Chapter #16: The South and the Slavery Controversy Big Picture Themes 1.

. Cotton ran the South before the Civil War it was "King Cotton." The entire southern economy was based on cotton. 2. The South had developed a pyramid-like social structure. From top-to-bottom: planter aristocrats, small farmers, the white majority (who owned no slaves), free blacks, slaves. 3. Life as a slave could be wildly variedsome slave owners were kind toward their slaves, some were immensely cruel. In all situations, slaves were not free to do as they pleased. 4. Abolition (move to abolish slavery) began with the Quakers. Frederick Douglass became the main spokesman against slavery. And William Lloyd Garrison printed "The Liberator", a radical abolition newspaper. 5. Southerners countered that northern workers were treated even worse than slaves. Slave owners, they said, had a vested interest in their slaves. Northern factory workers exploited then fired their workers. IDENTIFICATIONS: Nat Turner: visionary black preacher who led an uprising that slaughtered about 60 Virginians mostly women and children. Sojourner Truth: abolitionist/feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate for the abolition of slavery/ women's rights. Most famous speech "Ain't I A Women" Theodore Dwight Weld: had been evangelized by the Second Great Awakening and Charles Finney. was expelled along with several other students in 1834 for organizing an 18 day debate on slavery. his followers were called "Lane Rebels" and they fanned out across the Old Northwest preaching the antislavery gospel. Wrote a propaganda pamphlet "American Slavery As It is" Harriet Beecher Stowe: Wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin (about lives of slaves/cruelty/splitting of families), wanted to awaken the north to the wickedness of slavery William Lloyd Garrison: abolitionist leader who founded the radical abolitionist newspaper THE LIBERATOR; co-founded the New England Antislavery Society David Walker: Abolitionist who wrote " Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World" advocated a bloody end to white supremacy GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: "Cotton is King!" Know: Eli Whitney, Cotton Gin

1. What is meant by "Cotton is King?" How did its sovereignty extend beyond the South? What implications did its rule have? "King Cotton" was a popular term used in antebellum south, mostly due to the fact that cotton dominated the southern economy. Its sovereignty extended all over America and England because they depended on Southern cotton. The Planter "Aristocracy" Know: Chivalry 2. In what ways was the south "basically undemocratic?"

Like New England, the South was first settled by English Protestants. But whereas New Englanders tended to stress their differences from the old country, Southerners tended to emulate the English. For instance, it was the wealthy, aristocratic planters who dominated Southern politics and economics while the poorer farmers were seen a lowly hillbillies. Slaves and the Slave System Know: One crop economy 3. What were the weaknesses of the South's dependence on cotton?

The South's dependence on cotton made them dependent on manual labor, thus they felt they had to have slavery to keep their cotton plantations going. The White Majority Know: Yeoman Farmer, hillbilly 4. Why did many whites who did not own slaves support slavery?

They knew the South depended on slaves to produce cotton, and the entire country depended on Southern cotton. Therefore, if they wanted to have nice cotton clothes, they needed to support slavery, at least from their perspectives. Free Blacks: Slaves Without Masters Know: Emancipate, mulattoes 5. Would it have been better to be a free Black in the North or in the South? Explain.

It would have been better to be a free black in the North because of the fact that those blacks who were free in the South were treated much harsher due to the hatred by the whites. It was hard either way because free blacks were socially limited, but in the South there were even less business opportunities and they would end up back in the plantation for work.

