Loading Summary for a Slab on Girder Bridge According to the CAN/CSA-S6

Presented By: Andrew Chad 2006

April 5, 2006

CHBDC-S6 Bridge Loading

Outline
Introduction Refresher: Limit States Load Combinations Introduce Example Bridge Simplified Method of Analysis Typ. Formatted Spreadsheet Layout Load Descriptions and Design Values Conclusion

Basically: A comprehensive load summary, takedown and analysis procedure for a new highway bridge according to CAN/CSA-S6

April 5, 2006

CHBDC-S6 Bridge Loading

Limit States
S6 Limit States Criteria:

Ultimate Limit States (ULS) Fatigue Limit States (FLS) Serviceability Limit States (SLS)

The chief advantages of LS Design Method are:

The recognition of the different variabilities of the various loads, for the Working Stress Method (AASHTO) encompassed both in the same factor of safety; The recognition of a range of limit states The promise of uniformity by the use of statistical methods to relate all to the probability of failure.
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CHBDC-S6 Bridge Loading

Limit States
Disadvantages:

Necessity to choose an acceptable risk of failure; for example, to quantify the acceptability of some risk that involves only structural collapse, with a risk that leads to loss of life. The probability of failure must be applied to the number of events that may occur during the life of the structure. There is an essential difficulty in predicting an event that may not occur until 75-100 years from the point of design.

April 5, 2006

CHBDC-S6 Bridge Loading

Bridge Load Types

Dead Loads (D) Earth & Hydrostatic Pressure (E) Secondary Prestress (P) Live Loads (L) Strains, Deformations and Displacement Associated Loads (K) Wind Load on Structure (W) Wind on Traffic (V) Load due to Differential Settlement (S) Earthquake Loads (EQ) Stream and Ice Pressure, Debris Torrents (F) Ice Accretion Load (A) Collision Load (H)

April 5, 2006

CHBDC-S6 Bridge Loading

Load Types: Superstructure Only

Dead Loads (D) Live Loads (L) Wind Load on Structure (W) Wind on Traffic (V) Earthquake Loads (EQ)

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CHBDC-S6 Bridge Loading

Load Combinations
Load Factors based on a service life of 75 yrs Based on minimum reliability index of 3.75

April 5, 2006

CHBDC-S6 Bridge Loading

Load Combinations

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CHBDC-S6 Bridge Loading

Design Example
A Simple Bridge:

A-A

2 span, 4 lane bridge 225mm R/C Slab, on 5 continuous steel girders Span length 20m x 2 Typical highway overpass structure Superstructure only!

3.5m

A-A
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Formatted Spreadsheet

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CHBDC-S6 Bridge Loading

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Simplified Method of Analysis

Simplified Method of Analysis:

The bridge width is constant The support conditions are closely equivalent to line support, both at the ends of the bridge and, in the case of multispan bridges, at intermediate supports For slab and slab on girder bridges with skew, the provisions of A5.1(b)(i) are met For bridges that are curved in plan, the radius of curvature, span, and width satisfy the relative requirements of A5.1(b)(ii) A solid or voided slab is of substantial uniform depth across a transverse section, or tapered in the vicinity of a free edge provided that the length of the taper in the transverse direction does not exceed 2.5m

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CHBDC-S6 Bridge Loading

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Simplified Method of Analysis

Simplified Method of Analysis:

CONT

For slab-on-girder bridges, there shall be at least three longitudinal girders that are of equal flexural rigidity and equally spaced, or with variations from the mean of not more than 10% in each case For a bridge having longitudinal girders and an overhanging deck slab, the overhang does not exceed 60% of the mean spacing betweeen the longitudinal girders or the spacing of the two outermost adjacent webs for box girders, and, also, is not more than 1.8m For a continuous span bridge, the provisions of A5.1(a) shall apply In the case of multispine bridges, each spin has only two webs. Also, the conditions of Cl. 10.12.5.1 shall apply for steel and steel-composite multispine bridges.

