POWER PLANT DESIGN STUDY

Hyderabad

SUMMER PROJECT: STUDY OF POWER PLANT DESIGN.

BY K.H SAI KRISHNA (Roll No : 309177120030) III year Mech. D.T.S. MALLIKHARJUN (Roll No: 690355010) III year Mech. SIR CRR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ELURU, WEST GODAVARI DIST.

GUIDED BY:

RAGHAVENDRA SVN SR. ENGINEER / PE & SD, Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited. Hyderabad-502032 Tel (o) : 040-23184927 e-mail: raghavendra@bhelhyd.co.in

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POWER PLANT DESIGN STUDY

DESIGN OF POWER PLANT

Principle:
In a power plant Chemical Energy obtained by burning of fuels is converted into Mechanical Energy. Then the Mechanical Energy will be converted into the electrical Energy by coupling Turbines to electrical Generators.

In steam power plant heat is released by burning the fuel i.e. coal, gas. This released heat will be taken up by water and water becomes steam. Then the steam is sent to the super heater for further heating and then steam is allowed to expand through a turbine which gives mechanical energy. Electrical generator shaft which is coupled to the turbine generates electrical energy. The generated power is synchronized with grid system as shown in the figure.

Different types of Power Plants:

We have mainly 3 different types of power plants. They are: 1) Coal based power plants. 2) Gas based power plants. 3) Hydro-electric power plants.

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POWER PLANT DESIGN STUDY

Thermodynamic cycle for a steam power plant:

Rankin cycle is the theoretical cycle on which steam turbine works.

Process 1-2: Reversible adiabatic Expansion in the Turbine Process 2-3: Rejection of heat in the condenser at constant Pressure. Process 3-4: Reversible adiabatic pumping process in the feed pump. Process 4-1: Heat addition in the Boiler at Constant Pressure. Page 3 of 12

POWER PLANT DESIGN STUDY

COAL BASED POWER PLANT (USING COAL)

A coal based power plant uses coal as fuel to generate electricity. This is achieved by producing Steam in Boilers, expanding it through the Turbines. Then the mechanical energy available at the turbines will be converted in to the electrical energy. This will be done by coupling the Turbine shaft to Electrical Generator. The exhaust steam from the Turbine is condensed in a condenser. Then the condensate is extracted by condensate extraction pump. Then condensate will be sent through the L.P. heater to Deaerator storage tank. Then Boiler feed pump will pump the required feed water to boiler thru H.P.Heater, economizer and the cycle is repeated.

Components of Modern steam power plant: 1. Boiler

2. Turbine 3. Super heater 4. Economizer 5. Condenser Page 4 of 12

POWER PLANT DESIGN STUDY

6. Condensate extraction pump (CEP) 7. L.P Heater 8. Deaerator 9. Boiler feed pump (BFP) 10. H.P. Heater 11. Generator.

1) Boiler:
A Boiler is a closed pressure vessel in which steam is produced by heating water, heat is generated by burning of fuels like Coal, Gas, oil.

2) Turbine:
It is a prime mover. Kinetic energy of steam rotates the turbine shaft in turn coupled to generator shaft to generate electricity.

3) Super heater:
The super heater is very important accessory of a boiler. The function of a super heater is to increase the temperature of the steam above its saturation point. The Steam from the Boiler is further heated up using flue or hot gases (released from combustion of fuel) in the super heater before being supplied to the prime mover.

4) Economizer:
It is used to heat the feed water using flue or hot gases. After heating up, water is sent to the main boiler.

5) Condenser:
In steam condenser, steam is condensed. The Heat released by the steam in condenser is absorbed by cooling water supplied to the condenser.

6) Condensate Extraction Pump:

Steam condensed inside condenser is pumped to Deaerator with the help of CEP.

7) L.P.Heater:
The condensate is first heated in the L.P.Heater using extracted steam from the lowest pressure extraction point of the turbine.

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POWER PLANT DESIGN STUDY

8) DEAERATOR & STORAGE TANK:

The main purpose of Deaerator is to remove the dissolved gases inside the Feed water. Storage Tank is the vessel where the condensed feed water is stored.

9) Boiler feed pump:

The Boiler feed pump is used to deliver the water to the Boiler.

10) H.P. Heater:

The water from the De aerator is heated in the H.P. Heater using extracted steam from the turbine before the water is sent to the economizer.

