Bab 9 Terusan

BAB 9.
KIMIA AIRTANAH, FENOMENA DISPERSI DAN POLUSI

9.17.
HIGH CONCENTRATION OF ULTRABASIC ROCK

TRACE ELEMENTS AN EXAMPLE OF
GROUNDWATER ROCK INTERACTION CASE STUDY :
MALILI DISTRICT, SOUTH SULAWESI
Abstract
The idea of different rocks give different chemical reflection to
groundwater has hardly been considered. This paper gives a short

glimpse of trace elements occurrence in groundwater as a result of
water-rock interaction processes.
The case study is Malili, located on 14 km NE of Makasar,
South Sulawesi. The geological condition is consisted mainly of MidTertiary Ultrabasic Rocks and Serpentinite Boulder, overlain by Late
Tertiary limestone and sandstone layers. Both units are faulted and
folded. The youngest layer is thin Quaternary Lake Deposits and
Alluvial Plain Deposits. The problem is the possibilities of groundwater
contamination. This paper is mainly discussing the natural control to
unconfined groundwater contamination, based on the following
analysis on: aquifer observations, water quality data (dug wells, 4
springs, 10 river sampling sites), and soil chemical data (5 samples).
The data show that the trace elements concentrations are high
both in water and residual soil. The field values of Co +, Ni+, As+, Zn2+,
CN- in groundwater are commonly lower than the maximum
permissible limit. The condition does not apply to Cr + concentration
(0.140.332mg/l), which is higher than the limit (00.05mg/l).
Moreover, the physicalchemical properties of groundwater shows a
normal temperature (2432.8oC) and moderately low conductivity
235
BAB 9. KIMIA AIRTANAH, FENOMENA DISPERSI DAN POLUSI

measurements (62390S/cm). However, the pH measurements show
wide extend of values from 5.6910.12.
The trace elements composition in residual soil shows high Ni+
content (1056-2200mg/l), while the Cr+ concentration ranges from
700mg/l to 1600mg/l and Co+ concentration 160200mg/l. The other
trace elements have low measurements, range from 0.1650.9mg/l.
These high readings have contaminated the groundwater through waterrock interaction.
From the study, it can be concluded that unconfined
groundwater is very vulnerable to man-made or natural contamination.
Furthermore, the geological condition is one of the factor influencing
the groundwater quality and must be carefully considered as natural
source contamination.
Keywords: Natural source contamination, water-rock interaction,
physical-chemical properties of groundwater
9.17.1. INTRODUCTION
Groundwater contamination has been one of major issues in
water resources. Most of the contamination cases are man-made
contamination source from industries, agriculture, and farms. While
natural-source of contamination based on water-rock interaction
processes has not been completely studied. The idea that different kind
of rocks or soil can give different chemical of groundwater has never
been considered. This paper give short glimpse of the occurrence trace
elements in groundwater as a result of water-rock interaction (geologyrelated) process.
236

Malili, the case study area in this paper, is located on 14 km NE of
Makasar, on the coastal area of Bone Bay in South Sulawesi (Figure
1). According to Simanjuntak (1991), the geological condition in such
area is consisted mainly of Mid Tertiary Ultrabasic Rocks and
Serpentinite Boulder, overlain by Late Tertiary limestone and
sandstone layers. Both units are already faulted and folded. The
youngest layer are thin Quartenary Lake Deposits and Aluvial Plain
Deposits. The overall geological map and stratigraphic units is shown
in Figure 32
In the early 80s, Malili was developed as a settlement area. As
the area developed, in 1999, the locals started to question the
groundwater quality, although there were not yet any reported evidence
of physical effects. This paper is mainly discussing the possibility of
geological control to groundwater contamination.
MALILI
Figure 9.32 Study area

location
237
Aliran airtanah
regional
0
Endapan aluvial
200
m
Batuan ultrabasa
35
0
30
25
0
0
20
150
10
0
0
Figure 9.33 Geological map and stratigraphic units of the study area
(Simanjuntak, 1991)
238

9.17.2. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The purpose of the study is to find out the recharge-discharge
system of groundwater. The system recognition used as a basis to
determine the origin of trace elements contamination on groundwater in
the area.
9.17.3. METHODOLOGY
The study is mainly based on 3 stages (Figure 3): pre-field
survey, field survey, and post field survey. The pre-field survey
consisted of desk study about the geological and water chemical data
from previous research.
Based on the desk study, the field works was performed, comprised of:
1. Observations of aquifer characteristics on springs and dug
wells.
2. Water quality (major elements: Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K-, Cl-, SO42-,
HCO3-) data sampling on 4 dug wells, 4 springs, 10 river
sampling sites.
3. Soil chemical (trace elements: Cr+, Co+, Ni+, As+, Zn2+, CN-)
data sampling (5 samples)
239
PREFIELD
SURVEY
REVIEW
REGIONAL GEOLOGICAL
CONDITION
FIELD OBSERVATION
FIELD
SURVEY
GEOLOGICAL
CONDITION
SPRING AND DUG WELL
Observation on:
Soil, rock exposures
Sampling of:
Soil
Aquifer observation on:

Spring and dug well
geometry
Water sampling from:
Spring and dug wells
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
Major elements
Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K-, Cl-, SO42-,
HCO3Trace elements
Cr+, Co+, Ni+, As+, Zn2+, CN-
POSTFIELD
SURVEY
Results:
The local recharge-discharge system of
groundwater
The origin of trace elements contents on
groundwater
Figure 9.34. Flowchart of the study
240

9.17.4. DATA
The data show that the trace elements concentration are high
both in all types of water and residual soil. The field values of six types
of trace elements (Co+, Ni+, As+, Zn2+, CN-) in groundwater are
commonly lower than the maximum permissible limit (Table 9.7). The
condition does not apply to Cr+ concentration (0.14 0.332 mg/l),
which is higher than the limit (0 0.05 mg/l).
Table 9.7. Trace elements concentration in groundwater
Trace elements
Cr+
Co+
Ni+
As+
Zn2+
CN-
Concentration
(mg/l)
0.14 - 0.332
0.03 0.189
0.001 0.02
0.01
0.018 0.06
0.01
Max Permissible Limit (mg/l)

(from various sources)
0 - 0.05
0
0
0
0
0
The trace elements of composition in groundwater shows

similarities with the composition in residual soil (Table 9.8). The data
shows that Ni+ content is high, ranges between 1056 mg/l up to 2200
mg/l, while the Cr+ concentration ranges from 700 mg/l to 1600 mg/l
and Co+ concentration of 160 200 mg/l. The other trace elements
have low measurements, range from 0.16 50.9 mg/l.
Table 9.8. Trace elements concentration in residual soil
Trace elements
Cr+
Co+
Ni+
As+
Zn2+
Concentration (mg/l)
700 1600
160 200
1056 2200
0.2 1
24.3 50.9
241

The physical chemical properties data of groundwater show a
normal temperature (24 32.8 oC) and moderately low conductivity
measurements (62 390 S/cm). However, the pH measurements show
wide extend of values from 5.69 10.12.
Table 9.9. Value ranges of Physical and chemical properties of
groundwater
Water type
Properties
Physical properties
Value
Groundwater
River water
Rain water
Temperature (oC)
pH
Conductivity (S/cm)
Chemical properties
(Major
elements)
(meq/l)
Ca2+
Mg2+
Na+
K+
HCO3ClSO42CO3-
24 32,800
5,69 10,120
6 39
26
7,8 8,0
212 285
22
6.8
0.6
0,08 9,30
1,96 5,96
6,90 0,11
0,004 0,02
0,07 3,26
0,11 0,19
0,07 0,08
0,39 0,80
0,01 0,06
0,44 0,49
0
0 0,02
0,04
0,01
0,01
0,01 0,04
0,001
0,40
0,10
0,005
0,04
0,05
0,01
0,01
9.17.5. ANALYSIS
The data shows that the physical and chemical properties of
groundwater is similar to rain water. The condition is clearly proved by
Piper plot illustrating bicarbonate type groundwater and rain water
(Figure 9.35). The low conductivity shows low to moderate
mineralization process and fast contact time between groundwater and
the aquifer (Matthess, 1981; Freeze dan Cherry, 1979; Puradimaja,
1992). All the similar properties between the groundwater and rain
water data demonstrates that the groundwater in the area is part of
242

meteoric water circulation with local recharge and discharge system
groundwater (Oman et.al, 1998; Irawan et.al, 2002).
Moreover, the high trace elements (Cr, Co, Ni, As)
concentration on groundwater and river streams are confirmed by the
high concentration in the residual soil aquifer. According to (Williams
et.al, 1954), ultramafic rock contains minerals with high magnesium,
nickel, and chrome. Some of the minerals is descripted below:
Olivine ([Mg,Fe]2SiO4)
Piroxene group: Enstatit (MgSiO3), hipersthen ([Mg,Fe]SiO 3),