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CHBDC-S6 Bridge Loading

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Dead Load
If bridge satisfies Cl.5.6.1.1 use Simplified Method of Analysis The Beam Analogy Method:

it is permitted to the whole of the bridge superstructure, or of part of the bridge superstructure contained between two parallel vertical planes running in the longitudinal direction, as a beam

Take 3 interior girders & associated T.W., 9 R/C Concrete Typ. Take 2 exterior girders & associated T.W., 9 R/C Concrete Typ. Takes less Dead load, more live load due to deck support conditions Varies with different materials
1.5 for wearing surfaces 1.1 for steel girders

225mm

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CHBDC-S6 Bridge Loading

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Formatted Spreadsheet

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CHBDC-S6 Bridge Loading

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Live Load
Originally used Live Loads specified in AASHTO, changed in 1979 to maximum legal limits observed loads in all provinces. Ontario uses maximum observed loads (MOL) vs. Canadian Legal Limits in other provinces Load based on CL-W Loading

CL-W Truck as specified in Cl. 3.8.3.1

Not less than CL-625 (kN) for national highway network. Weight to 625kN in 2000, LL factor increased to 1.7 max

CL-W Lane Load as specified in CL. 3.8.3.2

9kN/m based on work done by Taylor at Second Narrows Bridge 80% Truck load included in analysis

Dynamic Load Allowance Factors to account for more concentrated loading

Vary with amount of truck being used, size of bridge feature

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CHBDC-S6 Bridge Loading

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Live Load
Load Cases: 3 Load Cases ULS
Worst case of truck load, lane load including DLA Pedestrian loads, maintenance + sidewalk loads omitted

2 Load Cases SLS 1 Load Case FLS

2 lines of wheel loads in 1 lane

Multi-lane loading modification factor When >1 lane is loaded, reduce loads per Table 3.8.4.2 1 lane = 1.0 2 lane = 0.9 3 lane = 0.8
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Live Load: Analysis

Longitudinal Moment

Mg = Fm * Mgavg Where:
Fm =Amplification Factor to account

for tranverse variation in max moment intensity Mgavg = Average moment per girder by sharing equally the total moment, including multiple lane load factor

Longitudinal Moment FLS:

Loaded with 1 truck at center of 1 lane

Mg = Fm * Mgavg Where:
Fm =Amplification Factor to account

for tranverse variation in max moment intensity Mgavg = Average moment per girder by sharing equally the total moment

Shear is Found in Similar Manner

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Formatted Spreadsheet

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CHBDC-S6 Bridge Loading

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Formatted Spreadsheet

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CHBDC-S6 Bridge Loading

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Formatted Spreadsheet

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CHBDC-S6 Bridge Loading

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Cl.-3.10 Wind Loads

Superstructure shall be designed for wind induced vertical and horizontal drag loads acting simultaneously Fh=qCeCgCh Fv=qCeCgCv Where:

q = reference wind pressure

1/50 for L<125m (.1H)2 2.0 for L < 125m, 2.5 for more slender bridges/structures

Ce = Exposure Factor

Cg = Gust Effect Coefficient

Ch,Cv = Horizontal, Vertical drag coefficients Not: Flexible, Slender, Lightweight, Long Span, or of Unusual Geometry.

Bridge type not typically sensitive to wind

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CHBDC-S6 Bridge Loading

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Cl.-3.10 Wind Loads

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CHBDC-S6 Bridge Loading

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Exceptional Loads
Low Frequency/Probability of Occurrence

Earthquake Collision Stream and Ice Pressure/Debris Ice Accretion

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CHBDC-S6 Bridge Loading

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Earthquake Loads

CAN/CSA-S6 Section 4

Prescribes Analysis based on: Bridge Geometry Type Location Importance Regular vs. Irregular

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CHBDC-S6 Bridge Loading

For a Lifeline, Slab on Girder, L<125m, located in Seismic Zone 4: Minimum Analysis = Multi Mode Spectral (MM) Analysis No analysis necessary for SOG single span bridges Not performed due to scope Same principles as a multi-degree of freedom structure would apply Structure analyzed in 2 principal directions Find principal modes, modal mass, modal participation, combine to 90% mass participation (SRSS, CQC) Vertical motions taken by including dead load factor in ULS
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Collision Loads
Superstructures to be design for Vessel Collision Substructure to be designed for vehicle collision load, Vessel Collision Not to be included in spreadsheet, see S6-3.14

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CHBDC-S6 Bridge Loading

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Conclusions
C.H.B.D.C. based on O.H.B.D.C. which was revolutionary in its use of LSD and design vehicle based on legal limits C.H.B.D.C. complicated but well written code

Many loads were omitted for this simple bridge, only a basic design/analysis was performed Easy to get confused, make small mistakes Simplified methods of design are a good start, although still somewhat tricky.

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CHBDC-S6 Bridge Loading

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Conclusions

QUESTIONS?

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CHBDC-S6 Bridge Loading

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