Behavioral 1.

Cross-sectional study def/application: a class of research methods that involve observation of all of a population, or a representative subset, at one specific point in time. Cross-sectional studies involve data collected at a defined time. They are often used to assess the prevalence of acute or chronic conditions, or to answer uestions about the causes of disease or the results of medical intervention. They may also be described as censuses. Cross-sectional studies may involve special data collection, includin! uestions about the past, but they often rely on data ori!inally collected for other purposes. They are moderately e"pensive, and are not suitable for the study of rare diseases. #ifficulty in recallin! past events may also contribute bias. $. %bservational cohort study def/application: &t is an analysis of ris' factors and follows a !roup of people who do not have the disease, and uses correlations to determine the absolute ris' of sub(ect contraction. &t is one type of clinical study desi!n and should be compared with a cross-sectional study. Cohort studies are lar!ely about the life histories of se!ments of populations, and the individual people who constitute these se!ments.)1*)$* + cohort is a !roup of people who share a common characteristic or e"perience within a defined period ,e.!., are born, are e"posed to a dru! or vaccine or pollutant, or under!o a certain medical procedure-. Thus a !roup of people who were born on a day or in a particular period, say 1./0, form a birth cohort. The comparison !roup may be the !eneral population from which the cohort is drawn, or it may be another cohort of persons thou!ht to have had little or no e"posure to the substance under investi!ation, but otherwise similar. +lternatively, sub!roups within the cohort may be compared with each other. 1. 2 about case-control study w/ numbers ,wanted to 'now prevalence of sinusitis, one answer choice was not enou!h info-: Case-control studies are used to identify factors that may contribute to a medical condition by comparin! sub(ects who have that condition/disease ,the 3cases3- with patients who do not have the condition/disease but are otherwise similar ,the 3controls3-.)1* The !reat triumph of the case-control study was the demonstration of the lin' between tobacco smo'in! and lun! cancer, by 4ir 5ichard #oll and others after him. The prevalence of a health-related state ,typically disease, but also other thin!s li'e smo'in! or seatbelt use- in a statistical population is defined as the total number of cases of the ris' factor in the population at a !iven time, or the total number of cases in the population, divided by the number of individuals in the population. &t is used as an estimate of how common a disease is within a population over a certain period of time. &t helps physicians or other health professionals understand the probability of certain dia!noses and is routinely used by epidemiolo!ists, health care providers, !overnment a!encies and insurers. 4uppose we define a as the number of individuals in a !iven population with the disease at a !iven time, and b as the number of individuals in the same population at ris' of developin! the disease at a !iven time, not includin! those already with the disease. Then, we can write the prevalence as

/. 4tatistical distribution chan!e one outlier value, what stays same ,median, mean, variance, std deviation, std deviation of the mean, 6%#7 8+4 9%T + C:%&C7- .

The median is resistant to change with the discovery of outliers. 8as similar format to this: ;. Confidence &nterval calculation, if sample si<e is less, what happens to C&= >oes up ,can solve with the formula or by concept?. &nformed consent elderly patient, no advanced directive, no family, needs emer!ency procedure continue with substituted (ud!ement/implied informed consent @. Aoun! dm1 pt wants to stop ta'in! insulin in(ections as' why 0. 1;yo with $ family members with mali!nant s'in cancer ,!randpa died-, #r. wants her to use sunscreen prophylactically, what affects compliance in patients this a!e= & put peer pressure/if other teens are usin! sunscreen. .. #evelopmental pincer !rasp, stands with support 0 months 1B. 4leep sta!e uestion loss of motor tone, erectionC 576 sleep Biochem 11. Desch 9yhan :>E5T deficiency ,description of pt5emember: child hurts themselves 1$. t59+ molecule codon from anticodon

