BIOL101BiologyA&P Chapter5 Introduction

Chapter 5 Lecture Outline

See PowerPoint Image Slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes.

Notes

Objectives: Uponcompletionofthelearningunit,participantswillbe ableto:

5-1
Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Namethefourprimaryclassesintowhichalladult tissuesareclassified. Namethethreeembryonicgermlayersandsome adulttissuesderivedfromeach. Visualizethethreedimensionalshapeofastructure fromatwodimensionaltissuesection. Describethepropertiesthatdistinguishepithelium fromothertissueclasses. Listandclassifyeighttypesofepithelium,distinguish themfromeachother,andstatewhereeachtype canbefoundinthebody. Explainhowthestructuraldifferencesbetween epitheliarelatetotheirfunctionaldifferences. Visuallyrecognizeeachepithelialtypefrom specimensorphotographs. Describethepropertiesthatmostconnectivetissues haveincommon. Discussthetypesofcellsfoundinconnectivetissue. Explainwhatthematrixofaconnectivetissueisand describeitscomponents. Name10typesofconnectivetissue,describetheir cellularcomponentsandmatrix,andexplainwhat distinguishesthemfromeachother. Visuallyrecognizeeachconnectivetissuetypefrom specimensorphotographs. Explainwhatdistinguishesexcitabletissuesfrom othertissues. 1

Namethecelltypesthatcomposenervoustissue. Identifythemajorpartsofanervecell. Visuallyrecognizenervoustissuefromspecimensor photographs. Namethethreekindsofmusculartissueanddescribe thedifferencesbetweenthem. Visuallyidentifyanytypeofmusculartissuefrom specimensorphotographs. Describethejunctionsthatholdcellsandtissues together. Describeordefinedifferenttypesofglands. Describethetypicalanatomyofagland. Nameandcomparedifferentmodesofglandular secretion. Describethewaytissuesareorganizedtoformthe bodysmembranes. Nameanddescribethemajortypesofmembranesin thebody. Nameanddescribethemodesoftissuegrowth. Defineadultandembryonicstemcellsandtheir varieddegreesofdevelopmentalplasticity. Nameanddescribethewaysthatatissuecanchange fromonetypetoanother. Nameanddescribethemodesandcausesoftissue shrinkageanddeath. Nameanddescribethewaysthebodyrepairs damagedtissues.

Histology:studyoftissue

Section1 4primarytissueclasses Epithelialtissue Connectivetissue Nervoustissue Musculartissue

Section2 Intercellularjunctions Glandsand Membranes Tissuegrowth Development Death Repair 2

FeaturesofTissueClasses Tissue Similarcells/cellproducts Arisefromsameregionofembryo Differences Type/function Matrix Spaceofcell/matrix Matrix=ECF Fibrousproteins/cleargels Groundsubstance/ECF Tissuefluid Interstitialfluid Tissuegel Cartilage/bonerubbery/stony Matrix>cell/connectivetissue Cell>matrix/epithelial/muscle Embryonictissue Singlecellmanycells3primarygermlayers Ectoderm Epidermis/nervoustissue Endoderm Mucousmembrane GItract/respiratorysystem/digestive Mesodermmesenchyme Muscle/bone/blood TissueTechniquesandSectioning Preparinghistologicalspecimensinvolvesspecialprocesses forpreserving,sectioning,andstaining.Thegoalistoobtain animagethatclearlydelineatesstructuraldetails.Usuallythe specimenispreservedwithafixativesuchasformalinand slicedintothinsectionsonetotwocellsthick.These sectionsarestainedtoshowcontrastamongthedifferent cellularcomponents.Theyaremountedonslidessotheycan beobservedunderamicroscope. Itisimportanttorememberthatsectioningreducesa3 dimensionalstructuretoa2dimensionalsliceyouneedto beabletoidentifytheoriginofthesliceandprojectitbackto theoriginal3Dshape. The3typesoftissuesectionsusedinthepreparationof histologicalspecimensare Longitudinalsection:thetissuesarecutalongthe longestdirectionoftheorgan Crosssection:thetissueiscutperpendicularto 3

lengthoforgan,and Obliquesection:thetissuesarecutatanglebetween crossandlongitudinalsections EpithelialTissue Epithelialtissue Flatsheet/layers Uppersurfacesurface/bodycavity Lowersurfacebasementmembrane Anchorsepitheliumtoconnectivetissue SuppliesO2 SimpleEpithelia S.squamous Singlerowofflatcells Permitsdiffusionofsubstances Secretesserousfluid Alveoli,glomeruli,endothelium,andserosa S.cuboidal S.columnar Pseudostratifiedcolumnar StratifiedEpithelia

Stratified St.squamous St.cuboidal St.columnar Transitionalepithelium

Stratifiedsquamousepithelia Keratinizedepithelium Apicalsurface/kertin/retardswaterloss Nonkeratinized Moistslipperylayer Tongue/oralmucosa/esophagus/vagina

