Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Southwest: Warmer, less mild winters Northwest: Cooler, more rain Southeast: More rain but higher temperatures Northeast: Cold and humid
Almost all paved roads Some areas are mountainous with snow, while some areas are flat and dessert like
Major Religions
Hard to define Usually principles passed down by word of mouth Vary between tribes Focus on nature; animals, plants, landscapes
Celebrations
Annual Pow-wow: Tribes get together to dance and honor the creator. Bear Ceremony: A healing ceremony where bears the sign of strengths. Big Time: Acorn harvest. Celebrations can differ between tribes Harvesting of foods (maple, strawberry, corn)
Green Corn Festivals
Traditions
Dance: many occasions, ceremonies, weddings, harvests Art forms Jewelry Legends: Stories passed from generation to generation Medicine: healing using herbs and spirits
11/23/2013
Migration Patterns
Migrated 20,000-50,000 years ago, on the Bering Straight Not a lot is known about prior Native American societies European diseases decreased the numbers of the Native American population Due to white expansion, they were forced to migrate west Majority resided in federal reservations by the late 19th century
Technological factors
Industrialization forced Native Americans out of their homelands so factories could be built Communication is changing
More individuals are speaking English as a first language as opposed to their native language
Horses, firearms, and metal knifes allowed for more exploration of land and use for hunting
Stereotype of buffalo-hunting horsemen with feathered headdress who represents American Indians
Food Items
Staples
Beans, corn and squash (common in most areas) Meat (fish, beef, game, bison, deer)
Plains
Jerky, shadberries, pemmican
Southwestern
Chili peppers, chukuviki, juniper ash
Northwest/Alaska
Chokecherries, camass roots, Muktuk, Akutok
Northeastern
Succotash, clam chowder, codfish, corn pudding
Southern
Hominy, grits, Brunswick stew, kanuche
11/23/2013
Food preparation
Roasted over fires Steaming seafood Baking breads in adobe ovens Preservation of foods by sun-drying or smoking Allowed seasonal items to be eaten later Grinding food into meal or paste Acorns were ground to remove tannic acid, then boiled into a soup
Meal patterns
Men are responsible for hunting livestock Food gathering, preparation, and storage was usually the womans responsibility Typically men eat first, then the women and kids In the Southwest, women rise early before dawn to prepare the first meal of the day, while they spent the afternoon preparing the second meal Sharing food is extremely important
Meal Sequence
Varies from region to region North
One large meal before noon Snacks provided through the day Roasted game or salmon, with greens and roots Two meals a day
One meal at sunrise Second meal eaten before sunset
After pregnancy, cod, halibut, and spring salmon are avoided, while during pregnancy sweets are avoided Yarrow, sagebrush, mountain dogbane, balsam root, mint, knotweed, pearly everlasting
All used for medicinal purposes
Adaptations
Limited to what is provided on reservations Many traditional foods have been lost, and replaced
Beef has replaced wild game
Courtney Dayoff
Southern Sierra Miwuk
Yosemite National Park
Chukchansi
Coarsegold/ Madera, California
Three meals per day is now normal, compared to two or one More fat and salt is used
11/23/2013
Questions
What types of dishes are usually served at ceremonies and gatherings? And what is your favorite one? What is your favorite ceremony? Why? Do you incorporate a lot of the staple foods of your heritage into your diet? What foods are used during rituals/life transitions? (Marriage, birthdays, adulthood) What factors affect your food and eating habits?
References
"Customs." ThinkQuest. Oracle Foundation, n.d. Web. 19 Apr. 2013. Kittler, Pamela Goyan, Kathryn Sucher, and Marcia Nahikian-Nelms. "Native Americans." Food and Culture. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning, 2012. 102-29. Print. Calloway, Colin G. First Peoples: A Documentary Survey of American Indian History. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2008. Print. Everett, Dianna. "American Indian Movement." American Indian Movement. Oklahoma Historical Society, 2007. Web. 20 Apr. 2013. <http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/A/AM008.html>. "Native American Traditions." Smithsonian Folklife Festival. N.p., 2013. Web. 19 Apr. 2013. <http://www.festival.si.edu/past_festivals/forestry/passing/native.aspx>. "American Indian Religious Freedom and Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Acts." American Indian Religious Freedom and Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Acts. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Apr. 2013. <http://www.hss.doe.gov/sesa/environment/policy/airfa.html>. Ferreira, Samuel. "American History since the Civil War." How Did Industrialization Change the Nature of American Society? What Was the Impact on Native Americans, Farmers and Women? N.p., 12 Feb. 2013. Web. 22 Apr. 2013. <http://blogs.cas.suffolk.edu/history182/2013/02/12/how-did-industrialization-changethe-nature-of-american-society-what-was-the-impact-on-native-americans-farmers-andwomen/>.