Citrograph Fall2013

P R S R T S T D
U . S . P O S T A G E P A I D
P O N T I A C , I L 6 1 7 6 4
P E R M I T 1 2 5
C I T R U S R E S E A R C H B O A R D , P . O . B o x 2 3 0 , V i s a l i a , C A 9 3 2 7 9
A d d r e s s S e r v i c e R e q u e s t e d
Citrograph
Citrograph
Fall 2013
Meet the new
CRB Chairman,
Dr. Etienne Rabe
Fall 2013 Citrograph 3
IN THIS ISSUE
Citrograph is published quarterly by the Citrus Research Board, 217 N. Encina, Visalia, CA 93291. Citrograph is sent to all
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statements made in any of the advertisements. The Board does not warrant, expressly or implicitly, the tness of any product
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Canadian & Foreign:
Louise Fisher, Managing Editor
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Dr. Mary Lu Arpaia
Richard Bennett
Franco Bernardi
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Julia Inestroza
Ken Keck
EDITORIAL BOARD SCIENCE REVIEW PANEL
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FALL 2013 VOLUME 4 NUMBER 5
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Cover photo of Dr. Etienne Rabe courtesy of Jose
Lima, Nursery Director, Paramount Citrus. See
article on page 10.
4 Editorial
8 Chairmans View
10 Meet new CRB Chairman Etienne Rabe
14 Industry Views
18 Report on 19th IOCV Conference in
South Africa
22 California and Florida explore research
coordination
24 Getting a rst-hand look at psyllid
infestations
26 The new economics of solar in agriculture
30 SoilWeb
34 Core Citrus Breeding and Evaluation
Program
40 Update on the Asian citrus psyllid
cooperative biological control program
50 CCQC honors Batkin with Salter Award
51 Youngs Nursery earns recognition by
Cal/OSHA
52 Part II Brevipalpus mites in California
citrus
60 Le Cordon Bleus citrus challenge
63 Citrus Roots: The assault against
Jack Frost
Fall 2013 Citrograph 5 4 Citrograph Fall 2013
EDITORIAL
BY JOEL NELSEN, President of California Citrus Mutual
District 2 Southern California Coastal
Member Alternate
Earl Rutz Alan Washburn
Joe Barcinas John C. Gless
District 1 Northern California
Member Alternate
Toby Maitland-Lewis Jack Williams
Donald Roark Dan Dreyer
Jim Gorden Dan Galbraith
Joe Stewart Franco Bernardi
Etienne Rabe John Konda
John Richardson Jeff Steen
Kevin Olsen Tommy Elliott
Richard Bennett Justin Brown
CITRUS RESEARCH BOARD MEMBER LIST BY DISTRICT 2013-2014
Citrus Research Board
217 N Encina, Visalia, CA 93291
PO Box 230, Visalia, CA 93279
(559) 738-0246
FAX (559) 738-0607
E-Mail Info@citrusresearch.org
www.citrusresearch.org
District 3 California Desert
Member Alternate
Mark McBroom Craig Armstrong

