provide forward or reverse bias, the thyristor will present a higll impcdancc.

However, with a forward bias applied, the device will quickly become conducting, it a small current is injccied at the gate lead, which closes the switch- Once closed, the continued application of gate current is unnecessary. Il will remain conducting until the current is brought to zero Or a very low value by some outside agency and reverse bias is applied. This is how the switch" is turned off or opened. 'Ihc analogy wit h a conventional circuit breakei is a useful one. In the blocking suite, or open position, there is a definite voltage that the junction can support. If this is exceeded, ihe device will break down; the term "breakover is used il the offending voltage has a forward bias. This can be destructive especially if the bias is reverse. When a circuit breaker is opened and the current in the arc comes to zero, the plasma between the contacts muM be cooled and .'or removed to re-establish a blocking, condition. Similarly in Ihc thyristor, the plasma must be removed from the junctions by diffusion and recombination before the device can block and accept forward voltage. I his IIUI IKAVSmNTS IN UIKbCI CXRRPVl CIRCUITS requires a finite tunc, the so-called turn-oft time," T<t. Thyristors have u finite turn oil time'' too. Conduction starts physically near the gate lead and spreads laterally as the plasma spreads across the water. If the current builds up too quickly while the conducting area is small, thermal damage will result. Ihc rate of build up of Current, diidt, must be kept within the device's capability [6]. I here is one other important characteristic of the thyristor; it can be lurned on unintentionally by a high forward dVfdt without recourse to a gate current. What happens is that the capacitance current provided by changing voltage and the capacitance of the thyristor, / = C dV-'di. performs ihc function or the gate current. Ihcrcforc, among the characteristics Of a thrvistor we can expect to find spcciticd, arc the peak forward and reverse voltages it cun hold off. the turn-off time, the tum-on lime, aud the peak forward dVldt il can accept |7] As mentioned already, a conventional thyristor is turned oil'by bringing its current to zero and then applying a reverse voltage bias. This occurs naturally in sonic a.c. applications when the power frequency cunent attempts to reverse. In other applications the enrrent is forced comum - tatcd, i.e. it is driven to zero by an cxtcnal commutating circuit. In this icspcct the (.TO thyristor is different, it is turned on by injecting a currcnt into its gate, and tumcd off by extracting a currcnt from its gale. Thus, it docs not require an external commutating circuit. 'Ihc turn-off capability is achieved by a highly interdigiUted gate/cathode structure. The turn off current is much greater, being about 20% of the main current. The symbol for a (TO is shown in Fig. 7.15is which also shows how it is used when there is no reverse voltage operation |$j The reverse characteristic of a GTO is like (hat of a resistance which is incapable of blocking voltage or conducting significant currcnt. For d.c. switching, this docs not preseul any problem. If reverse voltage blocking is required for a.c.

(n) W lc) FiX. 7.15. (TO tliviiMor* () symbol, {/>) with scries diode lor reverse blockm/i, (e) with ;nti-par<illrl diode tor reverse airtent.

>witcliing, a diode must be connected in series with the C5TO us shown in Fig. 7.15b. If leverse current must be allowed to flow, a diode must he connected anti-parallel with the CiTO as in Fig. 7.15c*. "Freewheeling diodes of this kind are used with conventional thyristors (or the same purposes. With this background we cau now proceed to look at a thyristor from two points of view, as a switch opening and closing and thereby causing transient*, and as potential victim of transients, not least those which it generates itself. This can be done vety usefully by studying the transients iri Mime typical solidstate equipment. COMMUTATION TRANSIKNTSTHK CURRENT-LIMITING STATIC CIRCI.i l BREAKKR
7.6

Commutation transients arc those elcctrical disturbances which arc initialed by switching current from one circuit to another. Such transients are therefore occurring continually in any piecc of converting equipment in the noinial couise of its operation whether it be a rotary converter or a static ICclificr or inverter However, as an introduction to the subject, we shall til si conccrn ourselves with the current-limiting static circuit breaker rather than any kind of converter, not because it has greater technical significance, but because it illustrates in very simple capsule form the essence of the commutation transient problem. It is also an excellent vehicle for studying the thyristor in a transient environment.