Keratinizedoutsidebody Nonkeratinizedinsidebody

Stratifiedcuboidalepithelium 2+layers Secretesweat Producesperm/hormones Sweatglands/ovarianfollicles/testes Transitionalepithelium Multilayered Surfacecellsstretch/stress Urinarytractfilling/ureter/bladder 4

ConnectiveTissue Mostabundant/variable Widelyspacedcells Fibroustissue Cartilage Bone Blood Functions Connectorgans Support/protectphysical/immuneprocesses Storeenergy/produceheat Supportbodymovement Transportmaterials FibersofConnectiveTissue FibrousConnectiveTissue ProteinFibers Collagenous Tendons/ligaments/deepskinlayers
NOTE:Stressthatcausestearstothisconnectivetissue producesstriaewhichiscommonlyreferredtoasstretch marks

Reticular Thin/collagenous Spleen/lymphnodes/softorgans Elastic Stretch/recoil/elasticity Skin/lungs/arteries ConnectiveTissuecellsandGroundSubstance Cells Fibroblasts Producefibers/groundsubstance Macrophages Engulf/destroyforeignparticles Leukocytes(WBCs) Supportimmunefunction Plasmacells Immunefunctionsintestinewalls/inflamedtissue Mastcells Secreteheparin/histamine Adipocytes

Fatcells Groundsubstance Gelatinous/absorbsforce Glycosaminoglycans(GAG) Regulatewater/electrolytes Attractsodium Chondroitinsulfate Proteoglycans Createbonds

MacromoleculesCellularglue

Adhesiveglycoproteins Proteincarbohydrates Bindcellmembranestocollagen/othercellular components Loosefibrousconnectivetissue Fibrousconnectivetissue Loose/dense Loose/groundsubstancebetweencells Areolar Underliesallepithelia Betweenmuscles Passageways/nerves/bloodvessels Reticular Stroma/lymphaticorgans Lymphnodes/spleen/thymus/bonemarrow
Associatedmainlywithstructureofsoftbodyorgans

Adipose/fat Emptylooking/thinmembranes Energystorage/insulation/cushioning Subcutaneousfattylayer Insulativelayer Hibernatinganimals/newbornshavebrownfatheat

Thoughtquestion:Accordingtoyourknowledgeofcellmassto cellboundaryration,whatdoyouthinkisthephysiologic significanceofbrownfatinnewbornsvsnoneinadults?

DenseConnectiveTissue Fiberbetweencells Denseregular Compressednuclei

Closelypackedfibers/parallel tensilestrength/Strong! Tendonsandligaments Injury/stressfromwrongdirection DenseIrregularTissue Fewvisiblecells/randomarrangement Withstandstressfrommultipledirections Jointcapsules/deepskin/aroundjoints/organs Cartilage Rubberymatrix Chondroblastsproducematrix Cavities/lucunae Surroundedchondrocytes Avascular/nobloodvessels Diffusionbringsnutrients/removeswastes Healsslowly Typesofcartilagevarywithfibertypes Hyaline Rubberymatrix Finecollagenousfibers/strong Supportairways/larynx/trachea bronchi/fetalskeleton Easejointmovement Boneends/moveablejointsarticularcartilage Sterna/ribs Elasticcartilage Conspicuouselasticfibers Externalear/epiglottis Fibrocartilage Extensivecollagenousfibers Nosheath/perichondrium Greattensilestrength stressareas/body Pubicsymphysis Meniscus Intervertebraldiscs Bone Spongy/compact Spongy Network/struts/support Covered/compactbone Headoflongbones Compact

Solid/complex Verticalbloodvessels/longbone Seeagain/bonytissue Matrixconcentriclamellaearoundcentralcanal Osteocytes/maturebonecells Occupylacunae Skeletalsupport Muscleleverage Mineralstorage Blood Fluidtissue Liquidmatrix/plasma 3celltypes Redbloodcells/carriers Whitebloodcells/fighters Bloodplateletsorthrombocytes/clotters RBCs/Nonuclei WBCs/prominentnuclei Inheart/bloodvessels NerveTissue Largecells/longprocesses Neurons/neuroglialcells Neurons Cellbody/soma Dendrites/axon Transmitoutgoingsignals/impulses Neuroglial Noprocess Supportneuronfunction Internalcommunication Nerves/nervoussystems Ganglia Studynervetissue CNS/PNS/ANS MuscleTissue Elongatedcells/contract Exertforce Movelimbs Pushblood Expelurine Types

Skeletal Longcylindricalcells Attachedtobone Multinucleated/striated/voluntary Cardiacmuscle Inheart/striated/involuntary Smoothmuscle Shortfusiformcells Nonstriated/involuntary Onecentralnucleus Inviscera/iris/hairfollicles/sphincters Involvedinswallowing GItractfunctions laborcontractions Erectionofhairs Airflow/pupilcontrol IntercellularJunctions Anchorcells
Threeimportantjunctionsare:

