Measurement Techniques-II

Basic Electrical Measurements and Sensing Devices

Block Diagram of Measurement and Display

Transducer Physical Property Electrical Signal

Input circuit

Signal conditioner

Transmission

Processing

Display

Analog and Digital Meters

Basic electrical meters and measurement ofvoltage current power frequency Basic electronic instruments and measurements of
PMMC Moving Iron Dynamometers DVM CRO

DC Meters
Analog Meters Digital Meters

Permanent-magnet moving-coil mechanism (PMMC) DC ammeters DC voltmeters

PMMC

Torque and Deflection

Coil Arrangement

Jewel Bearing Bobbin

Coil Arrangement

dArsonaval movement

Meter using dArsonaval movement

Basic DC Ammeter circuit

I sh Rsh = I m Rm I m Rm I m Rm Rm Rsh = = = I sh I I sh n 1 Where n = I Im

Internal and external Shunts

Multirange ammeter

Simple arrangement

Ayrton Shunt arrangement

Ammeter Sensitivity
Ammeter sensitivity is determined by the amount of current required by the meter coil to produce full-scale deflection of the pointer. The smaller the amount of current required to produce this deflection, the greater the sensitivity of the meter.

Ammeter loading effect

Ammeter safety Precautions

Always connect an ammeter in series with the circuit under test. Always start with the highest range on an ammeter Observe the proper circuit polarity to prevent the meter from being damaged. Never use a dc ammeter to measure alternating current.

Try yourself
Ex. A 1mA meter movement with an internal resistance of 50 is to be used in a 0 to1A, 0 to 5A and 0 to 10 A ranges in the arrangement shown in figure. Find the value of the required shunt resistances.

Try yourself
Ex. An ammeter has a PMMC instrument with a coil resistance of Rm=99 and FSD current of 0.1mA. Shunt resistance Rsh=1 . Determine the total current passing through the ammeter at (a) FSD (b) 0.5 FSD (c) 0.25FSD

Basic DC Voltmeter circuit

Vin = I m ( Rs + Rm ) Vin Rs = Rm Im

Multirange voltmeter

Voltmeter Sensitivity
The sensitivity of a voltmeter is given in ohms per volt. Rm + Rs Sensitivity, S = Vin

Ohm 1 1 S= = = Volt Amp I fsd

The sensitivity of a 1mA movement is the reciprocal of 1 mA, or 1k per volt

Loading Effect

Voltmeter safety precautions

Always connect a voltmeter across a circuit Always begin with the highest range of a voltmeter. Be aware of the loading effect In dc voltmeters, observe the proper circuit polarity to prevent damage to the meter. Never use dc voltmeter to measure ac voltage

Try yourself
In the circuit shown in fig. the voltage across the resistor of value 25k is to be measured first by using a voltmeter of sensitivity of 1k/V, and then with a voltmeter of sensitivity of 20k/V. Calculate the reading of the voltmeter in each case and the % error in the measurement. Let the True value of the voltage across the 25k resistor =25V

Ohmmeter
An ohmmeter is an instrument used to measure resistance and check the continuity of electrical circuits and components.

Series type ohmmeter

Shunt type ohmmeter

Ohmmeter safety precautions

Be certain that the circuit is de-energized and discharged before connecting an ohmmeter Do not apply power to the circuit while measuring resistance When finished using the ohmmeter, switch it to the OFF position Always adjust the ohmmeter for zero reading after changing a range and before making resistance measurement.

Multimeter safety precautions

Electrodynamic Meter Movements

Electrodynamic Meter Movements

Deflecting torque Spring controlled torque Damping Calibration Features

Electrodynamic Meter Movements

Construction of a Voltmeter Construction of an Ammeter Construction of a Wattmeter Construction of a Watt-hour meter (Energy)

Moving Iron (Vane) Meter Movement

Moving Iron (Vane) Meter Movement

Deflecting torque Spring controlled torque Damping Features

Digital Voltmeters (DVM)