The simplest conceptualisation of this static circuit breaker is shown in Fig. 7.16. The normal current carrying element is thyristor 1\ - Hv applying a signal to its gate, it is switched from the blocking to the conducting state and current / flows from the source on the left to the load on the right To "open" the circuit breaker, it is ncccssary to turn off the thyristor. This is done hy gating a second thyristor. Twhich causes the precharged capacitor C to he discharged around the local loop comprising the two thyristors and the loop inductance Lt. The direction of this current /, is such as to oppose the existing current in T, and drive it to zero. This is an example of forced .6 pergantian TRANSIKNTS - THK LANCAR - MEMBATASI STATIS CIRCI.il BREAKKR Pergantian transien busur gangguan-gangguan yang elcctrical busur diparaf dengan beralih arus dari satu sirkuit ke yang lain . Oleh karena transien tersebut terjadi terus-menerus dalam setiap piecc peralatan 1 Hfc- ClIRRENl-LlMl'l INC. STATIC ClKCinT BKFAKEK 169 konversi di couise noinial operasinya apakah itu sebuah konverter rotary atau ICclificr statis atau inverter Namun , sebagai pengantar subjek , kita akan til si conccrn diri dengan arus - membatasi pemutus sirkuit statis daripada jenis konverter , bukan karena memiliki makna teknis yang lebih besar , namun karena menggambarkan dalam bentuk kapsul yang sangat sederhana esensi dari masalah sementara pergantian . Ini juga merupakan kendaraan yang sangat baik untuk mempelajari thyristor dalam lingkungan transien . Konseptualisasi sederhana pemutus sirkuit ini statis ditunjukkan pada Gambar . 7.16 . Unsur membawa yang normal saat ini adalah thyristor 1 \ - Hv menerapkan sinyal ke pintu gerbang , itu diaktifkan dari memblokir ke negara melakukan dan arus / mengalir dari sumber di sebelah kiri ke beban di sebelah kanan Untuk " membuka " sirkuit breaker , itu ncccssary untuk mematikan thyristor . Hal ini dilakukan hy gating thyristor kedua. Twhich menyebabkan kapasitor C diisi daya sebelumnya untuk dia habis sekitar local loop yang terdiri dari dua thyristor dan induktansi lingkaran Letnan The arah arus ini / , seperti untuk menentang arus yang ada di T , dan mengendarainya ke nol . Ini adalah contoh paksa

I I I I- ------------------------------------------------ ~ FIK- 7.16. Basic circuit >1 ihc current-limiting >iatic circuit breaker commutation. There is now no dried cvirrent path from the source to the load. Alternatively, the process can be thought of as one of transferring, or commutating, the current from its path through 7, into the cupacitor. The current /, would be sinusoidal in form and of a peak value y(0) x where l'(O) is the prechar^e voltage on the capacitor. This must exceed the instantaneous value of the current I if interruption is to l>e effected Suppose in the course of supplying a load, a short circuit occurs at XX' FIK - 7.16 . Rangkaian dasar > 1 IHC pembatas arus > iatic pemutus sirkuit pergantian . Saat ini sudah ada jalur cvirrent kering dari sumber ke beban . Atau , proses dapat dianggap sebagai salah satu mentransfer, atau commutating , arus dari jalan melalui 7 ' , menjadi cupacitor tersebut . Arus / , akan sinusoidal dalam bentuk dan nilai y puncak ( 0 ) x di mana l ' ( O ) adalah prechar ^ tegangan e pada kapasitor . Ini harus melebihi nilai sesaat dari saya saat ini jika gangguan ini adalah untuk l > e dilakukan

Misalkan dalam perjalanan mensuplai beban , korsleting terjadi pada XX '

170

TRANSIENTS IN UIRECI Ct'RRFVT CIRCUITS

Fin. 7.17. {a) Current in (i>) Voltage across T,, (c) Voltage and cuircnt transients ixx-uiring during tlic opcr.mon of current-limiting ratio circuit brcakei.

