A

PRACTICAL TRAINING REPORT

ON
COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT
DHOLPUR(RVUNL)
SUBMITTED FOR PARTIAL FULFILLMENT
OF
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

BMIT JAIPUR
Session:2013-14

SUBMITTEDE TO
MISS. JYOTI CHOUDHARY

SUBMITTEDE BYMANOJ KUMAR SHARMA

VII SEM EE.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINNERING

BALDEV RAM MIRDHA INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY,JAIPUR.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Its my pleasure to be able to thank all the people who helped us to turn our idea

and

concepts in completing our summer training on THERMAL POWER PLANT.

The present report carried out at my place in an outcome of the operation rendered by a no
of people.
I have been extremely lucky to have a support of our teachers whose comments, correction
and suggestion have enormously enriched my project report.
I owe a special thanks to my electrical department and specially Satyaveer sir who played
major role in designing of this project.
Mere thanks to my parents and my lovely brother seems pretty small compared to
the days of tremendous support and extravagance they gave. Without their cheerful
support this project would not have seen the light of the day.

Manoj kumar sharma

Roll no:10EBMEE034
B.Tech,IVYear,VIISEM

CONTENT
Topics

Page No.

Training certificate
I
Acknowledgement
II
1) Abstract1
2) Introduction to DCCPP2
3) Combined Cycle Power Plant.......3
3.1) Conversion of Energy..3
3.2) Generation of Combined Cycle Power3
3.3) Working of the Combined Cycle Plant...6
4) Gas Turbine....7
4.1) Working of gas turbine.. 7
4.2) Theory of Operation...8
4.3) Gas power cycle......................................................................9
4.4) HRSG10
5) Steam Turbine..12
5.1) Working of steam turbine.12
5.2) Steam turbine auxillary16
6) 220 KV Switch yard and transformer17
6.1) 220 KV switchyard and different equipments installed and bus schemes...........17
6.2) Different transformer installed in Transformer yard.. 19
7) Temperature and Pressure measurement control..26
7.1) Temperature measurement..26
7.2) Pressure measurement....29
8) Conclusion....33
References.34

9)

FIGURE INDEX:
Figure

page no.

Fig1.1 GAS TURBINE

Fig2.1

11

IDEALIZED BRAYTON CYCLE

Fig3.1 ARRANGEMENT OF HRSG DHOLPUR CCPP

Fig4.1 STEAM TURBINE

18

Fig5.1 TS DIAGRAM

20

Fig6.1 SINGLE LINE ELECTRICAL LAYOUT OF DCCCP

28

Fig7.1 THERMOCOUPLE

32

Fig7.2 RESISTANCE THERMOCOUPLE

Fig8.1 BOURDON TUBE
Fig8.2 TYPICAL BOURDON TUBE

33
35
35

Fig9.1 U TUBE PRESSURE SENSOR

36

Fig9.2 TYPICAL U TUBE PRESSURE

36

Fig10.1 LVDT BASED DIAGRAM PRESSURE

Fig3.10.2 TYPICAL DIAPHAGRAM GAGE PRESSURE

37
37

TABLE INDEX:
Table

Page no.

Table 1

COMBINED GAS POWER PLANT

Table 2

DETAIL OF 220KV

29

Table 3

AUXILIARY TRANSFORMER

30

Table 4

GENERATOR TRANSFORMER

30

1. ABSTRACT
In DCCPP, electricity is generated by both steam and gas turbine. Main feature of
DCCPP is that here electricity is generated without much wastage of energy. As the
name implies it is a combined cycle i.e. waste heat from the gas turbine is recovered by a
heat recovery steam generator to power a conventional steam turbine in a combined cycle
configuration. Electricity generated is then transmitted to different places with the help of
grid.

2. INTRODUCTION
DHOLPUR COMBINED CYCLE POWER PROJECT.
DCCPP is situated in the outskirts of Dholpur which is about 55Km. South West of Agra.
Dholpur was considered an

ideal location for setting up of a gas power plant having

regards to the availability of land, water, transmission network, proximity to broad gauge
railway , also well connected by roads (G.T. road passes through this city) and being an
important load center for eastern Rajasthan.
The total estimated cost of the plant is Rs. 1155 crore.The main equipments were supplied
by M/s BHEL and it was also the main contractor for erection, testing and commsining of
the plant. The BOP(Balance of plant) was given to M/s GEA Energy System. The main
fuel used for this plant is R-LNG(liquified natural gas) which will be supplied by M/s
GAIL. The gas required per day for both unit is 1.3MM SCM at 9000Kcal.
The unique feature of this plant is that waste heat from the gas turbine is recovered by a
heat recovery steam generator to power a conventional steam turbine in a combined cycle
configuration. And also a MARK- 6 control system has been introduced for the first time
in the northern region in INDIA.

