School of Science and Technology

Assignment: Assignment # 2 Topic: Foreign Policy of Pakistan for India and United States Resource Person: Mr. Rashid Khan Coarse title and Code: Introduction to Journalism Section: C Submitted By: M Junaid University ID No: 091420310 Batch: 14th Date/Day of Submission: Monday 27-05-2012 ***-----------***------------***

efore talking about the foreign policy of Pakistan, we have to know about foreign policy. So

What is meant by foreign Policy of a country?

No Country today can think of a life independent of other countries. Every country has to develop relations with other countries so as to meet its requirements in economical, industrial and technological fields. It is thus necessary for every country to formulate a sound foreign policy. A Countrys foreign policy is also known as foreign Relations policy. It consists of self-interest strategies that are chosen by the state to safeguard its national interests and to achieve its goals within International relation milieu. The approaches are strategically employed to interact with other countries. Since the national interests are paramount, foreign policies are designed by the government through high level decision making processes.

Whos Job?
Usually, creating foreign policy is the job of the Head of Government and the Foreign minister (or equivalent).

Foreign Policy of Pakistan:

Due to shortage of trained personnel, Pakistan could not establish diplomatic relations with more than six countries. In the initial months Habib Rahimatulla was appointed High Commissioner in London and I.H. Ispahani, Aurangzeb Khan and I.I. Chundrigar as ambassadors to Washington, Rangoon and Kabul respectively.

Pakistans Foreign Policy in Light of Quaids Words:

Our Foreign Policy is one of friendliness and good-will towards all the nations of the world. We do not cherish aggressive designs against any country or nation. We believe in the policy of honesty and fair play in national and international dealings and are prepared to make our utmost contribution to the promotion of peace and prosperity among the nations of the world. Pakistan will never be found lacking in extending its material and moral support to the oppressed and suppressed peoples of the world and in upholding the principles of the United Nations Charter.

Basic Goals:
Maintenance of territorial Integrity. Maintenance of its Political independence. Acceleration of Social and economic Development. Strengthening its place on the globe. Keeping Cordial and friendly relations with all countries.

1. Pakistans Foreign Policy towards India:

After the dissolution of the British Raj in 1947, two new sovereign nations were formedthe union of India and the Dominion of Pakistan. The subsequent partition of the former British India displaced up to 12.5 million people, with estimates of loss of life varying from several hundred thousand to a million. India emerged as a Secular nation with a Hindu majority population and a large Muslim minority while Pakistan was established as an Islamic republic with an overwhelming Muslim majority population.
Historical Background: The Indian Sub Continent was partitioned into Hindu-dominated India and the newly created Muslim state of Pakistan after India's independence from Great Britain in 1947. Severe rioting and population movement ensued and an estimated half a million people were killed in communal violence. About a million people were left homeless. Since partition, the territory of Jammu and Kashmir has remained in dispute with Pakistan and India both holding sectors.

Relations between Pakistan and India have been strained by a number of historical and political issues, and are defined by the violent Partition of British India in 1947, the Kashmir dispute and the numerous military conflicts fought between the two nations. Consequently, even though the two South Asian nations share historic, cultural, geographic, and economic links, their relationship has been plagued by hostility and suspicion. There have been numerous attempts to improve the relationshipnotably, the Shimla summit, the Agra summit and the Lahore summit. Since the early 1980s, relations between the two nations soured particularly after the Siachen conflict, the intensification of Kashmir insurgency in 1989, Indian and Pakistani nuclear tests in 1998 and the 1999 Kargil war. Certain confidence-building measures such as the 2003 ceasefire agreement and the DelhiLahore Bus service were successful in deescalating

tensions. However, these efforts have been impeded by periodic terrorist attacks. The 2001 Indian Parliament attack almost brought the two nations on the brink of a nuclear war. The 2007 Samjhauta Express bombings, which killed 68 civilians (most of whom were Pakistani) was also a crucial point in relations. Additionally, the 2008 Mumbai attacks resulted in a severe blow to the ongoing India-Pakistan peace talks.