Public Member
Member Alternate
Ed Civerolo Steve Garnsey
The Mission of the Citrus Research Board:
Develop knowledge and build systems for grower vitality.
Focus on quality assurance, clonal protection, production research,
variety development, and grower/public education.
TRIVIA QUESTION
Strengthening a valuable partnership
CALENDAR
December 13-14, 2013 LREC Fruit Display and Tasting - Lindcove
Research & Extension Center Exeter, CA. For
information, contact Anita Hunt 559-592-
2408 Ext 151.
January 8, 2014 CPDPC Board meeting - Visalia, CA. For more
information, call CDFA at 916-403-6652.
January 22, 2014 CRB Board meeting - Bahia Resort, San
Diego, CA. For more information, contact
CRB at 559-738-0246.
January 22-24, 2014 CRB New Technologies Conference - Bahia
Resort, San Diego, CA. For more information,
contact CRB at 559-738-0246.
February 11-13, 2014 World Ag Expo - International Agri-Center,
Tulare, CA. For more information, contact
CRB at 559-738-0246.
March 6, 2014 California Citrus Mutual Showcase - Visalia
Convention Center, Visalia, CA. For more
information, contact CCM at 559-592-3790.
The operational
strength of the
ACP/HLB effort
requires a sustained
nancial partnership
from industry, the
state and the federal
government.
T
he California Citrus Pest and Disease Prevention Program (CP-
DPP) has three partners from a nancial perspective (the cit-
rus industry, state of California and federal government) Yes, I
agree!and thousands of participants from an operational per-
spective covering a vast amount of territory. Millions of trees, several bil-
lion pieces of fruit, thousands of jobs and billions of dollars of economic
activity hang in the balance. The success or failure rests in the strength of
the partnership, both from an operational perspective and by insuring that
nancial resources are adequate to guarantee an efcacious program.
This past year, nancial uncertainty, controversy, and concern were
spotlighted;. bBut, industry engagement and support wereas unques-
tionable. In June, the California Department of Food and Agriculture
(CDFA) conducted a review of the program, and not a single negative
comment was received. In fact, grower comments were overwhelmingly
positive, and the California Citrus Mutual (CCM) Board passed a motion
supporting the continuance of the program. The cost to the industry is not
taken for granted. Growers participate on an annual basis at
a $15 million level. Industry investment to-date is at $60
million.
Overseeing the program is the California Citrus
Pest and Disease Management Program comprisinged
of a 14-person industry Advisory Committee to the
CDFA Secretary. The Committee was established to
offer operational guidance and, scal direction, and to
serve as the eyes and ears for and of the industry.
At the Federal level is the Citrus Health Re-
sponse Program (CHRP), a national vehicle
to assist producers and state departments
of agriculture with nancial support to
achieve state-specic objectives, de-
termined by the industry, relative
to pest and disease pressures. This
past year, however, CHRP took a
nancial hit due to sequestration
mandates. The allocation to Cali-
fornia was reduced by almost two
$2 million dollars. Yet, the indus-
trys commitment and a strong
relationship with USDA Animal
Plant Health Inspection Service
(APHIS) by CCM and Sunkist
haves sustained Federal nancial
support against threats of greater
budget cuts. For the 2012-2013 and
continued on p. 6
An orangery (or orangerie) refers to a glass structure (conservatory)
used to house potted citrus. In the past, they usually were found in
royal and aristocratic gardens, sheltering orange trees during the winter
months. The earliest known orangery was established when and where?
A) London, England 1503, B) Padua, Italy 1545
C) Paris, France 1617, D) Wertheim am Main, Germany 1773
(Go to page 32 for the answer.)
6 Citrograph Fall 2013
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2013-2014 scal years, APHIS has committed to $10.1
million.
Grower support and federal funding combined
make up this $25 million per annum program to stop
or suppress the spread of the Asian Citrus Psyllid
(ACP) and nd HLB before it nds the CA California
citrus industry and backyard citrus trees in abundance.
Ideally, the state of California would participate to a
greater degree nancially, but funds have been lacking
due to the states scal situation.
This past year, the industry, via CCM, made a con-
certed effort to engage state support. The objective was
not solely to achieve state funding, but to raise aware-
ness that strong nancial support from the state will
strengthen the USDAs role in the entire program. We
fell short of our objective; obviously, greater education
is necessary to achieve our goal.
We had full support from the State Legislature, but
as the Governor weighed the states overall needs, he
was advised that a more thorough discussion and a dif-
ferent path for state funding was needed. It was disap-
pointing to be sure, but in a message to the industry,
CDFA Secretary Ross conrmed the Departments
and the Governors commitment to participate in the
effort to protect California citrus.
The industry Advisory Committee will continue to
address program needs and articulate to the Secretary
where and how the state can partner to a greater de-
gree. CCM and Sunkist will continue to work with the
USDA and Congress to maintain, if not increase, the
partnership at the federal level. We have two options
- one is to succeed and the other is to fail. One leads
to continued economic prosperity. The other could re-
sult in the same calamity affecting Florida, Mexico, and
Brazil. One leads to supplying the nation with 85 per-
cent% of its fresh citrus demands, while the other cre-
ates opportunity for offshore imports, a tremendous
loss of jobs, and a large jolt to the state general fund
and local communities.
The operational strength of the ACP/HLB effort
requires a sustained nancial partnership from indus-
try, the state and the federal government. It is a big
task requiring an unbreakable partnership at all three
levels. A successful and honest partnership will un-
doubtedly have discord and contentious periods. But
the important thing to remember is not to lose sight of
our goal.
Our goal collectively has to be the continued pro-
tection of Californias rst agricultural commodity,
California citrus.
Joel Nelsen is the president of California Citrus
Mutual. l
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M
ore than a decade ago, scientists, researchers and citrus people from
throughout the country gathered to discuss disease pressures antici-
pated for our industry. They developed a list of major diseases that
required preparation. The rst questions were how to accurately
detect and diagnose the various pathogens and in what order we should expect
them to arrive in the U.S. Citrus canker already had established itself in Florida.
Huanglongbing (HLB) was on the move around the world, with citrus variegated
chlorosis (CVC) moving north from South America. Accurate and early detection
and diagnosis became the top priority.
To best meet our own forward-thinking criteria, extensive research projects were
undertaken, sponsored by industry sources in California and Florida, as well as na-
tional groups such as the USDA Agricultural Research Service. Even the National
Labs in Los Alamos became involved due to their biology expertise and concerns
for national security.
Thus began our education in the world of genetics and molecular biology. We
found this new area of research to be vastly complex and costly. Detection platforms
such as the lateral ow microarray device were developed to detect pathogen DNA
and enable the detection of several diseases simultaneously. Development started on
other platforms, including the electronic nose for the detection of volatile organic
compounds (VOCs), improved methods for the PCR (polymerase chain reaction
testing) and ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) processes, nuclear mag-
netic resonance (NMR) for the detection of proteins/molecules produced during the
disease process, and numerous equipment improvements.
Along with the many methods of detection, the need to understand a pathogens
genomic make-up led to the need for sequencing its DNA. The human genome-
sequencing project laid the foundation for this work. Several varieties of citrus
have been fully sequenced, as well as the various species of Liberibacter. The cost
of sequencing has dropped dramatically, but the complete understanding of HLB
is still elusive. Research into how to nd, detect, diagnose and develop methods to
mitigate the problem is ongoing with ever-increasing complexity and cost. Many of
the scientic advancements have allowed for improved engineering and traditional
breeding for resistance and tolerance. We are gaining the use of applied knowledge
rapidly; however, all seemed easier a decade or so ago. Now where are we?
We are trying to learn from the rest of the world about how ACP and HLB spread.
In California, we are mapping ACP spread via the development of the CRB database
and prediction models for HLB spread. With the assistance of the Jet Propulsion Lab
(JPL), aerial surveys will nd citrus trees in residential areas and, hopefully, with data
base analysis, differentiate trees with HLB-specic symptoms. Understanding this
pathogens biology, movement and other characteristics will allow for the applica-
tion of all our technologies. Like Back to the Future, Part II, how nice it would have
been a decade or so ago to travel forward in time to see what we would be facing
in the future. We could have predicted the sequence of research events, the disease
progression we are experiencing and the costs associated with the process. We would
CHAIRMANS VIEW
BY EARL RUTZ, Past CRB Chairman
Back to the future, Part II
have known which research lines to continue to follow,
which ones to throw out and how much our escalating
costs would be. Investment in research is a must for the
future of the industry!
The CRB is undergoing positive change and is focused
on long-term productivity of the industry. President Ken
Kecks energetic resolve is already improving CRBs
systems. The cost of doing research is increasing rapidly,
so we need to be focused. Choosing the correct research
projects has become harder, as proposals today are far
more complex and costly. Industry needs are ever chang-
ing. Expect to see the following: a focus on the nancial
aspects of running a more complex organization, im-
proved scientic review of new proposals and ongoing
projects, research in UC Daviss new containment facility
of all the detection methods yielding useful results, and
increased efforts with partners across the country to fund
the more complex research areas.
Future challenges will not be any easier. Biocontrol
and conventional chemical methods will be integrated.
The future of dealing with engineered breeding is now.
How do we integrate engineered health aspects or resistance
to disease with all the regulations that must be satised, much
less the public acceptance of engineered products? How do we
integrate all that we have learned over the last decade for our
use? More importantly, how do we best inform growers and
receive the feedback necessary to keep our efforts focused?
Which disease challenge is next? Do you have a future as a
citrus grower? How wonderful it would be to gaze both back
in the past and forward with a crystal ball to see our future
needs and our successful research applications.
The CRBs new chairman , Dr. Etienne Rabe, will be
wonderful for the industry. He is also chairman of the Cit-
rus Health Response Programs Science and Technology
Committee, which brings key industry representatives and
researchers together to review the current status of citrus
research. Under his leadership, the CRB will prosper by
increasing focus , efciencies and results for industry use
in all areas of our research.
It was both a privilege and an honor to serve the citrus
industry in this capacity. I wish Etienne all the best and
encourage all of you to get involved. l
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In California, we
are mapping ACP
spread via the
development of the
CRB database and
prediction models
for HLB spread.
stone fruit and avocados. Since 2008,
he has the privilege to serve as Vice
President of Agronomy for Paramount
Citrus, where he is involved in all citri-
cultural aspects.
In addition to his duties at the
CRB, the new chairman also serves as
a Board member of California Citrus
Mutual, the California Citrus Pest and
Disease Program, the California Citrus
Advisory Committee (overseeing Cali-
fornias maturity program), as well as
the Federal Citrus Disease Research
and Development Advisory Committee.
Im in a nice situation, whereby Im
fortunate enough to be on a number of
committees, providing me insight into
the citrus business and allowing me
to be able to play a small part in the
strategic direction of the industry from
a technical vantage point, specically
with the increasing disease threats that
the industry faces, he said. l
T
his September, the Citrus Re-
search Board (CRB) welcomed
its personable, practical, plain-
spoken and visionary new chairman,
Etienne Rabe, Ph.D., a man well known
and respected throughout the global
citrus industry.
Its a privilege to have been chosen
by the board to lead them for the next
two years, as well as a responsibility and
a challenge, Rabe said.
The new chairman understands that
citrus competes with other fruits and
snacks for consumer share of stomach,
and that it must taste good to ensure
repeat purchase. To stay protable, we
need to continue to grow enough qual-
ity fruit to reach consumers in excellent
condition at a reasonable cost,he said.
His motto is if you respect consumers
by giving them something theyll enjoy,
theyll want to go back and buy more,
and youll stay in business.
Vision and goals
Rabe stated that he has been very
happy with how Ken Keck is fitting
in and performing as the CRBs new
president. His arrival is an oppor-
tunity for us to adapt to some extent
how the board operates. The board
has been very much involved in
project evaluation and spending
an inordinate amount of time
on CRB business. This is not a
sustainable path.
He believes that the
board needs to operate
on more of a gover-
nance level and let
subcommittees and
staff members handle
the day-to-day work.
Weve expected our
board members to be
technically-focused so that
they understand what the
projects entail to some ex-
tent, Rabe explained, however,
we dont have the background to
totally understand what scientists
are talking about. The business of
research, especially at the molecu-
lar level, is very complex. Its not
fair to expect our board members to
understand the intricacies of these
projects inside and out. All board mem-
bers have a day job to attend to, as well.
Chairman Rabe is looking forward
to upcoming strategic meetings. In
addition to focusing on the issues at
hand right now HLB and invasive dis-
eases California currently still has the
luxury to invest in other research issues
as well, he said. These include market
access and keeping markets open, main-
taining good post-harvest practices and
keeping a good arsenal of pest-ghting
compounds for growers to use.
The chairman expects funding to re-
main fairly constant, citing that without
outside contracts,
the CRB cur-
rently spends
about $7.5
million on its
research,
associated
functions
(California Clonal Protection Program
and California Quality Control Council)
and administration budget, but noting
that the industry spends a lot more on
the HLB effort. We spend $5 million
on projects, and I dont expect that to
go up or down signicantly, Rabe said.
There is a healthy balance of the Board
advocating for higher assessments vs.
those trying to be more conservative.
Id like it to stay at a reasonable level.
Growers are assessed up to about $200
an acre in industry-wide assessments.
You have to spend what you need to
spend to solve the problems, but we
dont want things to get too luxurious.
We need to make sure that growers get
value for their money.
He added, From a communica-
tion standpoint, we need to continue
convincing the general public that we
are good custodians of the land and
resources. We keep being inundated by
an increasing number of regulations, but
citrus farming, by denition, is sustain-
able. Our farming practices are geared
at staying viable over the long term.
There are orchards in the Central
Valley older than a century and still
productive.
Rabe also believes that the
industry cannot operate in a
vacuum and must work closely
with the USDA and other
regulatory and research
bodies. Citrus growers
are charged with provid-
ing good quality and safe
crops, all while making a
prot to stay in business, he
said. The role of the CRB
and its sister organizations
is to try to remove obstacles to
the growers and help keep them in
business. Thats where our research and
technical endeavors come in - to keep
them on the cutting edge.
Additionally, Rabe envisions Citro-
graph evolving into the voice of and for
the California citrus industry, coupled
with periodic grower conferences.
The 10,000-mile journey
Although now entrenched in Cali-
fornia, Rabe grew up thousands of miles
away on a vegetable farm near Cape
Town, South Africa.I was always in the
elds and had an interest in the land,
he explained. The South African citrus
industry was very good to me, offering
me a scholarship to study horticulture
at the University of Stellenbosch and
later paying for me to go to California to
obtain my Ph.D. in Botany.At that time,
the University of California at Riverside
was the mecca of citrus research.
Between his bachelors and doctorate
degrees, Rabe earned his Masters degree
in Horticulture from the University of
Pretoria while working as a researcher
for Outspan International, which served
the research and technical needs of the
South African citrus industry.
Upon his return to South Africa as
a newly-minted Ph.D., Rabe rejoined
Outspan as a senior researcher and then
manager of the research team. In 1991,
he became a Professor of Horticultural
Science and then Department Chairman
at the University of Stellenbosch, where
he remained for 12 years, specializing in
citrus, training a number of Masters and
Ph.D. students and authoring numerous
peer-reviewed and technical papers.
Meet new CRB Chairman Etienne Rabe
Family
Rabes wife, Ronel, is an avid
tennis player. The couple has
a married son in London and
a daughter in South Africa,
who is married to a cattle
rancher and is involved in an
outdoor environmental school
for teenage students.
Interests
The CRB chairman enjoys
cycling and watching
American football, particularly
the San Diego Chargers. He
also roots for Peyton Manning
and Drew Brees, saying
that even though theyre
successful, they come across
as humble.
Little-known fact
He is a former rugby and
cricket player.
UP CLOSE
AND PERSONAL
with Etienne Rabe
During his academic career, Rabe
served in various consulting capacities
in South Africa and South America. He
traveled frequently to citrus-producing
regions throughout the world, gaining
an in-depth understanding of issues
and trends.
Pioneering California mandarins
In 1998,he became a consultant to Sun
Pacic Farming and Paramount Citrus in
California, assisting in the establishment
of the mandarin program. These enti-
ties were the rst to see the potential for
mandarins in California,Rabe explained,
with the initial major orchards planted in
1999. The two companies jointly mar-
keted the Cutie brand along with Fowler
Packing for a number of years. Paramount
currently is launching a new brand, Halos.
At the beginning of the professors
consultancy, there were only 5,000
acres of mandarins in
California, virtually ex-
clusively Satsumas and
Fairchilds; today, that
number has increased
tenfold to 50,000 acres
with the majority be-
ing Clementines and
WMurcott/Tango. I
feel privileged to have
been part of the manda-
rin explosion, he said.
Rabe moved to Cal-
ifornia in 2004 to join
Sun Pacific Farming
full-time in a technical
capacity, with involve-
ment in citrus, kiwis,
We must grow quality fruit to keep the
consumer coming back to buy more.
Above: The new CRB Chairman, who was instrumental
in the growth of Californias mandarin output, still
takes a hands-on approach. Facing page: Rabe cuts a
mandarin to examine it for color, taste and seeds.
Rabe checks the fertigation/chemigation system, which precisely injects desired
amounts of fertilizer and/or pesticides through the irrigation system.
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The Yara Complete
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Scan for crop advice &
support documents
Map of Asian citrus psyllid detections, ACP quarantines and HLB quarantines in
California and neighboring portions of Arizona and Mexico through November 8, 2013.
Date Printed: 11/14/2013
Time Printed: 11:15 hrs PT
Data Source:
CA Dept of Food & Agriculture
USDA, APHIS, PPQ
USDA, APHIS, IS
TeleAtlas Dynamap
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INDUSTRY VIEWS
asks: Citrograph What do you believe is the most interesting
research project coming up in your committee, and why?
The 2013-14 scal year has begun for the Citrus Research Board (CRB) and its programs. New research and scientic projects
were launched at the CRBs annual meeting on September 17. Each one is designed to bring new tools and benecial knowledge
to the California citrus industry. To get a sampling of whats ahead, Citrograph asks each of the Research Committee Chairmen
the following question:
Joe Barcinas, Pest Management
I
n my committee, it is not just one project, but one effort. The CRB has funded sev-
eral projects regarding the management of ACP using biological control strategies.
This is most exciting. Dr. Richard Stouthamer and his lab at UCR have developed a
method of assaying the gut of predators to determine which benecials feed on the
ACP and at what time of year this feeding occurs. The implication of this is immense.
In addition, Dr. Mark Hoddles group will soon release another parasite, Dia-
phorencyrtus aligarhensis, which will complement the Tamarixia. Dr. Joseph Morses
team is evaluating pesticides that can be used in organic groves. Growers will imple-
ment both chemical and biological strategies to control the ACP within commercial
groves, but most homeowners will not treat backyard citrus trees. Releasing Tamarixia
radiata in residential and commercial interfaces to create a barrier is critical. We
welcome these additional tactics in the war against the ACP and HLB.
Mark McBroom, Vectored Diseases Committee
O
f the 12 projects funded within my committee, seven are related to nding
methods to detect HLB much earlier than the expression of visible symptoms
and the current laboratory method of PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction). Karen
Ross, the California Secretary of Agriculture, released a mandate that trees conrmed
positive for the disease must be removed. The sooner we can identify HLB+ trees,
the sooner we can remove them and, thereby, limit disease spread. We dont want
to be in the same boat as Florida. Before they had even detected the rst positive
tree, the disease had already spread almost statewide.
Don Roark, Non-vectored and Post-harvest Diseases
D
ealing with post-harvest decay pathogens is a continuous battle and CRB-funded
researchers have kept us ahead of that curve by testing new formulations and
combinations of treatments.
However, a more serious problem is looming in our midst; we must prevent trade
barriers to keep our export markets open. Several years ago, the NAVEK (Navel
and Valencia Export to Korea) program was implemented in response to Koreas
concern over Septoria spot. Today, Koreas concern is brown rot caused by several
species of Phytophthora. The Department of Plant Pathology at the University of
California, Riverside is world famous for its expertise in the diseases of citrus and
avocado caused by Phytophthora species. We have faith these experts will expand
our knowledge of the pathogens and develop control and management strategies
that will preserve our export markets.
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Franco Bernardi, Research Development and Implementation
T
here is no better cause for accelerating a research tools availability than one
that ghts HLB. After thorough review, our committee released the funding al-
located by the full CRB board for one of the most important new technologies avail-
able for early detection of HLB for California citrus growers. CRB has spearheaded
the research effort with universities and private companies through leadership and
substantial grower funds. This year, CRB once again funded research for further ex-
perimentation to ght HLB by funding both public and private research, diagnostic
equipment testing and manufacturing.
One of the main tools for early detection of HLB is the use of an analytical instru-
ment to search for citrus trees that may be infected with the bacteria responsible for
HLB.A portable sniffer analyzes air samples of organic compounds (VOCs) produced
by citrus trees. Research has shown that the VOC sensor method to detect early HLB
presence is a reliable research tool that someday will be a grower tool. Current fund-
ing levels will continue to conrm the effectiveness of the portable equipment, but
also develop a smaller suitcase-size battery-powered unit with the same accuracy as
the labs tabletop equipment. The industry soon will have two portable VOC units to
search out HLB in urban settings and commercial citrus groves.The research funding
and interface with universities and private industry, while new at CRB, has proven
valuable in speeding up research and give growers a working tool.
Richard Bennett, New Varieties
T
he team of Dr. Michelle Cilia, USDA-ARS at Cornell University, and Dr. James
Bruce, Washington University, is analyzing more than 100,000 proteins, protein
fragments and effectors associated with the infection process. Their research will
analyze proteins and follow how they change and recombine during the process of
being acquired and ingested by the insect vector (ACP), where and how the proteins
interact within the salivary glands and gut of the insect, the function of these sites,
and the interactive process during egestion back into the citrus tree.
This research is unique in the sense that they are studying the role of proteins
in every stage of the disease process and simultaneously looking at proteins of the
host plant, bacterial pathogen, and insect vector. This enormous undertaking will
generate volumes of data and requires the utilization of two super-computer sites.
The ultimate benet of this research to the grower will be alternative methods of
disease and psyllid control.Acquiring the fundamental knowledge of protein function
and how these proteins interact will allow us to nd ways to disrupt these processes
and not always rely on the application of pesticides.
Dan Dreyer, Production Efciency
T
he early detection of HLB must remain a priority. Presently, the PCR test is the
only approved method for conrming an infection, but there are many drawbacks
with this method. The bacteria must be present in the sample collected and taken to
the lab; but bacteria are not evenly distributed within the tree, so the sample collected
may test negative when the tree is actually infected. . Currently, the VOC early detec-
tion equipment is making great progress. It is hoped that this will be conrmed as a
viable method that could lead to early tree removal, thereby lessening the spread of
the bacteria by the psyllid to other trees. Additionally, the project detecting unique
metabolomics compounds also has great promise to achieve the same. There are
multiple projects, all working together, to achieve this goal.
Although the continued threat of HLB being vectored by ACP remains a priority,
other ongoing projects involving the efcient use of water and nitrate applications
garnered continued support. With the scarcity of water due to present drought con-
ditions combined with the continued pumping of ground water, efcient irrigation
methods of crops warrant further study.
Furthermore, with the pending implementation of the Irrigated Land Reform
Plan, nitrate leaching into the ground water aquifers, whether through current farm-
ing practices or historical events, needs the industrys attention.
INDUSTRY VIEWS continued
MaryLou Polek
W
ith Citrus Research Board (CRB) approval, I attended the 19th Interna-
tional Organization of Citrus Virologists (IOCV) Conference this sum-
mer in Kruger National Park, South Africa. There were approximately
100 participants at the triennial conference, which allowed for quality discussions
that are summarized below.
NGS Discussions
Several speakers addressed using next generation sequencing (NGS) to replace
host indexing. NGS is a powerful tool/technology that can greatly simplify screening,
routine diagnosis, detection and characterization of citrus pathogens.The CRB was
prudent to have funded research proposed by Shou-
Wei Ding and Georgios Vidalakis/Jingbo Wang, as
their projects were precursors to this new technology.
The actual analysis is routine, but the bio-informatics
are still a challenge.
Hano Maree - meta-genomic sequencing of
dsRNA can be implemented to establish the virome
of citrus trees with unknown virus etiology. This
method was used to detect several CTV genotypes
plus Apple stem-grooving virus (ASGV) (aka tatter-
leaf) in one plant. Another plant displaying atypical
psorosis symptoms was determined infected with
three viroids plus multiple CTV genotypes.
IVIA Spain (Antonio Olmos) - allows se-
quence data generation at a fraction of the cost of
biological indexing. Three new citrus virus species
were identied. NGS technology will greatly sim-
plify the screening, routine diagnosis, detection and
characterization of citrus pathogens.
Antonio Catara Italy used NGS technology to genotype isolates of CTV
in Sicily.
Marcos Machado - used this technology to analyze Citrus Sudden Death in
Brazil.
Gerhard Pietersen (South Africa) - characterized CTV populations.
Etienne Rabes presentation on phytosanitary purity diminishing horticul-
tural integrity and economic value stimulated a feisty discussion that called for
a special evening session attended by almost all delegates. Whereas the majority
still believed in the distribution of pathogen-free propagation material, there was
consideration of using NGS technologies to better understand the genomics of the
Report on 19th
IOCV Conference
in South Africa
The 19th Conference of the International Organization of Citrus Virologists (IOCV) was held in the Kruger National
Park in Mpumalanga, South Africa from July 28 August 2, 2013. The conference is held every three years and brings
together scientists who study graft-transmissible diseases of citrus.
NGS is a powerful
tool/technology
that can greatly
simplify screening,
routine diagnosis,
detection and
characterization of
citrus pathogens.
In addition to a vigorous scientifc program, attendees experienced a variety
of different foods. CRB Vice President of Science & Technology MaryLou
Polek sampled warthog. Other unique foods served included crocodile, kudu
and Mpumalanga silk worms. Polek shared CRB activities in her talk entitled
Californias pursuit of early diagnostics for huanglongbing.
Metagenomics: The study of genetic material recovered directly
from environmental samples. Historically, only specic genes were
examined from cloned, laboratory cultures and, therefore, much
bio-diversity was missed. The broad eld may also be referred to
as environmental genomics, ecogenomics or community genomics.
Next Generation Sequencing (NGS): DNA sequencing is a
method to determine the order of the nucleotide basesadenine,
guanine, cytosine, and thyminein a molecule of DNA. NGS is a
technology that combines high speed equipment and bioinformat-
ics to sequence much larger pieces of DNA, much faster, and at a
reduced cost.
Viruliferous: An insect vector that has acquired a virus and is
capable of transmitting it to a new host plant.
Incoming CRB Board Chairman Etienne Rabe gave a talk entitled Does phyto-
sanitary purity diminish horticultural expression and, thereby economic value?
His topic caused quite a stir, and a special discussion was added to the program.
One of the Big Five animals of Kruger National Park, a leopard points the way
to the Skukuza Camp where the IOCV attendees stayed during the conference.
Participants were delighted being in such close proximity to the African wildlife.
Many saw the Big Five, which includes the leopard, African elephant, water
buffalo, lion and white rhino.
host and potential pathogens in order to
monitor and identify the exact genetics
of a specic cultivar.
Worldwide Issues
Florida has approved using real-time
PCR in their budwood certication test-
ing program. In California,Vidalakis can
distinguish all known citrus viroids and
their variants using two, one-step each,
reverse transcriptase (RT) quantitative
(q) PCR reactions (patent pending) for
use in the Citrus Nursery Stock Pest
Cleanliness Program. He stated that
it both reduces the cost of testing for
the seven distinct viroid species ($1.90/
sample) and reduces the time (24 hours)
compared to biological indexing.
Leandro Pena (Spain) reported on
secondary metabolites as a strategy for
imparting resistance.The decrease of D-
limonine is linked to the up-regulation
of genes involved in innate immunity. In
his created transgenic plants, he found
resistance to citrus canker, green mold
and black spot via biosynthesis of di-
terpenoids that act as antimicrobials.
Bill Dawson shared that CTV symp-
tom severity is NOT due to quantita-
tive differences between strains in a
population, but indicates that qualitative
differences within and between each
population inuence symptom devel-
opment (referring to mixed infections
within a tree).
CTV is still a problem in South
Africa (stem pitting in grapefruit), Ar-
gentina (widespread severe genotypes),
Chile (severe strains in the north), Uru-
guay (severe strains from Argentina and
Israel) and China.The best management
tools are still the use of clean stock and
cross-protection.
Despite African greening and the
African citrus psyllid being endemic,
South Africa is concerned about the
introduction of the Asian citrus psyllid
and Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus.
Ronel Viljoen discussed Ca. Liberi-
bacter africanus subspecies capensis
(LafC), which was found to infect Calo-
dendrum capense, cape chestnut and is
widespread in South Africa.The purpose
of the study was to examine other Ru-
taceous hosts - Clausena anisata, Vepris
lanceolata, and Zanthoxylum capense
and Zanthoxylum davyl -to determine
whether they were infected with Laf,
LafC or some other related Liberibacter.
These are being used to investigate the
origins of Ca. L. africanus (CLaf), which
thus far has only been identied from
Africa and the Mascarene Islands. Citrus
is not native to Africa, hypothesizing
that a host jump occurred to Trioza
(African citrus psyllid). CLaf appears
to have multiple hosts.
Michael Melzar reported on a new,
virus-like disease in pummelo from
Honolulu, Hawaii, causing sectorial
dieback and severe chlorosis, corking
and necrosis of leaves.
Citrus viroid V (CVd-V), a newly
characterized viroid, was detected in
Texas in Rio-red grapefruit on sour
orange rootstock.
Psorosis is still a problem in Argen-
tina, where they suspect an insect vector
and are considering several species of
aphids.
There is no transovarial passage of
the leprosis virus in mite vectors. Be-
tween 30-60 percent of mite populations
are viruliferous, and three viral genomes
have been sequenced. The host range is
expanding, and haplotypes are adapting
to different hosts resulting in geographic
variation.
Post-Conference Tour
Following the conference, par-
ticipants visited the privately-funded
Citrus Research International, which
represents commercial citrus in South
Africa, Zimbabwe and Swaziland. This
organization hires research scientists
to conduct research directly relevant to
growers. Similar to the CRB, they have a
Board of Directors that chairs research
committees. However, a committee of
scientists within each particular area
of expertise assists with evaluating and
vetting each research proposal. Funding
can go to any institution, not just the
CRI scientists.
Fanie van Vuuren offered an in-
novative idea using embryo rescue of
seeds from healthy chimera sections to
avoid citrus greening. Results are very
promising. We visited his eld plot with
several sweet orange clones produced
from tissue culture of the seeds. Trees
were planted in 2007 among older trees
with greening symptoms. This may be
the way to proceed here in California
to avoid transgenic issues and expense.
African greening is very different
from Asian greening, and methods
of management vary accordingly. We
visited Naranja Orchards, where the
grower uses a propane torch to girdle
branches exhibiting visual symptoms.
The branch dies, and disease progress
is slowed.
At Nadorcott Orchards, the crop is
grown under screen, using an open hy-
droponic system.They girdle the plant to
set fruit, and believe that pruning will be
the greatest challenge. Workers are paid
per bag of fruit and wear a badge that
registers when they drop a load of fruit
into a bin. Nadorcott grows Clemen Gold,
which is very successful. From the time of
arrival to their packing house, the fruit is
processed and shipped within 24 hours.
We also spent an afternoon visiting
the industry-owned South African Foun-
dation Block, hosted by Paul Fourie.The
closest commercial citrus is more than
15.5 miles; with a two-mile free-zone of
citrus hosts (backyards). This voluntary
program, which undergoes an annual
government visual inspection, has 98
percent participation. Nurseries do not
have multiplication blocks.
Interestingly, I was reluctant to say I
was from California, since many South
African growers would like to obtain
Tango.
My deepest appreciation is ex-
pressed to the CRB for allowing me
the opportunity to interact with my
colleagues in such a fantastic location.
MaryLou Polek, Ph.D., is the Citrus
Research Boards Vice-President of Sci-
ence and Technology.l
GLOSSARY
T
his past August, a team from the
Citrus Research Board (CRB)
traveled to the Citrus Research
and Education Center in Lake Alfred,
Florida, to meet with members of the
Citrus Research and Development Foun-
dation (CRDF). It was the rst meeting
of the two organizations. The purposes
of the trip were twofold (1) to meet
with the CRDF to better coordinate and
collaborate on common-ground research,
thus using funds more effectively; and (2)
to discuss formation of a nationwide Sci-
ence Advisory Board to approve projects
of mutual benet.
CRB Board members Jim Gorden,
Earl Rutz, Etienne Rabe, Richard
Bennett, Don Roark and Joe Stewart,
along with CRB staffers Ken Keck and
MaryLou Polek took part in the meeting.
Florida is in deep trouble and
needs short-term solutions, said CRB
Chairman Etienne Rabe.In California,
a lot of people think we have more
time {to deal with huanglongbing and
Asian citrus psyllid} and we can ride on
Floridas coattails so that they spend the
money to nd a solution, and we piggy-
back on their ndings. Rabe believes
that would be foolhardy.It behooves us
in California to join forces with Florida
in lobbying to get federal attention and
federal research dollars and also bucket
research dollars together to support vi-
sionary research that would lead to the
breakthroughs we require.
Former CRB Chairman, current
Board member and citrus grower Jim
Gorden added, It is always interesting
to collaborate on how to solve common
or similar problems.
The Florida model
At the gathering, California and
Florida representatives summarized
their research programs and the process
of evaluating proposals for funding.
Floridas program comprises three
committees: Industry Prioritization,
Research Management and Commercial
Product Delivery. Approximately 141
proposals are submitted annually, and
awards total about $15 million. Research
progress is assessed by highly technical
progress reports submitted quarterly.
Most recently, the CRDFs Request for
Proposals was released in early August,
and funding decisions will be made at
the February Board meeting - a six-
month process.
The CRDFs proposal evaluation
process is a multi-step review, adapted
from the National Science Founda-
tion and National Institutes of Health.
Program Manager Tom Turpen has
developed a pool of about 300 scientists
and technical people nationally who
are asked to provide an ad hoc review
of four to six projects within their area
of expertise. Each proposal is sent out
to ve independent, anonymous read-
ers so that at least three reviews are
completed. The ad hoc reviews are
sent to the CRDFs Scientic Advisory
Board (SAB). The SAB is composed of
scientists (non-CRDF Board members)
appointed by the Foundation. There are
no term limits. Proposals are ranked and
placed into three categories:
Great science - high impact
OK science - high impact
great science - high risk
The SAB ranking is used by the
Research Management Committee,
which also ranks each proposal for its
practicality and how well it matches the
industrys priorities.
Cross-country differences
The CRB cannot totally utilize
Floridas SAB model. Members of the
SAB were selected to scrutinize only
Florida-centric research; e.g. to mitigate
infectious diseases, primarily huanglong-
bing (HLB) and the Asian citrus psyllid;
whereas the CRB funds projects beyond
the scope of Floridas priorities, and
hence beyond the expertise of the SAB.
This year, we are spending 60 percent
of our research dollars in California on
HLB; the rest on horticulture, post-har-
vest and other entomological research,
Rabe explained,whereas Florida has to
be single-minded.
Additionally, the SAB is near satura-
tion with the number of proposals and
progress reports that they currently have
to review.
Questions arose at the meeting
regarding decisions on timing (the
groups currently are six months apart
in their funding cycles); intellectual
property (dealing with the University
of California, as well as the Univer-
sity of Florida); which projects to fund
(fresh citrus - west coast; processed
citrus - east coast); reporting of results;
funding/research project audits; project
classication; proposal formats; com-
mercialization of resulting products;
and data sharing and condentiality
agreements required by the CRDF.
Both boards need to be re-assured
that there is no duplication of projects,
which would be addressed by the re-
spective program managers.
Cooperating on the Tariff Bill and
GMO
The group also discussed the Tariff
Bill and how funds will be divided be-
tween citrus-producing states. Funding
language needs to be kept tight. Discus-
sions should start now, as the process
cannot be changed once set by Congress.
It was proposed that the National Agri-
cultural Research Extension, Education
and Economics (NAREEE) Board help
run the process of the rule-making lan-
guage. Normalization of project topic
categories is required.
California Citrus Mutual and its
counterparts in Florida and Texas will
carry the legislation through, but they
will need input.
Although not a component of the
actual meeting, the group also took the
opportunity to exchange views on how
to proceed down the GMO path in the
future. The consensus was that a public
relations/outreach program must be
developed now, as it will be a ve- to ten-
year process.The citrus industry must be
unied on a national level.
The meeting was considered very
productive by the attendees.It enabled
us to get to know each other, see how
our counterpart operates and discuss
combining research dollars to fund big-
ger projects, said Rabe. We learned
how Floridas projects are evaluated
by the CRDF. We would like to t into
their science advisory board and create
our own or a few mini-science advisory
boards on a variety of topics.
Gorden concluded,We came home
with better insight into the vision of
CRDF for researching their way out of
the HLB challenge to their industry. I
was even more impressed than before,
with the concern of the Florida indus-
try for its continued viability without
some sort of signicant research break-
through. I think it benets all of us to
work more closely together, especially
where we have a common view as to the
way forward.
MaryLou Polek is Vice President of
Science and Technology at the Citrus
Research Board. l
California and Florida
explore research coordination
MaryLou Polek
California options
A number of options are
being considered by the CRB:
1. Borrowing the CRDF review
process model or parts of it
by forming Californias own
SAB and ad hoc reviewer
pool.
2. Using the CRDF SAB for the
review of HLB/ACP project
proposals only.
3. Forming an SAB to review
proposals submitted to both
the CRB and the CRDF that
are on the fringe or beyond
the realm of HLB/ACP, i.e.,
nutritional studies.
4. Adding a certain amount of
money to the CRDF funding
pool, specifically for ACP/
HLB-related proposals. The
CRDF would handle the
entire review process and
contract for funding (i.e.,
50/50 cost-share of projects to
be decided by the CRB and
CRDF Boards).
Left to right: Harold Browning (CRDF COO), Jim Gorden (CRB Board member), Tom
Turpen (CRDF Program Manager), Tom Jerkens (CRDF President), Etienne Rabe (CRB
Chairman), and MaryLou Polek (CRB VP of Science & Technology) discuss mutual
issues faced by California and Florida.
Among those touring the nursery were (l. to r.) Don Roark, Peggy Sieburth, Richard Bennett, Jim Gorden, Joe Stewart,
Etienne Rabe, Earl Rutz and MaryLou Polek.
T
he ability to detect the Asian
citrus psyllid on a citrus tree can
be difcult, even for a trained
eye, but knowledge of how to spot the
dangerous pest is undoubtedly valuable
to industry members in the San Joaquin
Valley. For this reason, education was
the primary goal of a recent eld trip
taking 45 growers and pest control advi-
sors from the valley down to Riverside
and San Bernardino Counties.
The group led by the Citrus Pest
& Disease Prevention Program with
support from the California Depart-
ment of Food and Agriculture (CDFA),
United States Department of Agriculture
(USDA), Citrus Research Board and
California Citrus Mutual visited resi-
dential and commercial locations where
the Asian citrus psyllid had infested trees,
and also learned about the cooperative
biocontrol program efforts for using a
tiny parasitic wasp called Tamarixia ra-
diata to control Asian citrus psyllid.
For many, this was a rst chance to
see the menacing yet tiny Asian citrus
psyllid with their own eyes. No larger
than one-eighth of an inch long as adults,
and just tiny orange dots in the nymphal
stages, the Asian citrus psyllid feeds on
citrus leaves and can infect plants with
the fatal citrus tree disease Huang-
longbing, also known as HLB or citrus
greening disease. Nymphs and eggs can
be found on the tender, newest growth,
and adults often can be seen feeding on
the underside of leaves with their bodies
pointed up at a 45-degree angle.
Alan Washburn, grower liaison for
Riverside County, helmed the tour,
showing infestations throughout the re-
gion and warning central valley growers
to not let the psyllid take hold in their
region. Additionally, tour participants
learned tap sampling techniques from
Magally Lique-Williams of CDFA,
heard from Dr. David Morgan at the
CDFA Mt. Rubidoux biocontrol facility
about rearing Tamarixia radiata, learned
about biocontrol research and upcoming
release plans from Dr. Mark Hoddle
with University of California, Riverside,
and spoke with Dr. Greg Simmons and
Dr. Raju Pandey at the USDA Tamar-
ixia eld-rearing cages.
The tour was supported by chemical
partners in the challenge to save Califor-
nia citrus. Appreciation is expressed to
Syngenta, Bayer and AMVAC for help-
ing underwrite transportation costs of
the trip, with special thanks to Syngenta
for covering lunch. To stay up to date on
future similar educational opportunities,
sign up for the Citrus Alert e-blast at
CitrusInsider.org. l
Getting a rst-hand look at
psyllid infestations
Growers and pest control advisors tour the valley

