LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. 1.1 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 4.1 4.2 Caption Some common degradation of TNT in soil and groundwater Schematic diagram of HPLC system Diagram of Rheodyne injector Illustration of chromatogram obtained with HPLC-UV Diagram of SPME device Non-equilibrium and equilibrium SPME are performed in different parts of the sorption process. Extraction procedure of analytes with SPME Desorption procedure of analytes with SPME Hyphenation of SPME with HPLC Extraction modes of analytes with SPME Hyphenation of SPME-HPLC-UV at Punjabi University, Patiala Chemical Structure of (a) RDX and (b) HMX Chromatogram showing the separation of HMX and RDX in the presence of 0.14 mM SDS at 200 ppb concentration of explosives in aqueous sample with solvent ratio acetonitrile:water 70/30 at flow rate of 1.0 mL/min; max=230 nm Optimization of concentration of SDS added in aqueous sample containing 100 ppb mixture of HMX and RDX on RP amide column with mobile phase acetonitrile:water; 70/30 (v/v) at flow rate of 1.0 mL/min; max=230 nm Calibration curves of RDX and HMX in presence of 0.14 mM concentration of SDS (a) HPLC-UV chromatogram soil washed with SDS solution (0.14 mM) (b) HPLC-UV chromatogram of spiked soil (500 ppb) washed with aqueous solution of SDS (0.14 mM) under optimized chromatographic conditions Page No. 23 45 45 48 53 55 59 59 60 61 65 147 160

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(a) HPLC-UV Chromatogram showing blank peak in groundwater sample containing 0.14 mM SDS (b) chromatogram of spiked groundwater with explosive mixture (50 ppb) containing 0.14 mM SDS in the sample under optimized chromatographic conditions with solvent ratio acetonitrile:water 70/30 at flow rate of 1.0 mL/min; max=230 nm Effect of addition of 0.15 mM SDS in aqueous matrix of nitramine explosives analyzed with SPME-HPLC-UV in absence of NaCl salt with mobile phase acetonitrile:methanol:water; 30:35:35 at flow tate of 0.5 mL/min on reverse phase C18 column at max 230 nm. Effect of addition of different concentrations of SDS on peak areas of nitramine explosives at fixed concentration of 400 ppb analyzed with SPME-HPLC/UV in absence of NaCl salt under optimized chromatographic conditions Effect of addition of different amount of TritonX-100 in aqueous matrix of nitramine explosives analyzed with SPME-HPLC-UV Effect of (a) desorption time (b) extraction time (c) temperature on the peak area of explosives on CW/TPR fiber after immersing it in the spiked aqueous sample under standardized conditions SPME-HPLC-UV chromatogram in presence of 0.5 mM SDS and 30% (w/v) NaCl in aqueous matrix with mobile phase acetonitrile:methanol:water; 30:35:35 at flow rate 0.5 mL/min on reverse phase C18 column at max 230 nm (a) blank bore well water (b) spiked bore well water at concentration 20 ppb SPME-HPLC-UV chromatogram in presence of 0.5 mM SDS and 30% (w/v) NaCl in aqueous matrix with mobile phase acetonitrile:methanol:water; 30:35:35 at flow rate 0.5 mL/min on reverse phase C18 column at max 230 nm (a) blank river water (b) spiked river water at concentration 20 ppb SPME-HPLC-UV chromatogram in presence of 30% (w/v) NaCl in aqueous matrix of washed solution with mobile phase acetonitrile:methanol:water; 30:35:35 at flow rate 0.5 mL/min on reverse phase C18 column at max 230 nm (a) blank of soil washed with 0.5 mL SDS solution (b) spiked soil at concentration 250 ppb washed with 0.5 mM SDS solution.

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5.3 5.4

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6.1

Chromatogram showing the separation of all eleven nitroaromatic 218 components on SPME-HPLC-UV with mobile phase methanol:water; 43:57 (v/v) at flow rate 1.3 mL/min on reverse phase amide column at max 254 nm; Peak 1: TNB, Peak 2:DNB, Peak 3: NB, Peak 4: TNT, Peak 5: Tetryl, Peak 6: 2,4-DNT, Peak 7: 2-NT, Peak 8: 4-NT, Peak 9: 3-NT, Peak 10: 4-amino-2,6-DNT, Peak 11: 2-amino-4,6-DNT

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Optimization of SPME desorption time of nitroaromatic components under chromatographic conditions as in Fig. 6.1 Optimization of SPME adsorption time of nitroaromatic components under chromatographic conditions as in Fig. 6.1 SPMEHPLCUV chromatograms of river water samples under optimized chromatographic conditions (a) blank river water (b) spiked river water at concentration 20 ng/mL SPMEHPLCUV chromatograms of industrial waste water samples under optimized chromatographic conditions (a) blank industrial aqueous sample (b) spiked industrial aqueous sample at concentration 20 ng/mL SPMEHPLCUV chromatograms of drinking water sample at concentration 20 ng/mL under optimized chromatographic conditions SPMEHPLCUV chromatograms of ground water sample at concentration 20 ng/mL under optimized chromatographic conditions

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