Disputes, Wars and Several issues:

About half a million Muslims and Hindus were killed in communal riots following the partition of British India. Both countries accused each other of not providing adequate security to the minorities emigrating through their territory. This served to increase tensions between the newly-born countries. According to the British plan for the partition of British India, all the 680 princely states were allowed to decide which of the two countries to join. With the exception of a few, most of the Muslim-majority princely-states acceded to Pakistan while most of the Hindu-majority princely states joined India. However, the decisions of some of the princely-states would shape the Pakistan-India relationship considerably in the years to come. Still there are disputes between both countries in related to States. Two of them are as follows:
Junagadh dispute

Kashmir dispute. Inspite of these Disputes there are since their independence, the two countries have fought three major wars, one undeclared and have been involved in numerous armed skirmishes and military standoffs.

War of 1948
At the time of partition, the princely state of Kashmir, though ruled by a Hindu Maharaja, had an overwhelmingly Muslim population. When the Maharaja hesitated in acceding to either Pakistan or India in 1947, some of his Muslim subjects, aided by tribesmen from Pakistan, revolted in favor of joining Pakistan. The first Indo-Pakistan war started after armed tribesmen from Pakistan's North-West Frontier Province invaded Kashmir in October 1947. Besieged both by a revolt n his state and by the invasion, the Maharaja requested armed assistance from the Government of India. In return he acceded to India, handling over powers of defense, communication and foreign affairs. Both India and Pakistan agreed that the accession would be confirmed by a referendum once hostilities had ceased. In May 1948, the regular Pakistani army was called upon to protect Pakistan's borders. Fighting continued throughout the year between Pakistani irregular troops and the Indian army. The war ended on 1st January 1949 when a ceasefire was arranged by the United Nations which recommended that both India and Pakistan should adhere to their commitment to hold a referendum in the state. A ceasefire line was established where the two sides stopped fighting and a UN peacekeeping force established. The referendum however has never been held.

War of 1965
In April 1965, a clash between border patrols erupted into fighting in the Rann of Kutch, a sparsely inhabited region along the south-western Indo-Pakistan border. When the Indians withdrew, Pakistan claimed victory. Later full-scale hostilities erupted in September 1965, when India alleged that insurgents trained and supplied by Pakistan

were operating in India-controlled Kashmir. Hostilities ceased three weeks later, following mediation efforts by the UN and interested countries. In January 1966, Indian and Pakistani representatives met in Tashkent, U.S.S.R., and agreed to attempt a peaceful settlement of Kashmir and their other differences. War of 1971: The 1971 War Indo-Pakistani relations deteriorated again when civil war erupted in Pakistan, pitting the West Pakistan army against East Pakistanis demanding autonomy and independence. In December India invaded East Pakistan in support of the East Pakistani people. The Pakistani army surrendered at Dhaka and its army of more than 90,000 became India prisoners of war. East Pakistan became the independent country of Bangladesh on 6th December 1971. War of Kargil 1999: Unfortunately, in May 1999 India launched air strikes against Pakistani backed forces that had infiltrated into the mountains in Indian-administrated Kashmir, north of Kargil. Pakistan responded by occupying positions on the Indian side of the Line of Control in the remote, mountainous area of Kashmir near Kargil threatening the ability of India to supply its forces on Siachen Glacier. By early summer, serious fighting flared in the Kargil sector. The infiltrators withdrew following a meeting between Prime Minister Sharif and President Bill Clinton in July. Relations between India nad Pakistan have since been particularly strained, especially since the October 12, 1999 coup in Islamabad.

There are also some other Disputes which are as follow: Siachen Glacier Kori Creek Baglihar Dam Water Dispute Bengal Refugee Crises Developments in Relations with India: Despite of these Disputes and Wars there are some developments with the passage of time. Some agreements and talks are taken out to sort out these disputes. Shimla Agreement 1997 meeting of Pms 1999 meetings of Pms in Lahore 2001 Gujrat Earthquake in India (Musharraf Sent a Plane load of reliefs Supplies).