THE a.KKFNT I INflllM'. STATIC CIRCUIT BREAKER 171

Wise* acfSiS T:

I i Curort ih'cuc^ i Ji I i I I , thrcgh Tj

FIguri- 7.17. {Continued) Tile current I would Start to increase at u rate VfL (A.'s), where V and L arc the sourcc voltage and source induiiauec. respectively. This would be Sensed anil thyristor 2 would be turned on; the current through thyristor 1 "ould take the form shown in Fig. lAla. It is clear from this, figure why the device is described us current-limiting. Current actually continues to How in the fault, for it has not been truly interrupted but rather commutated into tile capacitor C\ However, C will rapidly charge and establish a voltage Opposing the current, thereby driving it to zeio. What wc observe is an oscillation between the sourcc inductance L (augmented by /.,) and the capacitor C. which ultimately is damped out. I his is one of the commutation transients involved in this operation. Another, and a more important one u> sonic wavs, is the transient which occurs in the local loop comprising the two thyristors when commutation is initiated. As lone us thyristor 1 is conducting there is only u small forward voltage across it. Hut when its current has been driven to zero, it *s suddenly exposed to the lesidual voltage on C\ which may be quite significant, llie thyristor has a relatively small (and incidentally variable) capacitance, which has been designated C, in Fig. 7.16. This is charged from C. through /,.. Since C's*C,, this transient manifests itself as an oscialltion at the natural frequency w, of L, and C',, which, once again, will he damped by circuit losses. The voltage that this gives rise to is shown in He. 17/>. Tills figure also shows how this high-frequency oscillation is superimposed on the low frequency (/>) disturbance associated with the fault currcnt flowing into C, described above. Fq*uie 7.17c is an experimental oscillogram taken during the operation of such a circuit breaker on a 125 V. d.c. circuit. The accompanying legend describes the events. The high frequency oscillation between L, and c, was too fast to record with the time scale used. This figure shows yet another transient initiated by the blocking of diryistor when in due course its currcnt attempts to reverse. What parameter* this depends upon is left as an exercise for the leader. Ihus far we have been treating the thyristors simply as ideal switches and have then considered how the circuit responds to their closing and opening. But bow do the demand, of the circuit tie in with the

limitations, of the thyristors':' When T, is first turned on to perform the commutating process, its curient will start to rise at a rate F((0) where V(0) is ihe prechar^e voltage on the capacitor. In Section 7.5 it was pointed out that there is an upper limit to the initial dlidi for thyristors. The L3 must be gieat enough to assure that this limit is not reached. Referring to Hg. 7.17/, /, is subjected to considerable inverse voltage immediately after blocking at point A. I he peak of this voltage is indicated by B. This should be Within the capabilities of the device. Again, inveisc voltuge persists across T, for a period AD\ thereafter it bccomcs positive. Ihis time. AD, must he longer than the turn-off time of /',. referred to in Section 7.5. If it is not. the junction will not be cleai of carriers and the device will turn on once more. In Section 7.5 we also referred to the fact that thyristors can be turned on by the eapacitancc current that flows when forward voltage is applied at an excessive xate. This could occur at point D in Fig. 7.17h. if dV172 IKANSIENlb IN DIRECT CI3RRI-NT CIRCUITS 'dt there exceeds the permitted limit. Finally, the peak forward voltage attained, apparent from Fig. 7.17c, must also be within / ,'s capabilities. To determine whether the thyristors can survive in the transient environ- iiicnt they are helping to create, it is ncccssary to specify the transients quantitatively. We will conclude discussion of the current-limiting static breaker by looking into this matici. Most of the questions can be answered by considering the very simple circuit of Fig. 7.IS which adequately describes the static breaker clearing a short circuit, from the time the currcnt