3. GENERAL INTRODUCTION
3.1 CONVERSION OF ENERGY
Method for transforming other power into electrical power :Power plants are classified in the following categories according to the fuel used:
(a) Coal based thermal power plant
(b) Nuclear power plant
(c) Hydro electric power plant
(d) Solar power plant
(e) Wind power
(f) Gas power plant Rotating turbines attached to electrical generators produce most
commercially available electricity. Turbines may be driven by using steam. Water wind or
other fluids as an intermediate energy carrier. The most common usage is by steam in
fossil fuel power plants or nuclear power plants and by water in hydroelectric dams.
Alternately turbines can be driven directly by the combustion of natural gas.
Electricity From Natural gas
Power plant uses several methods to convert gas into electricity. One method is to burn the
gas in a boiler to produce steam, which is then used by a steam turbine to generate
electricity. A more common approach is to burn the gas in a combustion turbine to
generate electricity.
Another technology that is growing in a combustion turbine and used the heat combustion
turbine exhaust to make steam to drive a steam turbine. This technology is called combined
cycle and achieves a higher efficiency by using the same fuel source twice.

3.2 COMBINED CYCLE POWER GENERATION

Combined cycle electricity generation :-Growth in gas fueled combined cycle system
will take place,
because of the attractive economic environmental and operating characteristics of this
natural gas system.Combined cycle gas turbine plants generate electricity more. Efficiently
than conventional fossil to percent compares with 30 to 50 percent for typical now
biological units.
Advantage of Combined Cycle Gas Power Plant

High Thermal Efficiency

Low water Requirement

Environmental friendliness

Fast start-up

Low Gestation period

Low Installation Cost

Disadvantage of Combined Cycle Gas Power Plant

Low thermal Efficiency in Open cycle

Higher Cost of Generation

Higher Maintenance Cost

Classification of Combined Cycle Gas Power Plant

SIZE
SMALL
MEDIUM
LARGE

PLANT CAPICITY
UP TO 100 MW
50-400 MW
>400MW

GT CAPACITY
30-40 MW
60-120 MW
>120 MW

Environmental effects of combined cycle electricity generation

(a). Natural-gas fueled: combined cycle units are environmentally performable to
conventional coal system the gas combined cycle unit produces none of the solid waste
associated with coal units less than 1 percent of the sulfur dioxide and particulate matter
and about 85 percent less nitrogen oxide produces by a similarity sized new coal unit
equipped with pollution control equipments.
(b). Co-generation system :- cogeneration is use of a primary energy like natural gas to
sequentially produce heat and electricity. The concept is based on the recover and use of
waste heat produced daring the generation of electricity. In most electric utility power
plants, this waste heat is lost resulting in substantially lower operating efficiencies than
with co-generation.
A variety of natural gas co-generation technologies are currently being used. Including
small pre-packaged units that incorporate all the necessary components for a co-generation
system as well as high efficiency industrial gas turbines. These natural gas co-generation
system are available in sizes ranging from as small as 202 kw to as larges as several
hundred mega watts.
(c.) Air Emissions :- The average emissions rates in the united states from natural gas fired
generation are 1135 ibd/meh of carbon dioxide 0.1 ibs/mwh of sulfur di oxide and 1.7
ibs/mwh of nitrogen oxide compared to the average air emissions from coal fired
generation natural gas produces as much carbon dioxide less than a third as much nitrogen
dioxide at the power plant in addition the process of extraction treatment and transport of
the natural gas to the power plant generators additional emissions.
(d) Design Principle :- In a gas turbine, set composed primarily of a compressor burner
and the gas turbine proper. The input temperature to the gas turbine is relatively high but
the output temp of the fuel gas temperature is sufficient for production of steam in the
second steam cycle with live steam temperature in the range of steam cycle depends on the
ambient temperature .

The methods of waste heat disposal either by direct cooling by lake river or sea water or
using cooling towers.
(e) Efficiency of CCGT plants :- The thermal efficiency of a combined cycle power plant
is normally in terms of the net power output of the plant as a percentage of the lower
heating value or net calorific value of the fuel. In the case of generating only etc. criticity
power plant efficiencies of up to 59% can be achieved in the case of combined heat and
power generation the efficiency can increase to about 85%.
PLANT DESIGN INPUTS

AMBIENT TEMPERATURE RANGE

AMBIENT AIR QUALITY

FUEL SPECIFICATIONS

ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS

PEAKING CAPABILITY

OPERATIONAL FLEXIBILITY

PLANT WATER QUALITY

BLACK START FACILITY

FUEL SPECIFICATIONS

NATURAL GAS/ LNG VS NAPHTHA

NATURAL GAS SUPPLY PRESSURE

BRIDGE FUEL - NAPHTHA/ HSD

SULPHUR CONTENT - LOW PREFERRED

3.3 WORKING OF THE COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT

DCCPP located at Dholpur has an unique feature that the same energy source (i.e. natural
gas) is used to rotate both gas and steam turbine without wasting much of energy. As the
name implies it is a combined cycle i.e. waste heat from the gas turbine is recovered by a
heat recovery steam generator to power a conventional steam turbine in a combined cycle
configuration. Hence, the working of both gas and steam turbine is discussed here.

