CHAPTER 3 INDUSTRIAL SAFETY ROLE OF MANAGEMENT IN INDUSTRIAL SAFETY A) General and Scientific Functions : The basic safety role

le of any industrial management is well derived from the five steps of accident prevention suggested by H.W Heinrich. These are organisation, fact finding, analysis, selection of remedy and application of remedy. The Scientific Method of Management considers more productive or improved method of management by careful and accurate classification of facts, their sequence and correlation, discovery of scientific laws and its impartial application, new concepts, experiments and observations. The six functions of scientific safety management are : 1) Planning : It includes setting safety objectives, formulating safety policies, safety programming, budgeting and determining procedures. Good planning at the design stage always helps. Planning for site, effluent disposal, facilities for storing and handling raw materials, intermediates and products, types of floor, roof, construction, lighting, ventilation, layout of machinery, pressure vessels, lifting machines, hazardous process, boilers, storage tanks, repair services, auxiliaries, fire protection, training, welfare and sanitary facilities etc. must consider safety points at this initial stage so that the planning and design defects can be eliminated or minimized. Previous plans approval and planning after operation are also necessary. 2) Organizing : It includes establishment of the formal structure of authority through which work subdivisions are defined, arranged and co-ordinated for the planned objectives. An organisational setup describes four classes of management. Top or Executive, Intermediate, Middle and Supervisory management. The set up may vary according to the size and nature of establishment. A model set-up is shown below :
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The Board decides the safety policy and objectives and monitors its implementation. Managing Director is reportable to the Board for implementation of safety policy. Managers are answerable to the Manager Director for application of the safety arrangements, Supervisors are reportable to the Managers for shop floor extension and application of safety policy, rules and procedures. Workers are responsible to their supervisors for effectively carrying and abiding by the safety rules and precautions. Safety Representatives selected from different sections of work people and supervisors advise and assist to Safety Committee for promoting health and safety. Safety Committee advise on all matters of safety and health to the Managers, Managing Director and the Board. 3) Staffing : It includes personnel function of recruitment and training the staff and maintaining safe and favourable conditions of work through personnel. 4) Directing : It is a continuous task of taking decisions, ordering, instructing, guiding and advising as the leader of an institution. 5) Controlling : It includes performing, evaluating and correcting the performance according to plans. It is concerned with quality, times, uses and cost. 6) Coordinating : It includes interrelating and synchronizing the different activities for achieving common goals. Various terms of management such as objective, policy, procedure or method, authority or power, span of authority or control, delegation, responsibility, hierarchy, department, subordinate, decision making, economic growth, economic development, development administration, quality, research and development, basic or pure research, applied research, communication, job specification, centralization, decentralization, organisation chart or structure, organisational manual and activity chart are defined.

 SAFETY MANAGEMENT PRINCIPALS & PRACTICES

MANAGEMENT Management is an art and science of setting objectives, planning, organizing, directing, executing, supervision, monitoring, improving various functions to achieve the objectives. Total safety management is a part of Construction Management and Operation Maintenance Management. PRINCIPLES OF SAFETY MANAGEMENT Safety Management aims at eliminating unsafe acts and unsafe conditions by applying management techniques. Principle 1. Safety is an important management function of every organization (like production, marketing, finance and planning). The company must have a written safety policy. Management must take up the responsibility of implementing the safety policy. Management is responsible for creating Safety Organization, set safety objectives, plan, monitor and achieve desired results towards total safety. Principle 2. Accidents are caused by unsafe act and unsafe conditions. Safety Management is responsible for both. The unsafe acts and unsafe conditions are due to some lapse in safety management. Principle 3. Behind one accident there are several chance misses. The accident is a culminating effect of multiple causes : one root cause and several supplementary causes. For example, electrical flashover was caused by a person entering in a clearance zone while circuit was live. Principle cause was unsafe act of entering in the clearance zone. Supplementary causes were lapse of management in electrical safety. Following questions were asked : 1) Why the person was allowed to enter the clearance zone ? 2) Why safety-fencing was not provided ?

3) Why person was not aware about and risk ? 4) Why was he not trained ? 5) Who gave work permit ? 6) Why work permit was given without making the circuit dead earthed ? In conclusion : The accident was caused by lapse in safety system. Principle 4. Unsafe acts and unsafe conditions can be identified in advance and eliminated at the root. For example a bare live conductor can be replaced by insulated cable. Oil filled transformer can be replaced by dry resin cast transformer. Oil circuit can be replaced by vacuum circuit breaker. Principle 5. For achieving ultimate safety, each link in the safety chain must be healthful. A single weak link makes the whole safety chain weak.
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Principle 6. Safety Management systems and Human Resource Development (HRD) in safety are the tools of every organization for ensuring safety. For ensuring safety the company must have safety management systems. The employees and contractors persons must be trained to follow the safety management systems. Principle 7. Safety is a Line Function as well as Matrix Function. The line function means along the hierarchical line of authority in the organization. Viz., Manager Supervisor Worker, each is responsible for safety in his work and the area and follow safety down the line. Matrix means as a network of authority with interaction between departments on horizontal and cross basis e.g., Engineering, Quality, Manufacturing, Maintainance interact in safety network. While line authority is followed for administrative functions, safety is ensured by joint matrix efforts.
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Principle 8. Bad work harms others. Harmful result of unsafe acts or unsafe work has consequences which are experienced by subsequent users down the line. The culprit may not even be aware of his mistakes leading to the accident in future. For example: If civil design is faulty, the persons working in the factory may be constantly under unsafe conditions. If material used is not fire resistant, a small spark may cause a large fire, destruction of life and property. Principle 9. Unsafe work today may result in a disaster after a lapse of time. The defects in civil construction work may result in larger destruction during fire in some corner of the building during life entire span of the building. A Stitch in-time Saves Nine