Alan Washburn, grower liaison for Riverside County, guided feld trip attendees around a block of untreated grapefruit
trees in a residential area of Redlands, pointing out the live Asian citrus psyllids feeding on the trees.
Top: Armed with hand lenses
and cameras, feld trip attendees
examined leaves for the Asian
citrus psyllid, nymphs and eggs,
memorizing the visuals so they can
better spot them on their own trees.
Bottom: Lab technicians about to
release Tamarixia inside the USDA
feld-rearing cage.
Right: Seeing Asian citrus psyllid
infestations in person was an
eye-opening experience for many
growers and pest control advisors
who attended the trip.
Left: At CDFAs Mt. Rubidoux facility,
Asian citrus psyllid and Tamarixia
populations are cultivated and
studied in protected enclosures.
Ryan Knight
S
olar has been commercially avail-
able since the late 1970s, but only
recently has it become economi-
cal. Todays combination of incentives,
products and nance tools makes solar a
protable partner for the citrus industry.
We all know the sun is essential to
farming it is the fundamental power
source for the growth of our outdoor
crops. But few today realize that solar
power can also help bring these crops
from our orchards and fields to the
tables of our consumers.
No industry is better equipped to
invest in and benefit from solar-
provided electricity than agricultural
growers, packers and processors. Vast
plots of land, large roofs over processing
facilities, tremendous power consump-
tion involved in irrigation and distribu-
tionall make the agricultural industry
a natural partner with solar. Each piece
of the solar puzzle aligns with the fun-
damentals of the citrus business.
Many business owners, agricultural
and otherwise, are not new to the idea
of installing a solar electric system at
their facilities. Many may have consid-
ered installation at some point in the
last ten years, only to conclude that the
numbers didnt add up to a competitive
investment.
Times have changed. During the
last decade, the cost of installing a com-
mercial solar system has dropped by
about 75 percent. It is now common to
see systems being installed for less
sometimes far less than $3 per watt, de-
pending on the type of installation. The
post-incentive return on investments is
now reaching a minimum of 15 percent.
Additionally, the recent expansion
of Californias Virtual Net Metering
(VNM) laws under Senate Bill 592 allow
customers to strategically install a single
system that has the ability to offset
electric consumption for any meter on
their contiguous piece of property. In the
past, customers had to install a separate
solar system for each individual meter.
This was inefcient and costly. But now,
a single system installed on, for example,
a free stall barn can be used to offset
the electric consumption of a processor
down the road and a well pump in the
back corner of the property. This policy
change provides the freedom to install
the most economic system possible,
while cherry picking the most expensive
energy to offset.
Lock in lower rates for the next 25
years
The convergence of these factors has
changed the economics of solar power.
The original goal of investing in solar
electricity was to hedge against the
cost of future utility power rate hikes.
Now the goal is to x the cost of solar-
provided electricity at equal to or below
current utility power rates for the next 25
years. This strategy provides immediate
positive cash ow, and minimizes the
investment risk.The result? Signicantly
lower operational costs, and peace of
mind knowing there will be no increase
when the next set of utility rate hikes
rolls around.
Commercial solar electric systems
currently qualify for a 30 percent Fed-
eral Tax Credit and accelerated ve-year
depreciation with 50 percent rst-year
bonus depreciation. This is similar to
solar installation is to construct a new
solar shade structure or carport with
solar on top. While expensive, these are
extremely space efcient and provide
the dual purpose of keeping cars and
equipment cool and employees or visi-
tors happy. In any installation scenario,
solar provided electricity is competitive
with the grid right now.
Solar nancing: new, exible options
Today, there are two fundamental
categories of solar electric system
nancing: those that immediately af-
fect the balance sheet and those that
require no capital investment, leaving
the balance sheet or debt ratio as is. The
former refers to simple cash purchase
or bank loan options that directly affect
the companys bottom line the day the
investment is nalized. These options
offer the best return, but also dig into
operating capital. Financing options that
dont affect the balance sheet include
Power Purchase Agreements (PPA)
and Property Assessed Clean Energy
(PACE) nancing.
A PPA is a lease structure where
one purchases the actual energy pro-
duced by the solar system at a prede-
termined rate, instead of purchasing the
solar system itself. A leasing company
owns and operates the system and takes
the tax credits that come with it.
PACE fnancing is essentially a
loan that is paid back in the form of a
special tax assessment on ones prop-
erty. The difference between this and
a typical loan is that PACE adds no
debt to the bottom line, as the property
tax assessment itself is what repays the
PACE bond holders. The investor in
this scenario still owns the system and
receives all available tax incentives. The
trade-off for not increasing the debt line
is paying an effective interest rate about
double that of a typical bank loan.
The best nancing option varies by
customer. How can one know which is
the best option for them?
Case study: a customized approach
A chilling facility owned by Ed Kelly
in Watsonville, California, recently was
assessed by Ag Solar. In this case, the
solar system size was limited by the
amount of available roof space. The
resulting system would offset about 50
percent of his electric consumption.The
facility typically holds produce between
7 a.m. - 7 p.m. daily from May through
November, but is cooled to the required
34F 24 hours a day, since the cost of
bringing it from ambient to operating
temperature cost more than keeping
the temperature stable during operating
months. Kellys usage pattern meant his
energy consumption was spread almost
equally throughout the different time-
of-use periods dened by PG&E (and
charged accordingly).
The solar system proposed for
Kellys facility was a at-roof mounted
system using a typical racking system,
410 kw-dc in size, predicted to produce
626,000 kwh per year and offsetting just
under 50 percent of his electric con-
sumption.The system would be installed
for $1,151,500 ($2.81/watt) before any
tax incentives were applied. Kellys
current average cost of utility-provided
Figure 1: A space-effcient installation on a series of barns.
Figure 2: A ground-mount installation mounted fush to the slope of an otherwise unusable hillside.
the credits fossil fuel energy producers
get. The 50 percent bonus depreciation
will expire at the end of 2013, but the
result of these combined incentives are
valued at close to 60 percent of the total
system cost over the rst ve years of
the systems life, and this is before tak-
ing electric savings into account. The
combination of reduced costs to install
solar, great tax incentives and recent
advances in Virtual Net Metering poli-
cies make the present time well suited
for agricultural professionals to invest
in solar electricity.
Solar installation basics
There are two main types of solar
installations: rooftop (Figure 1) and
ground mounted systems (Figure 2).
Rooftop installations are generally
the less expensive option. The absolute
cheapest, best-case scenario for install-
ing a rooftop system is with a stand-
ing seam metal roof: solar panels are
mounted directly to the standing seams,
eliminating the need for a racking sys-
tem. Flat rooftops can be installed with
a ballasted system, which minimizes
the need for roof penetrations and al-
lows design exibility: the panels are
simply weighted down on the roof with
concrete blocks. Flat rooftops can also
use a racking system, which requires
many roof penetrations, but these are
more space efcient. These at rooftop
installations are almost identical in cost
and are in the middle range of solar
installation costs.
Ground-mounted systems are to-
ward the upper end of the solar installa-
tion cost scale, but can result in the most
space-efcient and production-efcient
systems. The most expensive type of
The new
economics
of solar in
agriculture
electricity is 11.9 /kwh, not taking into
account the demand charges, which can-
not be guaranteed to be offset by solar
electricity.Assuming ve percent annual
escalation (according to Understanding
California Electric Rates, a study by
Bloom Energy in 2009), the levelized
cost of utility-provided electricity over
the next 25 years (the guaranteed lifes-
pan of the solar system) is 22.7/kwh
the metric used to measure the potential
protability of installing a solar electric
system. The goal of installing a solar
electric system is to x the levelized cost
of solar power equal to or below the
current cost of utility provided power,
ensuring positive cash ow from the day
the system is turned on.
Six nancing options:
1 Cash: Purchase the entire system
up front with cash.
2 Partial Loan: Make a 30 percent
down payment on the system and -
nance the remaining 70 percent with a
typical bank loan, based on the assump-
tion of a 20-year term at ve percent
interest for comparative purposes.
3 Full Loan: Use a typical bank
loan for the total system cost (assume
20-year term, ve percent interest)
4 Partial PACE: Make a 30 per-
cent down payment on the system, and
nance the remaining 70 percent with