11. 57T mutation The RET proto-oncogene encodes a receptor tyrosine 'inase for members of the !lial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family of e"tracellular si!nallin! molecules.)$* RET loss of function mutations are associated with the development of :irschsprun!3s disease, while !ain of function mutations are associated with the development of various types of human cancer, includin! medullary thyroid carcinoma, multiple endocrine neoplasias type $+ and $B, phaeochromocytoma and parathyroid hyperplasia. 1/. Dysosomal disorder & thin' it was mannose-?-p
1. They3re all autosomal recessive, with the e"ception of Fabry3s and :unter3s, which are both G-lin'ed recessive. $. :urler and :unter3s both start with an :, and both accumulate :eparan sulfate. ,:opefully that will help you remember that they accumulate dermatan sulfate too-. 1. +sh'ena<i Hews have a hi!her ris' of >aucher3s, 9iemann-Eic', and Tay-4achs. /. >aucher3s spares the Brain. ;. 5emember: I!loboid cellsI J Krabbe3s.

?. ICherry-5edI ,spot on macula- is hyphenated. 4o are I9iemann-Eic'I and ITay-4achs.I

1. :unters is G-lin'ed. & view a :unter shootin! his bow at a G ,tar!et-. $. 9iemann-Eic's - 4phin!omyelinase. 9o man pic's is nose with is 4phin!er ,fin!er-. 1. +s above re!ardin! :unter3s vs :urlers. :urlers you !et corneal cloudin!, so you cannot be a !ood hunter. /. :urDer3s is alpha-D-iduronidase. :unters, which is a similar disease, is the other one ,iduronate sulfatase-. %r in >o(anese. I& (ust remember one, then 'now that the other one is the other one Fabry drin's a cup ,ceramic - ceramide trihe"oside- of mil' ,lactose - !alactosidase deficiency- and has aller!ic reactions: s'in lesion ,an!io'eratomas-, cardiovascular and renal complications. >aucher: >lucher ,>lucocerebrosidase deficiency- can !au!e ,brain intact-.

1;. Karta!eners syndrome dynein defect Primary ciliary dyskinesia ,PCD-, also 'nown as immotile ciliary syndrome or Kartagener Syndrome (KS), is a rare, ciliopathic, autosomal recessive !enetic disorder that causes a defect in the action of the cilia linin! the respiratory tract ,lower and upper, sinuses, 7ustachian tube, middle earand fallopian tube, and also of the fla!ella of sperm in males. 1?. 8eird !el electrophoresis uestion= 1@. &mprintin! definition ,male L maleJnot viable, female L female not viable, whyThe e"pressed allele is dependent upon its parental ori!in. For e"ample, the !ene encodin! &nsulinli'e !rowth factor $ ,&>F$/&!f$- is only e"pressed from the allele inherited from the father. Eaternal inheritance of a deletion of this re!ion is associated with Erader-8illi syndrome ,characterised by hypotonia, obesity, and hypo!onadism-. 6aternal inheritance of the same deletion is associated with +n!elman syndrome ,characterised by epilepsy, tremors, and a perpetually smilin! facial e"pression-.

10. Tay sachMs prevalence 1/1.BB, what is carrier fre uency= 1.. Eedi!ree, "-lin'ed recessive, N chance of passin! on G5 trait to son of !irl whose brother and uncle were affected. $B. 9F$ uestion pt had bilateral acoustic neuromas removed, what did she have= + vestibular schwannoma, often called an acoustic neuroma,)1* is a beni!n primary intracranial tumor of the myelin-formin! cells of the vestibulocochlear nerve ,C9 O&&&-.)$* The term Ivestibular schwannomaI involves the vestibular portion of the 0th cranial nerve)1* and arises from 4chwann cells, which are responsible for the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system. $1. #6# how is it passed= G5 $$. Cystic fibrosis what is vitamin deficiency= +#7K $1. +lcoholic homeless, had macrocytes and polyse! neutrophils, how to fi" defiency ,B1$ not a choice- Folic acid $/. 4omethin! with 1,1 bisphospho!lycerate in 5BCs, & put !lyceraldehyde 1 p $,1-BE> is formed from 1,1-BE> by the en<yme $,1-BE> mutase. &t can then be bro'en down by $,1BE> phosphatase to form 1-phospho!lycerate. &ts synthesis and brea'down are, therefore, a way around a step of !lycolysis. 7rythrocytes synthesi<e and de!rade the $.1-BE> by a diversion of the

!lycolytic pathway.