Augite (XY[Z2O6]) with X (Na+, Ca2+, Mn2+, Fe2+, Mg2+, Li+), Y
(Mn2+, Mg2+, Fe3+, Al3+, Cr3+, Ti4+)
Based on the data and supported by the local recharge-discharge system

analysis, the geological conditions are the factors influencing the
groundwater quality. Interaction between groundwater and ultrabasic
rock and soil has given trace elements mineralization and increase the
trace elements concentration on groundwater (Figure 5) (Oman et.al,
1998; Irawan et.al, 2002).
243
10
0
100
G ro u n d w a te r
R iv e r w a t e r
SO
+ C
l
g
+ M
Ca
R a in w a te r
26
100
Mg
SO
+ K
Na
+ H
CO
100
10
0
1
CO
10
10
10
C l
C a
Figure 9.35. Piper diagram of groundwater. The dominant groundwater

facies is bicarbonate type water. Bicarbonate facies of
groundwater is similar to rain water dominant anion. The
similar composition is indicated that the groundwater is
part of meteoric water circulation (Oman, 1998; Irawan
et.al, 2002).
244
Effective Rainfall
Dug
well
Lapisan
Impermeabel
Infiltration
2m
Residual Soil
Water table
Ground
water
movement
Tertiary Ultrabasic Rocks

Figure 9.36. Simplified cross section of the aquifer (from well
observation). The aquifer is composed of thin residual soil
of ultrabasic rocks (2 m). The water-rock interaction
proceeds as the rain water infiltrates and percolates in the
residual soil to the saturated zone (Oman, 1998; Irawan
et.al, 2002).
9.17.6. CONCLUSIONS
1. Natural condition, especially the geological features can highly
influence the groundwater quality.
2. The mapping of recharge-discharge system of groundwater is very
important in determining the expected quality of groundwater.
3. Considering the major role of geological condition, designing water
supply system as part of regional planning must consider the
surface and subsurface factors (geological factores) to water
quality, the surface water as well as groundwater quality.
245

9.18. PENDUGAAN ASAL MULA DAN ALIRAN AIR PADA
AKIFER BAHAN VOLKANIK BERDASARKAN
PERUNUTAN ISOTOP STABIL (2H dan 18O)
Sari
Kompleks Mataair Zweembat di Kota Sabang-Nangroe Aceh
Darussalam merupakan salah satu sumber pemasok air utama bagi

masyarakat daerah tersebut, terdiri dari dua kelompok, yaitu kelompok
Mataair PDAM dan kelompok Mataair TNI-AL.
Kelompok Mataair TNI-AL mempunyai debit bervariasi 27 35
l/detik, merupakan mataair kontak dengan sumber utama berasal dari
air Danau Aneuk Laot yang mengalir secara relatif lebih cepat di dalam
akifer bebas produktif berupa Tuf Kristal dan Tuf Batuapung. Hal ini
ditunjukkan oleh simpangan konsentrasi Deuterium sebesar - 30 dan
Oksigen-18 sebesar - 3 , pada garis evaporasi air permukaan;
kandungan ion bikarbonat yang relatif rendah (2,28-2,67 meq/l) dan
tidak adanya kandungan ion sulfat.
Kelompok Mataair PDAM merupakan mataair depresi dengan
debit 10 l/detik mempunyai sumber utama berupa resapan air hujan
yang mengalir melalui akifer bebas berupa batuan Tuf Kristal dan Tuf
Batuapung dengan aliran yang sangat lambat. Hal ini ditunjukkan
dengan posisi contoh air yang berimpit dengan garis air meteorik serta
mempunyai simpangan konsentrasi Deuterium sebesar - 40 dan
Oksigen-18 sebesar - 7 ; dipengaruhi oleh emisi gas CO 2 dan SO2
yang berasal dari bawah permukaan melalui patahan terbenam; dan
tingginya kandungan ion bikarbonat (4,65-5,04 meq/l) dan sulfat (0,10,25 meq/l).
246

Kata kunci: Perunutan isotop stabil, Deuterium, Oksigen-18, Emisi
gas CO2 dan SO2, Sistem akifer bahan volkanik
Abstract
The Zweembat spring complex, which is located in Sabang-
Nangroe Aceh Darussalam, is one of the main water source for the area,
consist of two groups: PDAM spring complex and TNI-AL spring
complex.
The TNI-AL spring group is a group of contact spring, with
water discharge varied between 27 l/sec to 35l/sec. The water source is
from Aneuk Laot lake, which flows rapidly through free aquifer of Tuf
Crystal and Tuf Lithic. This condition is indicated by the Deuterium
deviation of 30 and Oxygen-18 of 3 forming surface water
evaporation line; low bicarbonate ion (2,28-2,67 meq/l) and no trace of
sulphate ion.
The PDAM spring group is a group of depression springs with
10 l/sec of total discharge which originated from rain water recharge.
The water then flows slowly through free aquifer of Tuf Crystal and
Tuf Lithic, as shown by the data plots adjacent to meteoric water line
with Deuterium deviation 40 and Oxygen-18 7 . The water is
influenced by CO2 and SO2 gas emission from subsurface through
buried reverse fault, as indicated by high bicarbonate ion (4,65-5,04
meq/l) and sulphate (0,1-0,25 meq/l).
Key word: Stable isotope tracer, Deuterium, Oxygen-18, CO2 and SO2
gas emission, Volcanic deposit aquifer system
247

9.18.1. LATAR BELAKANG
Kompleks mataair Zweembat terletak pada elevasi 20 meter
diatas permukaan laut (mdpl) dan 3,5 km di sebelah selatan Kota
Sabang D.I Nangroe Aceh Darussalam. Kompleks mataair Zweembat
terdiri dari dua kelompok mataair. Pertama memiliki empat mataair
berdebit kumulatif sebesar 27-35 liter/detik, yang digunakan sebagai
sumber air oleh PDAM Tirta Aneuk Laot (selanjutnya disebut Mataair
PDAM). Kedua terdiri dari dua mataair berdebit kumulatif 10
liter/detik, dijadikan sumber air oleh TNI-AL (selanjutnya disebut
Mataair TNI-AL).
Di sebelah selatan kompleks mataair Zweembat terletak Danau
Aneuk Laot. Danau tersebut mempunyai permukaan air rata-rata pada
elevasi 27 mdpl dengan ketinggian maksimum hingga luas 40 mdpl,
berukuran luas 40 hektar dengan kedalaman rata-rata 20 m. Pada
musim hujan, muka air danau dapat naik mencapai 2 m dari posisi
normal. Lokasi penelitian ditampilkan pada Gambar 1.
Lingkup penelitian ini meliputi identifikasi kondisi hidrogeologi
aliran air dari Danau Aneuk Laot ke Mataair Zweembat yang mengalir
melalui akifer bahan volkanik berdasarkan perunutan alamiah isotop
stabil (Deuterium dan Oksigen-18) dalam air.
248
Gambar 9.37. Daerah penelitian, terletak di kawasan Danau Aneuk

Laot
9.18.2. TAHAPAN PENELITIAN
Dalam upaya menduga asal mula dan relasi aliran air dari
Danau Aneuk Laot ke Mataair Zweembat yang mengalir melalui akifer
bahan volkanik, dilakukan analisis ulang terhadap data sekunder berupa
data lapangan geolistrik dan pemboran (Tim DPPW, 2001) serta
analisis terhadap data primer berupa hasil analisis kimia fisika airtanah
dan perunutan alami dengan menggunakan isotop stabil (Deuterium dan
Oksigen-18). Tahapan penelitian disajikan pada Gambar 9.38.
249
1.
2.
Data geologi permukaan

Data geologi bawah permukaan
(Uji geolistrik dan pemboran inti)
Data primer: Observasi kondisi hidrogeologi

di lapangan
Studi data sekunder
(Sumber: Tim DPPW, 2001)
AIR PADA
AKIFER SISTEM
ENDAPAN
VOLKANIK
PENDUGAAN
ASAL MULA
DAN ALIRAN
Jarak (x 10 meter)
Tenggara
Baratlaut
Lapisan
Impermeabel
Lapisan
Gambar 9.38.Diagram alir tahapan penelitian
250

9.18.3. KAJIAN TEORI
9.18.3.1. Distribusi Isotop Stabil Deuterium dan Oksigen-18 di Alam
Terdapat empat jenis isotop penting dalam studi hidrogeologi
dan lingkungannya, yaitu Tritium (3H), Karbon-14 (14C), Deuterium
(2H), dan Oksigen-18 (18O) (Freeze dan Cherry, 1979). Isotop Tritium
dan Karbon-14 digunakan sebagai penunjuk umur airtanah, sedangkan
isotop Deuterium dan Oksigen-18 digunakan sebagai indikator asal
mula sumber airtanah. Deskripsi kelimpahan relatif dan jenis isotop
Deuterium dan Oksigen-18 dalam air, dapat dilihat pada Tabel 9.9..
Tabel 9.10. Distribusi jumlah isotop alam Deuterium dan Oksigen-18
dalam air (Freeze dan Cherry, 1979)
Isotop
2
H (Deuterium)
O (Oksigen-18)
18
Kelimpahan relatif
()
0,016
0,2
Jenis
Stabil
Stabil
Deuterium umumnya tidak terpengaruh oleh reaksi dengan

material penyusun akifer pada temperatur rendah. Demikian juga
halnya dengan Oksigen-18, juga tidak sensitif untuk bereaksi dengan
Silikat pada temperatur rendah selama periode singkat (lebih kecil dari
1 juta tahun).
9.18.3.2 Pengukuran Kandungan Isotop Stabil dalam Air
Pada penelitian ini, pengukuran isotop Deuterium dan Oksigen18 dilakukan di Laboratorium Analisis Isotop Unit Teknologi Bidang
Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan BATAN dengan menggunakan
spektrometer massa model Nier, buatan Sira-9 VG ISOGAS dengan
251

ketelitian mencapai 0,01 o/oo. Hasil pengukuran spektrometer massa
dihitung dalam bentuk perbedaan relatif rasio massa () contoh air
terhadap larutan standard yang dikenal sebagai Standard Mean Ocean
Water (SMOW) dalam satuan per mil (o/oo), dimana:
= ((Rcontoh air RSMOW) / RSMOW) x 1000 o/oo
Catatan:
= o/oo; rasio D/H dan
18
O/16O contoh terhadap
SMOW
Rcontoh air
18
O/16O contoh diukur
= rasio D/H dan
pada spektrometer massa