2. Pakistans Foreign Policy towards United States:

With the United States being among the very first nations to have established relations with Pakistan, the relationship since then has been based primarily on U.S. economic and military assistance to Pakistan. Pakistan is a Major non-NATO ally of the United States and also the second-largest supplier of military equipment to Pakistan after China and largest economic aid contributor as well.

Relations with Superpower: 1947Present:

In 1949, the Soviet Union directed a farewell message to Prime Minister Ali Khan, followed by the U.S. invitation in 1950. The President Harry Truman and the U.S. itself were well aware of strategic importance of Pakistan, but did not have any concrete plans. In 1950-53, a flurry of Pakistan's state delegation paid visit to the U.S., initially seeking military aid rather than civilian. The U.S. government would use the country to their maximum regional and strategic goals and interests. When the true nature of U.S. ambition exposed to Prime Minister Ali Khan, the prime minister deliberately attempted to warm the relations with the Soviet Union and the Soviet bloc, while warning the U.S. that "[Pakistan] has annexed half of Kashmir without American support.... And would be able to take the other half too" After the signing of first mutual defense treaty in May 1954, large-scale interaction between U.S. and Pakistani military started, with hundreds of officers began to sent to U.S. on routine and regular basis, getting trained shoulder-toshoulders with U.S. military. According to Colonel Jordan of CIA, the officers of Pakistan Armed Forces were not only trained in military ethics but also to groom them for non-military activities such as leadership, management, and economics. In 1956, President Dwight Eisenhower kindly requested Prime Minister Suhravardie to lease a military base, Peshawar Air Station (PAS), to make preparations for spy operations and to coordinate secret signal intelligence flights to gain intelligence on Soviet Unions intercontinental. The request was granted and the U.S. opened the station with building an airstrip, command and control station and air force base nearby. The economical aide to Pakistan was increased by the United States through the consortium companies. Booming economy had brought Pakistan a prestige and the success of capitalism system in an underdeveloped country was widely appreciated. In 1971, Pakistan helped the United States to make preparations for the President Richard Nixon for his historical visit to Peoples' Republic of China (PRC). President Nixon and Henry Kissinger used Pakistan's relationship with China to start secret contacts with China, which resulted with Henry Kissingers secret visit to China in July 1971 while visiting Pakistan.

Bhutto tried to maintain a balance with the United States, but such attempts were rebuffed by United States. Bhutto opposed the ultra-leftism concepts but was a strong proponent of left-wing politics, which the U.S. had opposed in Pakistan from the very start. In the 1980s, Pakistan agreed to pay $658 million for 28 F-16 fighter jets from the United States; however the American congress froze the deal citing objections to Pakistani nuclear ambitions. When the US decided to respond to the 1998 United States embassy bombings in Africa by firing missiles at an al-Qaeda camp in Taliban-controlled Afghanistan, five Pakistani intelligence agents present at the camp were killed. In 1989, Benazir Bhutto made a quick visit in the U.S. asking U.S. to stop financing the Afghan mujahidin to President George H. W. Bush, which she marked "America's Frankenstein. This was followed by Nawaz Sharif who visited the U.S. in 1990, but U.S. gave cold shoulder to Pakistan, asking Pakistan to stop developing the nuclear deterrence. In 1998, Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif ordered to conduct first nuclear tests after Benazir Bhutto called for the tests (Chagai-I andChagai-II), in response to Indian nuclear tests. Nawaz Sharif's ordering the nuclear tests was met with great hostility and ire in the United States after President Clinton placing the economic embargo on Pakistan. The relations were also refrained and strained after Nawaz Sharif became involved with Kargil war with India, while India's relations with Israel and U.S greatly enhanced.

Baghdad Pact:
Pakistan was a member of the Central Treaty Organization from its adoption in 1955, until the pact's dissolution in 1979. The promise of economic aid from the US was instrumental in creating the agreement. At the time the pact was adopted, Pakistan's relationship with the United States was the friendliest in Asia. During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, the US did not provide Pakistan with military support as pledged. This generated a widespread feeling in Pakistan that the United States was no longer a reliable ally.

Foreign Assistance Act:

In April 1979, the United States suspended most economic assistance to Pakistan over concerns about Pakistan's nuclear program under the Foreign Assistance Act.