4. GAS TURBINE
4.1 WORKING OF GAS TURBINE:

A gas turbine extracts energy from a flow of hot gas produced by combustion of gas or fuel

oil in a stream of compressed air. It has an upstream air compressor (radial or axial flow)
mechanically coupled to a downstream turbine and a combustion chamber in between. Gas
turbine may also refer to just the turbine element.
Energy is released when compressed air is mixed with fuel and ignited in the combustor.
The resulting gases are directed over the turbine's blades, spinning the turbine, and,
mechanically, powering the compressor. Finally, the gases are passed through a nozzle,
generating additional thrust by accelerating the hot exhaust gases by expansion back to
atmospheric pressure.
Energy is extracted in the form of shaft power, compressed air and thrust, in any
combination, and used to power aircraft, trains, ships, electrical generators, and even tanks.
A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a rotary engine that extracts energy from
a flow of hot gas produced by combustion of gas in a stream of compressed air. It has an
upstream air compressor radial or axial flow mechanically coupled to a downstream
turbine and a combustion chamber in between. Gas turbine may also refer to just the
turbine element.
Energy is released when compressed air is mixed with fuel and ignited in the combustor .
The resulting gases are directed over the turbine's blades, spinning the turbine and
mechanically, powering the compressor. Finally, the gases are passed through a nozzle,
generating additional thrust by accelerating the hot exhaust gases by expansion back to
atmospheric pressure.
Energy is extracted in the form of shaft power, compressed air and thrust, in any
combination, and used to power electrical generators .
4.2 THEORY OF OPERATION
Gas turbines are described thermodynamically by the Brayton cycle , in which
air is compressed Is entropically , combustion occurs at constant pressure, and expansion
over the turbine occurs is entropically back to the starting pressure.
In practice, friction and turbulence cause:

a)

Non-Isentropic Compression: For a given overall pressure ratio, the compressor

delivery temperature is higher than ideal.

b)

Non-Isentropic Expansion: Although the turbine temperature drop necessary to

drive the compressor is unaffected, the associated pressure ratio is greater, which decreases
the expansion available to provide useful work.
c)

Pressure losses in the air intake, combustor and exhaust: reduces the expansion

available to provide useful work.

4.3 GAS POWER CYCLE

Although any cycle may in principle be used as a heat engine or as a refrigerator and heat
pump by just reversing the direction of the process in practice there are big difference and
the study is split between power cycle and refrigeration cycle.
Many gas cycle have been proposed and several are currently used to model real heat
engines. From the academic point of view we will the brayton cycle.
Brayton Cycle:- The brayton cycle named after the American Engineer George Bray ton,
is a good model for the operation of a gas turbines engine. Now a days used by practically
all aircraft except the smallest once by fast boast and increasingly been used for stationary
power generation. Particularly when both power and heat are of interest the ideal bray ton

cycle in the T-S and P-V diagram and the regenerative cycle. As with all cyclic heat
engines, higher combustion temperature means greater efficiency. The limiting factor is the
ability of the steel, nickel, ceramic, or other materials that make up the engine to withstand
heat and pressure. Considerable engineering goes into keeping the turbine parts cool. Most
turbines also try to recover exhaust heat, which otherwise is wasted energy. the heat
released from the exhaust gas has been absorbed by many kms of tubing which line the
boiler. Inside these tubes is water, which takes the heat and is converted into steam at high
temperature and pressure. The type of boiler is called heat recovery steam generation
(HRSG) This steam at high temperature and pressure is sent to the turbine where it is
discharged through the nozzles on to the turbine blades. The energy of the steam striking
on the blades makes the turbine to rotate. Coupled to the turbine is the rotor of the
generator. So when the turbine rotates the rotor of the generator turns. The rotor is housed
inside a stator having heavy coils of copper bars in which electricity is produced through
the movement of magnetic field produced by the rotor. Electricity passes from stator
winding to the transformer, which increases its voltage level so that it can be transmitted
over the lines to far off places.
The steam, which has given away its energy, is changed back into water in the condenser.
Condenser contains many kms of tubing through which cold water is continuously
pumped. The steam passing over the tubes continuously loses heat and is rapidly changed
back into water. But the two waters i.e. the boiler feed water and cooling water must never
mix. Boiler water must be absolutely pure otherwise the tubing of the boiler may get
damaged due to the formation of salts inside the tubes due to the presence of different
impurities in water.
To condense large quantities of steam huge and continuous volume of water is required. In
some power stations same water has to be used again and again because there is not
enough water. So the hot water tracts are passed through the cooling towers. The cooling
towers are simply concrete shells acting as a huge chimney creating a draught of air. The
design of cooling towers is such that a draught of air is created in the upward direction.
The water is sprayed at the top of the tower. As it falls down the air flowing in the upward

direction cools it. The water is collected in a pond from where the water is recirculated by
the pumps to the condenser. Inevitably, however some of the water is taken taken away by
the draught of water in the form of vapours and it is this water with familiar white clouds
emerging from the cooling towers.
4.4 HRSG (heat recovery steam generator)
SALIENT FEATURES OF HRSG
Horizontal HRSG

Horizontal Natural Circulation Design.

Steam generation at multiple pressure levels with or without reheaters.
Modular construction with spiral finned tubes for compactness.
Fully drainable heat transfer section
Short installation time.
Ease of operation..
Low NOx and CO emission.
Unfired boiler.

Exhaust gases are used to generate steam.

500 c lower portion.