RSMOW =
rasio
D/H
dan
18
O/16O
SMOW
pada
spektrometer massa
Untuk keperluan kalibrasi, digunakan standard IAEA yaitu SMOW
yang menetapkan nilai 18O dan D= 0,0
/oo atau standard SLAP
(Standard Light Antartic Precipitation) yang menggunakan nilai

terkecil kandungan 18O dan D di alam sebagai koreksi, dimana nilai
18O= - 55,5 dan D= - 42,8 terhadap SMOW. Komposisi 18O
dan D yang terukur diplot pada grafik dengan D pada sumbu y dan
18O pada sumbu x.
Korelasi konsentrasi Deuterium (D) dan Oksigen-18 (18O)
membentuk Garis Air Meteorik (Meteoric Water Line). Garis tersebut
menggambarkan korelasi konsentrasi Deuterium dan Oksigen-18 yang
diperoleh dari survei air hujan global, dengan persamaan umum
menurut Dansgaard (1964) adalah sebagai berikut.
D o/oo = 8 D o/oo + 10
252
Konsentrasi Deuterium dan Oksigen-18 bervariasi pada setiap daerah.

Oleh karena itu, setiap daerah akan memiliki Garis Air Meteorik Lokal
dengan persamaan yang berbeda. Dari persamaan Garis Air Meteorik
Global dapat diturunkan persamaan umum untuk Garis Air Meteorik
Lokal sebagai berikut, dengan nilai X dipengaruhi oleh faktor
topografi:
D o/oo = 8 D o/oo + X
9.18.3.3 Analisis Kandungan Isotop Stabil (Deuterium dan
Oksigen-18)
Perubahan
kandungan
isotop
sepanjang
aliran
airtanah
merefleksikan perkiraan lokasi kawasan resapan dan luasan, serta

proses yang terjadi dalam periode pengaliran (Fritz dan Fontes, 1988),
dengan membandingkan variasi kandungan isotop Deuterium dan
Oksigen-18 pada air hujan dan airtanah. Menurut Gat (1971) dan Hoefs
(1987), penyebab variasi kandungan isotop Deuterium dan Oksigen-18
pada air hujan dan airtanah adalah:
1. Adanya kontribusi resapan dari air permukaan (sungai, danau,
maupun bentuk air permukaan lainnya), yang sebagian telah
teruapkan.
2. Adanya pencampuran dengan air hujan yang terjadi pada masa
lampau, dengan kandungan isotop stabil yang berbeda.
3. Terjadinya proses fraksinasi isotop sebagai akibat adanya reaksi
antara airtanah dengan batuan.
253

Tingginya kandungan Deuterium dan Oksigen-18 pada air
danau disebabkan tingginya proses penguapan (Domenico dan
Schwartz, 1990), sehingga membentuk garis penguapan air permukaan.
Proses tersebut meningkatkan kandungan kedua isotop tersebut pada
mataair yang bersumber dari air danau (Gilath dan Gonfiantini, 1983).
Gambar 3 menggambarkan perubahan konsentrasi Deterium dan
Oksigen-18 serta proses yang menyebabkannya (Domenico dan
Schwartz, 1990).
Hidrasi
silikat
Reaksi
dengan H2S
D
()
Garis Air Meteorik

Penguapan air
permukaan
T tinggi
T rendah
Reaksi dengan
mineral batuan
Pada T tinggi
Reaksi dengan CO2/

Reaksi dengan batuan pada T rendah
Pengembunan
18O
()
Gambar 9.39 Penyimpangan komposisi isotop terhadap garis air
meteorik akibat berbagai proses (Domenico dan
Shcwartz, 1990)
254

9.18.4. KONDISI HIDROGEOLOGI UMUM
9.18.4.1. Deskripsi Akifer dan Lapisan Impermeabel
Penyebaran batuan dan penampang geologi daerah penelitian
disajikan pada Gambar 4. Deskripsi sifat fisik berdasarkan data
pemboran inti dan data konduktivitas hidrolik berdasarkan uji
konduktivitas hidrolik masing-masing jenis satuan batuan dari tua ke
muda dirinci dalam Tabel 9.11.
Daerah penelitian tersusun oleh batuan volkanik berumur
Kuarter dengan urutan dari tua ke muda: Lava Andesit (simbol +),
Breksi Andesit (simbol ), Tuf Kristal (simbol v), dan Tuf
Batuapung (simbol vov). Secara umum, litologi penyusun bagian tepi
danau (sisi bagian timur laut), berupa satuan Breksi Andesit, Tuf
Kristal, dan Tuf Batuapung yang memiliki kemiringan ke arah timur
laut. Penyebaran ketiga jenis batuan tersebut terpotong oleh satu sesar
naik dan sesar normal pada bagian timur laut (di luar danau).
A. Satuan Lava Andesit
Satuan batuan Lava Andesit berperan sebagai batuan dasar,
berdasarkan data pemboran. Batuan Lava Andesit berwarna abuabu berbintik hitam, kompak, pejal, dan bersifat kedap air,
sehingga dapat berfungsi sebagai lapisan impermeable di daerah
penelitian. Penyebaran satuan ini mengikuti topografi yang
semakin rendah elevasinya dari arah barat ke arah timur. Pada
bagian bawah danau, batuan ini mempunyai posisi yang relatif
datar.
B. Satuan Breksi Andesit
Di atas Satuan Lava Andesit diendapkan Satuan Breksi Andesit
yang tersingkap pada bagian timur laut Danau Aneuk Laot.
255

Batuan ini berwarna abu-abu, terdiri dari masa dasar berupa tuf
berwarna putih dengan besar butir berukuran pasir dan fragmen
berupa batuan beku andesit berukuran 0,5 meter dengan
pemilahan sedang sampai dengan buruk.
C. Satuan Tuf Kristal
Di bagian atas Satuan Lava Andesit diendapkan Satuan Tuf
Kristal yang tersingkap disekitar kelompok Mataair PDAM dan
di sebelah timur Danau Aneuk Laot. Batuan ini berwarna coklat
muda, berbutir pasir, berporositas baik, dan bersifat lulus air.
Satuan Tuf Kristal ini merupakan akifer bebas dengan nilai
konduktivitas hidrolik 4,3 x 10-5 cm/detik. Mataair yang muncul
dari akifer ini berjenis mataair kontak.
D. Satuan Tuf Batuapung
Satuan Tuf Batuapung tersingkap di bagian utara Danau Aneuk
Laot. Satuan ini tersusun oleh masa dasar tuf berwarna putih
dengan besar butir berukuran pasir dan fragmen batuan beku
andesit. Fragmen batuapung berwarna coklat muda, berbutir
sedang sampai halus, agak lapuk, dapat hancur bila diremas,
cukup ringan, dan sangat porous. Satuan Tuf Batuapung ini
merupakan akifer bebas dengan nilai konduktivitas hidrolik 1,4 x
10-3 cm/detik hingga 8,4 x 10-4 cm/detik. Mataair yang muncul
dari akifer ini berjenis depresi.
Berdasarkan penampang AB pada peta geologi (Gambar 4),
akifer Tuf Batuapung mempunyai kemiringan lapisan ke arah timur
laut, dibatasi bagian bawahnya oleh akifer Tuf Kristal. Dua satuan
batuan termuda (Satuan Tuf Batuapung dan Tuf Kristal) berperan
256

sebagai akifer produktif dan menjadi fokus penelitian relasi air danau
dan mataair.
Tabel 9.11 Nilai uji konduktivitas hidrolik terhadap contoh uji
pemboran
Kode
Kedalaman
(m)
Litologi
BH-01
1-5
BH-02
5-10
10-15
15-20
1-5
Tanah
Pelapukan
Tuf batuapung
BH-03
5-10
10-15
15-20
20-25
25-30
1-5
5-10
10-15
15-20
Breksi Andesit
Tanah
Pelapukan
Tuf batuapung
Breksi Andesit
Tuf Kristal
Tanah
Pelapukan
Tuf batuapung
Breksi Andesit
257
Konduktivitas
hidrolik
(cm/det)
7,2 x 10-5
1,4 x 10-3
5,6 x 10-4
7,3 x 10-4
6,4 x 10-5
3,4 x 10-4
5,8 x 10-4
8,3 x 10-4
4,3 x 10-4
4,3 x 10-5
4,4 x 10-5
8,4 x 10-4
6,4 x 10-4
7,5 x 10-4
Gambar 9.40. Peta geologi dan penampang geologi kawasan Danau

