Introduction to Power System Analysis

Dr. M. Kassas

Lecture 1
General Introduction to Power Systems

(PS)

What is a PS?

Functions Components

How PS are operated/controlled? How PS are organized?

What Is a Power System?

A system dedicated to the business of electric power:

Generation (Production) Transmission (Transportation) Distribution (Retailing)

A Mission Critical System that provides a vital

service to the society &, as such, should be operated with the goal of achieving:

Highest reliability standards Minimum environmental impacts Lowest operation cost

PS Functions

Generation

Transmission

Distribution

Power Utility Ownership

Electric Power System Components

Consumption

Although not normally owned or controlled by the power

utility, consumption devices are part of the PS & need to be modeled in PS analysis.

Power Generation

Power Generation
Takes place in geographically dispersed power plants Power plants normally house multiple generating units Generating units can operate based on different:

Energy Sources Energy Conversion processes

Energy Source

Energy Conversion 1 A Generation Unit

Energy Conversion n

Electric Power

Energy Sources
Hydrocarbones (oil, coal, natural gas, etc.) Water Nuclear Wind Solar Tides Chemical etc

Energy Converters
Conversion processes in a thermal power plant:

Burners: Chemical energy Boilers: Thermal energy

Thermal energy Mechanical energy

Turbines: Mechanical energy Kinetic energy (KE) Rotating machines: KE Electrical energy

With todays technology, overall conversion efficiency

of a thermal power plant can approach 33%

Power Transmission

Power Transmission
Transmission networks are needed to :

Connect generating plants to consumption points Create large power pools for increased reliability

High voltage AC transmission offers:

Higher transmission capacity / Km Lower line-voltage drop / Km Lower transmission losses / MW transfer Reduced right-of-way requirement / MW transfer Lower capital and operating costs / MW transfer

Power Transmission Equipment

Transformers Step-up transformers Voltage Regulators Phase Shifters Step-down Transformers Transmission Lines & Cables Circuit Breakers & Disconnects Shunt & Series Reactors & Capacitors Static Var Compensators FACTS Devices Etc.

Power Distribution

Power Distribution
Receives electrical energy from the HV/MV levels

at bulk power delivery points Supplies energy to customers:

At standard voltage levels Single phase and/or three-phase

Is made up of the following main equipment: Distribution transformers (DXF) Feeder sections (including underground cables) Switches, fuses, reclosures Automatic load transfers Etc.

.Power Distribution
HV / MV Network
Large Industrial Customers Industrial Customers Commercial & Municipal Customers Residential Customers

Bulk Power Point

34.5/15 DXF
34.5 KV 15 KV

15/5 DXF 5 KV

5/0.21 DXF

208V

Power System Operation/Control

Key Operational Goals

Power Balance: Generation must remain balanced

with demand

Total Generation (t) = Total Demand (t)

System Security: Equipment power flows must not

exceed equipment ratings, under normal or a single outage condition:

|pij(t)| < pijmax

Pg1(t) Pg2(t) Transmission & Distribution Networks

Pd1(t) Pd2(t)

Pgn(t)

Pdm(t)

PG(t)

T&D Networks

PD(t)

Power Quality Considerations

Frequency Regulation: System frequency, must

remain within its operational range

f min < f(t) < f max 59.5 Hz < f(t) < 60.5 Hz

Voltage Regulation: Bus voltages must remain

within their operational limits

Vmin < V(t) < Vmax 0.95 pu < V(t) < 1.05 pu

PS Operation/Control
Types of Operation/Control:
Centralized

(based on system-wide data) Decentralized (based on local data)

PS control has a Hierarchical Structure: Uses both centralized & decentralized control strategies Slow events are often handled by centralized controls Fast events are tackled by decentralized controls

.Centralized vs. Decentralized

PS Centralized Control System

Generation

Transmission

Distribution

Consumption

Protection Systems

Protection Systems

Protection Systems

Centralized vs. Decentralized

Centralized controls are done by:

Dispatchers/Operators Software running on computer-based systems e.g.:

SCADA EMS

Decentralized controls are driven by local

measurements, deploying:

Traditional analog control systems Micro-processor based systems

Protection systems are mostly decentralized

Power System Controls

Typical control hierarchy in PS:
Device Remote

Terminal Unit (RTU) Master station (MS) Regional control centers Utility control center Pool control center Interconnection coordinator

PS Hierarchical Control Structure

Interconnection Coordinator Pool Control Center

PS Controls Utility Control Center

Regional Control Center MS RTU Device

Regional Control Center MS RTU Device

. . .

MS RTU Device

. . .

MS RTU Device

PS Centralized Controls
Examples of centralized controls:
Frequency

control (regulation) Interchange control Generation dispatch (control of generating units) System security assessment & enhancement (both static and dynamic) Generation scheduling (units on/off status)

PS Decentralized Controls
Examples of decentralized controls:
Generator

speed control (governor action) Generator terminal voltage control (excitation system) Equipment protection against over-voltage and over-current Insulation