Plantation Slavery Know: Chattel, natural increase, Harriet Beecher Stowe 6. "...planters regarded slaves as investments [like a mule]...." Explain what was positive and what was negative about this situation for slaves. On a more positive note, because planters invested money into slaves, they took care of the slaves. They fed, clothed, and housed them. Most owners also made sure not to abuse their slaves to the point of the slaves being too injured and useless. But negatively, this lowered slaves down to the level on property, not even human, and bound them to their owners. It took away their freedom completely. Life Under the Lash Know: Overseer, breaker, Old South, Deep South 7. Give evidence to show that slaves developed a separate, unique culture. What circumstances made this possible? African Americans held surprisingly stable, strong family households, did not marry first cousins, and combined African and Christian elements into religion, using the captivity of Israelites to relate to themselves. In the lower South with larger plantations, black families could more easily stay together. It was in small plantations in Upper South that most separation occurred. The blacks were Christianized by the evangelists, and developed new styles of preaching similar to traditional African ring-shout techniques. The Burdens of Bondage Know: Peculiar institution, Gabriel Prosser, Denmark Vesey, Nat Turner 8. Thomas Jefferson once said that having slaves was like holding a wolf by the ears, you didn't like it but you couldn't let go. How does this section help to explain this statement? This means that as bad as slavery was it was helping to run the country and nobody wanted a revolt if they freed all the slaves. The South depended on slave labor, but also feared rebellions like Nat Turners. Early Abolitionism Know: Abolition, The American Colonization Society, Theodore Weld, Arthur and Lewis Tappan, Harriet Beecher Stowe 9. Describe some of the early abolitionists.

Early Abolitionists worked with state legislatures to get Northern states to individually outlaw slavery. They also worked by publishing books, newspapers, and pamphlets. They had conferences, speeches, conventions, and founded charities for slaves

Radical Abolitionism Know: William Lloyd Garrison, Wendell Phillips, David Walker, Sojourner Truth, Frederick Douglass 10. How were the attitudes of William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass different? When dealing with an issue that is moral and political, how rigid should a person be? Garrison was extremely rigid and righteous. He had extreme passion, though it was hard to tell whether it was still in abolition or just political Northern secession. Douglass was an escaped slave who knew first-hand the cruelties of slavery and travelled around giving many speeches and lectures despite threats. A person should strongly defend their beliefs, but at the same time do so in a way that is intelligent and charismatic, to draw others in to their belief. The South Lashes Back 11. How did the South defend itself against the attacks of abolitionists?

The South was fighting for independence and the right to secede from what they saw as a federal government which was quickly becoming tyrannical. The South built many forts and knew the land to help defend against attacks. The Abolitionist Impact in the North 12. How did Northerners view abolitionists? Did they have any success?

Northerners came to view slavery as the very antithesis of the good society, as well as a threat to their own fundamental values and interests. They then began to see the South as an embodiment of injustice and cruelty.

Chapter #17: Manifest Destiny and Its Legacy Big Picture Themes 1. A boundary dispute with England over Maine was settled peacably. In the long run, the U.S. likely got the better end of the deal. 2. Texas finally joined the U.S. Since the Texas revolution, itd been hanging in the balance. American lawmakers finally decided it was too good of a prize to let slip by, so it was annexed in 1845 3. Oregon was next on the list of lands to seal up. It was shared land, mainly between the U.S. and England. After some negotiating over the border, the 49th parallel was agreed upon. Again, the U.S. likely got the better. 4. The election of 1844 saw James K. Polk run on a Manifest Destiny platform. Americans liked the idea, voted him in, and he went after California.

5. When the Mexican-American war was over, the prize of California that Polk had wanted, was obtained. So was all of the modern American Southwest. IDENTIFICATIONS: John Tyler: a Virginia gentleman of the old school who had earlier resigned from the Senate, quite unnecessarily instead of accepting the instructions from the VA legislature. Many accused him of being a Democrat in Whig clothing. Later became the tenth president. Slidells Mission: sent by Polk in 1845 to Mexico City to buy California for 25 million, offer was denied. John C. Fremont: collaborated with the American naval officers and with the loyal Americans who had hoisted the banner of the California flag. Manifest Destiny: belief that Americans had the right and duty to spread across the continent all the way to the Pacific James K. Polk: eleventh president. Famous for the Oregon boundary dispute and the Mexican-American war Webster-Ashburton Treaty: 1842, Established Maine's northern border and the boundaries of the Great Lake states. Spot Resolution: requested President James K. Polk to provide Congress with the exact location (the "spot") upon which blood was spilt on American soil, as Polk had claimed in 1846 when asking Congress to declare war on Mexico. The Tariff of 1842: Protective Whig tariff, passed by Tyler that was about 32% on goods Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: gave Texas to America, yielded the area stretching westward to Oregon and the ocean, including California, for $15 million Wilmot Proviso: stated that the Mexican territory should remain slave-free. His amendment was never passed by Senate because the South didnt want to lose any possible slave states that could arise.