DIDACTIC GUIDE SELF INTRODUCTION LEARNING PROFESSOR: Ladislao Atencio TOPIC: USE OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

LEARNING OUTCOMES: To understand the importance of present perfect as grammar structure for communicative learning. To comprehend the time to make use of it. To make the correctly use of this grammar structure. To perform different activities using this grammar structure.

INTRODUCTION The following grammar structure has as a purpose to promote the correctly use in daily life, in the way that people can learn it to survive in the communicative process. This grammar structure is so important, as well as others grammatical structure, but in English language communication there are several ways where it must be apply it.

The present perfect tense is a rather important tense in English, but it gives speakers of some languages a difficult time. That is because it uses concepts or ideas that do not exist in those languages. In fact, the structure of the present perfect tense is very simple. The problems come with the use of the tense.

In here, people are going to find the way to learn it using easy activities where it shows how to use it, when to use it, and the correctly way to use it. So, there is no excuse to perform this grammatical structure for getting a good communication.

For this reason, the following cognitive learning text, will allow you how to know everything about this grammar structure and why its importance must be considered in communicative language.

COGNITIVE LEARNING TEXT

How do we make the Present Perfect Tense?

The structure of the present perfect tense is: subject + auxiliary verb + main verb have past participle

Here are some examples of the present perfect tense: Subject Affirmative Affirmative Negative negative Question Question I You She We Have Have Auxiliary Verb have have has have you they not not Main Verb seen eaten been played finished? done it? ET. an Apple pie. to Rome. football.

Contractions with the present perfect tense When we use the present perfect tense in speaking, we usually contract the subject and auxiliary verb. We also sometimes do this when we write. I have You have He has She has It has John has The car has We have They have I've You've He's She's It's John's The car's We've They've

Here are some examples:

I've finished my work. John's seen ET. They've gone home.

 How do we use the Present Perfect Tense?

This tense is called the present perfect tense. There is always a connection with the past and with the present. There are basically three uses for the present perfect tense: 1. experience 2. change 3. continuing situation

1. Present perfect tense for experience

We often use the present perfect tense to talk about experience from the past. We are not interested in when you did something. We only want to know if you did it: I have seen ET. He has lived in Bangkok. Have you been there? We have never eaten caviar. past present !!! The action or state was in the past. In my head, I have a memory now. future

Connection with past: the event was in the past. Connection with present: in my head, now, I have a memory of the event; I know something about the event; I have experience of it.

2. Present perfect tense for change

We also use the present perfect tense to talk about a change or new information: I have bought a car. past Last week I didn't have a car. present + Now I have a car. future

John has broken his leg. past + Yesterday John had a good leg. present Now he has a bad leg. future

Has the price gone up? past + Was the price $1.50 yesterday? present Is the price $1.70 today? future

The police have arrested the killer. past Yesterday the killer was free. present + Now he is in prison. future

Connection with past: the past is the opposite of the present. Connection with present: the present is the opposite of the past.

3. Present perfect tense for continuing situation

We often use the present perfect tense to talk about a continuing situation. This is a state that started in the past and continues in the present (and will probably continue into the future). This is astute (not an action). We usually use for or since with this structure. I have worked here since June. He has been ill for 2 days. How long have you known Tara? past present future

The situation started in the past.

It continues up to now.

(It will probably continue into the future.)

Connection with past: the situation started in the past. Connection with present: the situation continues in the present.

For & Since with Present Perfect Tense

We often use for and since with the present perfect tense.

We use for to talk about a period of time - 5 minutes, 2 weeks, 6 years. We use since to talk about a point in past time - 9 o'clock, 1st January, Monday. for since

a period of time a point in past time x-----------20 minutes three days 6.15pm Monday

6 months 4 years 2 centuries a long time ever etc

January 1994 1800 I left school the beginning of time etc

Here are some examples:

I have been here for 20 minutes. I have been here since 9 o'clock. John hasn't called for 6 months. John hasn't called since February. He has worked in New York for a long time. He has worked in New York since he left school.

WORKSHEET
1. B: 2. I Sam A: Did don't you know. I like (see, in the movie never) San Diego a "Star that week Wars?" movie. ago.

(arrive)

3. My best friend and I (know) still get together

each other for over fifteen years. We once a week.

4. Stinson is a fantastic writer. He (write) ten very creative short stories in the last year. One day, he'll be as famous as Hemingway. 5. I (have, not) 6. Things (change) (start) only) more 7. I (tell) (wander) working this much fun since I (be) a kid.

a great deal at Coltech, Inc. When we first here three years ago, the company (have,

six employees. Since then, we (expand) than 2000 full-time

to include workers.

him to stay on the path while he was hiking, but he off into the forest and (be) bitten by a snake. the bus this morning. You

8. Listen Donna, I don't care if you (miss)

(be) late to work too many times. You are fired! 9. Sam is from Colorado, which is hundreds of miles from the coast, so he (see, never) the ocean. He should come with us to Miami.

10. How sad! George (dream) but he didn't make it. He (see, never)

of going to California before he died, the ocean.