Aneuk Laot dan Kompleks Mataair Zweembat (Tim
DPPW, 2001)
9.18.4.2 Struktur Geologi
Sebanyak 11 sesar minor didapatkan dari dua lintasan seismik
berarah baratdaya-timur laut, sedangkan dua sesar utama didapatkan
dari analisis foto udara dan peta geologi (Gambar 5). Sebanyak enam
sesar minor dan satu sesar utama mempunyai arah umum utara-selatan,
tiga sesar minor dan satu sesar utama berarah baratlaut-tenggara, satu
258

sesar minor berarah barat-timur, dan satu sesar minor berarah timurlautbaratdaya.
9.18.4.3 Kondisi Bawah Permukaan
Tim DPPW pada tahun 2001 telah melakukan pemboran inti
dan pengukuran geolistrik di daerah penelitian. Tiga buah pemboran
inti dilakukan pada bagian utara Danau Aneuk Laot dengan penyebaran
membentuk garis lurus berorientasi barat-timur (titik BH 1, BH 2, BH
3). Sementara dua buah uji geolistrik dilakukan pada bagian timur
danau, dengan lintasan kearah barat laut-tenggara. Distribusi lokasi
pengambilan data pemboran inti dan geolistrik dapat dilihat pada
Gambar 9.41
9.18.4.3.1 Pemboran Inti
Pemboran inti dilakukan pada titik BH-01, BH-02, BH-04
(Gambar 6) dengan kedalaman pemboran berkisar antara 20 hingga 30
m. Titik-titik pemboran tersebut terletak di bagian utara danau.
Berdasarkan data pemboran inti, didapatkan urutan perlapisan batuan
yang sama, yaitu dari tua ke muda: Tuf Batuapung, Tuf Kristal, Breksi
Andesit, dan Lava Andesit.
259
Gambar 9.41.Sebaran sesar normal hasil interpretasi penampang

seismik di Kawasan Danau Aneuk Laot (Tim DPPW,
2001)
260
Gambar 9.42. Peta sebaran titik uji geolistrik dan pemboran inti
(Tim DPPW, 2001)
9.18.4.3.2 Uji Geolistrik
Uji geolistrik dilakukan pada dua titik pengukuran GL 01 dan
GL 03 dengan arah lintasan baratlaut tenggara, yaitu pada sisi timur
laut danau. Hasil analisis memperlihatkan kisaran nilai resistivitas
antara 0 sampai dengan lebih besar dari 1000 m (Gambar 9.43.).
Hasil pengukuran resistivitas setelah divalidasi pada data pemboran
diperoleh perlapisan Tuf Kristal (0 - 10 m), Tuf batuapung (10 - 50
m), Breksi Andesit (50 - 1000 m), Lava Andesit (> 1000 m).
Perlapisan yang teridentifikasi mempunyai kemiringan ke arah
tenggara. Walaupun menunjukkan urutan perlapisan yang mirip, namun
secara detail ditemui variasi perlapisan yang sangat beragam.
261

Lapisan
Impermea
bel
Lapisan
Impermea
bel
Lapisan
Impermeabel
Gambar 9.43. Korelasi nilai resistivitas batuan pada lintasan geolistrik

GL01 dan GL03 (Tim DPPW, 2001)
9.18.4.4 Sifat Fisik-Kimia Air
Sebanyak 20 contoh air telah diambil untuk pengujian ion
utama, dengan perincian: 2 dari sumur penduduk, 8 dari air danau, 4
dari mataair TNI-AL, 6 dari mataair PDAM. Sebaran titik pengambilan
contoh dapat dilihat pada Gambar 9.44 Unsur utama yang diukur
konsentrasinya meliputi: Kalsium (Ca2+), Natrium (Na+), Magnesium
(Mg2+), Kalium
(K-), Klorida (Cl-), Sulfat (SO42-), dan Bikarbonat
(HCO3-), dengan hasil pengukuran secara rinci ditampilkan pada Tabel

3. Plot pada grafik Piper (Gambar 9.45) menunjukkan fasies Kalsium
Bikarbonat (Ca-HCO3).
262

9.18.4.5 Isotop Stabil (Deuterium dan Oksigen-18)
Sebanyak 14 contoh air telah dianalisis kandungan isotop
stabilnya, dengan rincian: 2 contoh air dari sumur penduduk, 4 dari
danau, 2 contoh dari mataair TNI-AL, 6 contoh dari mataair PDAM,
empat contoh air hujan. Berdasarkan hasil plot kandungan D terhadap
18O seperti ditampilkan pada Tabel 9.12, didapatkan:
a) persamaan garis meteorik sebagai berikut:
D = 8,02 18O + 14,79
R2 = 1
b) persamaan garis penguapan adalah sebagai berikut:

D = 5,43 18O - 6,22
R2 = 0,93
Gambar 9.44 Lokasi pengambilan contoh air untuk analisis kimia air
dan isotop stabil
263
Tabel 9.12. Data kimia-fisika air

No
Parameter analisis
Hasil Analisis Laboratorium

Contoh Mataair TNI-AL
Contoh Air Danau Aneuk Laot

Ion Utama (meq/l)
Contoh Air Sumur

Penduduk
Contoh Mataair PDAM
1 Natrium (Na )
D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 T1 T2 T3 T4
0,36 0,43 0,44 0,35 0,3 0,29 0,51 0,3 0,38 0,45 0,4 0,42
P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6
0,66 0,64 0,64 0,66 0,82 0,77
R1
0,72
R2
0,75
2 Kalium (K-)
0,07 0,06 0,09 0,06 0,04 0,05 0,06 0,06 0,07 0,09 0,08 0,09
0,05 0,05 0,05 0,05 0,07 0,06
0,05
0,05
3 Kalsium (Ca2+)
1,03 0,96 0,96
3,66 3,47 3,15 2,89 2,57 2,38
4,37
3,73
0,4 0,55 0,46 0,43
0,79 0,66 0,82 1,11 1,56 1,43
0,34
1,11
5 Bikarbonat (HCO3-)
1,34 1,48 1,48 1,38 1,28 1,38 1,68 1,38 2,67 2,57 2,28 2,47
4,85 5,04 4,65 4,65 4,95 4,65
5,34
4,55
6 Klorida (Cl-)
0,31 0,34 0,26 0,32 0,32 0,31
0,15 0,27 0,26 0,26 0,26
0,2
0,15
0,33
7 Sulfat (SO42-)
0,04 0,01
0,1 0,17
0,25
0,24
Sifat fisik
8 TDS (mg/l)
9 DHL (S/cm) pd T25oC
126 130 126 119 118 113 186 163

158 162 160 151 149 143 236 207
176 206 176 179

223 263 224 227
331 325 308 330 340 338

419 412 390 418 430 428
357
454
357
453
4,79 -6,71 4,92 1,16 0,92 -2,42 -6,02 2,62 -4,75 6,95 2,26 -0,72
0,00 -6,41 -5,09 -4,56 -2,81 -3,93
-2,32
4,83
4 Magnesium (Mg2+)
Ion Balance (%)
1 0,93
0,9 0,96
0,4 0,15 0,43 0,34 0,37 0,37
0 0,01 0,01
0,5
1 1,86 2,22 1,77 1,8

0,4
0,6 0,28 0,31 0,31 0,31 0,31
0 0,01 0,01
0,16 0,17 0,25 0,25
Gambar 9.45. Diagram Piper distribusi kandungan ion-ion utama

dalam contoh air yang berasal dari mataair dan dari
Danau Aneuk Laot

Tabel 9.13 Data simpangan isotop stabil pada contoh air
No.
Kode
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
DI1
DI2
DI3
DI4
RI1
RI2
PI1
PI2
PI3
PI4
PI5
PI6
TI1
TI2
-12
-11
-10
18O () terhadap
SMOW
-3,55
-3,65
-3,20
-3,61
-6,61
-6,66
-6,90
-6,79
-6,70
-6,53
-6,73
-6,47
-3,72
-3,61
-9
-8
-7
-6
D () terhadap
SMOW
-24,30
-29,10
-24,60
-26,80
-42,90
-44,20
-45,50
-40,40
-44,00
-39,70
-39,10
-44,00
-27,20
-21,00
-5
-4
-3
-15
-25
Populasi Mataair
PDAM
D( )
-35
Garis air meteorik

D = 8,02 O18 + 14,79
R2 = 1
Populasi Mataair
TNI AL
Garis penguapan air
permuk aan
D = 5,43 O 18 - 6,23
R 2 = 0,93
-45
-55
-65
-75
-18
O( )
Contoh Air Danau
Contoh Sumur Penduduk
Contoh Mataair TNI-AL
Contoh Air Hujan
Contoh Mataair PDAM
Gambar 9.46 Grafik hubungan D dan 18O yang berasal dari contoh
air: mataair, Danau Aneuk Laot, dan air hujan
10

