DHANALAKSHMI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING CS2253 COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE UNIT I BASIC

STRUCTURE OF COMPUTERS FUNCTIONAL UNITS

1. Define Computer Architecture (2 Mar !"

Computer architecture i! #efine# a! the functiona$ operation of the in#i%i#ua$ h&' unit in a computer !(!tem an# the f$o' of information amon) the contro$ of tho!e unit!. 2. Define Computer *ar#'are (2 Mar !"

Computer har#'are i! the e$ectronic circuit an# e$ectro mechanica$ e+uipment that con!titute! the computer ,. -hat are the function! of contro$ unit. (2 Mar !"

The memor( arithmetic an# $o)ic /an# input an# output unit! !tore an# proce!! information an# perform i&p an# o&p operation/ the operation of the!e unit mu!t 0e co or#inate in !ome 'a( thi! i! the ta! of contro$ unit the cu i! effecti%e$( the ner%e center that !en#! the contro$ !i)na$ to other unit! an# !en!e their !tate!. 1. -hat are the function! of ALU. (2 Mar !"

Mo!t of the computer operation! are performe# in Arithmetic an# Lo)ic Unit. The #ata re+uire# for the operation i! 0rou)ht 0( the proce!!or an# the operation i! performe# 0( ALU. 2ASIC O345ATIONAL CONC43TS 1. Define I5 an# MA5 (N&D 2612" (2 Mar !"

Instructi n R!"ist!r (I5" contain! the in!truction 0ein) e7ecute#. It! output i! a%ai$a0$e to the contro$ circuit!/ 'hich )enerate the timin) !i)na$! for contro$$in) the proce!!in) circuit! nee#e# to e7ecute the in!truction!. T#! MAR $%!% r& '((r!ss r!"ist!r) i! u!e# to ho$# the a##re!! of the $ocation to or from 'hich #ata are to 0e tran!ferre# an# the MD5(memor( #ata re)i!ter" contain! the #ata to 0e 'ritten into or rea# out of the a##re!!e# $ocation. 2. -hat are the re)i!ter! )enera$$( containe# in the proce!!or. MA5 8 Memor( A##re!! 5e)i!ter MD5 8 Memor( Data 5e)i!ter 3C 8 3ro)ram Counter 5e)i!ter (2 Mar !"

5685n I5

9enera$ 3urpo!e 5e)i!ter

8 In!truction 5e)i!ter (2 Mar !"

,. Define Interrupt

An int!rru*t i! an e%ent that cau!e! the e7ecution of one pro)ram to 0e !u!pen#e# an# another pro)ram to 0e e7ecute#. 1. Define IS5 (2 Mar !"

The proce!!or pro%i#e! the re+ue!te# !er%ice 0( e7ecutin) int!rru*t s!r+ic! r utin!, :. -hat are the u!e! of interrupt. The u!e! of interrupt are 5eco%er( from error! De0u))in) Communication 0et'een pro)ram! U!e of interrupt! in operatin) !(!tem (2 Mar !" (2 Mar !"

;. -hat i! the ro$e of MA5 an# MD5.

The MA5 (memor( a##re!! re)i!ter" i! u!e# to ho$# the a##re!! of the $ocation to or from 'hich #ata are to 0e tran!ferre# an# the MD5(memor( #ata re)i!ter" contain! the #ata to 0e 'ritten into or rea# out of the a##re!!e# $ocation. 2US ST5UCTU54S 1. Define 2u! A co$$ection of 'ire! that connect! !e%era$ #e%ice! i! ca$$e# a 0u!. 2. -hat are the #ifferent 0u!e! in C3U. I. II. The #ifferent 0u!e! in C3U are S(nchronou! 0u! A!(nchronou! 0u! (2 Mar !" (2 Mar !"

345FO5MANC4 AND M4T5ICS 1. Define S34C 5atin) (M&< 266=" (2 Mar !"