Space program:

In 1962, the Space Research Commission launched the first solid-fuel rocket, Rehbar-I, built with close interaction with the U.S. NASA. Launching of the rocket made Pakistan the first South Asian country and tenth country in the world to carrying out the launch of the rocket. During the 1962 and 1972, approximately 200 rockets were fired from the Sonmiani, but this cooperation waned after 1972.

Post September 11:

After the September 11 attacks in 2001 in the United States, Pakistan became a key ally in the war on terror with the United States. In 2001, US President George W. Bush pressured the government into joining the US war on terror. Pervez Musharraf acknowledges the payments received for captured terrorists in his book: We've captured 689 and handed over 369 to the United States. We've earned bounties totaling millions of dollars Former President of Pakistan Pervez Musharraf.

Current Issues:

Despite recent setbacks, both Pakistan and the United States continue to seek a productive relationship to defeat terrorist organizations. It has been alleged that the ISI pays journalists to write articles hostile to the United States. In January 2011, the Raymond Allen Davis incident occurred in which Raymond Davis, an alleged private security contractor, shot dead two Pakistani locals after they attempted to rob him. The action sparked protests in Pakistan and threatened relations between the United States and Pakistan, including aid flows. Pakistan prosecuted him despite US demands for him to be freed because he enjoys diplomatic immunity. Ultimately he was freed after the United States made payments to the families of the slain Pakistanis, but the incident was emblematic of the volatile nature of AmericanPakistani relations. On December 1, 2009, President Barack Obama in a speech on a policy about Pakistan said "In the past, we too often defined our relationship with Pakistan narrowly. Those days are over.... The Pakistani people must know America will remain a strong supporter of Pakistans security and prosperity long after the guns have fallen silent, so that the great potential of its people can be unleashed. In October 2009, the US Congress approved $7.5 billion of non-military aid to Pakistan over the next five years via the Kerry-Lugar Bill. In February 2010, US President Barack Obama sought to increase funds to Pakistan to "promote economic and political stability in strategically important regions where the United States has special security interests". Obama also sought $3.1 billion aid for Pakistan to defeat Al Qaeda for 2010.

In March, Richard Holbrooke, then US special envoy to Pakistan, said that US-Pakistani relations have seen "significant improvement" under Obama. He also said, "No government on earth has received more high-level attention" than Pakistan.

Death of Osama bin Laden:

Osama bin Laden, then head of the militant group al-Qaeda, was killed in Pakistan on May 2, 2011, shortly after 1 a.m.local time by a United States Special Forces military unit. The operation, codenamed Operation Neptune Spear, was ordered by United States President Barack Obama and carried out in a US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) operation by a team of United States Navy SEALs from the United States Naval Special Warfare Development Group (also known as DEVGRU or informally by its former name, SEAL Team Six) of the Joint Special Operations Command, with support from CIA operatives on the ground. According to Obama administration officials, US officials did not share information about the raid with the government of Pakistan until it was over. Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Michael Mullen called Pakistan's army chief Ashfaq Parvez Kayani at about 3 a.m. local time to inform him of the Abbottabad Operation. According to the Pakistani foreign ministry, the operation was conducted entirely by the US forces. Pakistan Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) officials said they were also present at what they called a joint operation; President Asif Ali Zardari flatly denied this. Pakistan's foreign secretary Salman Bashir later confirmed that Pakistani military had scrambled F-16s after they became aware of the attack but that they reached the compound after American helicopters had left.

Conclusion:
The guiding principles of Pakistan's Foreign Policy are rooted in the country's Islamic ideology, its rich cultural heritage and historical experience. As an Islamic and non-aligned country, Pakistan supports Islamic causes and firmly upholds the above mentioned principles, which hold out the promise of a just and equitable world order in which nations can live in peace and security.

References and Links: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy http://m-a-jinnah.blogspot.com/2010/07/foreign-policy-of-pakistan-1947-48.html http://www.friendsmania.net/forum/b-com-part-1-pakistan-studiesnotes/27010.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan-United_States_relations http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3453.htm#relations http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\08\09\story_9-82009_pg3_5