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Architectural design values make up an important part of what influences architects and designers when they make their design decisions. However, architects and designers are not always influenced by the same values and intentions. Value and intentions differ between different architectural movements. It also differs between different schools of architecture and schools of design as well as among individual architects and designers.[1] The differences in values and intentions are directly linked to the pluralism in design outcomes that exist within architecture and design. It is also a big contributing factor as to how an architect or designer operates in his/her relation to clients. Different design values tend to have a considerable history and can be found in numerous design movements. The influence that each design value has had on design movements and individual designers has varied throughout history.
Contents
1 Aesthetic design values 1.1 Artistic aspects and self-expression 1.2 The spirit of the time design value 1.3 The structural, functional and material honesty design value 1.4 The simplicity and minimalism design value 1.5 The nature and organic design value 1.6 The classic, traditional and vernacular aesthetics design value 1.7 The regionalism design value 2 Social design values 2.1 The social change design value 2.2 The consultation and participation design value 2.3 The crime prevention design value 2.4 The 'Third world' design value 3 Environmental design values 3.1 Green and sustainability 3.2 Re-use and modification 3.3 Health 4 Traditional design values 4.1 The tradition based design value 4.2 The design value of restoration and preservation 4.3 The vernacular design value 5 Gender-based design values 6 The economic design value 7 The novel design value 8 Mathematical and Scientific Design Values 9 See also
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Structural Honesty is linked to the notion that a structure shall display its true purpose and not be decorative etc.[9] Functional honesty is linked to the idea that a building or product form shall be shaped on the basis of its intended function, often known as form follows function. Material honesty implies that materials should be used and selected on the bases of their properties,[10] and that the characteristics of a material should influence the form it is used for.[11] Thus, a material must not be used as a substitute for another material as this subverts the materials true properties and it is cheating the spectator.[12]
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It should be noted that social values can have an aesthetical impact, but these aspects will not be explored as the main aesthetical impact found in design has been covered in the previous sections. Social design values are at times in conflict with other design values. This type of conflict can manifest itself between different design movements, but it can also be the cause of conflicts within a given design movement. It can be argued that conflicts between social values and other design values often represent the continuing debate between Rationalism and Romanticism commonly found within architecture and industrial design.[23] The Social Design Values category consisting of four design values.
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The 20th century has been marked by the re-emergence of environmental values within Western societies.[citation needed ] Concern for the environment is not new and can be found to a varying degree throughout history, and it is rooted in a number of perspectives including the aim of managing the ecosystems for sustained resource yields (sustainable development), and the idea that everything in nature has an intrinsic value (nature protection and preservation). Generally behind these types of thinking are the concepts of stewardship and that the present generation owes duties to generations not yet born.[18][38] Environmental problems and challenges found in the 19th and 20th centuries led to a development where environmental values became important in some sections of Western societies. It is therefore not surprising that these values can also be found among individual architects and industrial designers. The focus on environmental design has been marked with the rediscovery and further development of many ancient skills and techniques.[citation needed ] In addition, new technology that approaches environmental concerns is also an important characteristic of the environmental approach found among architects and industrial designers. These rather different approaches to environmental building and product technology can be illustrated with the development of environmental high-tech architecture, and the more traditional environmental movement within is ecological based architecture.[39] Environmental technology, along with new environmental values, have affected development in cities across the world. Many cities have started to formulate and introduce "eco-regulations concerning renewable resources, energy consumption, sick buildings, smart buildings, recycled materials, and sustainability".[39] This may not be surprising, as about 50% of all energy consumption in Europe and 60% in the US is building-related.[39] However, environmental concerns are not restricted to energy consumption; environmental concerns take on a number of perspectives generally, which are reflected in the focus found among architects and industrial designers. The environmental design values category consists of three design values.
Health
This design value is based on the belief that the built environment can contribute to ensuring a healthy living environment.[46][47] Built into this design value, are principles like: buildings should be freestanding; sites need to be distributed to maximize the amount of sunlight that reaches individual structures.[46] Similarly, there is an emphasis on health based construction and reduction of toxic emissions through selection of appropriate materials.[48]
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manifested through the working methods of designers. Some architects and designers with their emphasis on the big idea will have a tendency to cling to major design ideas and themes, even if these themes and ideas are faced with insurmountable challenges.[66][67][68] However, the emphasis on design novelty is also associated with progress and new design solutions that, without this emphasis, would not see the light of day. The design value of novelty is not generally accepted within either architecture or design. This is indicated by the debate in architecture, focusing on whether buildings should harmonize with the surroundings in that they are situated in or not.[69] Equally is the debate where architecture should be based on traditional topology and design styles i.e. classical and vernacular base architecture or if it should be an expression of its time. The same issues are indicated within the industrial design domain where it has been debated if retro design should be accepted or not as good design.