A non8profit or)ani>ation ca$$e# S34C(S(!tem 3erformance 4%a$uation Corporation" !e$ect! an# pu0$i!he! repre!entati%e app$ication pro)ram. 5unnin) time on reference computer 8888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 5unnin) time on computer un#er te!t

S34C ratin)?

2. Define C$oc 5ate The c$oc rate i! #efine# a!/ 'here p i! $en)th of one c$oc c(c$e ,. -rite the 0a!ic performance e+uation. 5?1&p c(c$e!&!ec(h>"

(2 Mar !"

(2 Mar !"

Suppo!e that the a%era)e num0er of 0a!ic !tep! nee#e# to e7ecute one machine in!truction i! S/ 'here each 0a!ic !tep i! comp$ete# in one c$oc c(c$e. If the c$oc c(c$e rate i! 5 c(c$e! per !econ#/ the pro)ram e7ecution time i! )i%en 0( T ? (N 7 S" & 5 Thi! i! often referre# to a! the 0a!ic performance e+uation. INST5UCTIONS AND INST5UCTION S4@U4NCIN9 1. -hat i! meant 0( !in)$e a##re!! in!truction. Sin)$e A##re!! In!truction 4). A## A Store A A## the content! of memor( $ocation A to the content! of the accumu$ator re)i!ter an# p$ace the !um 0ac into accumu$ator. -hen a proce!!or ha! !e%era$ )enera$ purpo!e re)i!ter!/ man( in!truction! in%o$%e on$( operan#! that are in the re)i!ter!. 2. -hat i! !trai)ht $ine !e+uencin). (2 Mar !" (N&D 2611" (2 Mar !"

The !trai)ht $ine !e+uencin) i! #efine# a! / to 0e)in e7ecutin) a pro)ram/ the a##re!! of fir!t in!truction mu!t 0e p$ace# in 3C. The proce!!or contro$ circuit! u!e the information in the 3C to fetch A e7ecute in!truction! one at a time in the or#er of increa!in) or#er. Durin) the e7ecution of each in!truction/ the 3C i! incremente# 0( 1 to point the a##re!! of ne7t in!truction. ,. 47p$ain the >ero a##re!! in!truction. (2 Mar !"

Bero a##re!! in!truction i! a$!o po!!i0$e to u!e in!truction 'here the $ocation ! of a$$ operan# i! #efine# imp$icit$(. Thi! operan# u!e! the metho# for !torin) the operan# in 'hich ca$$e# pu!h #o'n !tac . Such in!truction! are !ometime! referre# to u! >ero a##re!! in!truction. 1. -hat are the %ariou! t(pe! of operation! re+uire# for in!truction!. The %ariou! t(pe! of operation! re+uire# for in!truction! are Data tran!fer! 0et'een the main memor( an# the C3U re)i!ter! Arithmetic an# $o)ic operation on #ata 3ro)ram !e+uencin) an# contro$ I&O tran!fer! (2 Mar !"

ADD54SSIN9 MOD4S 1. -hat i! the information con%e(e# 0( a##re!!in) mo#e!. (N&D 2611" (2 Mar !"

The information con%e(e# 0( a##re!!in) mo#e! i! the $ocation of an operan# i! !pecifie# in an in!truction in #ifferent 'a(!. 2. Di!tin)ui!h 0et'een auto increment an# auto #ecrement a##re!!in) mo#e. (A&M 2616" (2 Mar !"

Aut Incr!%!nt CThe 4ffecti%e A##re!! of the operan# i! the content! of a re)i!ter !pecifie# in the in!truction. After acce!!in) the operan#/the content! of a re)i!ter are automatica$$( Incremente# to point to the ne7t item in a $i!t. 49C (51"D Aut D!cr!%!nt- The content of a re)i!ter !pecifie# in the in!truction are fir!t automatica$$( #ecremente# an# are then u!e# a! the effecti%e a##re!! of the operan# 49C 8(51" ,. -hat i! re$ati%e a##re!!in) mo#e. -hen i! it u!e#. (M&< 2612" (2 Mar !"