9.18.5. PENDUGAAN ALIRAN AIR
Berdasarkan plot D dan 18O dijumpai dua populasi mataair:
populasi pertama terdiri dari contoh Mataair PDAM - sumur penduduk
dan populasi kedua terdiri dari contoh Mataair TNI-AL - air Danau
Aneuk Laot. Populasi pertama (PDAM) berada lebih dekat dengan
garis meteorik lokal dengan simpangan konsentrasi Deuterium sebesar
40 dan Oksigen-18 sebesar 7 . Populasi kedua (TNI-AL)
berada lebih jauh dari garis air meteorik lokal dengan simpangan
konsentrasi Deuterium sebesar 30 dan Oksigen-18 sebesar - 3 ,
yaitu berada pada garis penguapan air permukaan. Kondisi tersebut
menunjukkan adanya perbedaan karakter asal mula sumber air, yaitu
sumber air dari air hujan dan dari air danau.
Kelompok Mataair TNI-AL dipengaruhi oleh karakter air
danau. Hal tersebut didukung pula dengan kesesuaian antara fluktuasi
muka air danau dengan fluktuasi debit mataair. Kedua kondisi di atas
menunjukkan bahwa Mataair TNI-AL dan air danau berada pada sistem
aliran yang sama dan saling berhubungan. Aliran air danau ke dalam
akifer Tuf Batuapung dan Tuf Kristal terjadi pada saat ketinggian muka
air danau mencapai batas singkapan kedua satuan batuan tersebut,
seperti ditampilkan pada Gambar 12. Kemudian, air danau akan segera
menyusut seiring dengan proses infiltrasinya ke dalam akifer.
Kemiringan lapisan batuan kearah timur laut mengalirkan air resapan
dari danau menuju Mataair TNI-AL yang berjenis mataair kontak.
Sedangkan Kelompok Mataair PDAM dan sumur penduduk sangat
dipengaruhi oleh karakter air hujan. Hasil proses peresapan kemudian
mengalir melalui akifer bebas berupa Tuf Batuapung dan Tuf Kristal
dengan aliran yang sangat lambat, kemudian muncul ke permukaan
11

dalam bentuk mataair depresi berdebit 10 l/detik. Secara kimiawi,
Mataair PDAM dan sumur penduduk memiliki kandungan ion
bikarbonat dan sulfat yang tinggi, masing-masing 4,65-5,04 meq/l ion
bikarbonat dan 0,1-0,25 meq/l ion sulfat. Penyebab tingginya
kandungan ion tersebut diduga berkaitan dengan keberadaan patahan
terbenam di bawah kawasan pemunculan mataair. Patahan tersebut
diduga menyalurkan emisi gas CO2 dan SO2 dari bawah permukaan.
Gas-gas tersebut menyebabkan terjadinya pengayaan ion bikarbonat
dan sulfat pada air yg muncul di Mataair PDAM.
Lapisan
Impermeabel
Lapisan
akifer
akifer
Gambar 9.47 Model relasi aliran air Danau Aneuk Laot menuju
kelompok Mataair TNI-AL yang dipengaruhi oleh
kondisi musim
9.18.6.. KESIMPULAN
Kelompok Mataair Zweembat terdiri atas kelompok Mataair
TNI-AL dan kelompok Mataair PDAM. Masing-masing kelompok
mataair memiliki asal mula dan aliran airtanah yang berbeda,
berdasarkan sifat kimia-fisika serta parameter isotop stabil Deuterium
dan Oksigen-18.
Populasi Mataair TNI-AL terletak menjauhi garis air meteorik
dengan simpangan konsentrasi Deuterium sebesar - 30 dan Oksigen18 sebesar 3 , yaitu berada pada garis penguapan air permukaan.
12

Kondisi tersebut menunjukkan bahwa sumber air utama
kelompok Mataair TNI-AL adalah air Danau Aneuk Laot, mengalir
melalui akifer bebas berupa Tuf Batuapung dan Tuf Kristal dengan
aliran relatif lebih cepat, ditunjukkan oleh kandungan ion bikarbonat
relatif rendah (2,28-2,67 meq/l) dan tidak adanya kandungan ion sulfat.
Rendahnya kandungan ion tersebut mencirikan terjadinya pasokan
secara menerus dari air danau. Aliran airtanah tersebut kemudian
muncul ke permukaan dalam bentuk mataair kontak dengan debit
bervariasi 27 35 l/detik, bergantung kepada fluktuasi posisi muka air
danau yang berjarak 320 m.
Populasi Mataair PDAM terletak berimpit pada garis air
meteorik dengan simpangan konsentrasi Deuterium sebesar 40 dan
Oksigen-18 sebesar 7 . Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa resapan air
hujan berperan sebagai sumber utama, mengalir melalui akifer bebas
berupa Tuf Batuapung dan Tuf Kristal dengan aliran yang sangat
lambat, dan muncul ke permukaan dalam bentuk mataair depresi
berdebit 10 l/detik. Mataair tersebut dipengaruhi oleh emisi gas CO 2
dan SO2 yang berasal dari bawah permukaan mengalir ke permukaan
melalui patahan terbenam, sebagaimana ditunjukkan dengan tingginya
kandungan ion bikarbonat (4,65-5,04 meq/l) dan sulfat (0,1-0,25
meq/l).
13

9.19. NEW HYDROGEOLOGICAL DETERMINATION OF
NORMAL AND HOT SPRING COMPLEX AT
CIWARINGIN G. KROMONG PESAWAHAN, NORTH OF
CIREMAI VOLCANO, WEST JAVA, INDONESIA
Abstract
In North of Ciremai volcano (3078 meters) - West Java,
Indonesia, many spring and hot spring are present at Ciwaringin - G.

Kromong - Pesawahan Area. Base on field observation, there are I I hot
springs at limestone aquifer, 2 hot springs at intrusive rocks aquifer, 8
normal springs at volcanic aquifer, and 3 normal springs at intrusive
rocks aquifer.
This study consists of 8 hydrochemical analysis (major
elements) from 7 hot spri ngs; 12 hydrochemical analysis from 12
normal springs; and 5 oxygen- isotope ( 18 0) analysis from 4 hot
springs and I normal spring. The methodology used are Piper Diagram,
EC diagram, geothermometric calculation, and isotopic method (Cr vs
180 diagram).
The occurrence of normal and hot springs are controlled by
different geological conditions. Kromong spring zone is found in
intrusive aquifer system and limestone aquifer system. Then Ciremai
spring zone exist in volcanic aquifer system. Normal springs are
located at shallow unconfined aquifer and discharge from fractured lava
or porous media of weathering intrusive rocks. Hot springs in PSB and
PST are controlled by fault structure. While fractured intrusive rocks
control Bobos and Kedondong springs.
14

Water chemistry can be grouped into 4facies: Na-CI/S04, Na/MgHC03, Ca-HC03, and Na-HC03, consist of- Na-HC03 and Ca-HCO3
facies (Normal springs), Na-Cl facies (hot springs: PSBI PSB2, PSB3
and PST]), Na-S04facies (hot springs: PST2), Na/Mg--HC03 (hot
springs: Bobos and Kedondong).
Oxygen-18 isotope analyses indicates that the hot water is
actually a mixing of meteoric water with hot water. The influence of
meteoric water is also shown by the decrease of hot springflow rate in
dry season and the increase in rainy season.
The hot water is predicted from limestone aquifer of Cibulakan
formation. The prediction is also proved by the result from
geothermometry Na/K, which
shows 200 m depth. The upward flow can also drives oil droplets to
surface as oil seeps.
Key words: hydrogeology, hot and normal spring, stable isotope 180,
oil seepage, structural and stratigraphic controlled
9.19.1. BACKGROUND
The study of springs is still important to understand the
complete hydrogeological settings of an area. Normal temperature
spring and hot springs can have a completely different hydrogeological
control. Nevertheless, they can present in short distance. In such
condition, the hydrogeological setting is always interesting to be
detailed studied.
15
Figure 9.48, Location map of the study area

9.19.2. GEOLOGICAL SETTINGS
Kromong area is Middle Miocene Parigi and Upper Cibulakan
Limestone complex, which also known as Kromong Limestone
(Pringgoprawiro, et.al, 1977). These limestones are oil-bearing
formation and have been exploited at Jatibarang oil field. The
16

maximum thickness of Kromong Limestone does not exceed 200 m.
Clay of Kaliwangu Formation (Cisubuh fm by Pringgoprawiro, et.,al
1977) lies conformably on Parigi limestone. Limestone and clay
sediment was intruded by some Late Tertiary-Quaternary Andesitic and
Dasitic intrusions (see fig 9.49). Southern part of area study id
dominated by volcanic product of Ciremai volcanoes, which consist of
lava, volcanic breccia, tuff, and laharic deposit. The area lies 9 to 22
km north of Mt. Ciremai (3078 m), West Java.
Northeast and northwest trending faults and east-west axis fold is
dominating the structure (Djuri, 1995). These structures are resulted
from compressive tectonic and thrust faults system, which had started
since Pliocene. This thrust fault system has cut the oil bearing
formation (Amril, et.,al 199 1).
Kromong Limestone is a karstic limestone; with some features
of dissolution occur in the area. Hot springs emerge from cavities as
seen at PSB2 and* PSB3 (as seen on fig.9.50). The cavities are
probably caused by calcite or dolomite dissolution by hot water
circulation. The cavities come as fracture or opening enlargement along
bedding.
The Kromong area has been developed as limestone source for
cement industries up to now. At the quarry locations some hot springs
present. The hot springs have fluctuated discharge totally 2 I/sec of
groundwater (maximum), which also discharge traces of oil seeps in
form of asphalt. Noticing the condition, the hydrogeological setting is
very interesting to be detailed observed.
17
Figure 9.49. Geological setting of the study area ( adapted from Djuri,
1995)
18
Figure 9.50.Karstic feature is shown at PSB 3 hot spring. Left photo