High pressure circuit two.

6H bar upper portin economizer.

Low temperature portion.

6 bar 202 c (ragging)

Discharge pressure 1H bar steam

Water tube boiler

Vertical HRSG

Forced circulation boiler.

Vertical Gas flow.

At 100 c leaver boiler.

Deareater feed storage tank

Circuit feed regulating

Economizer

Evaporator

Super heater

Twin cylinder turbine.

Tendon compound turbine.

HP STEAM (RATED PARAMETERS)

PRESSURE: 78.2 Kg/Cm2.

TEMPERATURE : 514+/- 5 Deg. C

FLOW: 187.1 TPH.

LP STEAM (RATED PARAMETERS)

PRESSURE: 5.0 Kg/Cm2.

TEMPERATURE : 200 Deg. C

FLOW: 39.8 TPH.

LP Steam Drum

Cond. In/Out

HP Steam Drum

HP Feed Water

Line

LP Feed Water

ARRANGEMENT OF HRSG DHOLPUR

CCPP
HP Main Steam

GT Exhaust
HP
HP
SH-II SH-I

LP
HP HP
HP
EVP-IIEVP-I ECO-II SH

HP
LP
LP
CPH
EVP-II EVP-II ECO-I

GD
DD

DESH
Spray line

LP Main Steam
Line

5. STEAM TURBINE
A steam turbine is a device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam and uses it
to do mechanical work on a rotating output shaft. Its modern manifestation was invented
by Sir Charles Parsons in 1884.
Because the turbine generates rotary motion, it is particularly suited to be used to drive
an electrical generator about 90% of all electricity generation in the United States (1996)
is by use of steam turbines. The steam turbine is a form of heat engine that derives much of
its improvement in thermodynamic efficiency through the use of multiple stages in the
expansion of the steam, which results in a closer approach to the ideal reversible process.

5.1WORKING OF STEAM TURBINE

A steam turbine is a prime mover that derives its energy of rotation due to conversion of
the heat energy of steam into kinetic energy as it expands through a series of nozzles
mounted on the casing or the fixed blades.
Water is converted to steam by application of heat in the boiler, which makes the steam at

specified pressure and temperature. To convert the

steams energy into work, it must go through a thermodynamic cycle that combines
expansion compression, heat input, and heat rejection. The most efficient thermodynamic
cycle for an ideal fluid is Carnot cycle. It consists of an isothermal heat input, isentropic
expansion, isothermal heat rejection, and an isentropic compression. Regardless of the
combination, the efficiency of the cycle, assuming constant mass flow is based on the
difference in the enthalpy

and between beginning and end of the cycle. Steam can be used as the working fluid in
the Carnot Cycle. But its properties adversely impact its usefulness. In this case the steam
expansion process takes place completely in the moisture region. This requires
compression of a vapour/moisture mixture to return to the cycles starting point. Moisture
is an expansion process imposes large mechanical efficiency losses. Also, vapour
compression is inefficient and consumes relatively large amounts of power.
To avoid a two-phase vapour compression process, turbines are based on the Rankine
cycle. It is similar to the Carnot Cycle, except that the initial pressure of the steam is
raised and the condensation process that accompanies heat rejection continues until the
liquid saturation point is reached. At the end of the cycle, then, condensate is simply
pumped back to the boiler to begin the cycle. The role of the steam turbine is to expand
the steam from high pressure and temperature to lower pressure and temperature.
Rankine cycle is a heat engine with vapor power cycle. The common working fluid is
water.

The

cycle

consists

of

four

processes:

Several things can be done to steam to improve the Rankine Cycle efficiency. Raise
initial steam condition and reduce the amount of moisture near the end of expansion

stage. The first is accomplished by superheating the steam before it does any work. The
second involves re- heating steam to near initial-conditions after it is partially expanded
by directing it back to the heat source, then completing the expansion. In converting the
thermal energy of steam into mechanical energy turbines takes advantage of this facts- as
it expands or drops in pressure, through a small nozzle or opening, it accelerates and
forms a high-speed jet. Directing this momentum in a rotating blade provides mechanical
energy.

5.2Steam turbine auxillary (STA) :H.P. & L.P. by pass system

1.

Shaft turning gear system

2.

feed water system

3.

Air extraction water side.

4.

CW make up and raw water system.

5.

Lube oil system.

6.

Jacking oil system.

Fig1.1 GAS TURBINE

11
..........................................................................................................................................................4

7.

Hydraulic oil system.

8.

Gland steam system

9.

Cooling water circuit :-To condensed steam.

10.

Cooling water pump :- Two pumps are in service one in standby

11.

Cooling tower:- 12 fans is use in cooling.

12.

lub water pump:- 3 pumps one in service of two is stained.

