100 CHAPTER 3.

LIMIT, CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIATION

theorem to deduce that
h
n

2
n 1
for n 2.)
6. A sequence {x
n
} is dened by the follow-
ing recursive formula
x
1
= 1, x
n+1
=

1 + x
n
for n 1.
Show that the sequence converges and
nd its limit.
7. Let
f(x) =

3x 2 if x 0
5x + 1 if 0 < x < 2
x
4
5 if x > 2
(a) Find lim
x0
f(x) if the limit exists.
(b) Find lim
x2
f(x) if the limit exists.
8. Consider
f(x) =

1 + x
2
, 0 x < 1
1, 1 x < 2
3 x, x 2
(a) What is the domain of f? Sketch
its graph.
(b) At c = 1 and c = 2 respectively,
discuss the one-sided limits
lim
xc
+
f(x) and lim
xc

f(x).
Deduce that
lim
x1
+
f(x) = lim
x1

f(x)
and
lim
x2
+
f(x) = lim
x2

f(x).
9. Evaluate the following limits.
(a) lim
x1
x
3
1
x 1
(b) lim
u0
5u
2
4
u + 1
(c) lim
x4
x
2
x 12
x 4
(d) lim
x1
x
4
+ 3x
3
13x
2
27x + 36
x
2
+ 3x 4
(e) lim
x0

x + 3

3
x
(f) lim
x2

1
x 2

4
x
2
4

(g) lim
x1
x
2
+ 4x + 3
x + 1
,
(h) lim
x2
1
(x 2)
2
10. Evaluate the following limits.
(a) lim
x0
sin(3x)
sin(4x)
(b) lim
x0
xcos
1
x
,
(c) lim
x0
sin ax
bx
where a, b = 0,
(d) lim
x
sin x
x
2
,
(e) lim
x0
1 cos ax
x
2
where a = 0.
11. Evaluate the following limits.
(a) lim
x
3x
3
2x
2
+ 1
4x
3
+ 5
,
(b) lim
x
3x + 1
x
2
2
,
(c) lim
x
x

x
3
+ 2
.
(d) lim
x+

2x
11
5x
6
+ 3x
2
+ 1

(e) lim
x+
2x + 5
x
2
7x + 3
(f) lim
x+
3x
3
4x + 2
7x
3
+ 5
(g) lim
x+
4x
5
1
3x
3
+ 7
(h) lim
x+

x + 1

x
12. Discuss the continuity of the function
f(x) =

x
2
, if x (, 1)
x + 1, if x [1, ),
at the point x = 1.
13. Compare the following two functions
f(x) =

x
2
, if x (0, )
1, if x = 0
x
3
, if x (, 0),
AMA211 Introduction to Linear Algebra and Calculus (Semester Two of 2012/13)
Tutorial (Week 3)
1


Learning Outcome: 1. Limit of sequences
2. Continuity of functions

I. Exercise 1: Q2, Q3, Q5,Q8, Q9, Q11
II. Two limit problems given in Lecture.
III. Exercise 3.7 of K.F. Hung & Glory T.Y. Pong. Foundation Mathematics, McGraw Hill, 2007:











Use sandwich principle, redo Q10 (b) & (d)
of Exercise 3.7:

















AMA211 Introduction to Linear Algebra and Calculus (Semester Two of 2012/13)
Tutorial (Week 4)
1


Learning Outcome: 1. First Principle of differentiation
2. Differentiability of real valued functions

I. Exercise 3.7 of K.F. Hung & Glory T.Y.
Pong. Foundation Mathematics,
McGraw Hill, 2007:
1. (Chapter 3, Q25) Prove that
d
dx
cos x =
-sinx by first principle.

2. (Chapter 3, Q31) Suppose f is a
function and f'(a) exists. Evaluate the
following limits:
(a) lim
xu
](x)-](u)
x-u
;
(b) lim
x0
(](u+x))
2
-(](u))
2
x
;
(c) lim
h0
](u)-](u+h)
h
;
(d) lim
t0
](u+2t)-](u)
t
;
(e) lim
t0
](u+2t)-](u+t)
2t
.