$0.000
$0.050
$0.100
$0.150
$0.200
$0.250
$0.300
$0.350
$0.400
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
C
o
s
t
o
f
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
(
$
/
k
w
h
)
Year
LCUPvs.LCSP
LCUP
LCSP1
LCSP2
LCSP3
LCSP4
LCSP5
LCSP6
typical loan options. For companies not
in a position to take on a lot of debt, but
who still have a healthy tax appetite,
the no-money-down PACE Option 5 is
a great alternative: it involves very little
liability and works well for a company
with a conservative investment strategy.
The PPA option is for companies
that want a solar electric system, but also
want to be scally hands off: they lack
up-front resources and have no need for
the tax incentives.
Beyond economics a jump on
sustainability and net zero carbon
footprints
The economics of solar are compel-
ling enough to make the decision to go
solar easy, but theres more to the story.
Everyone is familiar with the growing
momentum in organic and sustainable
farming, and solar electricity should be
integral to this trend. The super con-
glomerate Walmart already encourages
its suppliers to grow produce in the most
sustainable way possible. According to
one of Walmarts main suppliers, sustain-
able production will result in a cheaper
product and will ultimately raise their
margins. Many additional large grocery
companies will follow this pattern.
Getting a jump on ones sustainability
portfolio provides a marketing advan-
tage and helps secure business for years
to come.
Imagine the picture that can be
painted for customers: a completely
organic product produced with zero
carbon footprint. In the construction
world, this concept is called net zero
energy, but the agriculture industry is
really the business best primed to em-
brace and propel this concept. With the
help of virtual net metering, solar energy
can now be utilized not only to grow the
produce, but also to pump the water to
feed it, power the facilities that process
it, and eventually power the vehicles to
get employees to work and to deliver
produce to consumers tables.
Environmentally conscious and
protable: where does one begin?
What is the next step to learning
about specic solar investment oppor-
tunities? Some solar companies offer
customized help. For example, at no cost
and no commitment, Ag Solar will site,
size and analyze each of the nance op-
tions described in this article specic to
an individuals business. Their goals are
to educate todays agricultural profes-
sionals on solar and illustrate how op-
erating costs can be drastically lowered
while appealing to the users clients and
consumers.
Ed Kelly, owner of the chilling facil-
ity in Watsonville, describes the solar
opportunity perfectly:
I always want to be as environ-
mentally conscious as possible, but not
at the expense of negatively affecting
the protability of my business. When
I rst looked at solar ten years ago, the
numbers simply didnt pencil, but I have
recently installed solar on my home
and am seriously considering a system
for my chilling facility. Now I am even
starting to think a Tesla plugged in under
the solar carport that powers my chiller
would look pretty cool.
Ryan Knight is Vice President of Sales
for Ag Solar Builders Solar group,
where he designs grid-tied solar electric
systems. He also does commercial en-
ergy consulting for the Monterey Energy
Group, a mechanical engineering com-
pany that focuses on building energy ef-
ciency and renewable energy systems. l
Figure 4. Levelized cost of utility power vs. levelized cost of solar power
the PACE function. Assuming a 20-year
term paid back in the form of increased
property tax payments.
5 PACE: Use PACE for total cost
of the system. 20-year term, increased
property tax payments.
6 PPA: Negotiate a Power Pur-
chase Agreement (PPA), based on the
assumption of a 20-year term and using
at a rate of 13.5/kwh.
See Figure 3 for side-by-side com-
parisons of the economics of each option.
See Figure 4 for a long-term com-
parison of the levelized cost of solar
power under each of the six nancing
options to escalating costs of utility
provided power.
Weighing options and circumstances
As usual, it pays to have access to
cash: the investment value of the cash
purchase option is about $500,000
greater than the next best investment
option. But not everyone has the cash.
For a facility with some capital leeway,
the most practical route is Option 2.
The 30 percent down payment will be
recouped within the rst year, as soon
as the tax credit is monetized, and is
essentially used to buy down nancing
fees by avoiding paying interest on 30
percent of the total system cost. Option
4, the 30 percent down PACE option,
also buys down the nancing fees, but
is better if ones debt line is largely
depleted, or there is a need to keep the
debt line free and clear.
Option 3, the no money down loan
option, is good if one is cash poor but still
has a healthy tax appetite and the capac-
ity to take on debt. This is the third most
valuable investment option and remains
extremely practical. Current interest
rates and healthy relationships between
the agricultural community and its banks
could yield even better results for these
Figure 3. Side-by-side comparison of
six solar fnancing options
Option LCUP** Down LCSP*** 25 Year
Payment Investment
Value
1 $0.227 $1,151,500 $0.043 $2,524,800
2 $0.227 $345,450* $0.077 $2,054,200
3 $0.227 $0 $0.091 $1,182,500
4 $0.227 $345,450* $0.109 $1,590,350
5 $0.227 $0 $0.138 $1,189,850
6 $0.227 $0 $0.135 $1,234,000
* These down payments will be recouped within 12 months,
as soon as taxes are paid and the 30% percent federal tax
credit is monetized.
**LCUP is an acronym for the levelized cost of utility-provided
power. LCUP is defned as the average cost of power over
the next 25 years assuming fve percent annual escalation of
utility power prices.
***LCSP is an acronym for the levelized cost of solar provided
power. LCSP is defned as the cost of solar provided electric-
ity over the 25-year warranted system life, including all costs
(systemcost, fnance fees, maintenance) and incentives (Federal
Tax Credit and Depreciation) associated with the system.
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C I T R U S A V O C A D O S O L I V E S
2014
K
nowledge of soil is fundamen-
tal to a diverse group of users.
These include farmland owners,
the agricultural real estate industry and
farmers interested in renting or purchas-
ing lands with productive soil; insurance
companies concerned about ooding
frequency; builders and construction
firms interested in suitable locations
for roads, basements or houses; as well
as government agencies and organiza-
tions concerned with producing food
and maintaining landscapes.
Although there is an extensive
amount of soil survey data collected
and made available on the internet by
the USDA-ARS National Cooperative
Soil Survey, there have been two factors
limiting their wide-spread use: 1) the
web-based interfaces used to combine
and integrate the soil survey data are
not easy for a non-technical user, and 2)
these interfaces do not support in-eld
use of the soil survey information.
SoilWeb was developed by the
California Soil Resource Laboratory
at UC Davis in collaboration with the
USDA Natural Resources Conserva-
tion Program as an online Soil Survey
and a GPS-enabled smartphone appli-
cation to support on-demand access to
soil survey information any time and
anywhere with internet or cell phone
coverage in the United States (Beau-
dette and OGeen 2009; Beaudette and
OGeen 2010).
The application integrates soil sur-
vey data with Google Map products
to make it easy for non-technical us-
ers to navigate. SoilWeb allows users
to nd information about the soil at a
location by standing at the site with a
GPS-enabled smart phone or tablet or
by entering an address, landmark or
latitude and longitude coordinates for
anywhere in the United States.The loca-
tions satellite image opens overlaid with
yellow polygons marking soil map unit
delineations. For each of the polygons,
SoilWeb provides information about soil
proles, soil taxonomy, land classica-
device (smartphone, tablet or desktop).
Detailed information on various inter-
faces can be found on the webpage of
the California Soil Resource Laboratory
at UC Davis - http://casoilresource.lawr.
ucdavis.edu/soilweb/.
The soil survey information in
SoilWeb comes from a combination of
two major databases: the broad-based
digital soil map (STATSGO) at the
scale mapped of 1:250,000 for most of
the U.S., and the detailed geographic
soil survey (SSURGO) at the scale of
1:12,000 to 1:63,360. Only STATSGO
data (grey polygons) will be shown for
regions that do not yet have detailed soil
survey data. All agricultural regions in
California have SSURGO data (yellow
polygons). Apart from the interactive
map-based soil survey data, four other
pieces of information can be seen in
the map unit summary page: 1) map
unit composition, which summarizes
the soil component of the queried map
SoilWeb
On-demand and easy access to soil survey data anywhere at anytime
Ahmad B. Moradi, Navneet Bilga, Anthony OGeen, Jan Hopmans
unit; 2) cartographic information about
the map unit, which includes unit name,
map unit polygon and total map unit
acreage within the current survey area;
(3) aggregated soil map unit data, which
summarizes the general soil information;
and (4) map unit notes.This information
can be viewed by expanding the Map
Unit Data tab in Figure 2.
To explain this detailed information,
we bring an example of a soil survey that
was done as part of a project funded
by the Citrus Research Board (project
number: 5100-150). One of the experi-
mental sites selected for this project was
an orange orchard located northwest of
Orange Cove, California. Based on the
SoilWeb data (Figure 1), the dominant
soils in this orchard are San Joaquin
loam (map symbol of 154 and 155) and
Yetten Sandy Loam (176).
The map unit summary page for
map unit 176 (Figure 2) shows that, even
though the map unit is named after a
Figure 3. Soil profle description for the soil type
Yettem Sandy Loam, which is the dominant soil type
in the queried area.
tion, hydraulic and erosion ratings, and
soil suitability ratings.
SoilWeb also functions as multiple
applications, including a native smart
phone app (iPhone and Android) that
can be downloaded to the phone, text-
only interface, a Google Earth interface
that enables a three-dimensional view of
the landscape, and the newest version -
a web site that can be accessed by any
Figure 1. The orange orchard selected for project 5100-150. Based on SoilWeb,
San Joaquin loam (154, 155) and Yettem Sandy loam (176) are the dominant
soils in the orchard.
Figure 2. Map unit summary page for Yettem sandy loam (map unit symbol 176).
We would like to highlight a
few points that seem necessary
when interpretng the soil
survey data using SoilWeb:
1. The scale of the soil survey
needs to be considered, which
is 1:12,000 at best for detailed
soil survey data (SSURGO).
2. Each map unit consists of one
or more soil types commonly
referred to as components.
Although one of the compo-
nents may be the dominant
soil type in the unit, existence
of the other components
might be considered, depend-
ing on the size of the area of
interest. This is ofen impor-
tant for small areas such as
the example orchard in this
study. It is equally important
to consider the percentage
of each component in a map
unit for any scale of analysis.
The map unit compositon
percentage is provided next to
each soil type in the Map Unit
Compositon Page. For this
partcular map unit (map unit
symbol 176) 85 percent of the
unit consists of the Yetem
series.
3. Although the general charac-
teristcs of the soil in the area
of interest might resemble
the dominant soil type in the
map, there might be consider-
able heterogeneites across
the area of interest, even at
the scale of meters. The exam-
ple orchard in this study is a
typical case that shows a wide
range of horizon thicknesses
that vary across the orchard
(Figure 4). Part of this varia-
ton might be due to the tran-
sitoning from one soil type to
another within the same map
unit. Other possible sources
of variaton are a result of
land leveling and deep tllage
during site preparaton that
happened afer the soil survey
was made.
Fall 2013 Citrograph 33 32 Citrograph Fall 2013 32 Citrograph Fall 2013
Figure 4. Core sampling
locations across the
orange orchard, soil
horizons separated for
each location, and the soil
textural analysis for every
10 cm of soil profle depth
at location O2-1.
THE ANSWER
(From Page 5, Do You Know?)
B. The orangery is thought to have origi-
nated in Renaissance Italy when glass-
making techniques advanced suf-
ciently to permit large expanses of clear
glass. Source: Wikipedia.
single soil type (soil series), there are
other soils present in this unit, includ-
ing Grangeville, Havala, San Emigdio,
Tujunga, etc. Clicking on the soil type
or on View similar data takes us to
the soil prole description page, which
contains detailed information about
the soil prole, including a diagram of
the soil prole and depth functions of
soil chemical and physical properties
measured for multiple soil horizons
(Figure 3).
For the purpose of project 5100-150,
a soil survey was performed with the aim
of identifying soil layering and hetero-
geneities across the orchard to inform
suitable soil depths for the installation
of soil sensors and soil water and nitrate
monitoring. Soil cores were taken to
a depth of three meters on a 100m by
150m grid across the orchard (Figure
4). Additionally, soil cores were taken
on a 10 m by 10 m grid to assess the soil
heterogeneity in a smaller scale. Soil
cores then were described and analyzed
for soil texture in Jan Hopmans lab at
UC Davis.
Our soil textural analysis and the soil
prole descriptions for all the sampling
locations across the orchard agree gen-
erally with the Yettem soil series that is
one of the dominant soil types based on
the SoilWeb data. None of the sampling
locations resembles the San Joaquin
loam characteristics, although based
on the SoilWeb information, much of
the orchard should include this soil
series. This highlights the importance
of verifying soil survey data with eld
observations when working at plot
scales. Moreover, soil preparation upon
planting (deep tillage) likely destroyed
the differentiating characteristics of
the San Joaquin loam, which contains
a cemented horizon. Deep mixing of
Yettem, a very homogeneous soil, would
have very little effect on its observable
characteristics.
In conclusion, SoilWeb is a power-
ful tool for a non-technical user with
only a GPS-enabled smart phone to
access general and detailed information
about the soil underfoot. The informa-
tion ranges from soil horizons, textural
analysis and soil hydrology to soil chemi-
cal and physical characteristics. Land
use interpretations are also available,
including agricultural productivity indi-
ces such as the Storie Index and Land
Capability Class, erosion hazard rat-
ings, drainage class and plant available
water-holding capacity. Interpretations
are available that can provide direction
on farming fundamentals like irrigation
management and other eld operations.
However, more detailed soil studies
with higher spatial resolutions might be
required for more specic purposes such
as soil moisture sensor instrumentation
and precise irrigation management.
References:
Beaudette, D.E., and A.T. OGeen.
2009. Soil-web:An online soil survey for
california, arizona, and nevada. Comput-
ers & Geosciences 35:2119-2128.
Beaudette, D.E., and A.T. OGeen.
2010. An iphone application for on-
demand access to digital soil survey
information. Soil Science Society of
America Journal 74:1682-1684.
Ahmad B. Moradi, Ph.D., is a soil
scientist; Navneet Bilga is a Junior
Specialist; Anthony OGeen, Ph.D., is
a Soil Resource Specialist in Coopera-
tive Extension; and Jan Hopmans is a
Professor of Soil Hydrology, All are
with the Department of Land, Air and
Water Resources, University of Cali-
fornia Davis. l
Introduction
Identifying citrus rootstocks that
perform well in calcareous soils where
sour orange has generally been the pre-
ferred rootstock is a challenge for cit-
rus breeders and horticulturists. Sour
orange is tolerant of such soils, but
cannot be used in areas where quick-
decline isolates of Citrus tristeza virus
(CTV) are prevalent. Trifoliate orange
is highly susceptible to iron chlorosis
when grown in calcareous soils, but is
the best-characterized source of resis-
tance to Phytophthora species and cit-
rus nematode. Many trifoliate hybrids
such as Carrizo and C35 citranges also
show considerable iron chlorosis on
calcareous soils. The UCR rootstock-
breeding program (Citrograph Nov-
Dec 2010, p. 30) has recently conducted
several greenhouse experiments to
identify rootstocks with better toler-
ance to calcareous soils. To evaluate
selected rootstocks under eld condi-
tions, in 2001 we planted three root-
stock trials in elds where growers and
advisors considered that trees on Car-
rizo rootstock had iron chlorosis. Here
we report the results of these trials.
Trial Design and Rating Methods.
Each of the three trials had 9 to 14
trees on each rootstock, arranged in
a design called randomized complete
CRB-Funded Research Report
Core Citrus Breeding and Evaluation Program
Mikeal L. Roose, Ricarda S. Kupper, and Claire T. Federici
Citrus rootstock trials on calcareous soils in California

Elderwood Heights
2010 2007 2010 2010 Avg 2009
survival Canopy Health Union Chlorosis Survival
Rootstock
N (%) (m
3
) Rating Rating Rating N (%)
1452 citrumelo 3 100 5.58 2.67 4.00 3.92
4008 trifoliate 10 90 0.98 1.20 2.33 4.61 7 100
Afr. Shaddock x Rub.
trifoliate
8 89 6.09 2.56 2.88 2.56 3
75
Benton citrange 14 100 2.71 2.46 3.23 2.77
Brazil sour x Cleo 14 100 3.47 3.00 3.04 1.41 8 89
C146 Sunki x trifoliate 14 100 4.51 3.14 2.42 1.59 9 100
Bitters (C22) 16 100 2.35 2.88 3.81 0.80
C35 15 100 3.12 2.60 2.33 2.18 9 90
Carpenter (C54) 14 100 6.60 3.21 3.50 1.82 9 100
Carrizo 10 91 3.51 2.45 3.00 3.45 8 100
Cleo 14 100 4.07 3.00 5.00 1.31 8 80
Furr (C57) 13 93 4.37 2.82 2.64 1.33 8 89
Nova+HB pummelo
UF
6 100 3.14 3.00 3.92 1.04 7 100
Rangpur x Marks trifoliate 1 7 75 2.89 1.69 3.30 4.13 8 100
Rangpur x Marks trifoliate 2 11 92 2.16 2.33 3.40 1.75
Rangpur x Shekwasha 16 100 4.16 3.13 4.44 0.84 10 100
Rich 16-6 trifoliate 12 92 1.92 1.81 2.83 4.10 10 100
Sauvage sour x Cleo 8 100 1.09 1.88 3.71 1.56
Schaub rough lemon 15 100 6.12 3.40 4.77 1.74 9 90
Shekwasha x Eng. trifoliate 15 100 3.77 2.87 3.29 1.95 10 100
Siamese pummelo x trifol. 7 100 3.41 2.36 3.38 2.79 4 67
Sour+Carrizo
UF
15 100 2.11 2.90 3.23 1.23 9 100
Sun Chu Sha 15 100 3.86 2.30 4.70 3.48 10 100
Sunki x FD trifoliate 13 93 5.27 3.07 2.38 1.13
Sunki x Jacobsen trifoliate 12 100 4.55 2.75 2.79 1.77 9 100
Swingle 3
100
Taiwanica x trifoliate 2 10 100 4.00 3.20 2.25 1.38 8 89
Taiwanica x trifoliate 5 10 100 4.22 2.95 2.55 2.23 9 100
Trifeola 9 100 5.92 2.89 2.50 2.78 7 100
Volkameriana 12 100 5.44 3.13 4.88 2.46 7 100
Wilking x trifoliate 8 75 3.09 1.67 2.75 1.79 9 90
X639 15 100 4.31 3.17 2.65 1.53 10 100
Yuzu x trifoliate 12 92 4.54 2.73 3.00 1.79 7 78
LSD (0.05) 1.33 0.59 0.51 0.59
F-test (GLM) *** *** *** ***
Notes: for each character, the best fve root-

stocks are shaded rose and the worst fve are
shaded yellow. Rootstocks with poor health and
chlorosis ratngs at all three sites have their names
highlighted yellow, and those with good health at
all three sites have the name highlighted rose. The
F-test indicates statstcal signifcance of diferenc-
es among rootstocks, more* indicatng less prob-
ability that diferences are due to chance. When
N = 3 at Porterville, means are reported here but
were not included in the GLM analysis.
UF indicates somatc hybrid rootstock developed
at the University of Florida by Jude Grosser.
blocks. One block is a contiguous set of
trees containing each type of treatment
(here, each rootstock variety). In these
trials, each block included one tree on
each rootstock. Blocking can reduce
the inuence of soil or temperature
variation across the trial because each
rootstock is (theoretically) planted in
each part of the trial site.
The 33 rootstocks tested (Table 1)
included standard commercial variet-
ies such as Rich 16-6 trifoliate, Car-
rizo, C35, Cleopatra mandarin (Cleo),
Swingle citrumelo, Schaub rough lemon
and Volkameriana; new UCR releases,
Bitters, Carpenter and Furr; two somat-
ic hybrids from Dr. Grossers breeding
program at the University of Florida,
Sour+Carrizo and Nova+Harado Bun-
tan pummelo; rootstocks imported
from other countries, X639, Trifeola,
4008 trifoliate orange; and various ex-
perimental hybrids being tested by the
UCR program. Trees were grown by a
commercial nursery, with the intent of
including all rootstocks in each trial.
Eleven rootstocks did not produce
enough good nursery trees to achieve
this goal and are included in only one
or two trials.
Description of trial sites. Google
Maps images of the trial sites are shown
in Figure 1. Experimental trees were
inter-planted between existing grower
trees and received the same cultural
practices as the existing grove trees
other than adjusting irrigation and fer-
tilization for tree size. Tree size, health
and chlorosis data were collected pe-
riodically until crowding by adjacent
Table 1. Percent survival and means for canopy volume, bud union
rating, health rating and average chlorosis ratings for Elderwood
Heights, Porterville and Oxnard calcareous rootstock trials.
GLOSSARY
The terms dened below are used when
reading Table 1.
N is the number of trees surviving and
measured in each trial for the year shown.
For some rootstocks, this differs from the
number of blocks either because too few
trees were available from the nursery or
because some trees died. Dead trees
were entered as having a health value of
0 so the overall tree health values reect
tree losses. Other data shown is the aver-
age for surviving trees.
% survival is the percentage of planted
trees still alive on the nal measurement
date.
Canopy volume was calculated from
tree height and width measurements,
assuming tree shape is a prolate sphere
(one half of an egg).
Union rating is a visual rating of bud
union shape, where 1 indicates a scion
diameter 50 percent that of the rootstock
and 5 indicates a smooth union. Ratings
of 6 and 7 indicate scion overgrowth, or a
bulge at the union, respectively.
Tree health rating is based on a scale
of 0 (dead) to 5 (excellent) and mostly re-
ects canopy density and color.
Chlorosis ratings are generally based
on the percentage of the canopy show-
ing the interveinal chlorosis that is char-
acteristic of iron deciency. A rating scale
of 0 (no chlorosis) to 5 (nearly all leaves
chlorotic) was used for the Elderwood
Heights and Oxnard trials. At Porterville,
we used a more complex rating system
with values from 0 to 100, which incorpo-
rated both the percent of canopy affected
and the severity of chlorosis symptoms.
Porterville Oxnard
2009 2009 2009 2009 2008 2008 2008 2008 Avg
Canopy Health Union Chlorosis Survival Canopy Health Union Chlorosis
(m3) Rating Rating Rating2 N (%) (m3) Rating Rating Rating
10 91 7.46 3.27 3.51 1.88
3.11 2.36 3.14 35.98 9 69 4.27 1.85 2.10 2.84
12.35 2.50 3.67 2.67 12 92 8.27 3.77 3.30 1.58

2.96 2.89 3.36 2.19 12 80 6.95 2.70 3.63 2.04
9.99 4.06 2.94 2.31 14 93 7.50 3.70 3.32 1.55

4.57 3.00 3.00 9.75 13 87 5.97 3.00 3.19 1.90
5.97 3.50 3.72 2.50 12 80 7.65 2.80 3.86 1.83
4.14 3.50 3.56 2.25 12 80 8.26 3.20 3.38 1.88
5.39 3.10 5.00 0.47 12 80 6.85 2.67 5.00 1.98
10.68 3.72 3.19 2.41 13 87 8.46 3.37 3.62 1.88
3.86 3.79 4.00 0.63 10 77 6.62 2.77 3.60 1.38
5.02 3.38 3.44 2.03 8 67 9.44 2.67 3.50 1.53