13.

auxiliary raw cooling water water:-

2 ACW pumps

Plate type heat exchanger

14. feed water/steam circuit :(a) hot water line
(b) L.P. steam line

(c.) H.P. steam line

6. 220 KV SWITCHYARD AND TRANSFORMERS

6.1 220 KV SWITCHYARD AND DIFFERENT EQUIPMENTS INSTALLED AND
BUS SCHEMES.
BUS SCHEME
Main Function Of The Stations Is To Receive The Energy And Transmit It At The
Required Voltage Level With the Facility Of Switching.
At DCCPP Following are the Bays:1

GTG-1

Bus coupler

Line-1

GTG-2

Line-2

Line-3

STG

Bus System
There Are Mainly Two Buses
1

Main Bus-1

Main Bus-2

SF6 GAS CIRCUIT BREAKERS:

In this type of breaker quenching of arc is done by SF6 gas. The opening and closing of the
circuit breaker is done by air.
TYPE DESIGNATION:E:

S F 6 Gas Insulation

L:

Generation

F:

Out Door Design

SL

Breaker Construction

Code BIL Rated Voltage 4 - 245 / 460 / 1050 kv

1:

No. of chamber

The high voltage circuit breaker type ELF SL 4-1 comprises 3 breaker poles, a common
control cubicle and a pneumatic unit (compressed air plant) a breaker pole consists of :- SUPPORT (FRAME)

40000

- POLE COLUMN

41309 N

- PNEUMATIC ACTUATOR ( PKA) -

90200

The actuator is operated with compressed air.

A pneumatic unit (97200), an air receiver and a unit compressor is installed to supply the
compressed air. the compressed air stored in the air receiver is distributor to the three
actuator via pipe line.
The common control cubicle (96000), which is installed separately, contains all control
devices and most of the monitoring instrumentation with the exception of the density
monitors 98005 mounted on the middle breaker pole. The pressure switches are installed in
the control cubicle. All three poles columns are filled with insulating gas and
interconnected by means of pipe lines. The gas is monitored by a density monitor 98005
(temp. compensated pressure monitor)
If all the poles of the circuit breaker do not close simultaneously then the pole discrepancy
relay will operate and trip the breaker. Also at the time of tripping, if all the breakers do
not trip simultaneously, then again the tripping command through the pole discrepancy
relay will initiate to trip the breaker and annunciation will appear in the sub station control
room and the UCB.
ISOLATORS:

Isolators are used to make or break the circuit on no load. They should never be operated
on load. The isolators installed in the sub station have a capacity of 1250 amperes. They
are double end break type, motor operated and can be operated from local as well as
remote.

EARTH SHIELDING
It is a mesh of wire upon the tower. Its main purpose is to protect the substation
equipment from direct lightning strokes. Metallic body of each equipment is properly
earthed. The earthling resistance of any switch yard is about 0.2 ohm. Before the building
up of the sub station earthling material of G. I. wire is buried in the ground whose depth
depends upon the moisture content of ground. Earthing electrodes are provided at various
points. This increases the number of parallel provided at various points. This increases the
number of parallel paths and hence resistance of earth decreases.

POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION

This is a technique in which power lines are used as communication lines by which we can
make contact with other substation
The range of frequency used for communication is 300 KHz to 500 kHz.

WORKING
The voice frequency if converted into electrical signal. These signals are super
imposed on a carrier frequency and transmitted on the line through a coupling capacitor. At
the receiving end wave trap does not allow the modulated signal to enter the power circuit
where as the coupling capacitor provides a low resistance path to this signal. This signal is
then given to the line matching unit. In the LMU this frequency is matched and after wards
filtration of signal is done. The signal is demodulated and again converted into the voice
signal, which is available at phone receiver.
6.2 DIFFERENT TRANSFORMERS INSTALLED IN TRANSFORMER YARD:
Transformer is a static device which is used to change the voltage level keeping the power
and frequency same. In the plant transformer is one of the most important equipment. In
the whole plant, there are about 83 transformer installed at various places to operate the
auxiliaries.
Main transformers which are necessary:
1.

To step up the generated voltage.

2.

To supply power to the auxiliaries from the generator.

3.

To start the plant by taking the supply from the grid.

are installed in a transformer yard. It is located in between the main plant and the switch
yard. The main transformers installed in the transformer yard are:
GENERATOR TRANSFORMER (GT - 1)
It steps up the voltage from 10.5 KV to 220 KV. It connects the plant with the 220 KV
switch yard.
GENERATOR TRANSFORMER (GT -2)
It steps up the voltage from 10.5 KV to 220 KV. It connects the plant with the 220 KV
switch yard.

GENERATOR TRANSFORMER (GT -3)

It steps up the voltage from 10.5 KV to 220 KV. It connects the plant with the 220 KV
switch yard.
UNIT AUXILIARY TRANSFORMER (UAT-1)
It is a step down transformer with 12/15 MVA capacity. It steps down the voltage from
11.5 KV to 6.9 KV.
UNIT AUXILIARY TRANSFORMER (UAT-2)
It is a step down transformer with 12/15 MVA capacity. It steps down the voltage
from 11.5 KV to 6.9 KV
. UNIT SERVICE TRANSFORMER (UST)
It is a step down transformer with 2 MVA capacity. It is used to step down from 6.6 kV to
0.4333 KV. There are 6 No.s of UST.
TRANSFORMER
There are 3 generator transformers in the plant. One for each unit. The output from the
generator is fed to the generator transformer which steps up the voltage from 10.5 KV to
230 KV and supplies power to grid. Generator transformer winding connected in star\delta
with a phase displacement of 30 degrees. Three - phase supply from the generator is
connected to the low voltage side bushings and the output is taken from the opposite side.
Neutral point on the H.V. side is provided at the side of the tank. Neutral is solidly
grounded. In case neutral is solidly connected to the earth a very small current flowing
through the neutral causes the tripling of the transformer. So in this case more care is to be
taken.
The main parts of a transformer are:
1.