II. Supplementary Exercise
1. Use the first principle to prove the
followings:
(a)
d
dx
x
5
= Sx
4
;
(b)
d
dx
(x +2)
2
= 2(x +2) ;
(c)
d
dx
x + 2 =
1
2x+2
.

2. Determine if the piecewise defined
function is differentiable at the origin.
(a)

(b)


3. Compute the right-hand and left-hand
derivatives as limits to show that the
following functions are not
differentiable at the point P.
(a)








(b)







(c)






AMA211 Introduction to Linear Algebra and Calculus (Semester Two of 2012/13)
Tutorial (Week 5)
1


Learning Outcome: 1. Differentiability and Continuity
2. Differentiation a. product and quotient rules
b. chain rule
c. derivatives of inverse function

I. Exercise 3.7 of K.F. Hung & Glory T.Y.
Pong. Foundation Mathematics,
McGraw Hill, 2007:
1. (Chapter 3, Q26) Find the derivatives
of the following functions
(a) -8x
5
+Sx
3
+2nx
2
-12
(b) (x
100
+2x
50
-S)(7x
8
+2ux +
S)
(c) x(2x -1)(x +2)
(d)
x
S
-x+2
x
3
+7

(e) (x
3
-2x
2
+7x -S)
4

(h) [
x+2
x-3

3

(i) cot x
(j) x sinx
(k) sin
3
(Sx +4)
(l) x sin

x +x

2. (Chapter 3, Q27) Given y =
u
2
-1
u
2
+1
and
u = x
2
+2
3
, find
d
dx
.

3. Find the first order derivatives with
respect to x of the following:
(a) (Chapter 3, Q29(c)) (x) = |x -
1|;
(b) (Chapter 3, Q35(a))
(S +4x -2x
3
)
1000
;
(c) (Chapter 3, Q35(e)) x
sInx
;
(d) (Chapter 3, Q35(f)) ln(
c
x
+2x+1
c
x
-3x-1
).
[Hints:
d
dx
c
x
= c
x
;
d
dx
lnx =
1
x
]
4. (Chapter 3, Q36) Find the derivatives
of the inverse of each of the following
functions. Check the result by direct
differentiation after evaluating the
inverse function explicitly.
(a) (x) =
x
1+x
, x > -1,
(b) (x) = 1 -x, u < x < 1,
(c) (x) = ln(1 +c
x
)
(d) (x) = c
sInx
, |x| <
n
2
.

II. Supplementary Exercise
1. If a function f(x) is differentiable at a,
f(x) is continuous at x=a. Is the
converse true? Prove it when it is true.
Otherwise, give a counter example.








AMA211 Introduction to Linear Algebra and Calculus (Semester Two of 2012/13)
Tutorial (Week 6)
1


Learning Outcome: 1. Linear approximation
2. Higher order derivatives
3. Leibnizs rule
4. LHpitals rule

I. Exercise 3.7 of K.F. Hung & Glory T.Y.
Pong. Foundation Mathematics,
McGraw Hill, 2007:

1. (Chapter 3, Q44) Find the nth order
derivative of each of the following
functions
(a) y =ln x
(b) y =e
kx


2. (Chapter 3, Q47) Calculate y
(5)
for y =
sin
2
x.

3. (Chapter 3, Q48) Find the 10
th
and
11
th
derivatives of the function
f(x)=x
10
14x
7
+3x
5
+2x
3
x+2.

4. (Chapter 3, Q50). Find
d
n

dx
n
when
y = x
2
c
ux
.

5. (Chapter 3, Q45) If (x) =
x
x
2
-1
, find

(n)
(u) for every n H.