5e$ati%e a##re!!in) mo#e i! !imi$ar to in#irect a##re!!in). The a##re!! fie$# of the in!truction refer! to a re)i!ter. The re)i!ter contain! the effecti%e a##re!! of the operan#. Thi! mo#e u!e! one memor( reference to o0tain the operan#. The a##re!! !pace i! $imite# to the 'i#th of the re)i!ter! a%ai$a0$e to !tore the effecti%e a##re!!. 1. -hat i! in#e7 re)i!ter. (2 Mar !"

In in#e7 mo#e the effecti%e a##re!! of the operan# i! )enerate# 0( a##in) a con!tant %a$ue to the content! of a re)i!ter. The re)i!ter u!e# ma( 0e either a !pecia$ re)i!ter or ma( 0e an( one of a !et of )enera$ purpo!e re)i!ter! in the proce!!or. Thi! re)i!ter i! referre# to a! an in#e7 re)i!ter. :. Define A##re!!in) Mo#e (2 Mar !"

The a##re!!in) mo#e i! #efine# a!/ the #ifferent 'a(! in 'hich the $ocation of an operan# i! !pecifie# in an in!truction.

5ISC CISC 1. Compare 5ISC 'ith CISC architecture. 1 2 , 1 : ; 7 Comp$e7 in!truction! ta in) mu$tip$e c(c$e! An( in!truction ma( reference memor( Not pipe$ine# Earia0$e format in!truction! Man( in!truction! an# mo#e! Comp$e7it( in the micropro)ram Sin)$e re)i!ter !et (A&M 2616" (2 Mar !"

Sin)$e in!truction! ta in) I c(c$e On$( LOAD&STO54 reference memor( Le!! pipe$ine# Fi7e# format in!truction! fe' in!truction! an# mo#e! Comp$e7it( i! in the compi$er Mu$tip$e re)i!ter !et!

ALU D4SI9N FIF4D 3OINT AND FLOATIN9 3OINT O345ATIONS 1. Dra' a fu$$ a##er circuit u!in) t'o ha$f a##er!. (N&D 266G" (2 Mar !"

2. -hat are the %ariou! 'a(! of repre!entin) !i)ne# inte)er! in the !(!tem. (N&D 266G" The %ariou! 'a(! of repre!entin) !i)ne# inte)er! in the !(!tem are OneH! comp$ement repre!entation T'oH! comp$ement repre!entation Si)n8ma)nitu#e repre!entation Un!i)ne# repre!entation 47ce!!8M repre!entation (2 Mar !"

,. -hat i! an opco#e. *o' man( 0it! are nee#e# to !pecif( ,2 #i!tinct operation!. (A&M 2611" (2 Mar !"

An opco#e (operation co#e" i! the portion of a machine $an)ua)e in!truction that !pecifie! the operation to 0e performe#. : 0it! are nee#e# to !pecif( ,2 #i!tinct operation!.

1. -rite the $o)ic e+uation! of a 0inar( ha$f a##er.

(A&M 2611"

(2 Mar !"

:. *o' i! the num0er 2: repre!ente# in 2CD an# ASCII co#e.(N&D 2616" (2 Mar !" 2CD8 2:8 616161 ASCII 2: 8 661 1661 ;. Dra' the format of f$oatin) point num0er. (N&D 2612" (2 Mar !"

G. Define 'or# $en)th

(N&D 2611"

(2 Mar !"

-or# i! a term for the natura$ unit of #ata u!e# 0( a particu$ar proce!!or #e!i)n. -or# i! 0a!ica$$( a fi7e# !i>e )roup of 0it! that are han#$e# a! a unit 0( the in!truction !et an# are har#'are of the proce!!or. I. -rite the I444 !tan#ar# for f$oatin) point num0er! for !in)$e preci!ion num0er. (2 Mar !"

