Muscle Tissue

O Motion results from alternating contraction (shortening) and relaxation of muscles; the skeletal system provides leverage and a supportive framework for this movement. The scientific study of muscles is known as myology. 3 Types of Muscle Tissue Skeletal muscle O attaches to bone, skin or fascia O striated with light & dark bands visible with scope O voluntary control of contraction & relaxation Cardiac muscle O tissue forms the wall of the heart. O striated in appearance O involuntary control O autorhythmic because of built in pacemaker Smooth muscle O tissue is located in viscera. O attached to hair follicles in skin O in walls of hollow organs -- blood vessels & GI O nonstriated in appearance O involuntary Functions of Muscle Tissue O Producing body movements O Stabilizing body positions O Regulating organ volumes O bands of smooth muscle called sphincters O Movement of substances within the body O blood, lymph, urine, air, food and fluids, sperm O Producing heat O involuntary contractions of skeletal muscle (shivering) O Properties of Muscle Tissue O Excitability O respond to chemicals released from nerve cells O Conductivity O ability to propagate electrical signals over membrane O Contractility O

ability to shorten and generate force O Extensibility O ability to be stretched without damaging the tissue Elasticity O ability to return to original shape after being stretched

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SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE

Connective Tissue Components Each skeletal muscle is a separate organ composed of cells called fibers. Connective tissue components of the muscle include epimysium = surrounds the whole muscle perimysium = surrounds bundles (fascicles) endomysium = separates individual muscle cells All these connective tissue layers extend beyond the muscle belly to form the tendon O Nerve and Blood Supply O Each skeletal muscle is supplied by a nerve, artery and two veins. O Each motor neuron supplies multiple muscle cells (neuromuscular junction) O Each muscle cell is supplied by one motor neuron terminal branch and is in contact with one or two capillaries. O nerve fibers & capillaries are found in the endomysium between individual cells Muscle Fiber or Myofibers O Muscle cells are long, cylindrical & multinucleated O Sarcolemma = muscle cell membrane O Sarcoplasm filled with tiny threads called myofibrils & myoglobin (red-colored, oxygen-binding protein) Sarcolemma, T Tubules, and Sarcoplasm O Skeletal muscle consists of fibers (cells) covered by a sarcolemma O The fibers contain T tubules and sarcoplasm O T tubules are tiny invaginations of the sarcolemma that quickly spread the muscle action potential to all parts of the muscle fiber.

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Sarcoplasm is the muscle cell cytoplasm and contains a large amount of glycogen for energy production and myoglobin for oxygen storage. Transverse Tubules T (transverse) tubules are invaginations of the sarcolemma into the center of the cell O filled with extracellular fluid O carry muscle action potentials down into cell Mitochondria lie in rows throughout the cell O near the muscle proteins that use ATP during contraction Myofibrils & Myofilaments O Each fiber contains myofibrils that consist of thin and thick filaments (myofilaments) O Muscle fibers are filled with threads called myofibrils separated by SR (sarcoplasmic reticulum) O The sarcoplasmic reticulum encircles each myofibril. It is similar to smooth endoplasmic reticulum in nonmuscle cells and in the relaxed muscle stores calcium ions. O Myofilaments (thick & thin filaments) are the contractile proteins of muscle Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR) O System of tubular sacs similar to smooth ER in nonmuscle cells O Stores Ca+2 in a relaxed muscle O Release of Ca+2 triggers muscle contraction Filaments and the Sarcomere O Thick and thin filaments overlap each other in a pattern that creates striations (light I bands and dark A bands) O The I band region contains only thin filaments. O They are arranged in compartments called sarcomeres, separated by Z discs. O In the overlap region, six thin filaments surround each thick filament Thick & Thin Myofilaments O shows the relationships of the zones, bands, and lines as seen in a transmission electron micrograph. O Supporting proteins (M line, titin and Z disc help anchor the thick and thin filaments in place)

O Thick & Thin Myofilaments Overlap The Proteins of Muscle O Myofibrils are built of 3 kinds of protein O contractile proteins O myosin and actin O regulatory proteins which turn contraction on & off O troponin and tropomyosin O structural proteins which provide proper alignment, elasticity and extensibility O titin, myomesin, nebulin and dystrophin O The Proteins of Muscle Myosin Thick filaments are composed of myosin O each molecule resembles two golf clubs twisted together O myosin heads (cross bridges) extend toward the thin filaments O Held in place by the M line proteins. Thin filaments are made of actin, troponin, & tropomyosin O The myosin-binding site on each actin molecule is covered by tropomyosin in relaxed muscle O The thin filaments are held in place by Z lines. From one Z line to the next is a sarcomere. Structural Proteins O Structural proteins keep the thick and thin filaments in the proper alignment, give the myofibril elasticity and extensibility, and link the myofibrils to the sarcolemma and extracellular matrix. O Titin helps a sarcomere return to its resting length after a muscle has contracted or been stretched. O Myomesin forms the M line. O Nebulin helps maintain alignment of the thin filaments in the sarcomere. O Dystrophin reinforces the sarcolemma and helps transmit the tension generated by the sarcomeres to the tendons. Sliding Filament Mechanism Of Contraction O Myosin cross bridges pull on thin filaments O Thin filaments slide inward