7.21 4.15 4.45 0.14 10 67 5.05 1.93 4.00 2.43
5.47 2.80 3.65 29.88 11 79 4.16 2.14 2.61 3.20
5 42 1.48 0.96 3.00 1.75
11.14 3.65 4.13 3.13 9 60 8.96 2.03 4.13 2.56
11.10 4.30 3.95 1.83 13 87 7.37 3.43 4.00 1.77
3.64 2.17 4.13 1.09
3.05 3.33 3.61 0.35 11 79 5.22 2.68 3.32 1.68
6.62 3.50 5.44 2.58 11 73 6.36 2.40 4.00 1.93
11 73 9.11 2.97 3.73 1.41
3.39 3.00 3.67 1.60
5.24 3.17 1.83 45.63 10 100 6.48 3.20 2.70 2.30
7.48 3.44 3.44 0.19 9 64 7.61 2.14 3.29 1.97
8.33 4.33 2.83 0.74 10 77 5.96 2.38 2.95 1.68
6.00 3.64 3.29 11.52
7.64 3.93 4.57 1.34
5.89 3.40 3.28 10.06 11 85 6.69 3.19 3.28 1.64
10.91 3.95 3.05 7.13 14 93 7.60 3.50 3.96 1.87
5.27 3.00 4.29 1.16 10 77 8.67 2.85 3.20 1.65
2.92 0.99 0.59 9.42 1.71 0.79 0.64 0.49
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
trees was thought to greatly limit tree
growth. Analysis of soil composition at
the various sites (Table 2) showed that
different nutrients and ions were likely
limiting at different sites. For example,
limestone was high at Elderwood and
Oxnard, but not at Porterville, whereas
the highest soil pH was found at Por-
terville. Porterville had low levels of
several nutrients including N, P, K, Mg,
Ca, Fe and B compared with the other
two sites. This variation in soil composi-
tion likely contributed to considerable
variation across trials in growth and
chlorosis among the rootstocks tested.
See Glossary for more information on
the data collected.
Elderwood Heights navel and Va-
lencia orange rootstock trial planted
in 2001. Cooperator: R-7 Enterprises.
Figure 2. Susceptible (above) and tolerant (below) trees at Elderwood Heights (left two columns), Porterville and Oxnard
Elderwood Heightscalcareoussite
Oxnardcalcareoustrialsite
PortervilleCalcareous trial site
Figure 1. Aerial views of Oxnard (up-
per), Porterville (center) and Elderwood
Heights (lower) trial sites. The trees
easily visible in images are the original
grower trees, not the inter-planted trial
trees. Arrows point to north.
Experimental trees were inter-planted
in an existing grove of navels. Due to
an error during propagation in a com-
mercial nursery, experimental trees are
a mixture of Parent Washington na-
vels (~64 percent) and Valencias (~21
percent), with 15 percent not classi-
ed. Chlorosis was rated on a 0-5 scale,
where 0 is no chlorosis and 5 is nearly
all leaves chlorotic. The average of 2007
and 2010 ratings are shown in Table 1.
Canopy volume from 2007 is shown be-
cause excessive crowding compromised
2010 tree width measurements.
Porterville Lane Late navel root-
stock trial planted in 2001. Cooperator:
John Richardson. Experimental trees of
Lane Late navel were inter-planted in
an existing grove of navels. Data were
collected in October 2009. Overall chlo-
rosis was lower in this trial, so to obtain
more accurate estimates of chlorosis,
we combined the percentage of canopy
showing interveinal chlorosis and the
severity of the chlorosis. The scale is
0-100, where 100 would be 100 percent
of canopy with severe chlorosis. A rating
of 25 would be either 100 percent of the
canopy with mild chlorosis or 25 percent
produced a medium to large tree, with
low to medium chlorosis, and a some-
what smoother union than C146. Bitters
was only planted at one site, and had
very low chlorosis, but with only moder-
ately good health rating. Carpenter was
among the largest and healthiest trees
at Elderwood Heights with moderately
low chlorosis; although healthy with
low chlorosis, it was only medium size
at Porterville, and at Oxnard was only
medium size with medium health and
medium chlorosis ratings. African shad-
dock X Rubidoux trifoliate (ASRT)
trees were among the ve largest at two
sites, but only medium large at Oxnard.
They were among the healthiest, with
very low chlorosis in the lemon trial at
Oxnard, but looked moderately chlo-
rotic and only moderately healthy in the
two navel orange trials. The University
of Florida somatic hybrids, Nova+HB
pummelo and Sour+Carrizo, had low
to very low chlorosis ratings, but only
moderate health ratings at all three sites
on small to medium-small trees.
The two trifoliate orange root-
stocks, 4008 and Rich 16-6, had health
and chlorosis ratings always among the
ve worst rootstocks. Sauvage sour x
Cleo did not have high average chloro-
sis, but the trees were unhealthy in both
trials where they were planted, and the
survival rate at Oxnard was less than 50
percent. Swingle citrumelo, although it
of the canopy with severe chlorosis.
Oxnard Dr. Strong #1 Lisbon lem-
on rootstock trial planted in 2001 at
Oxnard, California. Cooperator: John
Broome, Jr. Experimental trees of Dr.
Strong #1 Lisbon lemon were inter-
planted into an existing grove of lemons
that displayed symptoms of iron chloro-
sis. Data were collected in April 2008.
Chlorosis was rated on 0-5 scale where 0
is no chlorosis and 5 is nearly all leaves
chlorotic. The average of the 2004 and
2008 ratings are shown in Table 1.
Results: Canopy volume, bud union,
health and chlorosis ratings all showed
highly signicant differences among
rootstocks in all three trials (Table 1).
Photographs of trees on highly suscep-
tible and more resistant rootstocks are
shown in Figure 2.
At Elderwood Heights with or-
ange scions, the best performing root-
stocks that combined good tree growth
(canopy of 5.0 m
3
or larger), a health
rating of 3.0 or more, and a chlorosis
rating of less than 2.0 included Carpen-
ter, Schaub rough lemon, and Sunki x
Flying Dragon. Rootstocks producing
somewhat smaller trees, but otherwise
meeting these criteria, included Bra-
zil sour x Cleo, C146, Cleo, Nova+HB
pummelo, Rangpur x Shekwasha, Tai-
wanica x trifoliate 2, and X639. These
rootstocks may be dwarng, or sim-
ply not grow well in the trial environ-
ment. Rootstocks highly susceptible to
iron chlorosis included Rich 16-6 tri-
foliate, 4008 trifoliate, 1452 citrumelo
(only three trees evaluated), Rangpur
x Marks trifoliate 1, and Sun Chu Sha
mandarin. Bitters and Sour+Carrizo
had little iron chlorosis, but produced
relatively small trees with only moder-
ate health ratings.
At Porterville with Lane Late na-
vel scion, trees were generally healthier
than those at Elderwood Heights. The
chlorosis rating was on a different scale,
so the criteria used to classify trees
were somewhat different than at El-
derwood Heights. Large trees (canopy
volume >8 m
3
) with health ratings of
3.5 or more and chlorosis ratings below
10 included C146, Furr, Schaub rough
lemon, Shekwasha x English trifoli-
ate, Taiwanica x trifoliate 5, and X639.
Rootstocks producing smaller trees
(canopy volumes of 4 to 8 m
3
) with
similarly good health and low chlorosis
included C35, Carpenter, Carrizo, Cleo,
Rangpur x Shekwasha, Sun Chu Sha,
and Volkameriana. Nova+HB pumme-
lo produced healthy trees with canopy
volumes under 4 m
3
. In general, trees on
most rootstocks had fairly low chloro-
sis in this trial. Rootstocks with severe
symptoms of iron chlorosis included
4008 and Rich 16-6 trifoliates, Swingle
citrumelo, Trifeola, and Wilking x trifo-
liate.
At Oxnard with Dr. Strong #1 Lis-
bon lemon scion, even the most tolerant
rootstocks had more iron chlorosis, and
the percentage of surviving trees was
less than in the other trials. Rootstocks
producing larger trees (canopy volume
greater than 7 m
3
), health rating of 3.0
or more, and a chlorosis rating of less
than 2.0 included 1452 citrumelo, Af-
rican shaddock x Rubidoux trifoliate,
C146, Carrizo, Furr, Shekwasha x Eng-
lish trifoliate, and X639. Trees on C35
and Wilking x trifoliate had smaller
canopies but met the health and low
chlorosis criteria. Rootstocks with the
most severe iron chlorosis symptoms
included Rich 16-6 and 4008 trifoliates,
Rangpur x Shekwasha, Schaub rough
lemon and Swingle citrumelo.
Considering the three trials togeth-
er, two rootstocks were rated as among
the healthiest in all three trials: C146
and X639. C146 (a California hybrid
of sunki mandarin x Swingle trifoliate)
had very low to low chlorosis, on a me-
dium-sized tree. The bud union rating
shows a strong shoulder, very similar to
that of trees on C35. X639 (a hybrid of
Cleopatra mandarin x trifoliate orange)
Soil Characteristic
Elderwood
(2.5-20 cm)
Elderwood
(20-41 cm)
Porterville
(2.5-20 cm)
Porterville
(20-41 cm)
Oxnard
(2.5-20 cm)
Oxnard
(20-41 cm)
soil type silt loam silt loam organic organic
loam,
silt loam loam
pH 6.93 7.24 8.09 7.96 7.25 7.42
salinity (mmhos/cm) 3.91 3.70 0.84 1.37 2.17 1.74
limestone (%) 2.65 3.58 <0.1 <0.1 4.23 4.23
CEC (meq/100g) 40 34 40 46 25 24
Nitrate (lb/AF) 134 72 75 81 64 35
P2O5 (lb/AF) 781 305 92 64 712 422
K2O (soluble)
(lb/AF) 173 89 49 46 225 120
Mg (soluble)
(lb/AF) 549 473 92 161 314 206
Na (soluble) (lb/AF) 811 871 226 341 663 657
Ca (soluble) (lb/AF) 2340 1582 302 501 958 697
Other

high SO4

low B

low Fe,
low B,
high Mg
(exch)
Table 2. Soil characteristics at two depths for Elderwood Heights,
Porterville and Oxnard calcareous rootstock trial sites.
Notes: Orange indicates high
values; green indicates low val-
ues for soil type (Fruit Growers
Lab analysis and evaluation).
Imagery 2013 DigitalGlobe, U.S. Geological
Survey, USDA Farm Service Agency, Map data
2013 Google
Imagery 2013 Google Map data 2013 Google
Imagery 2013 DigitalGlobe, USDA Farm
Service Agency, Map data 2013 Google
Figure 3. Correlations between rootstock means for chlorosis ratings and for canopy volume at
Elderwood Heights and Porterville. Values corresponding to selected rootstocks are labeled.