Steel Tank

Whole of the transformer winding is immersed in the oil in the tank. The tank is airtight.
The tank should be strong enough to bear the pressure generated inside the tank without
bursting. To avoid bursting of the tank two pressure relief valves are provided on both
sides of the tank. In case pressure inside the tank exceeds 0.39 kg/cm2 these valves
operate. The diaphragm inside bursts and oil spills out thus tripling the generator.
2.

Bushings

Porcelain bushings are provided on both sides of the tank from which L.V. and H. V.
winding is connected to the external circuit. These bushings insulate the winding terminals
from the body. Bushings are also filed with transformer oil, which helps in cooling as well
as insulation.
3.

Cooling System

During the operation of the transformer, which raises the temperature of both the oil and
the winding? For proper operation the temperature should be kept within limits. To cool
the oil separate cooling system is provided. It consists of radiator, cooling fans and motor
pump. Hot oil number of radiating fins from the top. There are a large enters the radiating
fins from the top. There are a large number of radiating fins provided. When oil flows
through this radiator fins it cools down and again enters the main tank from the bottom.
The large number of fins increases the surface area thus increasing rate of heat dissipation.
In transformer there are three types of cooling systems:
a.

Oil Natural Air Natural (ONAN)

In this type cooling of oil is done by the natural flow of the oil. It is done when the load on
the transformer is below 160 MVA
b.

Oil Natural Air Forced (ONAF)

When the load on the transformer is between 160 MVA to 240 MVA, natural air striking
the fins is not able to cool down the oil properly due to increase in the heat generation. So
air is forced on the radiating fins. This is done by using the fans installed below the
radiator fins.
c.

Oil Forced Air Forced (OFAF)

With further increase in load, more heat is generated which necessary forced cooling of oil
also. This is done by energizing the pumps placed in the bottom pump near the main tank.
These force the oil to flow which results in the cooling of the oil. G. T. is provided
4.

Conservator Tank and Breather

With constant heating of oil there is a loss of oil due to evaporation and there is expansion
of oil. If some space is provided above the oil level in tank. As the tank is completely
sealed, so stresses will develop on the tank due to the expansion of oil. So a ventilating
system is provided which avoids stresses in the tank and helps in the proper expansion of
the oil. A conservator tank with a breather is provided on the top of the tank. Conservator
contains oil to some level and air cell. During expansion of the oil level inside the
conservator tank increases. Due to this air cell contracts and air inside is pushed out. When
the oil cools down, oil level decreases. Air cell expands and sucks air inside. The
atmospheric air contains moisture and if oil comes in contact with this moist air its
properties degrade. This is avoided by placing a drying agent in the breather. Calcium
chloride or silica gel in the breather absorbs the moisture from air. Thus moisture less air
enters the tank. In normal conditions the color of silica gel is blue. When its color changes
to pale pink, it should be replaced immediately.
5

Buccholz relay:
It is the most important protective device for internal faults. It is a gas-activated relay.

During any fault inside the winding light gases like hydrogen are generated. The Buccholz
relay is connected on the pipe between the conservator and the main tank. These gases get
struck in the Buccholz relay and cause the level of oil in the relay to go down. Due to this
a mercury switch is operated which makes the contact and given a signal. In the beginning
only an alarm is there. But if the fault persists and becomes serious there is a second
mercury switch, which gets operated and trips the transformer. The various readings for the
alarm and trip signal are:
Alarm signal

220 mm Hg

Trip signal

500 mm Hg

Tap changer:
Tap changers are provided in the transformer to get the desired output voltage by

changing the number of turns.

The tap changers are of two types:
1.

On load tap changer

2.

Off load tap changer

1.

On load tap changer:

In this we can change the tapping of the transformer on load. The tap changer is generally
provided on the H.V. side as current on this side is very less. These are installed on S.T.
2.

Off load tap changer:

These are installed on GT. The tap is changed mechanically after disconnecting the
transformer from the circuit.
To monitor the temperature of oil as well as winding two temperature gauges are provided.
In the gauge two capillary tubes are provided. One is dipped in oil to measure its
temperature and the second one is dipped near the winding.

UNIT AUXILIARY TRANSFORMER:

Each unit has two unit auxiliary transformers. When the unit starts generating electricity
these transformers are energized and then supplies power to the auxiliaries. Before starting
of the unit, UAT bus is connected to the station bus. Auxiliaries of all three units take
about 7 mw of power. UAT is connected between the generator and the GT. A tapping is
taken from the power coming from the generator to the GT. UAT relieves GT from extra
load of about 7 MW which is to be supplied to the auxiliaries via GT and ST thus

increasing the efficiency. It is a step down transformer, which steps down the voltage from
10.5 kV to 6.9kV. The rating of UAT is 12/15 MVA. UAT bus supplies only those
auxiliaries, which are not necessary to be energized in case of sudden tripping of generator.
UNIT SERVICE TRANSFORMER:
It is also a 6.6 kV/ 415 V transformer which is used to supply the auxiliaries connected to
the unit secondary switchgear bus.

