Microwave

cavities
Physics 401, Fall 2013
Eugene V. Colla
Agenda
Waves in waveguides
Standing waves and resonance
Setup
Experiment with microwave cavity

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Maxwells
Equations
uniform plane wave traveling
in z-direction H E
wave equation
general form of solution
propagation speed
E vs H
( )
0
i t kz
x
E E e
e
=
Y
X
z
E
x
H
y
0 D V =
0 B V =
B
E
t
c
V =
c
D
H
t
c
V =
c
2 2
2 2 2
1
x x
z v
E
t
E c c
=
c c
( , )
z
z z
E z t f t g t
v v
| | | |
= + +
| |
\ . \ .
Z

c
=
x y
H E
c

=
y x
E ZH =
1
v
c
=
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Y
X
Z
( )
0
sin
i t kz
y x
E E k x e
e
=
X
Y
Z
i
Ey=Ey(x) at Z
i
Z
Y
X
i
Ey=Ey(z) at x
i
v
a
b
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E
y
Z
Z
X
Y
X
H-field
Z
X
Y
Ey=Ey(z)

Ey=Ey(x or z)

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2 2 2
2 2
0 mnp
m n p
v
a b c
t t t
e
(
| | | | | |
= + +
(
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
(

2
0
v -phase velocity
TE
101
mode: m=1, n=0, p=1
2 2
2 2 2
101 0
1 1
v
a c
e t
(
| | | |
= +
(
| |
\ . \ .
(

a
b
c
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6
coupling loop
coaxial wave guide
cavity
inner conductor
outer
conductor
Y
Z
X
M
R
C
L
L
0
line
R
C
L
Z0
Impedance of
wave guide
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Z
0
Impedance of
wave guide
( )
0
0
0
0
0
,
1
1
: coupling coefficient
Maximum power transfer:
Z 1
1
,
2
quality factor without external load
L
L
L
L
Q
R Z
Q L
Q
Z
R
R
R
Q Q
e
e
|
|
|
=
+
= =
+ | |
+
|
\ .
= =
=
coupling loop
coaxial wave guide cavity
inner conductor
outer
conductor
Y
Z
X
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8
Gunn diode
MW oscillator
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9
Resonance Cavity
A
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10
Use detector to find distance between minimums in the slotted
line (wave guide)
Slotted line
detector
Tuner
Open
end
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Use detector to find distance between minimums in the slotted line
(wave guide). Distance between consequent minima correspond /2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
0
10
20
30
40
50
E

(
m
V
)
x (cm)
/2
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Movable plunger (c direction)
Use plunger to change the dimension of the
cavity in z-direction and search for maxima in
power stored using the cavity detector. Identify
TE
101
and TE
102
.
cavity
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13
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14
2 2
2 2 2
102 0
1 2
v
a c
e t
(
| | | |
= +
(
| |
\ . \ .
(

2 2
0
102
1 2
2
v
f
a c
(
| | | |
= +
(
| |
\ . \ .
(

Af
f
0
0
~ 450
f
Q
f
=
A
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By moving the plunger we
changing the resonance
frequency of the cavity

1
st
position of the
plunger
2
nd
position of
the plunger
Frequency of the oscillator
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16
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17
1. Oscilloscope should run in X-Y mode
2. To plot the I(f) dependence you have to download both Ch1 and Ch2 data
3. Use triangular waveform as a voltage applied to modulation input of the
oscillator
4. Use a proper time scale setting on the scope which could estimated from
scanning frequency
5. Apply the calibration equation to calculate the frequency of the oscillator
from the modulation voltage

mod
0.03706 2.9349 f V = +
G
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18
Voltage tunable
oscillator ZX95-3250a-
S+ from
FM Calibration for microwave oscillator
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20
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By changing of the coupling between oscillator and cavity we can control
the quality factor of the cavity resonance but in the same time we changing
the power delivered to the cavity
While in resonance: turn orientation of the
input loop from the vertical direction in 10
o

steps to 360
o
.
Read cavity detector.
Detector
B field
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0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
I

(
m
A
)
o (grad)
Experimental result.
Fitted to
(cos( o + |))

+

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Presence of dielectric reduces length of cavity at a given resonance
frequency
0
.
This effect grows with the electric field strength E
y
.

(0) Without dielectric the cavity length at resonace is c
0
.
(1) Place dielectric into cavity and move in 0.5cm steps, l
i
.
(2) At each place tune plunger to resonance and record c
i
.
(3) Plot c
i
=|c
0
-c
i
| versus l
i
: this measures now E
y
vs l!
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Z
X
Y
TE
102
Courtesy of P. Debevec
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Z
X
Y
TE
102
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4. Part IV: (a) Plot c A versus . (b) On the same graph, plot
( )
sin c t versus . (c)
A small writeup correction:
This works for TE101 mode but more general it should be: where p is
mode index (TE
mnp
); p=1 for TE
101
and p=2 for TE
102
modes

sin
p l
c
t | |
|
\ .
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
0
3 3 2 2
2
abc a c
Q
b a c ac a c o
+
=
(
+ + +

Quality factor (TE
101
mode) of unloaded cavity can be calculated as:
a
b
c
o is the skin depth at frequency e
0
2 / o e =
resistivity of the cavity material
=
r

0
=4tx10
7
27 11/4/2013
a
b
c
2 / o e =
For red brass =6x10
-8
Om
4tx10
7

o=2.25x10
-6
m a=7.22cm, b=3.42 cm, c=6.91cm (TE
101
)
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
0
3 3 2 2
2
abc a c
Q
b a c ac a c o
+
=
(
+ + +

Q
0
~7700
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