-"vf
-/T57nT-

Y% Up. 7.18. Simple equivalent cirvuil for the cuiicnt-limiting sialic circuit breaker uilcr the fjult has been commutated has been commutated to the capacitor. Wc have chosen to neglect the small inductance i., of the eommututing loop in comparison with the source inductancc t- The voltage across T, is then given by the capacitor voltage Vr. II this would start ar zero, as shown in Section 2.3. il would have a form
Tril; CL'RRrXT I1MITINO SI AT1C CIRCLM nREAKt'K 173

K(r) = F,(i cos tot) where <a - 1 (/O' H,so showed there that it the capacitor had an initial voltage 1^(0), the expression would l>e (see Fq. 2.3.29) K<0 = V. (V. ~ K C0))<1 - cos u,l) (7.6 1)

Inasmuch as 1^.(0) is negative in the situation we arc now discussing, the peak of F.q. 7.6.1 can exceed 2Vt. "Ihere is another important initial condition, namely, the current is finite: in fact, it is the instantaneous value oi the fault current. It is not difficult to show that this introduces a term . . , i.'a /(0)( ) bin M< This is identical with the term wc obtain in current chopping (Section 5.2). which is not surprising, because this breaker is really chopping the current. The complete expression for the voltage across 7', following commutation is given by K(0 = V.-\Vt - K(0)](1 COS 0,1) + /(0)( sin *r (7.6.2) Given the values of L and ( the initial conditions V.(H) and /(0). it is possible to evaluate the time AD and the value ot tiVfdi at D m Fig 7. l7/> and also the peak forward voltage in Fig. 7.17r. A GTO could be used in a static beaker of this kind without benefit of a commutating circuit. It would, however, require a more robust gale circuit foi turning off the current. Also, a "snubber circuit" would probably be needed to assure the full voltage is not applied too quickly after turn-off. Such a circuit is shown in Fig- 7-19- Forward voltage can only be applied to the GTO as fast as the

Fig. 7.19. GTO lh>7istor and snubber .tpplicd as u il.c static circuit (weaker.

circuit

capacitor can be chargcd through the diode. At the same time, the resistor precludes a high surge of current lKANSII Vib IN IJlKbCT CUKKKNT from the capacitor174 when the (TO is turned on.CIRCUITS By enhancing the inherent capacitance of the GTO (C, in Fig. 7.16). the capacitor also rcduccs the voltage peak at H in Fig. 7.17.
7.7

COMMUTATION TRANSIENTS IN CONVERSION EQUIPMENT

The lust section pxovides a good basis for looking into commutation transients in static conversion 1 equipment. Wc will use the impulse commutated inverter as an example. This inverter is one of several types used to convert direct to alternating currents. It is quite old in concept. Wagner (9. I0| gives analyses of its operation when it was used with gas tubes. The basic circuit is shown in Hg. 7.20. The mode of operation is as follows. Assume that thyristor is conducting. which means that the center point on the transformer winding is

r W S T T ' -

kQOQOQO/-1

c I f d-c uiFfiy

+ 0

i.

Mg. 7.2. Basic

circuit of impulse cmnmutaied inverter.

