CE 135 Design of Steel Structures

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Structural Design 1.2 Principles of Design 1.3 Loads 1.4 Types of Structural Steel Members 1.5 Steel Structures 1.6 Specifications and Building Codes 1.7 Philosophies of Design

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CE 135 Design of Steel Structures

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Structural Design defined as a mixture of art and science, combining the experienced engineers intuitive feeling for the behavior of a structure with a sound knowledge of the principles of statics, dynamics, mechanics of materials, and structural analysis to produce a safe, economical structure that will serve its intended purpose. 1.2 Principles of Design Design a process by which an optimum solution is obtained Criteria to be evaluated to determine whether or not an optimum has been achieved: a. minimum cost b. minimum weight c. minimum construction time d. minimum labor e. maximum efficiency of operation to owner Design Procedure - may be considered to be composed of two parts functional design and structural framework design Functional Design - ensures that intended results are achieved such as a. adequate working areas and clearances b. proper ventilation and /or airconditioning

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CE 135 Design of Steel Structures

c.

d. e.

adequate transportation facilities (elevators, stairways, and cranes or materials handling equipment) adequate lighting aesthetics

Structural Framework Design - selection of the arrangement and sizes of structural elements so that service loads may be safely carried and displacements are within acceptable limits The iterative design procedure may be outlined as follows: 1) Planning Establishment of the functions for which the structure must serve. Preliminary structural configuration Arrangement of the elements to serve the functions in step1. Establishment of the loads to be carried Preliminary member selection Based on the decisions of steps 1,2 & 3, selection of the member sizes to satisfy an objective criterion, such as least weight or cost. Analysis Structural analysis modeling the loads and the structural framework to obtain internal forces and any desired deflections.
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2)

3) 4)

5)

CE 135 Design of Steel Structures

6)

Evaluation Are all strength and serviceability requirements satisfied? Is the result optimum? Compare the result with predetermined criteria. Redesign Repetition of any part of steps 1 to 6 found necessary or desirable as a result of evaluation. Final Design The determination of whether or not an optimum design has been achieved.

7)

8)

1.3 Loads a. Dead Load Gravity load such as: weight of structure pipes electrical conduit air-conditioning and heating ducts lighting fixtures floor covering roof covering suspended ceiling Live Load Gravity loads acting when the structure is in service but varying in magnitude and location Example: human occupants furnitures
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b.

CE 135 Design of Steel Structures

movable equipment vehicles stored goods c. Impact Load Impact dynamic effect of a suddenly applied load Wind Load greater than 3 stories, consideration of wind is necessary Earthquake Load

d.

e.

1.4 Types of Structural Steel Members a. Rolled shapes - hot-rolled (made from hot-billet steel) - found in the AISC Manual Cold formed shapes - cold-formed from plate material thickness less than one inch

b.

having

Tension Members - occurs commonly as chord member in a truss diagonal bracing in many types of structures direct support for balconies cables in suspended roof systems suspension bridge main cables and suspenders that support the roadway

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CE 135 Design of Steel Structures

Compression Members chord member in a truss many interior columns in buildings 1.5 Steel Structures Structures maybe categories: a. divided into three general

Framed structures Elements may consist of tension members, columns, beams, and members under combined bending and axial load. Example: multi-storey buildings industrial buildings special one-storey buildings schools, arenas) bridges

(churches,

b.

Shell-type structures - axial forces are predominant Suspension-type structures - axial tension predominates the principal support system - e.g. suspension bridge

c.

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CE 135 Design of Steel Structures

1.6 Specifications and Building Codes In the US, - American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) - 1989 Specification for Structural Steel Buildings Allowable Stress Design and Plastic Design - 1993 Load and Resistance Factor Design Specification for Structural Steel Buildings Specification - a set of rules intended to insure safety - rules set forth by the architect or engineer that pertain to only one particular building under construction. Building Code - used synonymously with specifications - generally treat all facets relating to safety such as structural design, architectural details, fire protection, heating and air-conditioning, plumbing and sanitation, lighting - prescribed standard loads for which the structure is to be designed. 1.7 Philosophies of Design Two philosophies of design in current use: a. Working Stress Design (Allowable Stress Design, ASD) b. Limit States Design (Load and Resistance Factor Design, LRFD)

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CE 135 Design of Steel Structures

Working Stress Design - focus is on the service load conditions when satisfying the safety requirement for the structure - all loads are assumed to have the same average variability - implies an elastic stress calculation - the expression for the structural safety requirement may be written as

Rn

Qi

(1.1)

Rn F .S .

Qi

(1.2)

where: Rn nominal resistance strength reduction factor overload factor Qi service loads (dead load, live load, etc) Limit State Design - provisions must be made for both overload and under-strength Possible causes of overload change in the use for which the structure was designed underestimation of effects of load by over simplifications in the structural analysis variations in construction procedures
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CE 135 Design of Steel Structures

Possible causes of under-strength deviation in the dimensions of members actual material strength may be less compared to that used in design calculations - examine the chances of failure occurring in a member through various probabilistic methods - rather than refer to failure the term limit state is preferred Limit State - those conditions of a structure at which it ceases to fulfill its intended function. Generally divided into two categories: i. Strength limit state Behavioral phenomena such as achieving ductile maximum strength, buckling, fatigue, fracture, overturning, and sliding ii. Serviceability limit state Concerned with occupancy of a building such as deflection, vibration, permanent deformation and cracking

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CE 135 Design of Steel Structures

The expression for the structural safety requirement may be written as

Rn

Qi

(1.3)

where: Rn nominal resistance overload factors, may be different for each i load type resistance factor, varies with the type of member and with the limit state being considered Factored Load Combinations 1. 1.4D 2. 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5(Lr or S or R) 3. 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (0.8W or o.5L) 4. 1.2D + 1.3W + 0.5L + 0.5(Lr or S or R) 5. 1.2D + 1.0E + 0.5L + 0.2S 6. 0.9D + (1.3W or 1.0E) where: D = L = Lr = W = S = E = R =

Dead load Live load Roof live load Wind load Snow or roof Earthquake load rainwater

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CE 135 Design of Steel Structures

Resistance Factors 1. Tension Members 2. 3. 4. Compression Members Beams Fasteners

t
t

c b

0.90 for yielding 0.75 for fracture 0.85 0.90 0.90

Note: Serviceability requirements such as deflection limits are always investigated at service load conditions, whether LRFD or ASD is used.

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