Tightjunctions Zipperlike Littlematrix Noeasypassage Protects/invaders Preventsleakage GI/Urinary Desmosomes Formapatch/snaplike Cytoplasmicintermediatefilamentsattachcells Terminateinsidecell/proteinplaque Inuterus/heart/epidermisofskin Gapjunctions Ring/transmembraneproteins Waterfilledchannel/sells Solutespassfromcelltocell Inembryos/cardiac/smoothmuscle Intercellularcommunication! Glands Endocrine Ductless Secretehormonesintoblood Exocrine Duct Simple/compound Drainagecells/acinus Functioncells/parenchyma

Secretions Enzymes/sweat/mucus Endocrinevs.Exocrine Notclearcut! GlandssecreteductsANDintobloodstream Organswithglandularcomponent (Brain) Bodycontrol Nervoussystem:Rapidresponse/shortlived Endocrinesystem:Slowerresponse/longacting TypesofSecretions Glands/secretions Serousglandsthin,watery Sweat/milk/tears/digestivejuices Mucousglandsproducemucin Absorbswaterstickysecretion/mucus Mixedglandsmixtureofboth Cytogenic Example: Releasewholecells Gametes:sperm/egg SecretionMethods/HolocrineGland Howsecretionproduced Holocrineglands Secretorycellsdisintegrateproduct Oilproducingglands/scalp Merocrineglandsexocytosis/importing Tears/gastricglands/pancreaticglands Specializedmerorcinegland/apocrinegland Mammaryglands/armpitsweatglands Viscous/regionswithhair Primarilymerocrine MucousMembranes Membranes Cutaneous/skin Dry/protectsexternalsurface Internalepithelialmembranes Mucous Epithelium Laminapropria

10

Muscularismucosae Linepassagewaystoexterior Reproductive/respiratory Urinary/digestivesystems Traps/removesforeignparticles/bacteria Columnartissue Gobletcells/mucous Ciliatomovemucous Serous Simplesquamousepithelium/areolartissue Producesserousfluid Coversorgans Linescavitywalls Synovial Linessomejointcavities Connectivetissue Secretessynovialfluid TissueGrowth Vocabulary! (Talkthetalk!) Hyperplasia Tissuegrowthcellmultiplication Cellularmass/number/cells Hypertrophy Enlargement/preexistingcells Mass/cellsize Musclegrowthhypertrophyexercise Neoplasia Growth/tumor/abnormaltissue ChangesinTissueTypes Tissuetypechange Differentiation Unspecializedembryotissuespecializedmature tissue Mesenchymemuscle Metaplasia Maturetissuefromonetypetoanother Simplecuboidaltissuebeforepuberty Stratifiedsquamousafterpuberty StemCells Undifferentiatedcells/plasticity Canproduceseveraltypesofmaturecells

11

 2types Embryonic Earlyhumanembryo Totipotent(candifferentiate) Pluripotent(limiteddifferentiation) Adult Undifferentiatedcellsinadulttissue Multipotent(earlystages) Unipotent(canproduce1celltype) Plasticitylost TissueRepair Regeneration Damagedcellreplaced/sametypecell Skin/liver Fibrosis Damagedcellreplaced/scartissue Functionnotrestored Muscleinjury/scarringoflungtissue/severe cuts/burns MI/damagedcellsreplacedbyscartissue Lossofpumpingability Stromalcellsusednotparenchymal Severefibrosis/keloids Largeraisedshinyscars TissueEngineering Artificialproductionoftissues/organs Humanimplanting Seedingwithhumancells Growinbioreactor Usedinhuman Significantprogress Skingrafts/heartvalves/coronaryvesselsandbones Researchcontinues Livercanregenerate HealingofaLaceration Healingprocess Damage Bloodvesselsrupture Leakblood Cellsleakhistaminedilatesbloodvessels

12

bloodflowcapillarypermeability Plasmabringsantibodies/clottingfactors WBCsjoin/phagpcytize Bloodclotsgather/formscab/surface Macrophagesphagocytize Newcapillariesgrow/wound Fibroblastsdepositnewcollagen(2wks) Epithelialcellsgrow/closewound Scabfallsoff Epitheliumthickens/regenerates Connectivetissuebelowformsscar/fibroustissue Remodeling/2yrs FinalSummary ARapidReview! 4primarytissueclasses Epithelialcellsthatcoverbodysurfaces/insideandout Connectivetissuelargest/mostdiverse Blood/bone Itconnects Nervoustissue Musculartissues3basictypes:skeletal,smoothand cardiac Celljunctions Tightjunctions/littlematrixbetweenlayers Limits/stopsmovementbetweenlayers Gapjunctionsallowcommunication/movement Glands Endocrineglands/ductless Exocrineglandshaveductspassagewaysfromgland targetareas Bodymembranes Outerepithelial/cutaneousmembranetheskin Internalmembranes Mucous/serous/synovialmembranes Tissuegrowth/development/repair Stagesoftissuerepair Fibrosisscarring(stromacells) Regenerationfunctionaltissue(parenchymacells)

13

 ComingnextTheIntegumentarySystem

14