6. (Chapter 3, Q41) Evaluate the
following limits by LHpitals rule.
(d) lim
x+
In(1+c
x
)
1+x

(e) lim
x0
(
1
x
-
1
sInx
)
(g) lim
x0
+ x
x

(q) lim
x0
+
Inx
In(In1+x)



7. (Chapter 5, Q14) Use differential to
find approximate values of
(a) Cos(31

)
(b) SS
S

(c) 6
S

(e) sin(46

)








AMA211 Introduction to Linear Algebra and Calculus (Semester Two of 2012/13)
Tutorial (Week 7)
1


Learning Outcome: 1. Implicit differentiation
2. Curve sketching (maximum/minimum, critical points, concavity, points
of inflexion)
3. Mean Value Theorem

I. Exercises of K.F. Hung & Glory T.Y.
Pong. Foundation Mathematics,
McGraw Hill, 2007:
1. (Chapter 3, Q56) Apply the Mean-
value theorem to prove that if 0 < a <
b,
b -o
1 +b
2
< tan
-1
b -tan
-1
o <
b -o
1 +o
2

and hence show that
n
4
+
3
25
<
tan
-1
[
4
3
<
n
4
+
1
6
.

2. (Chapter 3, Q60) Use mean value
theorem to prove the inequality
c
x
1 +x foi x u.

3. (Chapter 3, Q62) Suppose f(x) is a
twice differentiable function on the
interval [a, b] such that f(a) = f(b) = 0
and f(x) 0 for x in (a, b). Show that
f (x) 0 for x in (a, b). Interpret this
geometrically.

4. (Chapter 3, Q65 (c)) Using the mean
value theorem, prove that
ny
n-1

x
n
-
n
x-
nx
n-1
for any
x, y R with 0 < y < x and n H.

5. (Chapter 5, Q13) Sketch the
following:
(a) y = x
3
+Sx
2
+6x -4
(b) y = Sx
2
3
(x1)
(c) y = 2x
2
-
1
x
2

(d) y = x
2
S +x
(e) y =
x
x
2
+4


II. Supplementary Exericse
1. Find
d
dx
for the curve y
2
= x
2
+
sin(xy).

2. Find
d
dx
for the curve x
3
+y
3
+
9xy = u.
3. Find
d
dx
for the curve x
3
-y
3
= 8.


Remarks: Part I, Q5 (c) is for self-study
only and will not be used in tutorial.








AMA211 Introduction to Linear Algebra and Calculus (Semester Two of 2012/13)
Tutorial (Week 8)
1


Learning Outcome: 1. Curve sketching (maximum/minimum, critical points, concavity)
2. Indefinite Integrals

I. Last Tutorial (Q5 (a) to (e) including (c))
II. Other exercise:

1. Find the following indefinite integrals and check your answers by differentiation:
(a) ]
(x
3
+Sx -7)Jx
(b) ](t
3
-
t
2
2
+t)Jt
(c) ](St +
4
t
2
)Jt
(d) ](
1
2t
-
3
t
4
)Jt
(e) ]
d

S

(f) ]
d
(+1)
S

(g) ]cos
2
u
2
Ju [Hints: cos
2
0 =
1+cos20
2
]
(h) ]
1
w
2
+b
2
Jw (b > u)
(i) ]
1
cos
2
z
Jz
(j) ]
1
sIn
2
z
Jz
(k) ]c
-5x
Jx
AMA211 Introduction to Calculus & Linear Algebra
Exercise 1 Limit and Continuity
(1) If a sequence of real numbers {a
n
} converges to a real number p, i.e.,
lim
n
a
n
= p, then given any real number > 0, there corresponds an
integer N such that a
n
belongs to the open interval (p , p + ) whenever
n N.
Use this denition to prove that a sequence can not have more than one
limits.
(2) Evaluate the following
(a) lim
n
2 3n
2
5n
2
+ 100n + 1
; (b) lim
n

n + 1

; (c) lim
n
(1 +
2
n
)
n
.
(3) Show that lim
n
n

n = 1.
(4) In each of the following, a sequence {a
n
} is dened by a respective
recursive formula. Show that lim
n
a
n
exists and nd its value in each of the
cases.
(a) a
1
= 1 and a
n+1
=