VOLTAGE:

DETAIL
OF 220KV
NORMAL
CURRENT:

245KV

C. B.

2000A

LIGHTNING IMPULSE WITHSTAND VOLTAGE:

1050KV

SHORT CIRCUIT BREAKING CURRENT:

40kA

SHORT TIME WITHSTAND CURRENT & DURATION :

40KA,3SEC

OPERATING SEQUENC:

O - 0.3sec.- CO 3 min. CO

GAS PRESSURE ( SF6) :

7. 0 bar.

CLOSING & OPENING SUPPLY VOLTAGE:

220V DC

AUXILIARY CIRCUIT SUPPLY VOLTAGE :Iph.240V AC, 415V AC.

AIR PRESSURE :

21.5 BAR

FREQUENCY :

50HZ

MASS (Approx.) :

3800Kg.

UNIT AUXILIARY TRANSFORMER

POWER:
VOLTAGE
LV VOLTAGE
TRANSFORMER PERCENTAGE IMP
TRANSFORMER VECTOR GROUP
TAP

12/15 MVA HV
10.5 KV
6.9 KV
10 %
Dyn1
+/- 10% OF RATED VOLTAGE

GENERATOR TRANSFORMER
POWER:
HV VOLTAGE
LV VOLTAGE
TRANSFORMER PERCENTAGE IMP
TRANSFORMER VECTOR GROUP

90/120/160 MVA
230 KV
10.5KV
12.5 %
YNd11

7. TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE MEASUREMENT CONTROL

Temperature and pressure are measured and control through many devices so then there
will not be any damage to machines. This whole process is being done in C & I room.
7.1 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT:
Temperature of turbine has to be measured from time to time. So to measurement of
temperature is done by temperature measuring instrument. For this purpose mainly
measuring instrument used are Thermocouple, RTD, Thermistors etc. These measuring
devices are then connected to carts through logic gates. Carts gives information about the
temperature to control and information room. These carts also provide the limit to
temperature. Whenever temperature reaches above the limit, a indication will be given to
connected system then the machine will b automatically turned off. So due to increase in
temperature there will not be any damage to turbine and other machine.
THERMOCOUPLE
A thermocouple consists of two conductors of different materials (usually metal alloys)
that produce a voltage in the vicinity of the point where the two conductors are in contact.
The voltage produced is dependent on, but not necessarily proportional to, the difference of
temperature of the junction to other parts of those conductors. Thermocouples are a widely
used type of temperature sensor for measurement and controland can also be used to
convert a temperature gradient into electricity. They are inexpensive, interchangeable, are
supplied with standard connectors, and can measure a wide range of temperatures. In
contrast to most other methods of temperature measurement, thermocouples are self
powered and require no external form of excitation. The main limitation with
thermocouples is accuracy; system errors of less than one degree Celsius (C) can be
difficult to achieve.[

Any junction of dissimilar metals will produce an electric potential related to temperature.
Thermocouples for practical measurement of temperature are junctions of specific alloys
which have a predictable and repeatable relationship between temperature and voltage.
Different alloys are used for different temperature ranges. Properties such as resistance to
corrosion may also be important when choosing a type of thermocouple. Where the
measurement point is far from the measuring instrument, the intermediate connection can
be made by extension wires which are less costly than the materials used to make the
sensor. Thermocouples are usually standardized against a reference temperature of 0
degrees Celsius; practical instruments use electronic methods of cold-junction
compensation to adjust for varying temperature at the instrument terminals. Electronic
instruments can also compensate for the varying characteristics of the thermocouple, and
so improve the precision and accuracy of measurements.
Thermocouples are widely used in science and industry; applications include temperature
measurement for kilns, gas turbine exhaust, diesel engines, and other industrial processes.

THERMISTORS
A thermistor is a type of resistor whose resistance varies significantly with temperature,
more so than in standard resistors. The word is a portmanteau of thermal and resistor.
Thermistors are widely used as inrush current limiters, temperature sensors, self-resetting
overcurrent protectors, and self-regulating heating elements.
Thermistors differ from resistance temperature detectors (RTD) in that the material used in
a thermistor is generally a ceramic or polymer, while RTDs use pure metals. The
temperature response is also different; RTDs are useful over larger temperature ranges,
while thermistors typically achieve a higher precision within a limited temperature range,
typically 90 C to 130 C.
Thermocouple symbol

Basic operations
Assuming, as a first-order approximation, that the relationship between resistance and
temperature is linear, then:
where
= change in resistance
= change in temperature
= first-order temperature coefficient of resistance
Thermistors can be classified into two types, depending on the sign of . If is positive,
the resistance increases with increasing temperature, and the device is called a positive
temperature coefficient (PTC) thermistor, or posistor. If is negative, the resistance
decreases with increasing temperature, and the device is called a negative temperature
coefficient (NTC) thermistor. Resistors that are not thermistors are designed to have a as
close to zero as possible, so that their resistance remains nearly constant over a wide
temperature range.
Instead of the temperature coefficient k, sometimes the temperature coefficient of
resistance
(alpha sub T) is used. It is defined as