$;. 4ome uestion about how many +TEs used for each :L ,& put 1$?. EKP what is missin!= an autosomal recessive metabolic !enetic disorder characteri<ed by a mutation in the !ene for the hepatic en<yme phenylalanine hydro"ylase ,E+:-, renderin! it nonfunctional.)1*:;/1 This en<yme is necessary to metaboli<e the amino acid phenylalanine ,Ehe- to the amino acid tyrosine. 8hen E+: activity is reduced, phenylalanine accumulates and is converted into phenylpyruvate ,also 'nown as phenyl'etone-, which is detected in the urine.)$* $@. 4ome uestion about cystinuria=== is an inherited autosomal recessive)1* disease that is characteri<ed by the formation of cystine stones in the 'idneys, ureter, and bladder. Cystinuria is a cause of persistent 'idney stones. &t is a disease involvin! the defective transepithelial transport of cystine and dibasic amino acids in the 'idney and intestine, and is one of many causes of 'idney stones. $0. 2uestion about #K+ #K+ results from a shorta!e of insulinQ in response the body switches to burnin! fatty acids and producin! acidic 'etone bodies that cause most of the symptoms and complications. Treatment involves intravenous fluids to correct dehydration, insulin to suppress the production of 'etone bodies, treatment for any underlyin! causes such as infections, and close observation to prevent and identify complications. $.. 6arathon runner, source of new !lucose J liver and= +s the amount of !lucose in the blood is used up, the liver converts its !lyco!en into !lucose and releases it into the bloodstream to maintain a constant supply of !lucose to the muscles. #urin! prolon!ed e"ercise, !lyco!en levels become depleted, leavin! the muscles with little of the hi!hperformance fuel and forced to operate on slower-burnin! fats. 7mbryo 1B. :%G craniocaudal se!mental or!ani<ation ,very specific uestion11. 6achine murmur E#+ 1$. +nencephaly detect hi!h +FE 11. 4pina bifida detect hi!h +FE 1/. Ton!ue taste anterior $/1 on D chordae tympani 1;. Dabia ma(ora male counterpart J scrotum 6icrobiolo!y 1?. 4. aureus to"in may have been the answer about superanti!en, nothin! else sounded ri!ht 1@. 4. pyo!enes B hemolytic catalase 10. TB in +&#4 pt id' 1.. TB ppdL J what cell= #T:/ T cell ,maybe $ = &Mm not sure/B. 4taph methicillin sens !ive nafcillin /1. %1;@::@ stran!e uestion with charts, etc