10)Generator:
It is used to generate the Electrical Power. The Turbine shaft is coupled to the Electrical Generator Shaft.

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POWER PLANT DESIGN STUDY

GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT

A Gas Turbine power plant converts the chemical energy of Gas/Oil into the Mechanical Energy. Then the Mechanical energy will be converted into the electrical energy by coupling the Turbine shaft to the Generator shaft as similar to that of steam power plant. In case of Gas Turbine plant no steam will be produced to rotate the prime mover. Here the high pressure gases coming out from the combustion chamber rotate the Turbine.

Thermodynamic cycle for a Gas Turbine Power plant:

Gas Turbines works on the principle of Brayton Cycle.

Types of power plants using Gas Turbines:

1) Open cycle Gas Turbine 2) Closed Cycle Gas Turbine(i.e. combined cycle Gas Turbine)

1) Open cycle Gas Turbine:

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POWER PLANT DESIGN STUDY

Line 1-2: Irreversible adiabatic compression (Compressor Section of Gas Turbine) Line 2-3: constant Pressure heat supply in the Combustion Chamber of Gas Turbine Line 3-4: Irreversible adiabatic expansion (Turbine Section of Gas Turbine) Line 1-2: Ideal Isentropic compression Line 3-4: Ideal Isentropic expansion

Here the Axial compressor and Turbine are mounted on same shaft of Gas Turbine. Air is drawn into the compressor and after compression, compressed air passes to a combustion chamber. Fuel will be injected in combustion chamber to mix with the compressed air and then spark is produced with the help of spark plug. Then combustion takes place in the combustion chamber generating high pressure gas , in turn are expand through the Turbine. Then Mechanical energy will be generated, converted in to the Electrical Energy as the turbine shaft is connected to the generator shaft. The hot gases after expansion are sent to the atmosphere by means of chimney or Exhaust stack.

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POWER PLANT DESIGN STUDY

2)Closed cycle Gas Turbine:

In this Hot gases coming from the Gas Turbine (i.e. Exhaust gases) are used to heat the water in Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG).

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POWER PLANT DESIGN STUDY

Hydro-Electric Power Plant:

In Hydro-electric power plant energy of water (i.e. potential energy) is utilized to move the Turbines. These turbines are coupled to the generators to get electricity. Here the continuous availability of water is the basic requirement. Water collected in natural and reservoirs may be utilized for power production. The water, which is stored artificially by constructing dams across flowing streams, may be utilized for power generation. Hydro power is a conventional renewable source of energy which is clean, free from pollution and generally has a good environmental effect.

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POWER PLANT DESIGN STUDY

Essential elements of Hydro- electric power plant: 1) Reservoir:

The water Reservoir is the primary requirement of Hydro-electric power plant. A Reservoir is employed to store water which is further utilized to generate power by running Turbines.

2) Dam:
A Dam is a barrier to confine or raise water for storage or diversion to create a hydraulic head.

3) Penstock:
Penstock is the connecting pipe between the dam and the turbine. It helps to increase the kinetic energy of water coming from the dam.

Working of Hydro-electric power plant:

At the Reservoir the water gets stored. When the control gates are opened then the water, which is having potential energy, moves through the penstock and reaches the turbine. As the Turbine shaft is connected to the generator Power is generated. This generated power is synchronised Grid.

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POWER PLANT DESIGN STUDY

Comparision between Coal based, Gas Based and Hydro power plants:
STEAM PLANTS USING COAL 1. The maintenance cost is minimum. 2. The site of the steam power plant is dictated by the availability of large cooling water. 3. Less life than hydroelectric plants (Approx life 20-30 yrs). 4. Ash handling problem. 5. Coal as a fuel is used. 6. It is difficult to start 7. Power generation depends upon the coal. GAS TURBINE PLANTS 1. The lower installation and maintenance cost. 2. In this open cycle gas turbine no cooling water is required. 3. Less life compared to hydroelectric power plants. (Approx life 20-30 yrs). 4. No ash handling problem. 5. Poor quality Oil and Gas Fuels are used. 6. Easy to start.. 7. Power generation depends upon the air. HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS 1. The maintenance and repair costs very low. 2. The site for hydroelectric power plants needs water storage, accessibility of the site. 3. It has very long life. 4. No ash handling problem. 5. No fuel is used. 6. Easy, Quick to start. 7. Power generation depends upon the quantity of water.

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