took on March 2002. Right photo took on April 2002,
after a short dry period.
9.19.3. PROBLEM
The most interesting problem is the genetic of hot springs, including:
Does the groundwater is part of meteoric water, formation water, or the
mixing of the two types?
Where does the high temperature come from?
How is the groundwater flow pattern in relation with the oil/gas

seeps?
All problems need a careful understand of the hydrogeological setting

of the spring complex.
9.19.4. METHOD
The geological setting needs many approaches, from direct and
indirect method (see fig 9.51). The direct method consists of study
previous research, which is in form of geologic and stratigraphic data.
Unfortunately, there are not many data in the study area. Authors have
to refer to some data outside the study area. The objective is to
19

understand the macro geological settings, concerning what is the
aquifer and what is the impermeable layer. Another direct method is the
potentiometric surface mapping, based on springs data. The map will
show the groundwater movement in the area.
The direct method is supported by indirect method, consisting
of. hydrochernical test and isotopic test. Hydrochernical test consists of
the measurement of major element concentration (Ca2+ , Na2+, Mg2- , K+,
CI- S042- ,HC03-). The isotopic test includes measurements of Oxygen18 concentration. water, formation water, or the mixing of the both
types.
The laboratory results then plotted using the following diagram,
plots, and equation: Piper diagram, EC diagram, geothermometric
equation, and standard isotopic plots. All of the analysis and the
interpretations are objected to find out:
The genetic of groundwater in the area: meteoric water,
formation water, or the mixing of the two types.
The source of heat: from volcanic origin or formation

origin.
The groundwater flow pattern.
20
Figure 9.51. flowchart of the study. The study is divided in to 3 steps:

pre-survey, field survey, and post-survey
9.19.5. DATA
Based on field observation during September to Apr 2002,
the author found 24 springs and I mud pool. Springs are consisting of.
11 hot springs of limestone aquifer (temperature between 48 - 58 0C), 2
21

hot springs of intrusive rocks aquifer (temp 31,5 - 36,5 0C), 8 normal
temperature springs (called normal spring later on) of volcanic aquifer
(temp 21,4 - 23,3 0C), and 3 normal springs at intrusive rocks aquifer
(temp 26,8 - 28,3 0C) (see table 9.14).
Moreover, from spring discharge data, on the period of August
2001 September 2001, there were only 2 hot springs with low discharge
(<0, I L/sec) found in this site. During March 2002 to April 2002
period, 8 springs can be observed with total discharge approximately
more than 2 I/sec. At the end of April 2002, the amount of hot springs
decrease to 4.
Table 9.14; The distribution of spring data and obserbation result
22

9.19.6. ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
9.19.6.1. Potentiometric mapping
There are two spring zones: Ciremai spring zone and Kromong
spring zone. For Ciremai spring zone, groundwater flows northward.
This flow-direction is follows the slope of Mt. Ciremai. Water flows
out trough fracture in andesitic basaltic lava with high discharge, up to
170 I/sec at Cibujangga springs (1WAC0, 1990). Rainfall, which
measured at 3 rain gauge stations, is ranging from 1500 to 3000
mm/year (PWD, 2003). There is no data about relation between
fluctuations of spring's discharge to fluctuation of rainfall. The flow is
interpreted as regional flow from Mt. Ciremai.
For Kromong spring zone, all normal springs occurs in
weathering zone of andesitic - dasitic intrusion. Water flows out with
low discharge (<0,5 I/sec) from porous medium. There is no a common
pattern of flow direction. The water flow interpreted as a local flow
from upper part of hill to the hill foot where spring occurs.
The difference at flow pattern in southern and northern part
indicates the presence of two different aquifer systems. The first
(Ciremai zone) is volcanic aquifer system characterized by regional
flow and high discharge. The second (Kromong zone) is intrusive rocks
aquifer characterized by local flow and low discharge. Topographically
low land area and impermeable strata of Kaliwangu Formation separate
both aquifer systems.
23

Table 9.15. The distribution of physical and chemicalmproperties of
Water
No
Locatio
n
Alt
(m)
Date
Temper
atur of
air
(0C0
Temper
atur of
water
(0C)
pH
DHL (
S)
Disc
harge
(l/sec
Hort spring
PSB 1
50
10 Sep 2001
31,6
35,5
)
0,1
Hort spring
PSB 2
50
10 Sep 2001
29,4
33,8
9300
0,1
Hort spring
PSB 1
50
29 Mar 2002
32
48
0,3
Hort spring
PSB 2
50
29 Mar 2002
32
49
12350
0,2
Hort spring
PSB 3
50
29 Mar 2002
32
50
0,4
Hort spring
PSB 4
50
29 Mar 2002
32
53
0,3
Hort spring
PSB 5
50
29 Mar 2002
32
41,5
0,15
Hort spring
PSB 6
50
29 Mar 2002
32
49
8960
0,1
Hort spring
PSB 7
50
5 apr 2002
30,5
58
14100
0,3
10
Hort spring
PSB 8
50
19 Apr 2002
29
54
0,2
11
Hort spring
PST 1
37,50
10 Sep 2001
31,8
38,2
17130
0,005
12
Hort spring
PST 2
37,5
10 Sep 2001
31,8
37
10730
0,005
13
Hort spring
PST 3
37,5
10 Sep 2001
14
Mood pool
100
11 Sep 2001
31,5
31,5
7490
15
Hot spring
Cipana
s
Bobos
150
11 Sep 2001
28
36,5
835
0,35
16
Hot spring
150
09 Oct 2001
29
37,2
1103
0,2
17
Hot spring
150
5 Apr 2002
29
36,5
0,2
18
Normal
spring
Normal
spring
Normal
spring
Normal
spring
Normal
spring
Kedon
dong
Kedon
dong
Tig
herang
Bojong
150
26 Sep 2001
28,6
32,2
108
175
26 Sep8 2001
29
24
118
Tig
Remis
Tig
Nilas
Tig
Cicere
m
Tig
Pancar
225
26 Sep 2001
30.8
21,4
133
187,5
26 Sep 2001
31,9
23,3
139
312,5
03 Oct 2001
26,7
22
137
400
03 Oct 2001
32
22,2
159
19
20
21
22
23
Normal
spring
24

24
25
26
27
28
Normal
spring
Normal
spring
Normal
spring
Normal
spring
Normal
spring
Cikeja
yaan
Cibuja
ngga
Kedon
dong 1
Gunun
g Jaya
Kedon
dong 2
400
03 Oct 2001
26,3
21,8
146
437,5
03 Oct 2001
28,1
23,2
144
150
09 Oct 2001
30,7
28,3
165
0,25
250
10 Oct 2001
29
26,8
136
0,25
125
24 Mar 2002
29
27,5
128
0,5
9.19.6.2. Temperature
The temperature of hot springs is ranging from 31,5 to 58 0C
(see table 9.15). Such temperature is much higher compared to normal
springs, which is ranging from 21,4 to 28,30T.
From fig 9.52, analysis on 27 temperature data on 24 springs
and I mud pool shows 13 hot springs (17 observations) in hyperthermal
area (PSBI-8, PSTI-3, Bobos springs, and Kedondong Springs), 6
springs in mesothermal, and 5 springs in hypothermal area. PST and
PSB spring group of Kromong zone are located at north of Kromong
(50 masl-meter above sea level). Bobos spring and Kedondong spring
are located at southeast of Kromong (150 masl).
An interesting point is shown on one mud pool location, which
shows acid water (pH = 2) of sulfuric-gas mud pool, which located near
Kedondong village (southeast Kromong). The mud pool data is
classified as mesothermal water. This pool is occurring in clay or shale
of Kaliwangu formation.
25
Figure 9.52. Plots of temperature versus elevation in study area

3. Conductivity
The conductivity can be classified in to 2 groups:
1. Group 1. Less than 500 microSiemens. Normal springs are
grouped to Group I with the range of 168 to 165 microS
2. Group 2. More than 500 microS. Hot spring samples aregrouped to Group 2 ranging from 835 to 17130 microS. Group 2
can be divided in to 2 sub group based on the aquifer:
a) Intrusive rock aquifer of Bobos and Kedondong hot
springs (near 1000 microS)
b) .Limestone aquifer of PS-Barat and PS-Timur hot
springs (more than 1000 microS).
Fig 9.53. shows the plots of conductivity vs temperature. The plots
show a bad correlation (R2 < 0.95) between conductivity and
temperature. High temperature is catalyzing chemical reactions
between water and the aquifer.
26
Figure 9.53. shows the plots of conductivity vs temperature.

