Lec 20

MATH 209 Calculus, III Volker Runde Parametric surfaces and their areas
MATH 209Calculus, III

Volker Runde
University of Alberta
Edmonton, Fall 2011
Parametric surfaces
Denition A parametric surface S is given by a vector function r(u , v ) = x (u , v )i + y (u , v )j + z (u , v )k for (u , v ) in some region D R2 . We call D the parametric domain of S .
Examples, I
Example A plane passing through a point P0 with position vector r0 containing two non-parallel vectors a and b. Set r(u , v ) = r0 + u a + v b for (u , v ) R2 . If we restrict (u , v ) to [0, 1] [0, 1], we obtain the parallelogram with vertex P0 and sides a and b.
Examples, II
Example The sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = r 2 is parametrized via spherical coordinates, i.e., x = r sin cos , y = r sin sin , z = r cos
for (, ) [0, ] [0, 2 ]. Example Let y = f (x ) 0 for x [a, b ], and obtain a surface S by rotating the graph of f about the x -axis. Let be the angle of rotation. Then S is parametrized through x = x, y = f (x ) cos , z = f (x ) sin
for (x , ) [a, b ] [0, 2 ].
Surface area, I
The case of a parallelogram Let S be a parallelogram with vertex r0 spanned by two vectors a and b that are not parallel. Then S is given by r(u , v ) = r0 + u a + v b for u , v [0, 1]. The area A(S ) of S is: A(S ) = |a b|.
Surface area, II
The general case Let S be given by r(u , v ) = x (u , v )i + y (u , v )j + z (u , v )k for (u , v ) D . Let P0 D be a point with position vector u0 , v0 . Then r(u0 , v ) denes a curve C1 lying in S . The tangent vector to C1 at r(u0 , v0 ) is rv := y z x (u0 , v0 )i + (u0 , v0 )j + (u0 , v0 )k. v v v
Surface area, III

The general case (continued) Similarly, dene a curve C2 via r(u , v0 ), and obtain a tangent vector to C2 at r(u0 , v0 ): ru := x y z (u0 , v0 )i + (u0 , v0 )j + (u0 , v0 )k. u u u
We call S smooth if ru rv = 0 throughout. The tangent plane to S at r(u0 , v0 ) is the plane containing r(u0 , v0 ) with the normal vector ru rv .
Surface area, IV
The general case (continued) For simplicity, suppose that S has a rectangle as its parametric domain D . ) be the lower Divide D into subrectangles Rj ,k , and let (uj , vk left corner of each Rj ,k . Let Sj ,k be the part of S corresponding to Rj ,k , and set ). Pj ,k := r(uj , vk For small u and v : A(Sj ,k ) area of the parallelogram spanned by (u )ru and (v )rv = |(u )ru (v )rv | = |ru rv |u v .
Surface area, V
MATH 209 Calculus, III Volker Runde
The general case (continued) Therefore,
Parametric surfaces and their areas
m |ru (uj , vk ) rv (uj , vk )|u v
A(S )
j =1 k =1
and thus
n m )|u v |ru (uj , vk ) rv (uj , vk j =1 k =1
A(S ) = =
n,m
lim
|ru rv | dA.
D
Examples, III
Example Let the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = r 2 be parametrized via spherical coordinates: x = r sin cos , y = r sin sin , z = r cos
for (, ) [0, ] [0, 2 ]. We obtain: r = r cos cos i + r cos sin j r sin k, r = r sin sin i + r sin cos j.
Examples, IV
Example (continued) Thus: i j k r r = r cos cos r cos sin r sin r sin sin r sin cos 0 = r 2 sin2 cos i + r 2 sin2 sin j + r 2 (cos sin cos2 + cos sin sin2 )k = r 2 (sin2 cos i + sin2 sin j + cos sin k).
Examples, V
Example (continued) Therefore, |r r |2 = r 4 (sin4 cos2 + sin4 sin2 + cos2 sin2 ) = r 4 (sin4 + cos2 sin2 ) = r 4 sin2 (sin2 + cos2 ) = r 4 sin2 i.e., because [0, ], |r r | = r 2 sin .
Examples, VI
MATH 209 Calculus, III Volker Runde
Example (continued) We thus obtain:
Parametric surfaces and their areas
A(S ) =
D
|r r | dA r 2 sin dA
D 2
= =
0
r 2 sin d d
0
= 2 r 2
0
sin d
= 4 r 2 .
Examples, VII
Example Let f (x ) 0 for x [a, b ], and let S be given by x = x, y = f (x ) cos , z = f (x ) sin
for x [a, b ] and [0, 2 ]. Then: rx = i + f (x ) cos j + f (x ) sin k, r = f (x ) sin j + f (x ) cos k.
Examples, VIII
Example (continued) We obtain i j k rx r = 1 f (x ) cos f (x ) sin 0 f (x ) sin f (x ) cos = f (x )f (x )i f (x ) cos j f (x ) sin k so that |rx r | = = f (x )2 f (x )2 + f (x )2 cos2 + f (x )2 sin2 f (x )2 (f (x )2 + 1)
= f (x ) 1 + f (x )2 .
Examples, IX
Example (continued) We conclude that

b
A(S ) =
D
f (x ) 1 + f (x )2 dA = 2
a
f (x )
1 + f (x )2 dx
i.e.,
b
A(S ) = 2
a
f (x )
1 + f (x )2 dx .
Examples, X
Example Let D R2 , and let S be given by z = f (x , y ). Then S is parametrized as x = x, so that rx = i + and thus i j rx ry = 1 0 0 1 k
f x f y
y = y,
z = f (x , y ),
f k x
and
ry = j +
f k y
f f i j + k. x y
Examples, XI
Example (continued) Consequently, we obtain |rx ry | = and thus A(S ) =

D
1+
f x
f y
1+
f x
f y
dA.
Examples, X
Example Let S be the surface given by z = x 2 + 2y above the triangle with the vertices (0, 0), (1, 0), and (1, 1). Determine A(S ). Set D := {(x , y ) : x [0, 1], 0 y x }. Then:
1 x
A(S ) =
D
1 + (2x )2 + 22 dA =
0 1 0 9
4x 2 + 5 dy dx 1 8 u du 1 (27 5 5). 12
=
0
4x 2 + 5 dx = = 1 3 u2 12
5 u =9
=
u =5
Examples, XI
Example Let S be the paraboloid given by z = x 2 + y 2 beneath the plane z = 4. What is A(S )? Note that D = {(x , y ) : x 2 + y 2 4}, so that
2 2
A(S ) =
D
1 + 4x 2 + 4y 2 dA =
0 2
1 + 4r 2 r dr d 4
0 17
= 2
0
1 + 4r 2 dr = = 3 u2 6
u du
1 u =17
=
u =1
(17 17 1). 6

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MATH 209 Calculus, III Volker Runde Parametric surfaces and their areas

MATH 209Calculus, III

Edmonton, Fall 2011

for (x , ) [a, b ] [0, 2 ].

Surface area, III

The general case (continued) Therefore,

Parametric surfaces and their areas

m |ru (uj , vk ) rv (uj , vk )|u v

Example (continued) We thus obtain:

Parametric surfaces and their areas

Example Let f (x ) 0 for x [a, b ], and let S be given by x = x, y = f (x ) cos , z = f (x ) sin

for x [a, b ] and [0, 2 ]. Then: rx = i + f (x ) cos j + f (x ) sin k, r = f (x ) sin j + f (x ) cos k.

Example (continued) We conclude that

Example (continued) Consequently, we obtain |rx ry | = and thus A(S ) =

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