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Children have been found to be able to use hypnosis to alter their responses to painful stimuli, airway reactivity, brainstem evoked responses, and peripheral blood flow. Children with leukemia use less antiemetic medication to reduce chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting when they have been taught self-hypnosis. Hypnotic capacity is the ability to focus narrowly and intensify one's concentration and perception while diminishing awareness of all other stimuli.
Children have been found to be able to use hypnosis to alter their responses to painful stimuli, airway reactivity, brainstem evoked responses, and peripheral blood flow. Children with leukemia use less antiemetic medication to reduce chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting when they have been taught self-hypnosis. Hypnotic capacity is the ability to focus narrowly and intensify one's concentration and perception while diminishing awareness of all other stimuli.
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Children have been found to be able to use hypnosis to alter their responses to painful stimuli, airway reactivity, brainstem evoked responses, and peripheral blood flow. Children with leukemia use less antiemetic medication to reduce chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting when they have been taught self-hypnosis. Hypnotic capacity is the ability to focus narrowly and intensify one's concentration and perception while diminishing awareness of all other stimuli.
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Hypnosis in Children Hypnosis can be used to strengthen a child's naturally ability to focus his or her concentration and imagination to change symptoms, physiology, and behavior. It can be incorporated into all clinical encounters in order to increase the physicians therapeutic rapport and positive expectancy. I. Mechanism of Hypnosis A. Hypnotic capacity is the ability to focus narrowly and intensify one's concentration and perception while diminishing awareness of all other stimuli. B. Examples of common hypnotic trance states include deep thought and prayer. The person in hypnosis is more willful than in usual, less intense states of awareness. Children often keep their eyes open and remain physically active in hypnosis. C. All hypnosis is a form of self-hypnosis. The highly trained practitioner using the tool of hypnosis is a facilitator. D. The expressions guided imagery and imagination training are sometimes used to refer to hypnosis. These may be useful terms for introducing concepts to children and their families. II. Clinical Benefits of Hypnosis A. Children have been found to be able to use hypnosis to alter their responses to painful stimuli, airway reactivity, brainstem evoked responses, and peripheral blood flow. B. Hypnosis has been shown to reduce the frequency and intensity of childhood migraine headaches more effectively than propranolol or placebo. Children with leukemia use less antiemetic medication to reduce chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting when they have been taught self-hypnosis. 2 D:\FILES\A_BOOKS\Pediatric 5 Minute Reference\Prep\Hypnosis.wpd Pediatric Problems That Respond to Hypnosis Anxiety associated with procedures or illness Nail biting Attention deficit disorders Nightmares Cerebral palsy Pain associated with acute problems (injuries, procedures) Conditioned nausea and vomiting Pain associated with chronic disease (malignancy, hemophilia, Diabetes mellitus sickle cell disease) Dysfluencies Performance anxiety Encopresis Pruritus Enuresis Reflex sympathetic dystrophy Facial tics Thumb sucking Habitual coughs Trichotillomania Insomnia Migraine syndromes III. Methodology A. Language 1. Trained clinicians use language carefully in hypnosis. The tone, pace, and semantics all must suggest confidence in the child's own ability, creating a sense of positive expectancy. Words such as will and is are used (eg, You will feel numbness beginning in your hand). 2. The child's or adolescent's own terms are used for the sensations and experience, and The wording must give the young person a sense of mastery and control, such as "I wonder if...,'' "You will discover...." B. Steps in Hypnotherapy Method 1. Rapport. The first step establishes a therapeutic rapport by assessing and joining in the young person's motivation and goals. This may be implicit: "I wonder if you know how to keep this needle from bothering you? 2. Trance Initiation. The second step involves the initiation of a hypnotic trance. In the context of a fearful experience, one might say: ''I bet this would bother you less if you were in another place. Where would you rather be? Please tell me. Can you imagine being there now? Good! When we start to do the needle poke you will be surprised how easy it is to go there.'' Methods of trance induction help children narrow their focus of concentration and absorb their imagination. Methods that are intriguing, challenging, and fun that enhances the child's mastery and self-control will work. 3. Therapy in Trance. This often follows from the trance initiation technique, as in, "You will begin to notice that relaxed numbness in your back. See how your back does not mind the needle touching you? 3 D:\FILES\A_BOOKS\Pediatric 5 Minute Reference\Prep\Hypnosis.wpd 4. Hypnotic Methodologies for Children a. Reframing. Altering sensations: pain >> bother >> itch >> pecking like a little bird. b. Dissociation. Leaving the discomfort here while you "go" to another place; not noticing it, as though it wasn't even there; where it won't bother you. c. Healing Imagery. Using images of healing lights, beams, growing a healthy garden, etc. d. Trip Around the Body. Using a miniature "you" to travel around the body, visiting healthy and problem areas, making repairs, and feeling the improvement. 5. Ratification and Reflection. After the child is asked to "finish imagining for now," the experience should be reviewed. This helps the youngster confirm and understand the experience. IV. Practical Applications of Hypnosis A. Hypnotic strategies can be blended into all pediatric encounters. B. Inviting them to blow that fear away, as imaginary bubbles, provides an intriguing challenge to children. The term "will not bother you" conveys the positive expectancy required for the suggestion to be therapeutic. V. Role of the Parents A. The role of parents in hypnotherapy is pivotal because they: 1) often transmit their anxiety to the child, 2) have great insight into their child's experiences, and 3) have preconceptions about hypnosis that may either interfere with or aid their child's therapy. B. Parents can join with their child by focusing and relaxing. This, in turn, diminishes their transmitted anxiety.