=. Define O%erf$o' an# Un#erf$o'

(2 Mar !"

O+!r./ 0In the !in)$e preci!ion/ if the num0er re+uire! a e7ponent )reater than D12G or in a #ou0$e preci!ion/ if the num0er re+uire! an e7ponent form the o%erf$o' occur!. Un(!r./ 0In a !in)$e preci!ion/ if the num0er re+uire! an e7ponent $e!! than 82; or in a #ou0$e preci!ion/ if the num0er re+uire! an e7ponent $e!! than 81622 to repre!ent it! norma$i>e# form the un#erf$o' occur!.

16. -hat i! )uar# 0it!.

(2 Mar !"

9uar# 0it! are e7tra 0it! 'hich are pro#uce# #urin) interme#iate !tep! to (ie$# ma7imum accurac( in the fina$ re!u$t!. 11. -hat are the 'a(! to truncate the )uar# 0it!. There are !e%era$ 'a(! to truncate the )uar# 0it!C 1" Choopin) 2" Eon Neumann roun#in) ," 5oun#in) (2 Mar !"

UNIT II BASIC PROCESSING UNIT FUNDAM4NTAL CONC43TS 8 4F4CUTION OF A COM3L4T4 INST5UCTION 1. -rite the re)i!ter tran!fer !e+uence for !torin) a 'or# in a memor(. (M&< 2612" The re)i!ter tran!fer !e+uence for !torin) a 'or# in a memor( i! 51out / MA5in 52out / MD5in /'rite MD5out 4 / -MFC (2 Mar !"

2. -hat i! the !e+uence of operation! in%o$%e# in proce!!in) an in!truction con!titute! an in!truction c(c$e. (M&< 266;" (2 Mar !" The !e+uence of operation! in%o$%e# in proce!!in) an in!truction con!titute! an in!truction c(c$e i! In!truction Fetch In!truction Deco#e Operan# Fetch 47ecute ,. -hat i! -MFC. (2 Mar !"

The -MFC i! to accommo#ate the %aria0i$it( in re!pon!e time/ the proce!!or 'ait! unti$ it recei%e! an in#ication that the re+ue!te# rea# operation ha! 0een comp$ete#. Thi! i! accomp$i!he# 0( a contro$ !i)na$ ca$$e# -ait8Memor( Function Comp$ete#. 1. -hat i! meant 0( 0ranch in!truction. (2 Mar !"

The 0ranch in!truction $oa#! the 0ranch tar)et a##re!! in 3C !o that 3C 'i$$ fetch the ne7t in!truction from the 0ranch tar)et a##re!!. The 0ranch tar)et a##re!! i! u!ua$$( o0taine# 0( a##in) the off!et in the content! of 3C. The off!et i! !pecifie# 'ithin the in!truction. MULTI3L4 2US O59ANIBATION 1. -hat are the a#%anta)e! of mu$tip$e 0u! or)ani>ation. (N&D 2612/ N&D 2611" (2 Mar !"

Sin)$e 0u! on$( one #ata 'or# can 0e tran!ferre# o%er the 0u! in a c$oc c(c$e. Thi! increa!e! the !tep! re+uire# to comp$ete the e7ecution of the in!truction. To re#uce the num0er of !tep! nee#e# to e7ecute in!truction!/ mo!t commercia$ proce!! pro%i#e mu$tip$e interna$ path! that ena0$e !e%era$ tran!fer to ta e p$ace in para$$e$.