Figure 3. Correlations between rootstock means for chlorosis ratings and for canopy volume at Elderwood Heights and
Porterville. Values corresponding to selected rootstocks are labeled.
showed a high survival rate also per-
formed poorly. It had high chlorosis rat-
ings in both trials where it was grown,
intermediate size and health ratings,
and extreme difference between the
scion and rootstock trunk diameters.
Among the experimental rootstocks
from the UCR breeding program, the
most promising are C146 (a sibling of
Bitters, Carpenter and Furr), Shekwa-
sha x English trifoliate, and Sunki x Fly-
ing Dragon trifoliate. These are being
considered for release in the future.
Correlations
Rootstock means for performance
traits were not highly correlated be-
tween the three locations. A statisti-
cal measure of this is r
2
, which ranges
from 0 for values that are completely
independent, to 1.0 when values for
one variable perfectly predict the other,
that is, the points lie on the same line
when graphed. In these trials, the r
2
val-
ues for rootstock means between loca-
tions ranged from 0.21 to 0.50 (Table 3;
Figure 3). Chlorosis ratings were sig-
nicantly correlated between each pair
of trials, but the values were not large.
Canopy volumes showed higher cor-
relations than did tree health ratings.
The Porterville and Elderwood Heights
trials that are both located in the San
Joaquin Valley and had orange scions
were better correlated than either was
with the lemon trial in Oxnard. How-
ever, correlations between traits within
locations were also rather low (<0.18,
data not shown), suggesting that factors
other than chlorosis had a strong effect
on tree size and health. Where stronger
correlations were observed, such as be-
tween chlorosis ratings at Porterville
and Elderwood Heights, they were of-
ten determined mainly by a few values
such as the high chlorosis seen for trees
on the two trifoliate orange rootstocks
studied (Figure 3).
Conclusions
California soils where iron chloro-
sis has been considered a problem are
quite variable in composition, and it ap-
pears unlikely that any single rootstock
will be optimal for all such soils. Trifoli-
ate orange is known to be quite sensi-
tive to calcium-induced iron chlorosis,
and the two selections in this trial, Rich
16-6 and 4008, performed poorly at all
sites where evaluated. 4008 is a new ac-
cession that is not closely related to our
other trifoliate orange cultivars based
on DNA analysis. Further, it performs
worse than Rich 16-6 in calcareous soils.
Some varieties performed well at
some sites, but not other sites. Schaub
rough lemon performed well with the
orange scions at Elderwood Heights
and Porterville, but had low health and
high chlorosis ratings with the lemons
at Oxnard. The soil analysis showed that
Oxnard had the highest percent lime-
stone of the three sites, so perhaps that
was the determining factor. Some trees
in that eld had dry root rot, which may
also have contributed to the poor per-
formance. Overall, two mandarin x tri-
foliate orange hybrids, C146 and X639,
were the most promising rootstocks,
combining fairly low chlorosis, good
health ratings and good growth. These
short-term, inter-planted trials were not
designed to evaluate yield of trees on
these rootstocks, but yield is usually
proportional to tree size and health.
The most important message for
growers is that iron chlorosis is a com-
plex problem and often accompanied
by other soil and disease stresses. In
each trial, there were several rootstocks
with much better performance than
Carrizo, but these were not the same
at all locations. Small trials to evaluate
rootstock responses to local soils are
likely the best way to choose a root-
stock that will perform well.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Advisors
Ben Fabe, Ph.D., and Neil OConnell
for help in locating suitable trial sites,
and grower-cooperators R-7 Enterpris-
es, John Richardson and John Broome,
Jr. for allowing us to perform these tri-
als in their groves. We also thank Fruit
Growers Lab for soil analysis, and Jude
Grosser for providing seeds of Univer-
sity of Florida selections. This work was
primarily funded by a grant from the
Citrus Research Board.
Mikeal L. Roose, Ph.D., is Profes-
sor of Genetics and Ricarda S. Kupper
and Claire T. Federici, Ph.D., are Staff
Research Associates, all in the Depart-
ment of Botany and Plant Sciences at
the University of California, Riverside.
CRB funded project reference num-
ber 5200-201. l
Trait Oxnard- Oxnard- Porterville-
Porterville Elderwood Elderwood
Canopy volume 0.18 ns 0.50 *** 0.30 **
Chlorosis 0.41 ** 0.16 * 0.40 ***
Tree health 0.02 ns 0.08 ns 0.29 **
ns indicates correlations not statistically signifcant.
More * indicate correlations less likely due to chance.
Table 3. Correlations between rootstock
means across sites (r2 values).
Update on the Asian citrus psyllid
cooperative biological control program
Greg Simmons, David Morgan, Mark Hoddle, Raju Pandey, Anna Soper, Richard Stouthamer, Christina D. Hoddle,
Allison Bistline, Rebecca Zhao, Brittany Munoz, Mike Pitcairn, Brian Taylor and Valerie Mellano.
Asian citrus psyllid (ACP) is well established throughout southern California. In metropolitan areas, a program of pesticide
treatments for ACP has been employed and a policy to remove positively-identied diseased trees adopted for managing the
threat of HLB establishment. An additional treatment strategy that is now being developed and implemented in these areas is
the release of specialized biological control agents that attack ACP nymphs. Program partners in this effort include the Depart-
ment of Entomology, University of California Riverside (UCR); the California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA);
California State Polytechnic University, Pomona (Cal Poly Pomona); the Citrus Research Board (CRB); Foothills Agriculture
Research (FAR); and USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST.
This article describes the goals and strategies for using the ACP biological control agent Tamarixia radiata, a small wasp that
is host specic to this pest, and the roles of each of the partners listed above in what is known as the cooperative ACP biocontrol
program. We also provide an update of progress over the last several months.
Strategy for ACP biological control
An ACP biocontrol task force was initiated two years ago with leadership from the CRB. It has been meeting to
initiate and coordinate research and method development activities and to plan for the infrastructure needed to fully
implement the biocontrol program. This group has developed a strategy for a phased approach to implement biologi-
cal control using Tamarixia collected from multiple populations throughout Pakistan being maintained and provided
by the UCR team.
Primary strategic goals
1. Maintain high genetic diversity of Tamarixia
with a rearing colony comprising 17 non-in-
terbreeding, genetically distinct lines that were
collected on multiple trips over 2.5 years from
different areas in Pakistan. The rationale for
maintaining separate genetically diverse lines
for eld release, as opposed to a single inter-
breeding colony, is that the optimal chance for
the establishment of the best strains under local
conditions will occur when releases are made of
a mixed population of wasps with a large range
of genetic variation.To reconstitute this genetic
variation, hybrid offspring are produced from
a mixing cage where individuals from the 17
distinct lines are introduced and allowed to
mate randomly. The hybrids that result from
the mixed-line mating are released, and these
carry high levels of genetic variation. This
material is provided to mass-rearing programs
so that the best possible strains can be reared
and released.
2. Develop mass-rearing systems to allow
large-scale releases of Tamarixia, which
will allow a more rapid and larger area
of establishment of this natural enemy.
Thi s approach i ncl udes greenhouse-
based and eld cage mass-rearing systems.
3. Areas targeted for release include high risk
neighborhoods for HLB as identied by the
Gottwald risk prediction model, urban/com-
mercial citrus interface, organic production
areas and other areas identied as high risk
for either ACP invasion or HLB establishment.
4. Evaluate the efcacy of inundative releases to
control ACP populations in commercial citrus
as the production of Tamarixia increases.
5. Evaluate IPM strategies that combine releases
of Tamarixia with compatible pesticides that
can be used for ACP control.
6. Develop a large-scale, operational ACP bio-
control program. Emphasis will placed be on
the development of efcient and cost effective
mass-rearing technology, release methods
and the evaluation of the effects of parasitoid
releases.
7. Develop mass-rearing and release techniques
for a second ACP natural enemy from Pakistan,
Diaphorencyrtus aligarhensis, once it is permit-
ted for release. Evaluate whether the two ACP
parasitoids can be used in tandem.
8. Work with commercial biocontrol producers in
a joint effort to fast track technology transfer
so that the large-scale production of Tamarixia
and Diaphorencyrtus can occur in California.
The objectives of this project are to
develop methods for mass rearing
Tamarixia in eld cages for release
into areas of southern California
where ACP populations are detected,
to develop release methods and to
evaluate the impact of parasitoid re-
leases in ACP control program areas.
It is also anticipated that as the needs
of the ACP Cooperative Program ex-
pand, methods development support
will be provided to the greenhouse-
based mass-rearing program and other
aspects of the overall cooperative
program for ACP biocontrol.
The eld cage project was inspired
by research conducted by APHIS-
PPQ-CPHST scientist Dr. Dan Flores
and team in Mission, Texas. They
found that a range of 10,000-15,000 T.
radiata per tree could be reared using
a single large eld cage installed over
a mature lemon or lime tree. These
methods are now being adapted for
use under California conditions. The
overall objective is to develop and
optimize eld insectary production
methods and initiate large-scale pro-
duction and release trials with parasit-
oids produced in eld cages.
Field Cage Insectary Methods
Development - Citrus Research
Board and USDA-APHIS-PPQ-
CPHST
Greg Simmons, Raju Pandey, Brian
Taylor, Rebecca Zhao, Brittany
Munoz
A total of 26 eld cages have been
set up in orchards at Cal Poly Pomona,
Yorba Linda and two private orchards
in Riverside. Of these, 24 cages have
been inoculated with ACP to ensure
good host populations prior to the
introduction of the parasitoid. A total
of 1,000 Tamarixia were introduced to
two of these cages at the end of July.
During August and early September,
eight more cages were inoculated, with
more scheduled - weather permitting.
Seven of the cages were harvested by
collecting leaf material with parasit-
ized ACP nymphs and the material
transferred to laboratory emergence
cages for parasitoid collection.
Field cage production has totaled
89,000 Tamarixia (Figure 1), with
88,000 collected and provided to the
CDFA release teams (see Table 1 and
CDFA section of this report). Harvests
from several cages showed that we
achieved a range of production of
about 2,000 to >18,000 parasitoids per
cage, with a production cycle under
eld conditions of about 30-40 days
from ACP inoculation to completed
Tamarixia harvest. The multiplica-
tion factor from the initial Tamarixia
inoculation into the cages seen at har-
vest time is used to measure the ef-
ciency of the system. So far, we have
observed multiplication or increase
factors ranging from 3.7 to 36.8 X. The
challenge for our team will be to learn
what variables are most important so
that we can consistently achieve a 37
X or greater increase factor. Variable
production rates are thought to de-
pend on initial ACP inoculation rates,
the timing of parasitoid introductions
to coincide with ACP stages suitable
for parasitism, ACP nymph densities,
ushing response, and tolerance of
different citrus species/varieties to
heavy ACP infestations and other
citrus pests like scales or ants.
We are using laboratory emer-
gence cages for the collection of para-
sitoids (Figure 2). While this method
is performing well, we have found
in some cases that honeydew from
heavy ACP feeding traps parasitoids
on harvested leaves. A few thousand
Tamarixia died because they were
stuck to leaf material having excessive
honeydew. A washing process to help
with this problem will be investigated.
Also, we have found that in some areas
where there is a local ACP population,
when foliage is trimmed prior to cag-
ing, movement of ACP onto the new
ush occurs naturally at a high enough
rate that additional inoculations of
ACP adults are not necessary.
Building on the work of our col-
leagues in Texas and at UCR, key
research priorities for this years work
include testing and development of ac-
curate methods to estimate the number
of ACP and T. radiata produced per
eld cage; using and testing degree day
models, along with sampling to predict
optimum timing for the introduction
and harvesting of Tamarixia after ACP
inoculation; and
the development
of efcient meth-
ods for harvest-
ing parasitized
ACP nymphs
from trees to
maximize adult
emergence, sur-
vival and collec-
tion in the labo-
ratory.
Figure 1. Number of Tamarixia produced per cage from different host trees, with an estimated increase
factor based on an initial inoculation of 500 parasitoids per cage.
Cage Tree type
Total p
produced/cage
Increase
factor
Collection
period
# Released
# Days of
collecton
YO07 Valencia 6960 13.9X 8/15-8/24 3642 10
PO04 Navel 5592 11.2X 8/15-8/24 3585 10
VM18 Persian Lime 5437* 10.9X 8/24-9/11 5437 19
VM17 Persian Lime 18373* 36.8X 8/23-9/9 18373 18
PO01 Navel 1864* 3.7X 8/30-9/5 1864 7
VG-21 Grapefruit 12606* 25.2X 9/12-9/26 9620 15
VL24 Lemon 1482 2.67X 9/18-9/25 1337 8
VL25 Lemon 2505 4.61X 9/16-9/25 2303 10
VM15 Persian Lime 8571* 17.14X 10/1-10/16 8571 16
YO07-2 Valencia 1401 2.66X 9/23-10/4 1330 10
YO04-2 Navel 654* 1.31X 9/21-9/26 654 6
VM18-2 Persian Lime 6300* 9.4X 10/19-10/21 6300 3
VM17-2 Persian Lime 12900* 23.8X 10/15-10/21 12900 7
PO01-2 Navel 12800* 25.6X 10/9-10-17 12800 9
Total 89227 88,716
Table 1. Tamarixia produced per feld cage during August through the frst three weeks of October 2013.
All material was provided to CDFA release teams.
Biological Control Activities by the
CDFA
David Pitcairn and John Morgan
With funding provided by the
Citrus Pest and Disease Prevention
Program, the California Department
of Food and Agriculture (CDFA)
has invested in three facilities to as-
sist with the production, release and
evaluation of Tamarixia in California.
These facilities are located in Los An-
geles, Riverside and Kern Counties.
Arvin Field Station (AFS), Kern
County
Arvin Field Station, (Figure 3)
28 miles southeast of Bakersfield,
was purchased by the CDFA in 2004
as the primary production loca-
tion for biological control agents of
the glassy-winged sharpshooter, a
vector of Pierces Disease, a lethal
grapevine pathogen. These activities
continue, but three greenhouses were
renovated this year and re-assigned
to assist in ACP biological control
activities The Arvin Field Station is
the primary location for the produc-
tion of host plants needed to support
the mass-rearing of Tamarixia. Three
greenhouses (each 25 x 100, Figure
4) were constructed over the sum-
mer, and 15,000 curry leaf seedlings
were received (Monrovia Nurseries
in Visalia) for repotting (Figure 5).
These will be grown for 5-8 months.
When the plants are ready, they will be
shipped to Riverside for use in ACP/
Tamarixia colonies.
The Arvin Field Station was select-
ed to assist in Tamarixia production
for two reasons. The rst was that its
location was beyond the current heav-
ily ACP-infested region of southern
California, making plant movement
and production less of a concern that
it could contribute to ACP movement.
The second was to prepare a facility
that could also be used for parasitoid
production with a minimum of altera-
tions should ACP become established
in the Central Valley.
Mount Rubidoux Field Station
(MRFS), Riverside County
Mount Rubidoux Field Station
(MRFS) was also established to pro-
duce, release and monitor biological
control agents of the glassy-winged
sharpshooter. The facility has 7,000 sq.
ft. of greenhouse space and a further
2,000 square feet of laboratory, ware-
house, and ofce space. In the past two
years, the MRFS has been producing
plants for use in rearing and screen-
ing potential ACP biological control
agents and for maintenance of ACP
colonies for use in behavioral studies
and insecticide trials.
As the plan to mass-produce large
numbers of Tamarixia has come to
fruition, renovations at Mt. Rubidoux
were completed over the summer. It
was dedicated as the main facility for
greenhouse production of ACP and
Tamarixia. The rst ACP and Tama-
rixia colonies were started in August
2013. More than 100 bug-dorm cages
are currently being used in the green-
houses to produce Tamarixia, with an
anticipated 200 more being added in
the near future (Figure 6).
Studies are underway to evaluate
production parameters such as opti-
mizing production and stocking num-
bers of plants,ACP and Tamarixia, and
collection, storage and dissemination
of Tamarixia.
In addition to Tamarixia produced
at MRFS, all parasitoids from UCR,
USDA-APHIS and CRB that are
destined for release in California are
delivered to MRFS. Up to ve teams
are assigned routes on a daily basis,
and parasitoids are released in all ACP
Figure 2. (A) Field
cage over a 101-
foot tall orange
tree; (B) project
team members
harvesting leaves
with Tamarixia
mummies; and
(C) laboratory
emergence cages.
B
C
A
infested regions in southern California.
Field Station at California State
Polytechnic University (CPFS), Los
Angeles County
Plans are underway to construct
a 5,000 square-foot greenhouse and
a 1,000 square-foot ofce/laboratory
space at Cal Poly Pomona. Until this
is accomplished, Cal Poly Pomona is
loaning CDFA the use of one 4,000
square-foot greenhouse for plant pro-
duction. Twenty quarts of Volkameri-
ana seeds, kindly donated by Willits
and Newcomb, are being germinated
at the greenhouse and six-month old
curry leaf and citrus plants are being
maintained for eventual use at MRFS.
Releases of Tamarixia radiata
Prior to August 2013, all Tamar-
ixia released were provided by the
Stouthamer Laboratory at UC River-
side (Figure 7). Restricted workspace
and high demand for Tamarixia and
ACP limited releases to about 8,500
parasitoids per month in California. In
August, there was a dramatic increase
in Tamarixia releases due the start of
the USDA/CRB Field Cage Insecta-
ries, as well as an increase in produc-
tion at UCR. During the month of
August, 23,575 total parasitoids were
released: 10,130 from UCR and 13,445
from USDA/CRB. In September, the
total number of Tamarixia released
in southern California was 41,561
(Figure 8).
Further increases in releases are
anticipated during the fall months as
production at the Mount Rubidoux
production facility comes on line,
along with the rst production from
the FAR insectaries.
In August, Tamarixia releases
started in northern San Diego County,
and in September, releases started in
Imperial County (Figure 9). A total
of 585 sites have been used as release
locations for Tamarixia. In about half
the sites, releases were made only
once, with the remainder receiving up
to 13 releases.
Parasitism rates, the proportion
of ACP attacked by Tamarixia, differ
markedly between sites, because of
the variability and complexity of the
urban landscape. It is also too early
to expect parasitism levels to have
reached any kind of equilibrium with
the host because the parasitoid is still
spreading throughout the geographic
range of ACP in California, and
populations of Tamarixia are still
building in response to uncontrolled
ACP populations.
As Tamarixia production increases,
there will be a move away from
smaller scale releases aimed at known
ACP infestations to a grid-based
coverage of ACP-infested regions of
southern California targeting urban
locations identied as high risk for
HLB establishment, areas where the
threat to commercial production is
high, leading edges of known infested
regions, high risk locations along the
California-Mexico border, organic
production areas, abandoned orchards
and other areas identified as high
priority for Tamarixia releases by the
ACP control program.
Diaphorencyrtus aligarhensis - a
Second Parasitoid for Classical
Biological Control of Asian Citrus
Psyllid in California
Mark Hoddle and Christine Hoddle
Diaphorencyrtus aligarhensis (Hy-
menoptera: Encyrtidae - See Figure
10) is an endoparasitoid of ACP (Tam-
Figure 3. Arvin Field Station
Figure 4. Renovated greenhouses at Arvin Field Station
Figure 5. 15,000 curry leaf plants at Arvin Field Station
Greenhouses assigned to citrus
Figure 6. One greenhouse room containing 30 ACP/T. radiata cages at
Mount Rubidoux Field Station.
arixia is an ectoparasitoid that feeds
on the outside of the ACP nymph; en-
doparasitoids feed inside their hosts).
Colonies of Diaphorencyrtus, sourced
originally from Punjab, Pakistan, are
currently undergoing mandatory safety
testing in quarantine at UC Riverside.
This is the second ACP parasitoid to
be assessed for classical biological
control of ACP in California. The rst
parasitoid, Tamarixia radiata (Hyme-
noptera: Eulophidae), also collected
from Punjab, Pakistan, was released
from quarantine in December 2011.
Tamarixia appears to have established
in some areas of Los Angeles County
and has been found attacking ACP
nymphs up to eight miles from the
nearest release site. DNA testing has
conrmed that recovered Tamarixia
were of Pakistani origin and, therefore,
were likely the progeny of parasitoids
released as part of this current biologi-
cal control program.
D. aligarhensis preferentially
parasitizes second and third instar ACP
nymphs, while Tamarixia preferentially
parasitizes fourth and fifth instar
nymphs. Both parasitoids host feed,
and this feeding also kills ACP nymphs.
In quarantine, D. aligarhensis takes
about 18 days to develop, while
Tamarixia requires about 12 days. By
reconstructing this Pakistani guild of
primary ACP parasitoids in southern
California, it is possible that both
Diaphorencyrtus and Tamarixia acting
together may be able to increase levels
of ACP mortality more than would be
possible by either parasitoid acting
alone. Diaphorencyrtus has been
released in Florida, but has failed to
establish. The reasons for this failure
are not known.
In Pakistan, Diaphorencyrtus is
not found as commonly as Tamar-
ixia attacking ACP-infesting citrus.
The reason for this is uncertain, but
it could be due to the very high levels
of hyperparasitism on Diaphoren-
cyrtus. At least ve species of hyper-
parasitoids have been demonstrated
to attack Diaphorencyrtus (Marietta
leopardina, Aprostocetus (Aprostoce-
tus) sp., Pachyneuron sp., Chartocerus
sp. and Psyllaphycus diaphorinae).
The performance of Diaphorencyrtus
in California may be higher than that
seen in Pakistan because co-evolved
hyperparasitoids have been removed
in quarantine. However, it is possible
that once released from quarantine,
Diaphorencyrtus may be attacked by
species of hyperparasitoids resident
in California.
The host specificity testing for
Diaphorencyrtus is entering its nal
phase in quarantine at UC Riverside.
Currently, this parasitoid is being
tested against melaleuca psyllid, Bo-
reioglycaspis melaleucae. This psyllid
is native to Australia and has been
released in the Florida Everglades
as part of a weed biological control
program to suppress Melaleuca quin-
quenervia, a noxious weed in this area.
In California, melaleuca psyllid is a
pest attacking ornamental melaleuca
in urban areas. However, we need to
determine if Diaphorencyrtus poses
a threat to this benecial psyllid, be-
cause signicant attacks could disrupt
the melaleuca biocontrol program
should this parasitoid establish in
Florida. Safety tests completed for
six non-target psyllid species suggest
that Diaphorencyrtus has a very high
level of host specicity. These results
are encouraging, and if conrmed for
melaleuca psyllid, releases of Dia-
phorencyrtus in southern California
could begin as early as Fall 2013.
Tamarixia and Host Plant
Production at the Stouthamer
Laboratory, University of
California, Riverside
Richard Stouthamer, Anna Soper
and Allison Bistline
Plant Production for ACP Rearing
We currently have 25,000 curry
leaf plants in production ranging in
age from 3 - 18 months (Figure 11).
Plants are pruned monthly to produce
ush, a developmental stage that ACP
females prefer for egg laying. Curry
seeds are harvested from various
locations in southern California and
used for maintaining a steady supply
of plants for ACP colonies.
ACP Rearing
Weekly, 180 plants are taken to
the insectary to use for ACP nymph
production. Plants are pruned two
weeks prior to inoculation of ACP
adults. ACP adults are allowed to lay
eggs and feed on plants for 3-5 days
before being removed. Each week, ten
plants containing 1000-2000 nymphs
are supplied to the CRB/APHIS
cooperative project for inoculation
of eld cages, and 30 ACP-infested
plants are supplied for research
projects at UCR. A total of 132 plants
are supplied weekly to maintain
Tamarixia production. In most cases,
ACP nymphs are 11-13 days old as this
is the preferred age for parasitism by
Tamarixia.
Tamarixia Production
Thirty-two cages (16 lines in
total, two cages per line) containing
genetically unique Tamarixia are
maintained.Parasitoids from these lines
Fall 2013 Citrograph 47 46 Citrograph Fall 2013 46 Citrograph Fall 2013
Figure 7. Number of release events (= releases at distinct sites on different dates) and total
number of Tamarixia released in southern California.
Figure 8. Releases of Tamarixia in California, 2013.
Figure 9. Total Tamarixia released by county.
T
a
m
a
r
i
x
i
a

r
a
d
i
a
t
a

r
e
l
e
a
s
e

u
p
d
a
t
e
T
.

R
A
D
I
A
T
A

R
E
L
E
A
S
E
D
T
.