See also
Architectural designer Architecture for Humanity Digital morphogenesis Green building Low-energy house Passive cooling Passive house Passive solar building design Sustainable architecture
Further reading
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Bartlett School of Planning, University College London. A bibliography of design value for The Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment (http://www.cabe.org.uk/AssetLibrary/2205.pdf) Holm, Ivar (2006). Ideas and Beliefs in Architecture and Industrial design: How attitudes, orientations, and underlying assumptions shape the built environment . Oslo School of Architecture and Design. ISBN 82-547-0174-1.[2] (http://www.aho.no/Global/Dokumenter/Forskning/Avhandlinger/Holm_Ideas_and_Beliefs.pdf) BIOPHILIC DESIGN: THE THEORY, SCIENCE AND PRACTICE OF BRINGING BUILDINGS TO LIFE, edited by Stephen R. Kellert, Judith Heerwagen, and Martin Mador (John Wiley, New York, 2008). ISBN 978-0-470-16334-4 LERA, S. G. (1980). Designers' values and the evaluation of designs. PhD thesis, Department of Design Research. London, Royal College of Art. [3] (http://www.eclipseresearch.co.uk/Academic%20journals/Lera-PhD-thesis.pdf) THOMPSON, I. H. (2000). Ecology, community and delight: sources of values in landscape architecture. London, E & FN Spon. ISBN 0-419-25150-2.
References
1. ^ Holm, Ivar (2006). Ideas and Beliefs in Architecture and Industrial design: How attitudes, orientations, and underlying assumptions shape the built environment. Oslo School of Architecture and Design. ISBN 82-547-01741.[1] (http://www.aho.no/Global/Dokumenter/Forskning/Avhandlinger/Holm_Ideas_and_Beliefs.pdf) 2. ^ KRIEGER, P. (2004) Contextualism. IN SENNOTT, R. S. (Ed.) Encyclopedia of 20th-century architecture. New York, Fitzroy Dearborn. 3. ^ STEER, L. M. (2004) Supermodernism. IN SENNOTT, R. S. (Ed.) Encyclopedia of 20th-century architecture. New York, Fitzroy Dearborn. 4. ^ a b c d FLORES, C. A. H. (2004) Symbolism. IN SENNOTT, R. S. (Ed.) Encyclopedia of 20th-century architecture. New York, Fitzroy Dearborn. 5. ^ a b c Gelernter, M. (1995). Sources of architectural form: a critical history of Western design theory. Manchester, Manchester University Press. 6. ^ Fedders, K. (2004). Archigram. Encyclopedia of 20th-century architecture. R. S. Sennott. New York, Fitzroy Dearborn. 1: 57 - 58. 7. ^ Heynen, H. (2004). Avant-garde. Encyclopedia of 20th-century architecture. R. S. Sennott. New York, Fitzroy Dearborn. 1: 97 - 99. 8. ^ Hume, D. (1965). Of the standard of taste: and other essays. Indianapolis, The Bobbs-Merrill Company. 9. ^ a b Brolin, B. C. (2000). Architectural ornament: banishment and return. New York, Norton. 10. ^ KAUFMANN, E. (1955) Architecture in the age of reason; baroque and postbaroque in england, italy, and france, Cambridge, Harvard University Press. 11. ^ NESBITT, K. (1996) Theorizing a new agenda for architecture: an anthology of architectural theory 1965-1995, New York, Princeton Architectural Press. 12. ^ WHITELEY, N. (1993) Design for society, London, Reaktion Books. 13. ^ TOY, M. (1999) EDITORIAL. IN TOY, M. (Ed.) Aspects of minimal architecture II. London, Academy Editions. 14. ^ RUBY, I. & RUBY, A. (2003) Essential, Meta-, Trans-. The Chimeras of Minimalist Architecture. IN RUBY, I. (Ed.) Minimal architecture. Munich, Prestel. 15. ^ SILVESTRIN, C. (1999) Royal Academy and AD International Forum, Something or Nothing: Minimalism in Art and Architecture 8. IN TOY, M. (Ed.) Aspects of minimal architecture II. London, Academy Editions. 16. ^ ALDERSEY-WILLIAMS, H. (2003) Zoomorphic : new animal architecture, London, Laurence King Publ. 17. ^ a b PEARSON, D. (2001) New organic architecture: the breaking wave, Berkeley, University of California Press.