*A5D-I54D CONT5OL 8 MIC5O 35O95AMM4D CONT5OL 1. Di!tin)ui!h 0et'een *ar# 'ire# an# Micro pro)ramme# contro$. Attri0ute Spee# Contro$ function! F$e7i0i$it( *ar#'ire# Contro$ Fa!t Imp$emente# in har#'are Not f$e7i0$e to accommo#ate ne' !(!tem !pecification! or ne' in!truction! A0i$it( to han#$e Difficu$t $ar)e&comp$e7 in!truction S!ts A0i$it( to !upport Eer( #ifficu$t operatin) !(!tem! Micropro)ramme# Contro$ S$o' Imp$emente# in !oft'are More f$e7i0$e/ to accommo#ate ne' !(!tem !pecification or ne' in!truction! re#e!i)n i! re+uire# 4a!ier

4a!(

2. -hat are the a#%anta)e! an# #i!a#%anta)e! of *ar# 'ire# an# Micro pro)ramme# contro$. (N&D 266G" (2 Mar !" A(+'nt'"!s . Micr *r "r'%%!( c ntr / It !imp$ifie! the #e!i)n of contro$ unit. Thu! it i! 0oth/ cheaper an# $e!! error phrone imp$ement. Contro$ function! are imp$emente# in !oft'are rather than har#'are. Dis'(+'nt'"!s A micropro)ramme# contro$ unit i! !ome'hat !$o'er than the har#'ire# contro$ unit/ 0ecau!e time i! re+uire# to acce!! the microin!truction! from CM. DThe f$e7i0i$it( i! achie%e# at !ome e7tra har#'are co!t #ue to the contro$ memor( an# it! acce!! circuitr(.

,. -rite the #ifference 0et'een *ori>onta$ an# %ertica$ micro in!truction. (A&M 2611/ M&< 2616" S.N *ori>onta$ o 1 Lon) format! 2 A0i$it( to e7pre!! a hi)h #e)ree of para$$e$i!m , 1 Litt$e enco#in) of the contro$ information U!efu$ 'hen hi)her operatin) !pee# i! #e!ire# (2 Mar !"

Eertica$ Short format! Limite# a0i$it( to e7pre!! para$$e$ micro operation! Con!i#era0$e enco#in) of the contro$ information S$o'er operatin) !pee#!

1. Un#er 'hat con#ition! the micropro)ram counter i! not incremente# after a ne' in!truction i! fetche# from a memor(. (M&< 2616" (2 Mar !" The micropro)ram counter i! not incremente# after a ne' in!truction i! fetche# from a memor( on$( in thi! !ituationC

-hen an 4n# in!truction i! encountere# / the 3C i! $oa#e# 'ith the a##re!! of the fir!t C- in the micropro)ram for the in!truction fetch c(c$e. -hen a ne' in!truction i! $oa#e# into the I5 / the 3C i! $oa#e# 'ith the !tartin) a##re!! of the micropro)ram for that in!truction. -hen a 0ranch microin!truction i! encountere# / an# the 0ranch con#ition i! !ati!fie# / the 3C i! $oa#e# 'ith the 0ranch a##re!!.

:. -hat i! *ar#'ire# contro$. *o' i! it #iffer from Micropro)ramme# contro$. (M&< 2612" (2 Mar !"

*ar#8'ire# contro$ can 0e #efine# a! !e+uentia$ $o)ic circuit that )enerate! !pecific !e+uence! of contro$ !i)na$ in re!pon!e to e7terna$$( !upp$ie# in!truction. A micropro)ramme# contro$ unit i! 0ui$t aroun# a !tora)e unit i! ca$$e# a contro$ !tore 'here a$$ the contro$ !i)na$! are !tore# in a pro)ram $i e format. The contro$ !tore !tore! a !et of micropro)ram! #e!i)ne# to imp$ement the 0eha%ior of the )i%en in!truction !et. ;. -hat are the input! for *ar#'ire# contro$. The input! for *ar#'ire# contro$ are Contro$ !tep counter 47terna$ Input! Con#ition Co#e! In!truction 5e)i!ter (2 Mar !" (N&D 2611" (2 Mar !"

G. Define *ar#'ire# Contro$

*ar#8'ire# contro$ can 0e #efine# a! !e+uentia$ $o)ic circuit that )enerate! !pecific !e+uence! of contro$ !i)na$ in re!pon!e to e7terna$$( !upp$ie# in!truction.