RESISTANCE THERMOMETER
Resistance thermometers, also called resistance temperature detectors (RTDs),
are sensors used to measure temperature by correlating the resistance of the RTD element
with temperature. Most RTD elements consist of a length of fine coiled wire wrapped
around a ceramic or glass core. The element is usually quite fragile, so it is often placed
inside a sheathed probe to protect it. The RTD element is made from a pure material whose
resistance at various temperatures has been documented. The material has a predictable
change in resistance as the temperature changes; it is this predictable change that is used to
determine temperature.
As they are almost invariably made of platinum, they are often called platinum resistance
thermometers (PRTs). They are slowly replacing the use of thermocouples in many
industrial applications below 600 C, due to higher accuracy and repeatability. Common

RTD sensing elements constructed of platinum copper or nickel have a unique, and
repeatable and predictable resistance versus temperature relationship (R vs T) and
operating temperature range. The R Vs T relationship is defined as the amount of
resistance change of the sensor per degree of temperature change.

7.2 PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

Pressure of turbine has to be measured from time to time. So to measurement of pressure is
done by pressure measuring instrument. For this purpose mainly measuring instrument
used are bourdon tube, u tube, diaphragm pressure gage etc. these measuring devices are
then connected to carts through logic gates. Carts gives information about the pressure to
control and information room. These carts also provide the limit to pressure. Whenever
pressure reaches above the limit, a indication will be given to connected system then the
machine will be automatically turned off. So due to increase in pressure there will not be
any damage to turbine and other machine.
BOURDON TUBE
The Bourdon tube is a non liquid pressure measurement device. It is widely used in
applications where inexpensive static pressure measurements are needed.
A typical Bourdon tube contains a curved tube that is open to external pressure input on
one end and is coupled mechanically to an indicating needle on the other end, as shown
schematically below.

Fig.-Typical Bourdon Tube Pressure Gages.

The external pressure is guided into the tube and causes it to flex, resulting in a change in
curvature of the tube. These curvature changes are linked to the dial indicator for a number
readout. Alternatively, a strain gage circuit can be attached on the tube to convert the
pressure-induced deflections into electric voltage signals. These signals can then be output
electronically, rather than mechanically with the dial indicator.
U TUBE
The U Tube contains water or mercury in a U-shaped tube, and is usually used to measure
gas pressure. One end of the U tube is exposed to the unknown pressure field and the other
end is connected to a reference pressure source (usually atmospheric pressure), shown in
the schematic below.

Typical U Tube

To automate the pressure measurement in a mercury-filled U tube, a Wheatstone

Bridge can be fabricated by connecting two external resistance to a high-resistance wire
threading the interior of the U tube, as shown in the schematic below.

U Tube Pressure Sensor

The resistance of the U tube wire is proportional to its current-carrying length. The two
parts of the wire external to the mercury will carry current and therefore will impart
resistances to the circuit. However, the immersed portion of the wire carries no current,
since the current will instead travel through the highly-conductive mercury. The U tube
wire is effectively separated into two separate resistances, each resistance dependent upon
the wire length above the mercury. As a result, the difference in the resistance of these two
wire segments will be proportional to the pressure difference across the U tube,

where c and k = cRw are factors that can be obtained during calibration.
DIAPHRAGM PRESSURE GAGE
The Diaphragm Pressure Gage uses the elastic deformation of a diaphragm (i.e. membrane)
instead of a liquid level to measure the difference between an unknown pressure and a
reference pressure.
A typical Diaphragm pressure gage contains a capsule divided by a diaphragm, as shown
in the schematic below. One side of the diaphragm is open to the external targeted
pressure, PExt, and the other side is connected to a known pressure, PRef,. The pressure
difference, PExt - PRef, mechanically deflects the diaphragm.

Typical Diaphragm Pressure Gage

The membrane deflection can be measured in any number of ways. For example, it can be
detected via a mechanically-coupled indicating needle, an attached strain gage, a linear
variable differential transformer (LVDT; see the schematic below), or with many other
displacement/velocity sensors. Once known, the deflection can be converted to a pressure
loading using plate theory.

LVDT-Based Diaphragm Pressure Gage

CONCLUSION

In DCCPP electricity is generated without much wastage of energy. Temperature and

Pressure of turbines is controlled by measuring instrument like Thermocouple, Bourdon
Tube. Generated electricity is then supplied to many places with the help the Grid. From
here electricity is transmitted to Dholpur, Bharatpur, Jaipur and many other parts of
rajasthan places.

12. BIBLIOGRAPHY

PLANT RECORD (Notes):

Files

A COURSE IN ELECTRICAL POWER:

J.B. Gupta

PROTECTION OF POWER SYSTEM

POWER TRANSFORMER:

Tata Magr. Hill

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING:

Tata Magr. Hill

WEB-SITES:www.wikipidya.com
www.powersystems.com
www.powerengg.com
www.protectionofelectricalsystem.com
www.electricaltechnology.com

B. Ram