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18. ^ a b c BEATLEY, T. & WHEELER, S. M. (2004) The sustainable urban development reader, London, Routledge. 19. ^ a b GELERNTER, M. & DUBRUCQ, V. (2004) Regionalism. IN SENNOTT, R. S. (Ed.) Encyclopedia of 20thcentury architecture. New York, Fitzroy Dearborn. 20. ^ ABEL, C. (1997) Architecture and identity: towards a global eco-culture, Oxford, Architectural Press. 21. ^ LEFAIVRE, L. & TZONIS, A. (2003) Critical regionalism: architecture and identity in a globalized world, Munich, Prestel. 22. ^ SYMES, M., ELEY, J. & SEIDEL, A. D. (1995) Architects and their practices: a changing profession, Oxford, Butterworth Architecture. 23. ^ JOHNSON, D. L. (2004) Rationalism. IN SENNOTT, R. S. (Ed.) Encyclopedia of 20th-century architecture. New York, Fitzroy Dearborn. 24. ^ ZIPF, C. W. (2004) Arts and crafts movement. IN SENNOTT, R. S. (Ed.) Encyclopedia of 20th-century architecture. New York, Fitzroy Dearborn. 25. ^ HUGHES, R. (1991) The shock of the new art and the century of change, London, Thames and Hudson. 26. ^ HATCH, C. R. (1984) The scope of social architecture, New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold. 27. ^ a b c d e SANOFF, H. (2000) Community participation methods in design and planning, New York, Wiley. 28. ^ PREISER, W. F. E., WHITE, E. T. & RABINOWITZ, H. Z. (1988) Post-occupancy evaluation, New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold. 29. ^ ZIMRING, C. M. & REIZENSTEIN, J. E. (1981) A Primer on post occupancy evaluation: uses and techniques of an increasingly valued tool. Architecture (AIA Journal), 70, 52 - 54. 30. ^ PRESS, M., COOPER, R. & EROL, R. (2001) Design as a tool for social policy: the case of 'design against crime'. The Fourth European Academy of Design Conference. Aveiro Portugal. 31. ^ NEWMAN, O. (1972) Defensible space: crime prevention through urban design, New York, Macmillan. 32. ^ a b c COLQUHOUN, I. (2004) Design out crime: creating safe and sustainable communities, Amsterdam, Elsevier. 33. ^ WEKERLE, G. R. & WHITZMAN, C. (1995) Safe cities: guidelines for planning, design, and management, New York ; London, Van Nostrand Reinhold. 34. ^ SERAGELDIN, I. (1997) The architecture of empowerment a survey. IN SERAGELDIN, I. (Ed.) The Architecture of empowerment : people, shelter and livable cities. London, Academy Editions. 35. ^ STRASSMANN, P. W. (1998) Third world housing. IN VAN VLIET, W. (Ed.) The Encyclopedia of housing. Thousand Oaks, Calif, Sage Publications. 36. ^ YUNUS, M. (1997) Foreword. IN SERAGELDIN, I. (Ed.) The Architecture of empowerment : people, shelter and livable cities. London, Academy Editions. 37. ^ ZKAN, S. (1997) Architecture to change the world? IN SERAGELDIN, I. (Ed.) The Architecture of empowerment : people, shelter and livable cities. London, Academy Editions. 38. ^ THOMPSON, I. H. (2000) Aesthetic, social and ecological values in landscape architecture: a discourse analysis. Ethics, place and environment, 3, 269-287. 39. ^ a b c CUFF, D. (2000) Epilogue. IN KOSTOF, S. (Ed.) The Architect : chapters in the history of the profession. Berkeley, Calif., University of California Press. 40. ^ MCDONALD, M. K. (2004) Sustainability and sustainable architecture. IN SENNOTT, R. S. (Ed.) Encyclopedia of 20th-century architecture. New York, Fitzroy Dearborn. 41. ^ MOSTAEDI, A. (2002) Sustainable architecture: low tech houses, Barcelona, Carles Broto i Comerma. 42. ^ MOSTAEDI, A. (2003) Sustainable architecture: high tech housing, Barcelona, Carles Broto i Comerma. 43. ^ WINES, J. & JODIDIO, P. (2000) Green architecture, Kln, Taschen. 44. ^ KALNER, S. (2004) Adaptwe re-use. IN SENNOTT, R. S. (Ed.) Encyclopedia of 20th-century architecture. New York, Fitzroy Dearborn. 45. ^ a b POWELL, K. (1999) Architecture reborn: the conversion and reconstruction of old buildings, London, Laurence King. 46. ^ a b FRANK, L. D., ENGELKE, P. O. & SCHMID, T. L. (2003) Health and community design: the impact of the built environment on physical activity, Washington, DC, Island Press. 47. ^ BARTON, H., TSOUROU, C. & WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. REGIONAL OFFICE FOR, E. (2000) Healthy urban planning: a WHO guide to planning for people, London, Published on behalf of the World Health
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48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57.