positive with respect to ihe left-hand end. The right-hand cud of the winding will he more post live, so that ihc capacitor C is charged to approximately iwice the d.c. supply voltage. Suppose now that gate current is fed to thyristor T-, thereby turning it on. A low-impcdance path is crcatcd across the capacitor inasmuch as both thyristors arc now conducting. A burst ot current will How around this path, the so-callcd commutating current, which opposes the current already flowing through 7\. The net current in this device is quickly reduccd to eio and it is changed to the blocking state. Meanwhile, current has been established in 7',. The current has been conunutatcd from one branch to the other. In due course this will cause the voltage on C to reverse SO that when gate current is applied to 7', moment EQUHMENl laler. the 175 transfer cau be repeated in the COMMUTATION TRANSIENTS IN a CONVERSION opposite direction. Thus, if the thyristors are gated alternatively in the manner described, an alternating voltage will be applied to the transformer primary and to the load on the secondary side. The similarity between these operations and the currcnt- limitillg breaker is obvious. Ihc difference is that in ihc inverter they arc occurring repeatedly at the frequency of the inverter. I hc current*limiting circuit breaker might be described a\ a one-shot inverter." The situation in the inverter is complicated by the presence of the load, but a number of features in the two devices have direct correspondence. Foi example, when commutation is initiated al each half cycle, the inductancc of the loop comprising T,, Iand C in Fig. 719 corresponds lo L, in Fig. 7.1ft. It must be sufficient to hold the dlfdt to a safe value. As a matter of practicality extra inductance is often added in the form of a ferrite core looped uround the conductor, which enhances the circuit's natural inductancc when the current is low but has little effcct when ihe current is high and the ferrile is saturated. Further rreatmcnt of such saturable devices will found in Chapter X. Our discussion so far on the impulse-commutated inverter has been confincd to that part of the circuit in Fig. 7.20 that embraces only the capacitor C and ihe two thyristors. We have been able to look at this in isolation because il is fairly well decoupled from the remainder of Ihe circuit, that is. events can take place quickly within this loop. more or less independently of What is happening outside. For example, the main current / will be relatively unchanged during the fast transients already described, because of the considerable inductancc L through which it is flowing. The reader should he alert to the possiblily of tackling problems in this way. foi it allows one to break down and simplify what otherwise may seem to be intractable situations. We now turu to consider what happens when the current commutation from thyristor I to thyristor 2 is a fail accompli, and the momentary disturbances crcatcd thereby have died down Conditions at that time can be quite well represented by ihe equivalent circuit of Fig. 7.21. We are assuming that ihc load is resistive and can be represented by the resistor K. This will be the value of ihe load resistance refened to the primary side of the transformer. Likewise. 4(. is the value of the commulul-