R
A
D
I
A
T
A

R
E
L
E
A
S
E
D
Figure 10. Female
(A) and male (B)
Diaphorencyrtus
Figure 11. Curry leaf production at UCR
are collected Monday and Wednesday
and used to maintain lines and to sting
psyllids contained in mass production
cages that produce hybrid offspring for
eld releases. Parasitoids are collected
from every line, mixed for cross-mating
between lines, and then added to the
cages containing ACP-infested plants
that are used for reproduction. This is
done to ensure a genetically diverse
population for release in the field.
Parasitoids are added at a ratio of one
female for every 30 ACP nymphs. The
number of males added ranges from 10-
15 adults per cage. Five mass stings are
set up weekly, and each cage contains
1,800-2,000 ACP nymphs. Mass sting
production averages 7,000 Tamarixia
per week.
A total of 23,850 (2,675 males
and 21,175 females) Tamarixia were
reared for release in August 2013.
Peak weekly emergence in August was
8,770 Tamarixia (976 males and 7,794
females). Approximately 1,000-2,000
parasitoids per week are supplied to the
USDA APHIS and CRB cooperative
rearing program to inoculate field
insectary cages. 1,000-2,000 parasitoids
per week are dedicated to research
projects at UCR, and the remainder
(approximately 3,000) is supplied
to CDFA for release. Additionally,
lab experiments currently are being
conducted to increase ACP nymphs
per plant and percent parasitism by
Tamarixia in the mass sting step of the
rearing process. Laboratory research
is being conducted to understand the
biology of Tamarixia by examining its
plant host preferences, the effects of
ACP nymph densities on parasitism,
and host feeding duration in an
attempt to better understand factors
affecting parasitoid egg production
and subsequent parasitism rates.
CSU Cal Poly Pomona, Department
of Plant Sciences
Valerie Mellano
Cal Poly Pomona has supported
the development of a new site for a
new greenhouse (to be built in 2014)
to be used in the biological control
program and to provide land and trees
for the eld cage insectary project. Cal
Poly faculty and staff provide student
workers, laboratory space, logistical
support and citrus farming guidance.
A CSU Agricultural Research
Institute matching grant of $350,000
was recently awarded to the Plant
Sciences Department to support
research on ACP biological control.
Foothills Agricultural Research
(FAR)
FAR started production of ACP
colonies for Tamarixia mass-rearing in
mid-August 2013. FARs role will be to
provide parasitoids to inoculate eld
cages, for CDFA mass-rearing, and to
conduct research on efcient rearing
methods for commercial production.
Excess Tamarixia will be supplied to
the CDFA release teams for release
in ACP biocontrol program areas.
CRB/USDA provided HLB-free ACP
adults to FAR to start the ACP colony,
and UCR provided the rst batch of
Tamarixia on September 18, 2013, to
begin mass production.
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Greg Simmons is an entomologist based at the CPHST
California Station in Salinas, California, and works for
the United States Department of Agriculture, Animal
Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection
and Quarantine, Center for Plant Health Science and
Technology Laboratory (USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST).
David Morgan is an entomologist who works as a Senior
Environmental Scientist and is a Program Supervisor for
the Pierces Disease Control Branch in the California
Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA). He is based
at the Mt Rubidoux eld station in Riverside, California.
Anna Soper is an entomologist who holds a postdoctoral
research position at the University of California in
Riverside (UCR) . Rebecca Zhao is an entomologist who
works as a biological research technician at the USDA-
APHIS-PPQ- CPHST California Station in Salinas.
Brittany Munoz is a biological research technician at
the USDA-APHIS-PPQ- CPHST California Station in
Salinas. Mike Pitcairn is an entomologist who works as a
Senior Environmental Scientist for the Pest Detection and
Emergency Program Branch for the CDFA. He is based
in Sacramento, California. Valerie Mellano is the Chair
of the Department of Plant Sciences at California State
University, Cal Poly Pomona, California. Mark Hoddle,
Ph.D., an Extension Specialist in biological control, is
the Director of the Center for Invasive Species Research,
UCR. Christina Hoddle is an Assistant Specialist in the
Department of Entomology, UCR. Raju Pandey, Ph.D., is
a Research Entomologist with the Citrus Research Board
(CRB). Brian Taylor is the Field Director for the CRB.
Richard Stouthamer, Ph.D., is a Professor of Entomology
at UCR. Allison Bistline is in the Department of
Entomology, UCR.
Acknowledgements:
We thank Dave Matias and Duncan McKee for
guidance and farming and logistical support at Cal Poly;
Bill Roltsch of CDFA and Dan Flores of USDA for
entomology advice and guidance; and Amanda Ortiz,
Jaime Hoffman, Juanita Rios, John Bennett, Jed Ball,
Robert Braverman and Geoff Hollenbeck for eld and
laboratory assistance.
For Brochure Contact: Roy Pennebaker #0845764 (559)737-0084 or
Matt McEwen #01246750 (559)280-0015 www.citrusboys.com
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Contact us today to be included in future
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Reach Commercial California &
Arizona Citrus Growers
Biological Control authors
Ted Batkin with wife Dilys
CCQC honors Batkin with Salter Award
T
he Albert G. Salter Memorial Award was presented by the
California Citrus Quality Council (CCQC) to Ted A. Batkin in
recognition of his leadership and accomplishments during his 20-year
tenure as President of the Citrus Research Board (CRB) from 1993 to
2013. Don Roark, who serves on both CCQCs and CRBs Board of
Directors, presented the award at CCQCs annual conference in Visalia
on October 10, 2013. The award is in recognition of outstanding indi-
viduals or accomplishments for the betterment of the citrus industry.
Roark highlighted Batkins leadership, management and organi-
zational skills. Under Batkins guidance, the Citrus Research Board
has evolved into an internationally respected gold standard research
program that has made signicant strides in nding solutions to
huanglongbing (HLB) and other devastating citrus diseases, includ-
ing development of early detection and diagnostic technologies. In
response to the introduction of the Asian Citrus Psyllid in California
in 2008, Batkin played an instrumental role in creating a pest and
disease control program within the CRB and created a state-of-the-
art diagnostics laboratory in Riverside. He has embraced new areas
of science, new collaborators and longer-term solutions to problems.
Batkin also has energetically communicated the relevance of the is-
sues and the potential solutions to the grower community.
His dedication, passion for California agriculture and his vision
to recognize and help the industry react to threats of invasive pests
have earned him the respect and gratitude of the entire California
citrus industry.
Youngs Nursery earns recognition
by Cal/OSHA
Youngs Nursery, (left to right): Brian Specht, Ranch Manager; Robin Young, Offce Manager; Ray Acree, Cal/OSHA
Consultation Area Manager; Juan Miguel Sanchez Diaz, Ranch Foreman; Teri Martin, Safety Manager; and Julia McCourt,
Cal/OSHA Safety Engineer
Y
oungs Nursery, LLC, a citrus nursery based in Ther-
mal, was recognized in October for its efforts to
promote workplace safety by Cal/OSHA.The Agency
awarded Youngs Nursery status in its Safety and Health
Achievement Recognition Program (SHARP).There are less
than 35 employers in the state that qualify for SHARP recog-
nition, and Youngs will be the third in the Coachella Valley.
Youngs Nursery was established in 1954 by Dowlin and
Daisy Young. Quickly growing into one of the largest citrus
nurseries in California, Youngs Nursery currently supplies
about 20 percent of the states wholesale market. Concern
for the health and safety of its employees has been a focus
for Youngs Nursery since its founding, and this remains true
for the Young family, which continues to own and operate
the business. Julia McCourt, a Safety Engineer in Cal/OSHA
Consultations San Bernardino Ofce, worked closely with
Youngs Nursery management and employees over the course
of two years to achieve recognition by Cal/OSHA for the nurs-
erys commitment to the health and safety of its employees.
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Final Research Report
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Part II Brevipalpus mites in California citrus
Carl C. Childers, Jose Carlos V. Rodrigues, Elizabeth E. Grafton-Cardwell, and Joseph G. Morse
Variability in waxing-induced ethanol and aroma volatile production among mandarin varieties
Part I: Citrus leprosis viruses and their known Brevi-
palpus mite Vectors, appeared in the November-Decem-
ber 2012 issue of Citrograph, page 26.
F
lat mite and false spider mite are common
names for members of the family Tenuipalpidae,
and the genus Brevipalpus is the most important
group within this family. Several species of Brevipalpus mites
occur on citrus in the United States, with B. phoenicis the most
common in Florida and B. californicus and B. lewisi the most
common in California.
Brevipalpus mites inject toxic saliva into fruit, leaf, stem
and bud tissues of citrus and other host plants, causing small,
localized injuries to those tissues (Fig. 1). Examples of feed-
ing damage on citrus fruit and leaves by Brevipalpus mites
in Texas and Florida are shown in Childers et al. (2003b).
However, while these species can be quite abundant in citrus,
none of them have been considered serious pests of citrus for
the past six decades. The scabbing type
injury they occasionally cause is usually
not serious enough to warrant treatment.
They could, however, become serious
pests if Citrus leprosis virus (CiLV) is es-
tablished in the U.S.
There are two forms of Citrus lepro-
sis virus: the nuclear form (CiLV-N) and
the more persistent cytoplasmic form
Figure 1. Very heavy densities of fat
mites may cause rind scabbing, but this
injury is not common.
Figure 2. This adult Brevipalpus mite is very tiny, varying in color from red to
mottled green and black.
Figure 3. Adult Brevipalpus mites have a ridge running
down the length of their back as shown in this scanning
electron microscope photograph.
Figure 4. Eggs and larvae of Brevipalpus mites are bright red.
(CiLV-C). Both forms of leprosis are transmitted by Brevi-
palpus phoenicis (for a complete description of the two vi-
ruses, see Part I - Citrus leprosis viruses and their known
Brevipalpus mite vector, Rodrigues et al., Citrograph 2012).
Both viruses produce localized, nonsystemic chlorotic le-
sions on the fruit, leaves, or twigs and can cause premature
fruit and leaf drop. Death of a twig or branch results when
it becomes girdled with lesions. Reduced tree vigor, reduced
yields, and even death of the tree can occur if the mite vector
is not controlled and the disease is allowed to spread. Sweet
orange varieties are most susceptible to CiLV.
Brevipalpus phoenicis has been shown to transmit both
the nuclear and cytoplasmic forms of CiLV, and though it
has not been demonstrated yet in the laboratory, it is pos-
sible that other Brevipalpus species can also transmit one
or both forms of the viruses. The risk of leprosis becoming
established in the U.S. is increasing because the two forms of
citrus leprosis occur throughout Central and South America
and have recently been found in citrus production areas in at
least ve southern states in Mexico. Continued spread of the
disease in Mexico is expected. Signicant contributing fac-
tors for the spread of Citrus leprosis are the increasing levels
of international travel and commerce into the U.S.
False spider mites are small, 0.25-0.3 millimeters in size,
which is approximately half the length of a two-spotted spi-
der mite. Brevipalpus mites are dorso-ventrally (top-bot-
tom) attened and vary in color from bright red to mottled
black, green and red (Fig. 2). Adult mites in this genus have
a raised area or ridge extending along the center of their up-
per bodies (Fig. 3). Eggs are deposited in areas where the
mites aggregate, and there are four active stages in the life
cycle of Brevipalpus mites (larva, protonymph, deutonymph
and adult). Each egg is bright red and takes about nine days
to hatch. Larvae are also bright red, including the molting
chrysalis stage and take about six days to develop (Fig. 4).
The protonymph takes four days, the deutonymph seven
days, and females wait about four days before they begin
producing eggs. Thus, the entire life cycle of the mite from
egg to egg is about a month. Each female produces about
27 eggs during her three-week lifetime. Developmental rates
are strongly inuenced by temperature and host plant. The
combination of their small size, attened body shape, color
and slow movement makes them difcult to see. Females
of many Brevipalpus species generally are more numerous
than males due to the presence of bacterial endosymbionts
that live within the mites. These endosymbionts cause the
unfertilized mite eggs to develop into females and, therefore,
eliminate males from a population. This has great impor-
tance as populations increase more rapidly when they have
higher frequencies of females.
Brevipalpus mites can live on many types of plants and
in many environments. Brevipalpus californicus, B. lewisi,
and B. phoenicis are the most common species occurring
on citrus in the United States. These three species and B.
obovatus are also found on many ornamental host plants. A
total of 928 plant species in 513 genera within 139 families
have been reported as hosts of B. californicus, B. obovatus,
B. lewisi and B. phoenicis. The host list includes monocots,
dicots, annuals, perennials and numerous plants of agricul-
tural and ornamental importance. Brevipalpus hondurani is
a new species with a limited known host range. Research is
needed to understand the preferences and seasonality of the
different Brevipalpus species, especially B. californicus and
B. lewisi, as they are thought to switch between agricultural
host plants.
Flat mites have been recognized for many years as minor
or sporadic pests on various crops in California, including cit-
rus, pistachio, pomegranate, walnut, grapes, as well as many
ornamental plants. In citrus, Ebeling (1959) listed B. lewisi
as an important pest of citrus in central California while B.
australis, B. californicus, B. inornatus, and B. mcgregori were
listed as minor pests of citrus. Brevipalpus australis was later
determined to be a synonym of B. californicus, and B. inor-
natus was identied as a synonym of B. obovatus. Jeppson
(1989) reported that B. lewisi was an important pest of or-
anges, tangerines and lemons in the Imperial, Coachella and
San Joaquin Valleys of California. Examples of the feeding
damage to citrus fruit caused by B. lewisi were described and
illustrated by Elmer and Jeppson (1957). Such feeding injury
Figure 5. Brevipalpus fat mites tend to aggregate, feed and
oviposit in scarred areas of citrus fruit rind.
Figure 6. In pistachios, Brevipalpus lewisi causes dark, scab-
like blotches on the nuts and stems.
to citrus fruit is rarely encountered in California today.
Brevipalpus mites are generally found in the interior
canopy in shaded areas of their plant hosts, thereby avoid-
ing the heat of sun-exposed plant surfaces and favoring
higher micro-humidity conditions. Brevipalpus lewisi is an
exception to that rule, as it tolerates more arid conditions
combined with relatively high temperatures. In citrus, at
mites tend to aggregate in scarred areas of the rind resulting
from their earlier feeding, previous mechanical injuries or
damage by other arthropods or diseases (Fig. 5). The mites
tend to be more abundant on the upper half of citrus fruit
and are commonly found under the sepals. In pistachios,
where B. lewisi is common, the mite feeds on the nut-clus-
ter petioles, stems and nuts. Dark, irregular and roughened
scab-like blotches form on the surface where the mites ag-
gregate and feed along the edges of damaged tissue (Fig. 6).
This species overwinters in California on current-year and
one-year-old wood, especially in nut-cluster petiole scars
of pistachio. Many California pistachio growers recognize
B. lewisi as a sporadic pest problem that can cause serious
economic losses if overlooked. They manage this pest with
sulfur treatments.
Kennedy et al. (1996) listed ve important criteria that
er mites or insects are known to vector these viruses in citrus.
(7) The tendency of at mites to aggregate, feed and ovi-
posit around damaged tissues. This behavior increases the
likelihood of transferring the virus among mites.
Results of surveying citrus and other host plants for
Brevipalpus mite species in California
Multiple short-term surveys were conducted in Califor-
nia during January, July, August or September between 2002
and 2010. The counties surveyed included Madera, Fresno,
Tulare, Kern, Ventura, San Bernardino, Riverside, Impe-
rial and San Diego. The objectives were to determine: 1)
the Brevipalpus species that occur on citrus and other se-
lected plants using morphological methods, 2) if there are
signicant population differences within the species found
on citrus based on molecular methods, and 3) to look for
symptoms of CiLV on citrus. This article will report on the
Brevipalpus species found during the surveys. In a forthcom-
ing article, Part III, the authors will describe the results of
the molecular studies of mite populations and their search
for leprosis and leprosis-like viruses in citrus and ornamen-
tals. Each of the 124 plant samples collected during the sur-
veys consisted of fruit, leaves and twigs. Multiple trees were
sampled at each location. The plant materials were collected
and vigorously agitated in a bucket containing 80 percent
ethanol. The ethanol was decanted into a jar with location,
date and host plant information included. Later, the samples
were processed and subsamples of Brevipalpus mites were
slide-mounted in Hoyers solution, oven-cured and identi-
ed to species. Total numbers of plant samples collected dur-
ing that time were: citrus - 90; pistachio - 6; grape - 4; kiwi - 1;
passion fruit - 3; pomegranate - 6; azalea - 1; Hibiscus - 3;
Pittosporum - 4; Hedera - 3; Cymbidium (with orchid eck
virus) - 1; Pelargonium - 1; and Trachelosporum - 1.
Table 1 shows that ve species of Brevipalpus mites were
identied from the surveys conducted between 2002 and
2010 using a phase contrast microscope and existing keys of
morphological characters. In addition, two unknown species
were found, which cannot be identied to species because
both immatures and adults are needed to determine the spe-
cies. In citrus, B. californicus, B. lewisi, B. hondurani, B. phoe-
nicis and unknown B. sp. 1 were found. The most commonly
collected species were B. californicus and B. lewisi. Of the
other species, only 15 B. hondurani were found at one site,
and one each of B. phoenicis and the unidentied B. sp. 1
were found. In grape, passion fruit, pistachio and pomegran-
ate, only B. lewisi was found (Table 1). Eight individuals of
an unknown Brevipalpus sp. 2 were found on kiwi. Orna-
mental plants had 45 B. californicus, 13 B. hondurani, 11 B.
lewisi and 3 B. obovatus (Table 1).
Both B. californicus and B. lewisi were found in citrus in
every county where one or more plants were sampled (Fig.
7), except Fresno County where only B. lewisi was found.
Brevipalpus lewisi tended to predominate in Fresno, Tulare
and Kern Counties and B. californicus was more commonly
found in the other regions. B. hondurani was found in citrus
only in San Diego County. Fig. 8 shows that B. lewisi and B.
californicus were often found in mixed populations in citrus,
especially in Madera, Tulare and San Bernardino Counties.
Additional research is needed to identify the environmental
factors that favor one species over the other for the citrus
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allow B. phoenicis to be such an important pest. These same
criteria likely apply to B. californicus, B. lewisi and B. obo-
vatus.
(1) It has a high survival rate.
(2) It has a high reproductive rate early in the females
life cycle.
(3) It does not diapause (become dormant) and so is ac-
tively feeding and reproducing year-round.
(4) Females produce females if the bacterial endosymbi-
onts that eliminate males are present, accelerating popula-
tion growth.
(5) It has a wide host plant range with most hosts being
perennials.
Two additional criteria should be included for B. phoe-
nicis (and possibly one or more other species within this ge-
nus).
(6) The ability to vector CiLVC and/or CiLV-N. No oth-
39
22
39
Riverside
11
67
22
Kern
46
46
8
SanDiego
14
86
Madera
31
23
46
Ventura
33
67
SanBernardino
63 12
25
Imperial
100
Fresno
25
75
Tulare
Percentagesofflatmites
Incitruscollections
B.californicus alone
B.lewisi alone
B.californicus +B.lewisi mixed
B.hondurani
varieties grown in California and the inuence of neighbor-
ing crops that host the mites.
Multiple specimens of B. hondurani were collected from
lemon fruit, leaves and twigs at Miramar College (San Diego
County) in August 2006. Lemon was not available to sample
at that location after that date. One B. hondurani was collect-
ed from Pittosporum leaves and twigs in San Diego. Twelve
B. hondurani were identied from Pelargonium leaves and
twigs in Ventura. All three plants are new host records for
this mite. Previously identied host plants of B. hondurani
included pearl ower, Heterocentron subtriplinervium; a
passion vine, Passiora bicolor; Hydrocotyle mexicana; a
Chamaedorea palm sp. in Honduras; and loquat, Eriobotry
japonica and dogfennel, Eupatorium capillifolium in Ber-
muda. It is likely that B. hondurani is widespread on various
ornamentals in California. Our study indicates that it is ca-
pable of moving to citrus. The 28 identied specimens of B.
hondurani were all females, which suggests that this species
may be infected with a bacterial endosymbiont. Research is
needed to determine the range of suitable host plants and
citrus varieties for B. hondurani and to determine its signi-
cance as a pest of citrus.
Host Variety Number B. californicus B. hondurani B. lewisi B. obovatus B. phoenicis Brevipalpus Brevipalpus
plant species 1 species 2
samples
collected
Citrus Grapefruit 5 30 0 0 0 1 0 0
Citrus Pummelo 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Citrus Citrus sinensis 5 37 0 6 0 0 1 0
Citrus Navel orange 31 230 0 173 0 0 0 0
Citrus Valencia orange 28 133 0 63 0 0 0 0
Citrus Minneola tangelo 2 7 0 15 0 0 0 0
Citrus W. Murcott 2 9 0 5 0 0 0 0
Citrus Tahoe Gold 2 6 0 2 0 0 0 0
Citrus Tangerine 1 12 0 0 0 0 0 0
Citrus Clementine 2 7 0 9 0 0 0 0
Citrus Mexican lime 2 9 0 0 0 0 0 0
Citrus Lemon 8 13 15 3 0 0 0 0
Citrus Mixed 1 0 0 10 0 0 0 0
Citrus total All varieties 90 493 15 286 0 1 1 0