Organization Regional. ^ BAKER-LAPORTE, P., ELLIOTT, E. & BANTA, J. (2001) Prescriptions for a healthy house: a practical guide for architects, builders, and homeowners, Santa Fe, InWord Press. ^ AMUNDSON, J. A. & MILLER, C. C. (2004) Classicism. IN SENNOTT, R. S. (Ed.) Encyclopedia of 20thcentury architecture. New York, Fitzroy Dearborn. ^ a b c TILMAN, J. T. (2004) Historicism. IN SENNOTT, R. S. (Ed.) Encyclopedia of 20th-century architecture. New York, Fitzroy Dearborn. ^ a b c d ROSS, M. (1996) Planning and the heritage: policy and procedures, London, E & FN Spon. ^ TOMLAN, M. A. (2004) Historic preservation. IN SENNOTT, R. S. (Ed.) Encyclopedia of 20th-century architecture. New York, Fitzroy Dearborn. ^ OLIVER, P. (2004) Vernacular Architecture. IN SENNOTT, R. S. (Ed.) Encyclopedia of 20th-century architecture. New York, Fitzroy Dearborn. ^ MORTON, P. (2004) Primitivism. IN SENNOTT, R. S. (Ed.) Encyclopedia of 20th-century architecture. New York, Fitzroy Dearborn. ^ RUDOFSKY, B. (1964) Architecture without architects: a short introduction to non-pedigree architecture, New York, Doubleday. ^ WEISMAN, L. K. (1992) Discrimination by design: a feminist critique of the man-made environment, Urbana, University of Illinois Press. ^ a b WEISMAN, L. K. (2000) Prologue: 'women's environmental rights: a manifesto'. IN BORDEN, I., RENDELL, J. & PENNER, B. (Eds.) Gender space architecture: an interdisciplinary introduction. London, Routledge. ^ ATTFIELD, J. (1989) Form/female follows function/male: Feminist critiques of design. IN WALKER, J. A. & ATTFIELD, J. (Eds.) Design history and the history of design. London, Pluto. ^ a b c MORTON, P. (2004) Feminist Theory. IN SENNOTT, R. S. (Ed.) Encyclopedia of 20th-century architecture. New York, Fitzroy Dearborn. ^ PYE, D. (1978) The nature and aesthetics of design, London, Barrie & Jenkins. ^ JACKSON, L. (Ed.) (1992) Strategic study of the profession: phase 1: strategic overview, London, Royal Institute of British Architects. ^ BLAU, J. R. (1984) Architects and firms: a sociological perspective on architectural practice, Cambridge, Mass., MIT Press. ^ a b c d CUFF, D. (1991) Architecture: the story of practice, Cambridge, Mass., MIT Press. ^ PORTER, D. (2000) Why do architects wear black? thinking beyond the trap. IN TOFT, A. E. (Ed.) Ethics in architecture : architectural education in the epoch of virtuality. [Leuven], European Association for Architectural Education. ^ WOLFE, T. (1981) From bauhaus to our house, London, Picador. ^ LAWSON, B. (1997) How designers think: the design process demystified, Oxford, Architectural Press. ^ ROWE, P. G. (1987) Design thinking, Cambridge, Mass., MIT Press. ^ CROSS, N. (2004) Expertise in design: an overview. Design Studies, 25, 427 - 441. ^ COLLINS, P. (1971) Architectural judgement, London, Faber & Faber.
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