FIK - 7.16 . Rangkaian dasar > 1 IHC pembatas arus > iatic pemutus sirkuit pergantian . Saat ini sudah ada jalur cvirrent kering dari sumber ke beban . Atau , proses dapat dianggap sebagai salah satu mentransfer, atau commutating , arus dari jalan melalui 7 ' , menjadi cupacitor tersebut . Arus / , akan sinusoidal dalam bentuk dan nilai y puncak ( 0 ) x di mana l ' ( O ) adalah prechar ^ tegangan e pada kapasitor . Ini harus melebihi nilai sesaat dari saya saat ini jika gangguan ini adalah untuk l > e dilakukan Misalkan dalam perjalanan mensuplai beban , korsleting terjadi pada XX ' 174 lKANSII Vib IN IJlKbCT CUKKKNT CIRCUITS Tile saat ini saya akan mulai meningkat pada tingkat u VfL ( A. ' s ) , di mana V dan L arc tegangan sourcc dan sumber induiiauec . masing-masing. Ini akan merasakan anil thyristor 2 akan dihidupkan; . . Arus yang melalui thyristor 1 " Ould mengambil bentuk yang ditunjukkan pada Gambar LALA Jelaslah dari ini , mengerti mengapa perangkat digambarkan kita pembatas arus Lancar sebenarnya terus Bagaimana . dalam kesalahan , untuk itu belum benar-benar terganggu melainkan commutated ke genteng kapasitor C \ 1 namun , C dengan cepat akan mengisi dan membangun tegangan Menentang arus , sehingga mendorong untuk zeio . Apa wc amati adalah osilasi antara sourcc induktansi L ( ditambah dengan / . , ) dan C. kapasitor yang akhirnya teredam keluar . I nya adalah salah satu transien pergantian yang terlibat dalam operasi ini . lain , dan yang lebih penting satu u > sonic WAVs , adalah transient yang terjadi di local loop yang terdiri dari dua thyristor ketika pergantian dimulai . Sebagai lone kita thyristor 1 adalah melakukan hanya ada u kecil tegangan maju di atasnya . Hut ketika saat ini telah didorong ke nol , itu * s tiba-tiba terkena tegangan lesidual pada C \ yang mungkin cukup signifikan, llie thyristor memiliki relatif kecil (dan insidental variabel ly ) kapasitansi , yang telah ditunjuk C , pada Gambar . 7.16 . ini dibebankan dari C. melalui / , .. Sejak C * C , , ini transien memanifestasikan dirinya sebagai oscialltion pada frekuensi alami w , L , dan C ' , yang , sekali lagi , ia akan teredam oleh kerugian sirkuit . tegangan yang ini menimbulkan ditunjukkan dalam dia . 17 / > . untiik angka juga menunjukkan bagaimana frekuensi tinggi ini osilasi ditumpangkan pada frekuensi rendah ( / > ) gangguan terkait dengan currcnt kesalahan mengalir ke C , dijelaskan di atas . Fq * UIE 7.17c adalah osilogram eksperimental yang diambil selama operasi dari pemutus sirkuit seperti pada 125 V. dc sirkuit . legenda menyertainya menggambarkan peristiwa . osilasi frekuensi tinggi antara L , dan c , terlalu cepat untuk merekam dengan skala waktu yang digunakan . angka ini menunjukkan lagi transien diprakarsai oleh pemblokiran diryistor ketika di tentu saja karena upaya currcnt untuk membalikkan . Apa parameter * ini tergantung pada yang tersisa sebagai latihan bagi pemimpin . Ihus jauh kita telah memperlakukan thyristor hanya sebagai saklar ideal dan telah kemudian dianggap bagaimana rangkaian merespon penutupan dan pembukaan mereka . Tapi busur melakukan permintaan , dari dasi sirkuit dengan keterbatasan , dari thyristor ' : ' Ketika T , pertama kali dihidupkan untuk melakukan proses commutating , curient yang akan mulai naik pada tingkat F ( ( 0 ) di mana V ( 0 ) adalah ihe prechar ^ e tegangan pada kapasitor . Dalam Bagian 7.5 hal itu menunjukkan bahwa ada batas atas untuk dlidi awal untuk thyristor . L3 harus cukup gieat untuk memastikan bahwa batas ini tidak tercapai . Mengacu Hg . 7.17 / , / , dikenakan tegangan terbalik cukup segera setelah memblokir pada titik A. Saya dia puncak tegangan ini ditunjukkan oleh B. Ini harus dalam kemampuan perangkat. Sekali lagi , inveisc voltuge berlanjut di T , untuk jangka AD \ setelah itu bccomcs positif . Waktu SIRST . AD , harus dia lebih lama dari turn- off time / ' , . dimaksud dalam Bagian 7.5 . Jika tidak . persimpangan tidak akan cleai dari operator dan perangkat akan menyala lagi . Dalam Bagian 7.5 kita juga mengacu pada fakta bahwa thyristor dapat diaktifkan oleh arus eapacitancc yang mengalir ketika tegangan maju diterapkan pada xate berlebihan . Hal ini bisa terjadi di titik D dalam Gambar . 7.17h . jika dV - ' dt ada melebihi batas yang diijinkan . Akhirnya , puncak tegangan maju dicapai , jelas dari Gambar . 7.17c , juga harus berada dalam / , ' s kemampuan . Untuk menentukan apakah thyristor dapat bertahan di lingkungan transien iiicnt mereka membantu untuk membuat, itu ncccssary untuk menentukan transien kuantitatif . Kami akan menyimpulkan pembahasan pemutus statis pembatas arus dengan melihat ke matici ini . Sebagian besar pertanyaan dapat dijawab dengan mempertimbangkan sirkuit yang sangat sederhana Gambar . 7.IS yang memadai de juru tulis pemutus statis membersihkan sirkuit pendek, dari waktu yang currcnt - " vf t Y% Up . 7.18 . Sederhana cirvuil setara untuk cuiicnt membatasi sialic pemutus sirkuit uilcr fjult telah commutated telah commutated ke kapasitor . Wc telah memilih untuk mengabaikan induktansi kecil saya . , Dari loop eommututing dibandingkan dengan sumber inductancc t - Tegangan T , kemudian diberikan oleh kapasitor tegangan Vr . II ini akan mulai ar nol , seperti yang ditunjukkan pada Bagian 2.3 . il akan memiliki bentuk K ( r ) = F , ( i cos tot ) <a mana - 1 (/O' H,so menunjukkan ada itu kapasitor memiliki tegangan awal 1^(0), ekspresi akan l> e (lihat Fq . 2.3.29 ) K < = 0 V. ( V. ~ K C0 ) ) < 1 - cos u , l ) ( 7,6 1 )