Grape 4 0 0 79 0 0 0 0
Kiwi 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
Passion fruit 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Pistachio 6 0 0 64 0 0 0 0
Pomegranate 6 0 0 26 0 0 0 0
Ornamental Azalea 1 0 0 8 0 0 0 0
Ornamental Cymbidium Orchid 1 29 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ornamental Hedera 3 4 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ornamental Hibiscus 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 0
Ornamental Pittosporum 4 0 1 3 0 0 0 0
Ornamental Pelargonium 1 0 12 0 0 0 0 0
Ornamental Trachelsporum 1 12 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total all plants 124 538 28 466 3 1 1 8
Table 1. Number of species of Brevipalpus mites and unidentied Brevipalus species #1 and 2 (both in the Cuneatus group)
collected from host plants during surveys in California between August 2002 and August 2010.
Figure 8. Percentages of B. californicus found alone (blue), B. lewisi found
alone (red), both B. californicus and B. lewisi found mixed together (green),
and B. hondurani (purple) found in citrus plant samples in the various counties
of California.
Three female B. obovatus were collected from Hibiscus
leaves and stems at Mira Costa College near Oceanside.
Multiple samplings from numerous citrus trees in Riverside
County (and other counties in California) failed to recover
additional mites of this species. Brevipalpus obovatus was
previously reported by Ebeling (1959) to be a minor pest
on citrus in California and abundant in the Escondido area,
but he may have misidentied it at that time. Brevipalpus
phoenicis was recovered from Pittosporum leaves and twigs
along with B. hondurani in San Diego. Brevipalpus phoenicis
was not previously reported as a pest in California on any
of the plants sampled during this survey. The single speci-
men of Brevipalpus species 1 collected from orange fruit in
Moorpark, Ventura County, is a suspected migrant from a
non-citrus host. Brevipalpus species 2 was collected only on
kiwi leaves at the Kearney Research and Extension Center,
in Parlier (Fresno County), California.
Five species of Brevipalpus were collected from 90
samples of citrus, of which two species are considered to be
migrants based on single specimens recovered. Thus only
three species (B. californicus, B. lewisi and B. hondurani)
were found populating citrus. In contrast, ve species of Bre- 191
68
Riverside
5
89
Kern
92
18
15
SanDiego
49
10
Madera
70
37
Ventura
25
2
SanBernardino
42
19
Imperial
11
Fresno
15
31
Tulare
Numbersofflatmites
incitruscollections
B.californicus
B.lewisi
B.hondurani
Figure 7. Numbers of B. californicus (blue), B. lewisi (red), and B. hondurani
(purple) found in citrus plant samples in the various counties of California.
vipalpus were collected from a total of 14
samples of seven ornamental species, indi-
cating there is a much higher diversity of
Brevipalpus species on ornamentals. Addi-
tional surveys of ornamental plants grown
in proximity to citrus and other horticul-
tural crops are needed to expand on the
identication, abundance and distribution
of the Brevipalpus fauna.
Our study indicates that the arid cli-
mate in California citrus production areas
is favorable for the development of pri-
marily B. californicus and B. lewisi. Large
populations of both species occur on citrus
in California during the hot, dry summers
on well-irrigated trees. Brevipalpus mite
densities in California that were observed
in the eld on citrus during July, August
and September were among the highest
observed when compared with other areas
of citrus production in the United States
or within the Western Hemisphere. Re-
search is needed to determine the ability of
B. californicus, B. lewisi and B. hondurani
populations to vector Citrus leprosis virus.
Additionally, host studies are needed to
determine the degree of population move-
ment between Brevipalpus host plants. This
information is essential to develop an ef-
fective management program for dealing
with CiLV if it were to reach California
Additional reading
Childers, C. C., J. C. V. Rodrigues, and
W. C. Welbourn. 2003a. Host plants of Bre-
vipalpus californicus, B. obovatus, and B.
phoenicis (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) and their
potential involvement in the spread of viral
diseases vectored by these mites. Experi-
mental and Applied Acarology 30: 29-105.
Childers, C. C., J. V. French, and J. C. V.
Rodrigues. 2003b. Brevipalpus californi-
cus, B. obovatus, B. phoenicis, and B. lewisi
(Acari: Tenuipalpidae): a review of their
biology, feeding injury and economic im-
portance. Experimental and Applied Aca-
rology 30: 5-28.
Ebeling, W. 1959. Subtropical Fruit
Pests. Univ. Calif. Div. Agric. Sci. 436 pp.
Elmer, H. S., and L. R. Jeppson. 1957.
Biology and control of the citrus at mite.
Journal of Economic Entomology 50: 566-
570.
Groot, T. V. M., and J. A. J. Breeuwer.
2006. Cardinium symbionts induce haploid
thelytokyin most clones of three closely
related Brevipalpus species. Exp. Appl. Ac-
arol. 39:257-271.
Jeppson, L. R. 1989. Biology of citrus
insects, mites, and mollusks. pp. 1-87. In:
Reuther, W., E. C. Calavan, and G. E. Car-
man (eds.). The Citrus Industry. Volume V. Univ. Calif. Div.
Agric. Sci. 436 pp.
Kennedy, J. S., G. Van Impe, T. H. Hance and P. H. Leb-
run. 1996. Demecology of the false spider mite, Brevipalpus
phoenicis (Geijskes) (Acari: Tenuipalpidae). Journal of Ap-
plied Entomology 120: 493-499.
Rodrigues, J. C. V., C. C. Childers, E. E. Grafton-Cardwell
and J. G. Morse. 2012. Part I citrus leprosis viruses and their
known Brevipalpus mite vector. Citrograph 3 (6) 26-30.

Acknowledgements
This project was funded in part by the California Re-
search Board. Completion of this work would not have been
possible without the excellent cooperation and assistance
provided by Loretta Bates, James Bettiga, Devon Caroll,
Jolene Dessert, Jose L. Escalada, Ben Faber, David Havi-
land, Craig Kallsen, David Kellum, Carolyn Kinnon, Dave
Machlitt, Neil OConnell, Tom Roberts, Nick Stehley, Tom
Shea, Alan Urena and Alan Washburn. Appreciation is ex-
tended to Ronald Ochoa, USDA ARS Systematic Entomol-
ogy Laboratory, for his invaluable help and validation of
species identications.
Carl C. Childers is an Emeritus Professor, University of
Florida, Department of Entomology and Nematology, Cit-
rus Research and Education Center, Lake Alfred; Jose Carlos
V. Rodrigues is an Associate Professor, University of Puerto
Rico, San Juan; Elizabeth E. Grafton-Cardwell is an Exten-
sion Specialist and Research Entomologist, University of
California, Riverside and Director of the UC Lindcove Re-
search and Extension Center; and Joseph G. Morse is a Pro-
fessor of Entomology, University of California, Riverside. l

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N
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linary College Sacramento.
Here, in a vibrant setting,
students study for a Cer-
ticate or Associate of Applied
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Arts or Baking and Pastry.
Programs are built on more
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prepare students to cook profes-
sionally or for the baking and pastry
arts. Hands-on training in industry-
equipped kitchens is provided under
the guidance of experienced chefs, and
real-world expertise is gained through
externships.
Recently, the college held a culinary
competition to create recipes featuring
California citrus. Le Cordon Bleu Sac-
ramento Executive Chef/Director of
Education Richard Jensen noted that
I prefer citrus over most other acids
because there are almost as many uses
for citrus as there are varieties of citrus
fruits available to us in California, mak-
ing it an incredibly versatile ingredient.
We decided that the best way to
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Cordon Bleu,said Kimberly Velasquez,
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Cindy Pham
Cindy Pham was born and raised
in Vietnam. Her family owned a caf
for several years, which is how she
became knowledgeable about many
aspects of food service. Now a stu-
dent at Le Cordon Bleu Sacramento,
Pham is working toward earning
certication as a professional chef in
the foodservice industry and is seek-
ing a position to utilize her skills in
restaurants. She loves to cook food of
different cultures such as Thai, Italian,
French, Korean, Singaporean and
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shows on the Food Network,
as well as the MasterChef
Le Cordon Bleus citrus challenge
Duck LOrange
1. Place duck breasts on a cutting board skin side up.
2. Make a series of parallel shallow cuts across the
fatty skin, about 1/4 inch apart, then turn 90 degrees
and make a second set of cuts, creating a crosshatch
pattern.
3. In a large cast iron skillet, heat butter over medium
heat.
4. Season the duck breasts with salt and pepper, and
carefully place them in the hot pan skin side down.
5. Cook about 6 to 8 minutes, until the skin becomes
crisp and brown and a great deal of the fat has
rendered out. Turn them over, increase the heat to
Orange and Tangerine Vinaigrette Cindy Pham
Yield: 6 servings
Vinaigrette
1 large orange juiced and zested
1 tangerine, juiced
2 Tbsp balsamic vinegar
2 Tbsp honey
1 1/2 Tbsp dijon mustard
3/4 cup extra virgin olive oil
2 tsp roasted garlic
1/3 tsp black pepper
Salt to taste

Salad
1 bag (1 lb) organic spring mix
1 red onion, thinly sliced
cup crimini mushrooms, sliced
cup dried cranberries
cup roasted almond
cup grape tomatoes, halved
garlic croutons, as needed
1. Combine vinaigrette ingredients
2. Combine salad ingredients
3. Toss
Duck LOrange with Citrus Couscous Christopher Boles
Couscous
1. Bring chicken broth, orange
juice, orange zest, butter, salt and
pepper to boil.
2. Add dry couscous. Stir well.
3. Cover and let stand for 5 min-
utes.
4. Fluff with fork.
5. For the orange vinaigrette, in a
separate bowl, mix orange juice
and vinegar; then slowly drizzle in
olive oil while whisking vigorously.
6. Combine couscous, vinaigrette,
slivered almonds, mandarin or-
anges, cumin and parsley.
7. Season with salt and pepper
to taste.
and Iron Chef series. Pham enjoys
creating her own menus to cook for
her family and for friends events and
also spent two years as a chef assistant
for Mints Restaurant in Rancho Cor-
dova, California.
Chris Boles
The Ontario, Oregon, native is a
culinary student at Le Cordon Bleu
Sacramento, who hopes to own his
own food truck or restaurant someday.
The aspiring chef currently lives in
Stockton, California, with his wife and
his son, 18, and daughter, 12. Boles is a
second-degree black belt in Judo and
has been a USJF-certied judo coach
and trainer since 2005. He worked
as a union sheet metal worker for 17
years before moving to California to
pursue his culinary dreams and marry
his beautiful Hawaiian wife. When not
in the kitchen trying new recipes, he
enjoys attending food and wine events
and visiting wineries. Boles also enjoys
hiking, biking, skiing, swimming and
watching the San Francisco 49ers play
at Candlestick Park. l
Yield: 4 servings
Couscous
1/2 cup chicken broth
1/2 cup fresh-squeezed
orange juice
Zest of 1/4 orange
2 Tbsp butter
Salt and pepper to taste
1 cup dry whole wheat cous-
cous
1/4 cup slivered almonds
1/2 can of mandarin oranges
3/4 tsp cumin
1/8 cup chopped parsley
Orange vinaigrette
Juice of 1/2 orange
2 Tbsp red wine vinegar
2 Tbsp olive oil
Duck LOrange
4 duck breast halves with
skin on
Kosher salt and freshly
ground black pepper
2 Tbsp butter
1/2 cup Grand Marnier
Zest and juice of 2 oranges
1 cup good chicken stock
medium and cook 2 to 3 minutes, until the
bottom is brown and the breasts feel springy
to the touch.
6. Transfer all the duck to a cutting board to rest
for 5 to 10 minutes before cutting the breasts
on the diagonal into 1/8 inch-thick slices.
7. While the duck breast is resting, add the
Grand Marnier to the hot pan to deglaze the
pan. Once the alcohol has almost evaporated,
add the zest, juice and chicken stock.
8. Let the liquid reduce by half.
9. Divide the citrus couscous onto four dinner
plates, place sliced duck breast on top of the
couscous and spoon the pan sauce over the
duck.
Cindy Pham and Chris Boles were the winning
student chefs in Le Cordon Bleu Sacramentos citrus
culinary competition.
Le Cordon Bleu Culinary College Sacramento
Citrus Roots
Preserving Citrus Heritage Foundation
Richard H. Barker
The assault
against
Jack Frost
Burning solid fuels and
other combat methods
A
s we head into winter, its time for our annual Citro-
graph journey through the history of the citrus in-
dustrys Assault Against Jack Frost. We began our
series in 2011 with an article on the work of Floyd D. Young
and the Fruit Frost Service, which was launched in 1917. The
2012 article focused on the Scheu family. This year, well take a
visual look at the heaters that were designed to consume solid
fuels in the battle against cold damage; and well also examine
some of the more unorthodox methods that were used.
Following the 1913 freeze, growers became more
aware of the heavy losses that could be incurred due to
deep dips in the thermometer. When the citrus belt was
hit by the freeze of 1922, it was obvious to all concerned
that those with orchard heaters had been spared some
of the damage incurred by those without heaters. This
spurred trials of a variety of concepts. One approach
utilized solid fuels; another made use of liquid fuels;
while still others tried air circulation and several cre-
ative means.
In our next an-
nual installment
in the Jack Frost
series, we will ex-
amine oil-fueled
orchard heaters,
which will be fol-
lowed by a look at
the evolution of
wind machines. l
In 1904, a lattice ceiling was applied to a
Riverside grove to prevent frost damage.
It was removed two years later.
Our mission is to elevate the
awareness of Californias citrus
heritage through publications,
education and artistic work.
If you nd these articles interesting, please
support our foundation. Our work is 100
percent donated. We receive no nancial
assistance from any organization and rely
entirely on your contributions. Although we
are a volunteer organization, we still have
expenses such as maintaining our web site
and scanning archival documents. Your sup-
port is important.
We invite you to make a cash contribution
and to purchase our books, crate labels and
citrus memorabilia and/or donate items in
those categories to the Citrus Roots Foun-
dation. You will save Federal and California
taxes to the fullest extent allowed for in-
come tax purposes.
www.citrusroots.com
Your web reference center
Citrus Roots Preserving Citrus
Heritage Foundation
P.O. Box 4038, Balboa, CA 92661 USA
501(c)(3) EIN 43-2102497
The views of the author are not necessarily those of the foundation.
Honey Tangerine Panna Cotta Christopher Boles
4. To unmold the panna cotta, run a small knife
around the inside edge of the ramekin, invert
that onto individual dessert plate, and remove
the ramekin.
Caramel
Panna Cotta:
Follow the Honey Tangerine
Panna Cotta recipe but instead
of adding the sugar to the cream,
stir together the sugar and 3
Tbsp of water in a medium
heavy-bottomed saucepan. Over
medium-high heat, dissolve the
sugar in the water. Increase to
high heat and cook until the
sugar is a caramel color. Remove
from the heat and carefully add
the scalded cream and milk, a
few tablespoons at a time, to
the caramel. Proceed as with
the Honey Tangerine Panna
Cotta recipe.
Cinnamon-Almond Panna
Cotta:
Follow the Honey Tangerine
Panna Cotta recipe but add 2.5oz
( cup) toasted, sliced almonds
and one cinnamon stick to the
cream mixture. Strain the cream before add-
ing the gelatin. Proceed as with the Honey
Tangerine Panna Cotta recipe.
1. Split the vanilla bean in half lengthwise
and scrape out the seeds. Heat the seeds
and bean, cream, and milk in a heavy bot-
tomed saucepan over medium heat, stirring
occasionally until bubbles form around the
edges, about 5 minutes. Turn off the heat,
cover the pan, and let infuse for 15 minutes.
2. While the mixture is infusing, gently stir
together the gelatin and water in a small
heat-resistant bowl. Let the gelatin soften,
about 5 minutes. Place the bowl of gelatin
over hot water until dissolved and clear.
3. Remove the vanilla bean from the cream
mixture. Stir in the sugar and salt, citrus zest
and juice, then whisk the gelatin into the
cream. Let cool until warm, stirring occasion-
ally. Pour the mixture into eight 4-oz rame-
kins. Refrigerate until set, at least 4 hours.
Yield: 8 servings
1 vanilla bean
24 oz heavy cream
4 oz milk
1 Tbsp powdered gelatin
3 Tbsp water
2/3 cup sugar
Pinch salt
1 honey tangerine (juice and zest)
All recipe photos courtesy of Phillip A. Welker, student with International Academy of Design and Technology,
A 1922 symposium was convened to evaluate various frost-fghting concepts.
(Top) Firewood, as shown in this 1925 photo, was
burned to keep groves above freezing temperatures.
(Below left) Although not very effective, briquettes
were used to radiate heat, as seen in this 1928 photo.
(Below right) In the 1930s, some orchard heaters were
fred by coke.
Facing page: (1) E.S. Cobb introduces his temper-
ature regulator, designed to distribute warm air
from the center to the outside of a 10-acre grove.
(2) W.L. Whitlock shows a model of a 30-40 tower
to be erected in the center of a grove. The pro-
pellor on top throws warmer air downward from
its high altitude. (3) Growers inspecting various
smudge pots. (4) Another E.S. Cobb invention - a
30 tower with an engine in its revolving cupola
that allows the propellor to keep the air in mo-
tion. (5) This device distributes heat generated by
crude oil throughout the grove via a central heat-
ing plant and pipe system.

Citrus Roots
64 Citrograph Fall 2013 Fall 2013 Citrograph 65
This 1947 view of the Hugh Bashore Ranch in Covina shows heat lights that were used to help ward off the damaging
effects of frost.
Citrus Roots
Preserving Citrus Heritage Foundation
Keeping citrus heritage alive in the minds of those living in California through publications, educational exhibits and artistic works
Citrus Roots...Our Legacy - Volume I
Selling the Gold - History of Sunkist
and Pure Gold
Citrus Roots...Our Legacy - Volume II
Citriculture to Citrus Culture
Citrus Roots...Our Legacy - Volume III
Our Legacy...Baldy View Entrepreneurs
- 25 men & women who left a legacy
All donations are tax deductible for income tax
purposes to the full extent allowed by law.
Citrus Roots Series...
Citrus Roots...Our Legacy - Volume IV
Citrus Powered the Economy of Orange County
for over a half century Induced by a Romance

By: Rahno Mabel MacCurdy, V.A. Lockabey and others... compiled and edited by R.H. Barker
GOLD
History of
Sunkist and Pure Gold
CITRUS ROOTS . . . OUR LEGACY Volume I of III
Selling the
$1500
American Business Cycles from 1810 to 1978
vs. the Life Span of Twenty-Five Entrepreneurs
by Marie A. Boyd and Richard H. Barker
Including a fold out time line chart of
Our Legacy:
Baldy View
ENTREPRENEURS
CITRUS ROOTS ... OUR LEGACY Volume III of III CITRUS ROOTS ... OUR LEGACY Volume III of III
For ordering information
visit our website
www.citrusroots.com
(Fed. Tax ID # 43-2102497)
GIFT IDEAS!!
Sandy Creighton, Sales Manager Phone: 559-201-9225 E-mail: screighton@farmprogress.com
Reach Commercial California & Arizona Citrus Growers
Contact us today to be included in future issues of Citrograph
Whether youre selling tractors or other farm equipment,pickup trucks, irrigation equipment, fertilizer
or pesticides...consider the value of your ad dollar in the pages of Citrograph.
CLEAN CI TRUS
Clonal
Containerized
Clean
1
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800
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GRAFTED
www.duartenursery.com Hughson, CA.
You have new options:
CDFA Approved Insect Resistant Facility
Containerized citrus is cleaner, more flexible and secure
Clonally propagated rootstocks increase uniformity
and expand your options
Professional field service from experienced horticulturists:
Ed Needham
(
559
)
977-7282
Steve Scheuber
(
209
)
531-5065
John Arellano
(
559
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804-6949
Clonal Avocados Coming Soon
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