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Z Discs come toward each other Sarcomeres shorten.The muscle fiber shortens. The muscle shortens

O O Three Types of Muscle Fibers 1) Fast (or White) Fibers Fast contraction after nervous stimulation Large diameter large glycogen reserve few mitochondria densely packed myofibrils Fatigue fast due to mainly anaerobic respiration O 2) Slow (or Red) Fibers Slower but continuous contraction for extended periods Smaller diameter (~ half) contain myoglobin more capillaries more mitochondria O 3) Intermediate Fibers Have attributes inbetween fast and slow types Most skeletal muscles contain mixture of fiber types.

Ca+2 release channels close Active transport pumps Ca2+ back into storage in the sarcoplasmic reticulum Calcium-binding protein (calsequestrin) helps hold Ca+2 in SR (Ca+2 concentration 10,000 times higher than in cytosol) Tropomyosin-troponin complex recovers binding site on the actin Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ) or Synapse NMJ = myoneural junction end of axon nears the surface of a muscle fiber at its motor end plate region (remain separated by synaptic cleft or gap)

CARDIAC MUSCLE
Striated , short, quadrangular-shaped, branching fibers Single centrally located nucleus Cells connected by intercalated discs with gap junctions Same arrangement of thick & thin filaments as skeletal CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE - Overview Cardiac muscle tissue is found only in the heart wall Its fibers are arranged similarly to skeletal muscle fibers. Cardiac muscle fibers connect to adjacent fibers by intercalated discs which contain desmosomes and gap junctions Cardiac muscle contractions last longer than the skeletal muscle twitch due to the prolonged delivery of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the extracellular fluid. Cardiac muscle fibers contract when stimulated by their own autorhythmic fibers. This continuous, rhythmic activity is a major physiological difference between cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue.

Overview: How Does Contraction Begin? 1. Nerve impulse reaches an axon terminal 2.synaptic vesicles release acetylcholine (ACh) 3. ACh diffuses to receptors on the sarcolemma 4. stimulus provided by binding of ACh to the sarcolemma; 5. Na+ channels open and Na+ rushes into the cell 6. resulting action potential travels along sarcolemma and into T tubules, triggering release of calcium ions from SR; 7. calcium ions bind to troponin; resulting shape change causes myosin binding site to be exposed; 8. myosin heads bind to actin, and swivel (power stroke), pulling Z discs closer together, shortening myofiber.-the contraction cycle begins Relaxation Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) breaks down ACh within the synaptic cleft Muscle action potential ceases

Appearance of Cardiac Muscle Striated muscle containing thick & thin filaments T tubules located at Z discs & less SR Physiology of Cardiac Muscle Autorhythmic cells contract without stimulation Contracts 75 times per min & needs lots of O2 Larger mitochondria generate ATP aerobically Extended contraction is possible due to slow Ca+2 delivery Ca+2 channels to the extracellular fluid stay open

Small, involuntary muscle cell -- tapering at ends Single, oval, centrally located nucleus Lack T tubules & have little SR for Ca+2 storage Microscopic Anatomy of Smooth Muscle Thick & thin myofilaments not orderly arranged so lacks sarcomeres Sliding of thick & thin filaments generates tension Transferred to intermediate filaments & dense bodies attached to sarcolemma Muscle fiber contracts and twists into a helix as it shortens -- relaxes by untwisting Physiology of Smooth Muscle Contraction starts slowly & lasts longer no transverse tubules & very little SR Ca+2 must flows in from outside In smooth muscle, the regulator protein that binds calcium ions in the cytosol is calmodulin (in place of the role of troponin in striated muscle); calmodulin activates the enzyme myosin light chain kinase, which facilitates myosin-actin binding and allows contraction to occur at a relatively slow rate. Peristalsis Peristalsis alternating contractions and relaxations of smooth muscles that mix and squeeze substances through the lumen of hollow organs

SMOOTH MUSCLE
Smooth muscle tissue is nonstriated and involuntary and is classified into two types: visceral (single unit) smooth muscle and multiunit smooth muscle Visceral (single unit) smooth muscle is found in the walls of hollow viscera and small blood vessels; the fibers are arranged in a network and function as a single unit. Multiunit smooth muscle is found in large blood vessels, large airways, arrector pili muscles, and the iris of the eye. The fibers operate singly rather than as a unit. Two Types of Smooth Muscle Visceral (single-unit) in the walls of hollow viscera & small BV autorhythmic Multiunit individual fibers with own motor neuron ending found in large arteries, large airways, arrector pili muscles,iris & ciliary body Microscopic Anatomy of Smooth Muscle Sarcoplasm of smooth muscle fibers contains both thick and thin filaments which are not organized into sarcomeres. Smooth muscle fibers contain intermediate filaments which are attached to dense bodies.