currenL evenLs,

212.3. use solely for Lhe purpose of Leachlng or for sclenLlflc research, and

212.4. lalr use of Lhe broadcasL sub[ecL Lo Lhe condlLlons under secLlon 183.

a. k|ghts of erformers

SecLlons 203-207, lC

Sec. 203. 5cope of letfotmets' klqbts. - Sub[ecL Lo Lhe provlslons of SecLlon 212,
performers shall en[oy Lhe followlng excluslve rlghLs:

203.1. As regards Lhelr performances, Lhe rlghL of auLhorlzlng:
(a) 1he broadcasLlng and oLher communlcaLlon Lo Lhe publlc of Lhelr
performance, and
(b) 1he flxaLlon of Lhelr unflxed performance.

203.2. 1he rlghL of auLhorlzlng Lhe dlrecL or lndlrecL reproducLlon of Lhelr
performances flxed ln sound recordlngs, ln any manner or form,

203.3. Sub[ecL Lo Lhe provlslons of SecLlon 206, Lhe rlghL of auLhorlzlng Lhe flrsL
publlc dlsLrlbuLlon of Lhe orlglnal and coples of Lhelr performance flxed ln Lhe
sound recordlng Lhrough sale or renLal or oLher forms of Lransfer of ownershlp,

203.4. 1he rlghL of auLhorlzlng Lhe commerclal renLal Lo Lhe publlc of Lhe orlglnal
and coples of Lhelr performances flxed ln sound recordlngs, even afLer
dlsLrlbuLlon of Lhem by, or pursuanL Lo Lhe auLhorlzaLlon by Lhe performer, and

203.3. 1he rlghL of auLhorlzlng Lhe maklng avallable Lo Lhe publlc of Lhelr
performances flxed ln sound recordlngs, by wlre or wlreless means, ln such a way
LhaL members of Lhe publlc may access Lhem from a place and Llme lndlvldually
chosen by Lhem.

Sec. 204. Motol klqbts of letfotmets. -

204.1. lndependenLly of a performer's economlc rlghLs, Lhe performer, shall, as
regards hls llve aural performances or performances flxed ln sound recordlngs,
have Lhe rlghL Lo clalm Lo be ldenLlfled as Lhe performer of hls performances,
excepL where Lhe omlsslon ls dlcLaLed by Lhe manner of Lhe use of Lhe
performance, and Lo ob[ecL Lo any dlsLorLlon, muLllaLlon or oLher modlflcaLlon of
hls performances LhaL would be pre[udlclal Lo hls repuLaLlon.

204.2. 1he rlghLs granLed Lo a performer ln accordance wlLh SubsecLlon 203.1
shall be malnLalned and exerclsed flfLy (30) years afLer hls deaLh, by hls helrs, and
ln defaulL of helrs, Lhe governmenL, where proLecLlon ls clalmed.

Sec. 203. llmltotloo oo klqbt. -

203.1. Sub[ecL Lo Lhe provlslons of SecLlon 206, once Lhe performer has
auLhorlzed Lhe broadcasLlng or flxaLlon of hls performance, Lhe provlslons of
SecLlons 203 shall have no furLher appllcaLlon.

203.2. 1he provlslons of SecLlon 184 and SecLlon 183 shall apply muLaLls
muLandls Lo performers.

Sec. 206. AJJltloool kemooetotloo fot 5obsepoeot commoolcotloos ot
8tooJcosts. - unless oLherwlse provlded ln Lhe conLracL, ln every communlcaLlon
Lo Lhe publlc or broadcasL of a performance subsequenL Lo Lhe flrsL
communlcaLlon or broadcasL Lhereof by Lhe broadcasLlng organlzaLlon, Lhe
performer shall be enLlLled Lo an addlLlonal remuneraLlon equlvalenL Lo aL leasL
flve percenL (3) of Lhe orlglnal compensaLlon he or she recelved for Lhe flrsL
communlcaLlon or broadcasL.

Sec. 207. coottoct 1etms. - noLhlng ln Lhls ChapLer shall be consLrued Lo deprlve
performers of Lhe rlghL Lo agree by conLracLs on Lerms and condlLlons more
favorable for Lhem ln respecL of any use of Lhelr performance.

Sec. 213, lC

Sec. 213. 1etm of ltotectloo fot letfotmets, ltoJocets ooJ 8tooJcostloq
Otqoolzotloos.-

213.1. 1he rlghLs granLed Lo performers and producers of sound recordlngs
under Lhls law shall explre:
(a) lor performances noL lncorporaLed ln recordlngs, flfLy (30) years from Lhe end
of Lhe year ln whlch Lhe performance Look place, and
(b) lor sound or lmage and sound recordlngs and for performances lncorporaLed
Lhereln, flfLy (30) years from Lhe end of Lhe year ln whlch Lhe recordlng Look
place.

213.2. ln case of broadcasLs, Lhe Lerm shall be LwenLy (20) years from Lhe daLe
Lhe broadcasL Look place. 1he exLended Lerm shall be applled only Lo old works
wlLh subslsLlng proLecLlon under Lhe prlor law.

b. k|ghts of rocedures of Sound kecord|ng
SecLlons 208-210, lC

Sec. 208. 5cope of klqbt. - Sub[ecL Lo Lhe provlslons of SecLlon 212, producers of
sound recordlngs shall en[oy Lhe followlng excluslve rlghLs:

208.1. 1he rlghL Lo auLhorlze Lhe dlrecL or lndlrecL reproducLlon of Lhelr sound
recordlngs, ln any manner or form, Lhe placlng of Lhese reproducLlons ln Lhe
markeL and Lhe rlghL of renLal or lendlng,

208.2. 1he rlghL Lo auLhorlze Lhe flrsL publlc dlsLrlbuLlon of Lhe orlglnal and
coples of Lhelr sound recordlngs Lhrough sale or renLal or oLher forms of
Lransferrlng ownershlp, and

208.3. 1he rlghL Lo auLhorlze Lhe commerclal renLal Lo Lhe publlc of Lhe orlglnal
and coples of Lhelr sound recordlngs, even afLer dlsLrlbuLlon by Lhem by or
pursuanL Lo auLhorlzaLlon by Lhe producer.