/$. #escribed roc'y mountain spotted fever, what t"= #na !yrase inh= /1. Trip to 6ississippi histoplasmosis //. E&# most li'ely cause= Chlamydia /;. E&# what type of cells= & put neutrophils /?. 6aleria vs. Babesiosis bad / not enou!h info pic with rin! forms /@. 8oman 7!ypt carcinoma of bladder schistosoma /0. 8hich vaccine for ?$ yo woman /.. 7BO nasopharyn!eal carcinoma ;B. Flu proph in pt with bad 'idneys what med= ;1. :ep B caused by se" ;$. :ep + donMt remember ;1. 7 coli PT& female ;/. Thrush pt, no med h", what med= & put nystatin ,& thin'-, F+ says nystatin for superficial inf"n, amphotericin B wasnMt a choice ;;. Et with periorbital swellin!, onset was with >& s", what caused it= & put eatin! undercoo'ed meat. ,Trichinella spiralis5andom ;?. :eadache patient 4umatriptan ;@. :eadache symptoms unilateral eye pressure, sinus con!estion sinus headache ;0. Et on anesthesia mali!nant hyperthermia !ive dantrolene ;.. +! dopamine in pt with lactation ?B. 6%+ fluma<enil C%6E7T&T&O7 +9T+>%9&4T +T >+B+ BR receptor ?1. Oisual field defect anopia where is lesion from brain pic ?$. Et with subdural hematoma S other in(uries, you intubate him. 8:A= ?1. >out crystals pic of ne!ative birefrin!ent crystals ?/. :and muscles thenar, etc median n ?;. 4ome weird pic of heart muscle and where & somethin!= +ctin or somethin!= ??. Et who had %# and wouldnMt say what she too', wa'es up with e"treme pain in hips and hematuria. 8hat did she ta'e= Cyclophosphamide ?@. ;FP 6%+ inh thymidylate synthase ?0. +6D= From pt description ?.. Bleedin! disorder C @B. +- pt, no +- blood, what can you !ive= %@1. Et with stomach pain, antacids not effective !ive omepra<ole @$. 5pt !allstones somethin! about t"/cell chan!es @1. 6id!ut artery 46+ @/. >lita<one 6%+ binds to EE+5 @;. Eic of lun! tissue with asbestos fiber surrounded by fibrosis= 8hat cells in lun! respond to asbestos fiber/cause the fibrosis= TTT6acropha!es @?. 5ole of surfactant in newborn pt lun!s= #ecrease alveolar surface tension @@. 9ormal old lady, lun! volume uestion ,TDC, 5O, etc, up/down arrows@0. 4omethin! about C%$ transport in 5BCs @.. 7mbolus to brain, which vessel did it have to pass thru to ma'e it there= 0B. 6etastasis to lun! from renal v, what would it loo' li'e in lun!s 1 years after 'idney removed but renal vein showed evidence of spread, had / "rays 01. Et with aller!ic reaction S inability to sleep diphenhydramine 0$. 2uestion about D: sur!e ,$ actually01. ;a reductase uestion

0/. EC%4 pt uestion 0;. Flutamide 6%+ 0?. Eersonality disorder schi<oid/avoid 0@. +l<heimerMs dru! donepe<il 00. 64 pt, what type of cancer most li'ely=TTT 0.. > Jincrease EDC from dru! .B. >iJdecrease c+6E from dru! .1. &dentify caudate for :# on brain slice .$. 6ali!nant melanoma pic ,!ross- identify what it is .1. Desion on ear, identify from histo= ./. Rona occludens uestion .;. 2uestion about surface area in small intestine villi .?. Docation of lin!ula in lun! left superior lobe .@. 5upture of spon!y urethra e"travasated urine .0. Eudendal nerve bloc' ... &nferior rectal vein 1BB. E&#Jectopic pre!nancy 1B1. 8hich form of birth control ma'es it the hardest to !et pre!nant later= & put &P# 6ech of action of do"ycyclineQ ,#%C for ric'ettsia>uy with renal stones, hypercalcemia and low phosphate, what to advise him= & put review diet with pt. Eropothiouracul mech of action +spirin/8arfarin mech of action, which causes 'idney problem and how= >entamicin causes renal to"icity Eeanut farmer from China with liver lesionQ +flato"in Klienfelters deficient in what 'ind of testosterone, how= 6a(or depression presentation in children 6a(or depression vs. !enerali<ed an"iety d/o symptoms 5italin mech of action Pnilateral headache in youn! male w/ vasomotor rhinitis cluster 9erve runnin! throu!h parotid !land facial 7levated in woman on birth control, T4: 4mo'er with occular ,:orner3s- symptoms, due to metastatic lun! cancer D: sur!e used to detect ovulation for testosterone Tyrosine supplement in EKP D: correlates with increase in body temp 8oman with no mid cycle temp increase and irre!ular periodsQ anovulation Aoun! man says wants to uit smo'in!, understands ris's but is not ready for bi! chan!eQ & put recommend nicotine patch, other answers scribe buproprion, lecture on ris's, etc. 6arathon runner what other or!an involved in !luconeo!enesisQ muscle not an option. & put 'idney and & 'now that3s wron!. >raph/!el with 'lebsiella and ecoli, shows both have same plasmids as !el di!estion profiles are identical. Transferrin, Ferritin, 4erum iron, what do these values loo' li'e in anemic youn! woman pt. Know different types of anemia and their values.