1 + a
n
for n 1;
(b) a
1
=

3 and a
n+1
=

3 + a
n
for n 1.
(5) Dene a sequence {x
n
} by putting x
1
= 1 and x
n+1
= x
n

x
2
n
2
2x
n
for n 1. Compute the rst 4 terms of the sequence. Show that x
n
= 0
for any n 1. Assuming that lim
n
x
n
exists, nd its value.
(6) Evaluate the following
(a) lim
x1
x
2
+ 4x + 3
x + 1
; (b) lim
x2

1
x 2

4
x
2
4

; (c) lim
x
x

x
3
+ 2
.
(7) Let f(x) = x
4
. Evaluate
lim
h0
f(x + h) f(x)
h
,
1
where x is treated as a xed number.
(8) Consider the function f(x) =

1 + x
2
0 x < 1;
1 1 x < 2;
3 x x 2.
(a) Sketch the graph of the function.
(b) At a = 1 and a = 2 respectively, discuss the one-sided limits
lim
xa+
f(x) and lim
xa
f(x).
Deduce that lim
x1+
f(x) = lim
x1
f(x) and lim
x2+
f(x) = lim
x2
f(x).
(9) Discuss the continuity of the function
f(x) =

x
2
, if x (, 1)
x + 1, if x [1, ),
at the point x = 1.
(10) It is known that
f(x) =

x
2
+ 3x 10
x 2
, if x = 2
p, if x = 2.
What is the value of p if the function f is to be continuous at x = 2 ?
(11) Discuss the continuity of the function f(x) = tan x.
(12) Let
f(x) =

sin x, x

2
3x + b, x >

2
.
where b is a constant. Find the value of b such that f is continuous at the
point x =

2
.
(13) If x
0
> 0, show that lim
xx
0

x =

x
0
. (In other words, the square
2
root f(x) =

x is a continuous function of x.)

(14) A trust fund is being set up by a single payment so that at the end
of 20 years there will be $250, 000 in the fund. If interest is compounded
continuously at an annual rate of 7%, how much money should be paid into
the fund initially?
(15) Use the intermediate value theorem to show that the equation x
4

3x
3
+ 1 = 0 has at least two real roots.
3
AMA211 Intro to Calculus and Linear Algebra
Exercise 2 Dierentiation
(1) Prove from the denition of derivative that
d
dx
cos x = sin x.
Hence compute
dy
dx
for the following: (i) y = tan x; (ii) y = cot x;
(iii) y = sec x; (iv) y = csc x (v) y = cot
1
x.
(2) Consider the function
f(x) =

x 2 for x 1
2x 3 for x > 1
.
Show that f(x) is continuous at x = 1, but f

(1) does not exist. Sketch the

graph of the function f(x).
(3) For f(x) =
3

x
2
, show that f

(0) does not exist.

(4) An important function in economic and business decisions is the nor-
mal density function
f(x) =
1

2
e

1
2
2
(x)
2
,
where and are real constants, with > 0. Compute f

(x) and show that

f

(x) = 0 if and only if x = .

(5) A function f is dened as follows:
f(x) =

2 sin x + 5 if x 0,
ax + b if x > 0.
If f

(0) exists, nd values of a and b.

(6) Suppose f is a function and f

(a) exists. Evaluate the following

limits:
1
(a) lim
x0
(f(a +x))
2
(f(a))
2
x
; (b) lim
h0
f(a) f(a h)
h
;
(c) lim
h0
f(a + 2h) f(a)
h
; (d) lim
t0
f(a + 2t) f(a + t)
2t
.
(7) Compute f

(x) and f

(x) for each of the following functions:

(a) f(x) = e
x
sin(xln x);
(b) f(x) =
e
2x
1
e
2x
+ 1
;
(c) f(x) = tan
1

x
2
1
x
2
+ 1

;
(d) f(x) = ln(ln(x
2
+ 3x 1));
(e) f(x) =
xe
x
2
x
2
+ 1
;
(f) f(x) = x
2
cos

x
2
x
2
+ x + 2

.
(8) In each of the following, y is dened as a function of x by the given
equation. Find
dy
dx
and
d
2
y
dx
2
.
(a) x
2
y 2xy
2
+ e
xy
1 = 0;
(b) xy = e
x
2
+y
2
;
(c) y
2
+ 5y = sin xy.
(9) A cylindrical can of height 15 cm and radius r cm has volume equal
to V = 15r
2
cm
2
. If r is increased by an amount equal to r, what is the
dierence between V and dV ?
(10) To compute the height h of a lamppost, the length a of the shadow
of a 6 meter pole is measured. The pole is 20 meters from the lamppost. If
a = 15 meters, with a possible error of less than 1 cm, calculate the height
of the lamppost and use dierential to estimate the error in the result.
2
(11) If c = f(q) be the total cost of producing and marketing q units of a
product (the total cost function) and r = h(q) be the total revenue of selling
q units of the same product (the total revenue function), then the derivatives
dc
dq
= f

(q) and
dr
dq
= h

(q) are called the marginal cost and the marginal

revenue respectively. When q = 10, q = 20, nd the marginal cost and the
marginal revenue of a product if
c = 0.03q
3
0.6q
2
+ 4.5q + 7700 and r = 250q + 45q
2
q
3
.
(12) A water container has the shape of a right circular cone. The
altitude is 10 meters, and the base radius is 4 meters. Water is poured into
the reservoir at the constant rate of 5 cubic meters per minute. How fast
is the water level rising when the depth of the water is 5 meters, assuming
that the vertex of the container is down ?
(13) Show that the point P = (1, 1) lies on the curve dened by the
equation y
2
+ xy x
2
1 = 0. Find the equation of the tangent line to the
curve at P.
(14) If y = F(x) is a dierentiable function and F(x) > 0, then we may
apply the chain rule of dierentiation to ln y = ln F(x) to obtain
1
y
dy
dx
=
d
dx
[lnF(x)] .
Therefore, we obtain the formula
dy
dx
= y
d
dx
[ln F(x)] .
Such a process is known as logarithmic dierentiation. Compute
dy
dx
where
(a) y =

(x 1)(x
2
+ x + 2)
(x + 3)(x 4)
3
; (b) y = e
x
x
3x
; (c) y = (

x)

xcos x
.
3
(15) Consider the following functions
cosh x =
e
x
+ e
x
2
and sinh x =
e
x
e
x
2
for each x. These functions are called the hyperbolic cosine function and the
hyperbolic sine function respectively.
(a) Prove that (cosh x)
2
(sinh x)
2
= 1 for any x. Also show that
cosh x 1 for all x, and that cosh 0 = 1.
(b) Prove that cosh x is an even function, while sinh x is an odd function.
Note that a function f(x) is said to be even if f(x) = f(x) and that a
function g(x) is said to be odd if g(x) = g(x).
(c) Prove that
d
dx
cosh x = sinh x and
d
dx
sinh x = cosh x.
Deduce that f(x) = cosh x is on (, 0) and is on (0, +), while
g(x) = sinh x is on (, +).
(d) We dene the hyperbolic tangent function by
tanhx =
sinh x
coshx
.
Compute
d
dx
tanh x and
d
dx
tanh
1
x and sketch the graph y = tanh x.
(16) Evaluate the following limits using LHopital s rule:
(a) lim
x0
2e
x
x
2
2x 2
x
3
;
(b) lim
x0

1
sin x

1
x

;
(c) lim
x0
(1 + mx)
n
(1 + nx)
m
x
2
, where m and n are positive integers.
(17) Find the nth order derivative of f(x) = ln x.
(18) If f(x) =
x
x
2
+ 1
, nd f(0) and f