4. Chemical facies
Table 9.16 shows chemical composition of water from I I
normal springs, 8 hot springs, and I mud pool. Based on Piper diagram
(see fig 7), the chemical of groundwater can be grouped in to 4 facies:
Na-C/S04, Na/Mg-HC03, Ca-HC03, and Na-HC03. Normal springs are
included to Na-HC03 and Ca-HC03 facies; while hot springs are
included to Na-Ci facies (PSBI, PSB2, PSB3 and PSTI), Na-S04 facies
(PST2), Na/Mg-HC03 (Bobos and Kedondong).
From Schoeller diagram (see fig 9.54) it can be seen that almost
all of the hot water data contain cation more than 10 meq/L. Sodium is
the dominant cation with the amount more than 10 meq/L. on the other
hands, magnes iura and calcium are dominate amount of cation in cold
water from volcanic aquifer. The occurrence of high sodium and
potassium could be used to distinguish hot spring in intrusive rock
aquifer system and limestone aquifer system (Kromong zone) from
volcanic aquifer system.
High contents of HC03 in normal springs caused by high
influence of meteoric water and indicate a short period of water flow.
27

High contents of Ca in those springs are caused by reaction of water
with Ca-plagioclase mineral of andesitic to basaltic lava. While high
contents of Na is due to reaction between water with Na-plagioclase of
andesitic to dasitic intrusive rocks.
Table 9.16; Chemical measurements
The abundant of travertine deposit that found in PSB area

indicates occurrence of high CaC03 in hot water. This deposit is
originated from limestone aquifer dissolution. Since the calcium
precipitate due to cooling process, sodium becomes the dominant ion in
the hot water. Sodium is only very minor in carbonate rocks, but in clay
is the major component. It is possible if hot water passes through shale
layer of Upper Cibulakan Formation before enter the Parigi limestone.
High chloride in PSB and PST hot water indicates an intensive
influence of evaporates, which occurs in carbonate or shale aquifer.
28

High chloride is also show that meteoric water near surface has
penetrated to significant depth.
The Bobos and Kedondong hot spring are classified as an HC0 3type hot spring. High contents of bicarbonate in these springs cau I sed
by high influence of meteoric water and also indicates a quite short
distance flows. Mud pool, which contain sulfuric-gas seep near Cipanas
village classified as S04-Cl-type water.
High sulfur in this water caused by oxidation of gas seep by
water in the pool.Due to occurrence of Ciremai volcanism, Kromong
intrusion, and hydrocarbon bearing layer, there are two options to the
source of this gas-seep: volcanic gas or hydrocarbon gas.
29
Figure 9.54; Piper and Schoeller diagram S. Concentration of O18

The range of 180 concentration of hot water is -7,42 to -3,18 (see table
9.17). The results are fairly higher than the
18
O concentration from
normal spring water (-7,96). This result can be the important clue to the
hydrogeological setting.
30
Table 9.17 Ratio of chloride and oxygen -18 isotope

No.
1
2
3
4
5
Location
PSB 2
PSB 6
PSB 7
Kedondong
Kedondong -2
18 O (0/0)
-4,7
-5,37
-3,18
-7,42
-7,96
CL (meg/I)
97,62
77,67
113
0,3
0,1
Fig 9.55 shows the plots between 180 concentrations vs. chloride
concentration. The plots show a good correlation between the 2
parameters. This means that the enrichment of chloride have
relationship with enrichment of oxygen- 18 isotope.
31
Figure 9.55 Chloride versus O-18 isotope diagram

Enrichment in 18O caused by isotope exchange with the aquifer
rock. Waters from carbonate rocks having originally
18
O between 20
- 30 0/00 (Hoefs, 1987) High temperature and low water/rock ratios

causes shifting the oxygen concentration of water. Mixing of meteoric
water with this kind of water produce enrichment of 8 18 0 as occur at
PSB 2, 6, and 7.
While in Kedondong hot spring, the oxygen shifting much
smaller than in PSB springs. Smaller 1 80 shifts accompany with
hydrothermal alteration and high water/rock ratios in hydrothermal
system (Hoefs 1987). Evidence of alteration at intrusive rocks in this
32

area is shown in the form of white colored intrusive rocks and
formation of secondary mineral.
9.19.6.3 Geothermorneter calculation
Based on geothermic calculation of Na/K concentration, the
temperature of heat source is varying between 130 - 220 OC (see table
5) This temperature range indicated that the heat source occurred from
50 up to 200 meters of depth.
Table 9.18. Geothermometric result
Temperatures of heat source between 193 - 220 0C Na/K are

resulted from the geothermometry calculation (Giggenbach method).
Due to cooling process, silica geothermometry analysis produce lower
temperature than Na/K geothermometry result. By using the boiling
point versus depth curves for Na-Cl water, Na/K temperatures indicate
the depth of hot water system is less than 200 meter under the surface.
This system depth lowers chance of magmatic or volcanic activities as
heat source.
33

9.19.7. THE INPUT-OUTPUT SYSTEM OF GROUNDWATER IN
NORTH KROMONG CASE
Based on the geological data, Kromong limestone takes a part as
the aquifer, while the hydrologic boundary consist of Cisubuh clay,
Cibulakan clay, and Kromong intrusive rocks (see fig. 9). The
Kromong limestone aquifer is consisting of two parts. The upper part is
Parigi limestone, which is overlain by Cisubuh clay and underlain by
Cibulakan clay. The lower part is Cibulakan limestone, which is
overlain and underlain by Cibulakan clay. This stratigraphic form
enables the occurrence of a local recharge - discharge system.
As described above, the number and water discharge of hot
springs in this area is decreasing as the rainfall drops. Another facts,
water temperature also rises in rainy season (from 35 0C in dry season
to 58 0C in rainy season). The increasing of volume of rechargedischarge water and reducing travel time of water flows to the surface
can raise the water temperature. These facts are interpreted caused by
the high dependency of the hot springs to rainfall. Based on the
geothermometry calculation, the depth of hot water system is 200 m
below the surface. This depth is interpreted as the other reason of
fluctuation of hot water discharge. Percolate rainwater are not flows in
long-time and long path to reach the hot water system. The fluctuation
also interpreted as result of karst feature at some springs.
Oxygen-18 isotope analysis indicates mixing of meteoric water
with water from limestone aquifer. This process causes increasing
concentration of bicarbonate 'in PSB and PST hot waters. And so, low
sulfate in water indicates low influence of magmatic fluids. Hot water
34

system suppose to takes place in Kromong limestone, which is consist
of Parigi and Cibulakan limestone layer. Chemical analyses indicate the
occurrence of hot water flow from Cibulakan limestone through
Cibulakan clay to Parigi limestone. This process causes increasing of
concentrations of chloride in hot water of PSB and PST springs.
Figure 9.56. Sub surface cross section

There is no possibilities or indication of presence of regional
flow to the hot water system. Heat source is interpreted occurs at clay
of Cibulakan formation due to the depth of the layer. Northward and
northwestward fault and also its subsidiary fractures are believed to be
main conduit of hot water to the surface. Subsequently for hot springs,
35

O18, C1-, EC, and HC03- values increase, which are accompanied by oil
seepages from Parigi limestone formation. This condition is ,interpreted
due to groundwater flow in oil-bearing -aquifer. The oil droplet
probably resulted from action of hot water or steam to this aquifer
system, which is known at Jatibarang oil field as formation.
9.19.8. CONCLUSIONS
1. The occurrence of normal and hot springs are controlled by
different geological conditions. Kromong spring zone is found
in intrusive aquifer system and limestone aquifer system. Then
Ciremai spring zone exist in volcanic aquifer system. Normal
springs are located at shallow unconfined aquifer and discharge
from fractured lava or porous media of weathering intrusive
rocks. Hot springs in PSB and PST are controlled by fault
structure. While fractured intrusive rocks control Bobos and
Kedondong springs.
2. Water chemistry can be grouped in to 4 facies Na-CI/SO4,
Na/Mg-HC03, CaHC03, and Na-HC03, consist of. Na-HC03 and
Ca-HC03 facies (Normal springs), Na-Cl facies (hot springs:
PSBI, PSB2, PS133 and PSTI), Na-S04 facies (hot springs:
PST2), Na/Mg-HC03 (hot springs: Bobos and Kedondong).
3. Oxygen- 18 isotope analyses indicates that the hot water is
actually a mixing of meteoric water with hot water. The
influence of meteoric water is also shown by the decrease of hot
spring flow rate in dry season and the increase in rainy season.
36

4. The hot water is predicted from limestone aquifer of Cibulakan
formation. The prediction is also proved by the result from
geothermometry Na/K, which shows 200 m depth. The upward
flow can also drives oil droplets to surface as oil seeps.
9.20. DAFTAR PUSTAKA

1.
, 992, Himpunan Peraturan Lingkungan Hidup dan

Kependudukan 1992, CV. Eko Jaya, Jakarta, Indonesia.
37

2.
Davis, S.N & De Weist, 1966, Hydrogeology, John Wiley and

Sons, United States of America.
3.
Domenico, PA & Schwartz, FW, 1990, Physical and Chemical

Hydrogeology. John Wiley Sons, New Jersey.
4.
Fetter, CW, 1980, Applied Hydrogeology, Third edition, Merill

Pubs. Co. Columbus Ohio United States of America.
5.
Freeze, RA & Cherry, JA, 1986, Groundwater. Prentice Hall

Inc. New Jersey.
6.
Galfi, J. & M. Erdelyi, M., 1988; Surface and Subsurface

Mapping in Hydrogeology, John Wiley & Sons, page 367 376.
7.
Hem, J.D., 1959, Study and Interpretation of The Chemical

Characteristics of Natural Water, U.S. Geological Survey Water
Supply Paper No. 1473, Washington D.C.
8.
Kasheff, A.A.I., 1986; Groundwater Engineering, Saltwater