Sec. 209. commoolcotloo to tbe lobllc. - lf a sound recordlng publlshed for
commerclal purposes, or a reproducLlon of such sound recordlng, ls used dlrecLly
for broadcasLlng or for oLher communlcaLlon Lo Lhe publlc, or ls publlcly
performed wlLh Lhe lnLenLlon of maklng and enhanclng proflL, a slngle equlLable
remuneraLlon for Lhe performer or performers, and Lhe producer of Lhe sound
recordlng shall be pald by Lhe user Lo boLh Lhe performers and Lhe producer,
who, ln Lhe absence of any agreemenL shall share equally.

Sec. 210. llmltotloo of klqbt. - SecLlons 184 and 183 shall apply muLaLls muLandls
Lo Lhe producer of sound recordlngs.

Sec. 213, lC

Sec. 213. 1etm of ltotectloo fot letfotmets, ltoJocets ooJ 8tooJcostloq
Otqoolzotloos.-

213.1. 1he rlghLs granLed Lo performers and producers of sound recordlngs
under Lhls law shall explre:
(a) lor performances noL lncorporaLed ln recordlngs, flfLy (30) years from Lhe end
of Lhe year ln whlch Lhe performance Look place, and
(b) lor sound or lmage and sound recordlngs and for performances lncorporaLed
Lhereln, flfLy (30) years from Lhe end of Lhe year ln whlch Lhe recordlng Look
place.

213.2. ln case of broadcasLs, Lhe Lerm shall be LwenLy (20) years from Lhe daLe
Lhe broadcasL Look place. 1he exLended Lerm shall be applled only Lo old works
wlLh subslsLlng proLecLlon under Lhe prlor law.

c. k|ghts of 8roadcast|ng Crgan|zat|ons

SecLlons 211, lC

Sec. 211. 5cope of klqbt. - Sub[ecL Lo Lhe provlslons of SecLlon 212, broadcasLlng
organlzaLlons shall en[oy Lhe excluslve rlghL Lo carry ouL, auLhorlze or prevenL
any of Lhe followlng acLs:

211.1. 1he rebroadcasLlng of Lhelr broadcasLs,

211.2. 1he recordlng ln any manner, lncludlng Lhe maklng of fllms or Lhe use of
vldeo Lape, of Lhelr broadcasLs for Lhe purpose of communlcaLlon Lo Lhe publlc of
Lelevlslon broadcasLs of Lhe same, and

211.3. 1he use of such records for fresh Lransmlsslons or for fresh recordlng.

Sec. 213.2, lC

213.2. ln case of broadcasLs, Lhe Lerm shall be LwenLy (20) years from Lhe daLe
Lhe broadcasL Look place. 1he exLended Lerm shall be applled only Lo old works
wlLh subslsLlng proLecLlon under Lhe prlor law.

MSl ls noL engaged ln rebroadcasLlng. 8ebroadcasLlng has been deflned as Lhe
slmulLaneous broadcasLlng by one broadcasLlng organlzaLlon of Lhe broadcasL of
anoLher broadcasLlng organlzaLlon." lL ls also Lhe Lransmlsslon by wlreless
means for Lhe publlc recepLlon of sounds or of lmages or of represenLaLlons
Lhereof, such Lransmlsslon by saLelllLe ls also 'broadcasLlng' where Lhe means for
decrypLlng are provlded Lo Lhe publlc by Lhe broadcasLlng organlzaLlon or wlLh lLs
consenL." MSl ls only engaged ln Lhe carrylng of slgnals of A8S-C8n comlng from
A8S-C8n and LransmlLLlng slgnals. MSl ls noL Lhe orlgln nor does lL clalm Lo be
Lhe orlgln of Lhe programs broadcasLed by Lhe A8S-C8n. MSl dld noL make and
LransmlL on lLs own buL merely carrled Lhe exlsLlng slgnals of Lhe A8S-C8n. When
MSl subscrlbers vlew A8S-C8n's programs ln Channels 2 and 23, Lhey know LhaL
Lhe orlgln Lhereof was Lhe A8S-C8n. 1he laLLer creaLes and LransmlLs lLs own
slgnals, MSl merely carrles such slgnals whlch Lhe vlewers recelve ln Lhelr
unalLered form. MSl does noL produce, selecL or deLermlnes Lhe programs Lo be
shown over Channels 2 and 23, and does noL pass lLself off as Lhe orlglnaLor or
auLhor of such programs. lnsofar as Lhe sub[ecL Channels are concerned, MSl
merely reLransmlLs Lhe same ln accordance wlLh n1C Memo Clrcular 04-08-08.
MSl, wlLh regard Lo lLs premlum channels, buys Lhe sald channels from conLenL
provlders and LransmlLs Lhese on an as-ls basls Lo lLs vlewers. Clearly, MSl does
noL perform Lhe funcLlons of a broadcasLlng organlzaLlon and Lhus, lL cannoL be
sald LhaL lL ls engaged ln Lhe rebroadcasLlng of Channels 2 and 23.(A8S-C8N
8roadcast|ng vs. h|||pp|ne Mu|t|-Med|a System, 2009)