Sejauh 1 ^ . ( 0 ) negatif dalam situasi kita sekarang membahas busur , puncak Fq 7.6.1 bisa melebihi 2Vt . " Ihere adalah kondisi awal lain yang penting , yaitu, saat ini terbatas : pada kenyataannya, itu adalah nilai oi sesaat kesalahan saat Tidaklah sulit untuk menunjukkan bahwa ini memperkenalkan istilah . ..,I.'A / ( 0 ) ( - ) bin M < Ini identik dengan istilah wc diperoleh dalam memotong arus ( Bagian 5.2 ) . yang tidak mengejutkan , karena pemutus ini benar-benar memotong arus . Ekspresi lengkap untuk tegangan 7 ' , menyusul pergantian diberikan oleh COMMUTATION TRANSIENTS IN CONVERSION EQUHMENl 175 K ( 0 = V. - \ Vt - K ( 0 ) ] ( 1 COS 0,1 ) + / ( 0 ) (sin * r ( 7.6.2 ) Mengingat nilai-nilai L dan ( ' kondisi awal V. ( H ) dan / ( 0 ) . Adalah mungkin untuk mengevaluasi AD waktu dan nilai ot tiVfdi di D m Gambar 7 . L7 / > dan juga puncak ke depan tegangan pada Gambar . 7.17r . sebuah GTO dapat digunakan dalam sebuah gelas kimia statis semacam ini tanpa manfaat dari rangkaian commutating . ini akan , bagaimanapun, memerlukan gale sirkuit lebih kuat foi mematikan saat ini. Juga, " sirkuit snubber " mungkin akan diperlukan untuk menjamin tegangan penuh tidak diterapkan terlalu cepat setelah turn-off rangkaian seperti ditunjukkan pada Gambar - 7-19 - . tegangan Teruskan hanya dapat diterapkan pada GTO secepat Gambar . 7.19 . GTO lh > 7istor dan rangkaian snubber . Tpplicd sebagai u il.c sirkuit statis ( weaker. kapasitor dapat chargcd melalui dioda . Pada saat yang sama , resistor menghalangi gelombang tinggi arus dari kapasitor ketika ( TO dihidupkan . Dengan meningkatkan kapasitansi yang melekat pada GTO ( C , dalam Gambar . 7.16 ) . Kapasitor juga rcduccs puncak tegangan pada H pada Gambar . 7.17 . 7,7 transien pergantian DALAM KONVERSI PERALATAN Bagian nafsu pxovides dasar yang baik untuk melihat ke transien pergantian dalam peralatan konversi statis . Wc akan menggunakan impuls inverter komunitas- tated sebagai contoh . Inverter ini adalah salah satu dari beberapa jenis yang digunakan untuk mengkonversi langsung ke arus bolak-balik . Hal ini cukup tua dalam konsep . Wagner ( 9 I0 | memberikan analisis operasi ketika digunakan dengan tabung gas Rangkaian dasar ditunjukkan dalam Hg 7.20 . . . . Modus operasi adalah sebagai berikut . Asumsikan bahwa thyristor adalah perilaku ing . yang berarti bahwa titik pusat pada lilitan transformator