Intrusion, McGraw-Hill, Inc. page 418 477.
9.
Keys, W. & Brown, R.F., 1985; Effect of Artificial Recharge on

The Ogallala Aquifer, Texas, Dept. of Interior, U.S. Geological
Survey Water Supply.
10.
Piper, A.M., 1944, A Graphic Procedure in The Geochemical

Interpretation of Water Analysis, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union,
Washington, D.C.
11.
Suroso, B., 1993 ; Teknologi Desalinasi Airlaut di Indonesia,

Simposium Nasional Permasalahan Air di Indonesia, 28 29 Juli
1993, Bandung.
12.
Stiff, H.A., Jr., 1951, The Interpretation of Chemical Water

Analysis by means of Patterns, J. Petrol. Tehnol., Dallas
38

13.
James I. Drever, 1988, The Geochemistry of Natural Waters.

Prentice Hall Inc. New Jersey.
14.
Matthess G & Harvey J.C, 1982; The Properties of

Groundwater, John Wiley & Sons, Canada.
15.
White, D.E., 1957, Magmatic, Connate, and Metamorphic

Waters, Geol. Society, Am. Bull., New York
16.
Freeze and Cherry (1979), Groundwater, Prentice Hall
17.
Irawan, DE. dan Lubis, RF., (2002), A Natural Groundwater

Contamination. Case Study : Ultrabasic Rocks Region at Malili
District, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, presented at Computer Aided
Workshop on Groundwater Contamination (IHP-UNESCO)
18.
Matthess, G. (1981), Properties of Groundwater, John Wiley

and Sons
19.
Oman A., D. Erwin Irawan, Deny Juanda P. (1998),

Penelitian Permasalahan Airtanah di Daerah Transmigrasi
Malili, Sulawesi Selatan, Departemen Transmigrasi
20.
Puradimaja, DJ. (1992), Karakter Kimia Fisika Airtanah

Sehagai Penunjuk Perilaku Air di dalam Akifer Karst (Aplikasi:
Daerah Languedoc-Roussilion, Perancis Selatan), Prosiding
IAGI XXI.
21.
Simanjuntak, T.O. (1991), Peta Geologi Regional Lembar

Malili, Geological Research and Development Center, Bandung
22.
Williams, H., Turner, J.F., Gilber, M.C. (1954), Petrography

an Introduction to the Study of Rocks in Thin Section, W.H.
Freeman and Co
23.
Gat, J.R., 1971, Comments on The Stable Isotopes Method in

Regional Groundwater Investigation, Prentice-Hall
39

24.
Gilath dan Gonfiantini, 1983, Lake Dynamic, Guidebook on

Nuclear Technology in Hydrogeology, 1983 ed, Technical Report
Series No. 91m Intl Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna
25.
Hoefs, 1987, Stable Isotope Geochemistry, 3rd ed, Prentice-Hall
26.
Tim DPPW, 2001, Konservasi Danau Aneuk Laot, Departemen

Pemukiman dan Prasarana Wilayah
27.
Schoeller, H., Les Eaux Souterraines, Trait, Masson Ed, Paris,

1962
28.
Ellis dan Mahon, Introduction to Geothermal System, McGrawHill, 1977
29.
Binnie & Partners, Peta Isohyet Observasi Curah Hujan RataRata Tahunan Propinsi Riau, 1981
30.
Clarke M.C.G., Kartawa W., Djudin A., Suganda E., dan M.

Bagdja, Peta Geologi Lembar Pekanbaru skala 1:250.000, 1982
31.
Humberto da Silva Carvalho, Purwoko, Siswoyo, Terrestrial

Heat Flow in the Tertiary Basin of Central Sumatera, Jurnal
Indonesian Petroleum Association, 1986
32.
Jean Pierre Faillat et Deny Juanda P. (1995), Evaluation a

Lechelle Regionale des Constraintes Hydrochimiques sur la
Gestion des Eaux Souterraines Karstiques. Exemple du
Languedoc-Roussillon, Journal Hydrogeologie France, no 1. 1995
33.
Dinas Pertambangan Propinsi Riau, Laporan Inventarisasi Air

Permukaan dan Air Bawah Tanah Propinsi Riau, 1998-1999
34.
Pringgoprawiro H., Suwito P., dan Roskamil, 1977, The

Kromong Carbonate Rocks and Their Relationship with the
Cibulakan and Parigi Formation, Proceeding Ind. Petr. Ass.,
page 221 - 240.
40

35.
Kartokusumo W. S., 1984, Laporan Penelitian Mataair Panas

Daerah Tampomas dan Ciremai, Dir. Volkanologi, page 7 - 19.
36.
Mathess,G. and Harvey, J.C., 1982, The Properties of

Groundwater, John Wiley and Sons, 397 pages.
41

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BAB 9.

KIMIA AIRTANAH, FENOMENA DISPERSI DAN POLUSI

HIGH CONCENTRATION OF ULTRABASIC ROCK

groundwater has hardly been considered. This paper gives a short

BAB 9. KIMIA AIRTANAH, FENOMENA DISPERSI DAN POLUSI

BAB 9. KIMIA AIRTANAH, FENOMENA DISPERSI DAN POLUSI

Figure 9.32 Study area

BAB 9. KIMIA AIRTANAH, FENOMENA DISPERSI DAN POLUSI

BAB 9. KIMIA AIRTANAH, FENOMENA DISPERSI DAN POLUSI

BAB 9. KIMIA AIRTANAH, FENOMENA DISPERSI DAN POLUSI

SPRING AND DUG WELL

Aquifer observation on:

Figure 9.34. Flowchart of the study

BAB 9. KIMIA AIRTANAH, FENOMENA DISPERSI DAN POLUSI

Max Permissible Limit (mg/l)

The trace elements of composition in groundwater shows

BAB 9. KIMIA AIRTANAH, FENOMENA DISPERSI DAN POLUSI

BAB 9. KIMIA AIRTANAH, FENOMENA DISPERSI DAN POLUSI

Piroxene group: Enstatit (MgSiO3), hipersthen ([Mg,Fe]SiO 3),

Based on the data and supported by the local recharge-discharge system

BAB 9. KIMIA AIRTANAH, FENOMENA DISPERSI DAN POLUSI

Figure 9.35. Piper diagram of groundwater. The dominant groundwater

BAB 9. KIMIA AIRTANAH, FENOMENA DISPERSI DAN POLUSI

Tertiary Ultrabasic Rocks

BAB 9. KIMIA AIRTANAH, FENOMENA DISPERSI DAN POLUSI

Darussalam merupakan salah satu sumber pemasok air utama bagi

BAB 9. KIMIA AIRTANAH, FENOMENA DISPERSI DAN POLUSI

BAB 9. KIMIA AIRTANAH, FENOMENA DISPERSI DAN POLUSI

BAB 9. KIMIA AIRTANAH, FENOMENA DISPERSI DAN POLUSI

Gambar 9.37. Daerah penelitian, terletak di kawasan Danau Aneuk

BAB 9. KIMIA AIRTANAH, FENOMENA DISPERSI DAN POLUSI

Data geologi permukaan

Data primer: Observasi kondisi hidrogeologi

Gambar 9.38.Diagram alir tahapan penelitian

BAB 9. KIMIA AIRTANAH, FENOMENA DISPERSI DAN POLUSI

Deuterium umumnya tidak terpengaruh oleh reaksi dengan

BAB 9. KIMIA AIRTANAH, FENOMENA DISPERSI DAN POLUSI

= o/oo; rasio D/H dan

O/16O contoh terhadap

O/16O contoh diukur

= rasio D/H dan

pada spektrometer massa

/oo atau standard SLAP

(Standard Light Antartic Precipitation) yang menggunakan nilai

BAB 9. KIMIA AIRTANAH, FENOMENA DISPERSI DAN POLUSI

Konsentrasi Deuterium dan Oksigen-18 bervariasi pada setiap daerah.

merefleksikan perkiraan lokasi kawasan resapan dan luasan, serta

BAB 9. KIMIA AIRTANAH, FENOMENA DISPERSI DAN POLUSI

Garis Air Meteorik

Reaksi dengan CO2/

BAB 9. KIMIA AIRTANAH, FENOMENA DISPERSI DAN POLUSI

BAB 9. KIMIA AIRTANAH, FENOMENA DISPERSI DAN POLUSI

BAB 9. KIMIA AIRTANAH, FENOMENA DISPERSI DAN POLUSI

BAB 9. KIMIA AIRTANAH, FENOMENA DISPERSI DAN POLUSI

Gambar 9.40. Peta geologi dan penampang geologi kawasan Danau

BAB 9. KIMIA AIRTANAH, FENOMENA DISPERSI DAN POLUSI

BAB 9. KIMIA AIRTANAH, FENOMENA DISPERSI DAN POLUSI

Gambar 9.41.Sebaran sesar normal hasil interpretasi penampang

BAB 9. KIMIA AIRTANAH, FENOMENA DISPERSI DAN POLUSI

BAB 9. KIMIA AIRTANAH, FENOMENA DISPERSI DAN POLUSI

Gambar 9.43. Korelasi nilai resistivitas batuan pada lintasan geolistrik

(K-), Klorida (Cl-), Sulfat (SO42-), dan Bikarbonat

(HCO3-), dengan hasil pengukuran secara rinci ditampilkan pada Tabel