(0). Using Leibnizs rule, calculate

4
f
(n)
(0) for any positive integer n.
(19) Use the mean value theorem to prove that e
x
x+1 for any x > 1.
When does equality hold?
(20) A motorist drove 50 km during a one-hour trip. Show that the cars
speed was equal to 50 km/hr at least once during the trip.
(21) This problem introduces the concept of an asymptote (see p.143 of
the text book). Astraight line L is called an asymptote of the graph y = f(x)
if the distance between a variable point P of the graph to L tends to zero as
the point P moves to innity along some branch of the curve. In practice,
there are two types of asymptotes:
(a) If lim
xx
0
+
f(x) or lim
xx
0

f(x) is innite, then the vertical line

x = a is called a vertical asymptote of the graph y = f(x).
(b) A line L with equation y = mx + b is an asymptote to the curve
y = f(x) if
lim
x+
[f(x) mx b] = 0 or lim
x
[f(x) mx b] = 0.
In this case, we have
m = lim
x
f(x)
x
= 0 and b = lim
x
[f(x) mx] .
In particular, if m = 0, L is known as a horizontal asymptote. If m = 0, L
is called an oblique asymptote.
Find all asymptotes of the graph
y = x + tan
1
x.
[Hint: We have lim
x+
tan
1
x =

2
and lim
x
tan
1
x =

2
.]
(22) Let g(x) be a continuous function on the closed interval [a, b] such
that g(a) = g(b) = 0 and that g

(x) exists for any x (a, b). Show that if

g

(x) 0 on (a, b), then g(x) 0 on [a, b].

(23) Suppose f(x) is a twice dierentiable function on an open interval
I such that f

(x) 0 for any x I. Show that if P and Q are any two

5
points on the graph y = f(x), then the line segment joining P and Q alway
lies above the graph between P and Q. [The graph y = f(x) is said to be
concave upward over the open interval I.]
(24) For each of the following functions, determine (i) intervals on which
the function is or ; (ii) intervals on which the graph y = f(x) is concave
upward or concave downward; (iii) relative maxima, minima and points of
inexion; (iv) asymptotes.
Use the information to sketch the graph of the function.
(a) f(x) =
x
2
(x
2
+ 4)
2
;
(b) f(x) = xsin x + cos x for 2 x 2;
(c) f(x) =
|x|
x
2
+ 1
;
(d) f(x) = x
5
3
x
2
3
;
(e) f(x) = |x + 1| +|x 1| +|x 2|;
(f) f(x) = |x + 1| +|x 1| +|x 2| +|x 5|.
6
AMA211 Answers to selected problems in Exercise 1
January 2013
(2)(a)
3
5
. (b) 0. (c) c
2
[Hint: Use lim
0
(1 + r)
1

= c].
(4)(a) 1 =
1 +

5
2
' 1.618034. (b) 1 =
1 +

13
2
' 2.3028.
(5) r
1
= 1, r
2
= 1.5, r
3
=
17
12
' 1.4167 and r
4
=
577
408
' 1.4142.
lim

2.
(6)(a) 2. (b)
1
4
. (c) 0.
(7) For any xed r, lim
0
,(r + /) ,(r)
/
= 4r
3
.
(8) lim
1
,(r) = 2, lim
1+
,(r) = 1, lim
2
,(r) = 1, lim
2+
,(r) = 1.
(9) The function is discontinuous at r = 1 and continuous elsewhere.
(10) j = 7.
(11) ,(r) = tan r is continuous except at r =

2
,
3
2
,
5
2
,
7
2
, .
(12) If , is to be continuous at r =
:
2
, then / = 1
3:
2
' 3.7124.
(14) $61. 649.24.
(15) The equation ,(r) = 0 has at least two real roots, one lying between
1 and 1, the other between 1 and 3.
1
AMA211 Answers to selected questions in Exercise 2
(1)(i)
d
dr
tanr = sec
2
r, (ii)
d
dr
cot r = csc
2
r, (iii)
d
dr
sec r =
tan rsec r, (iv)
d
dr
csc r = cot rcsc r,
(v)
d
dr
cot
1
r =
1
1 + r
2
.
(3) For r 6= 0, we have
,(0 +r) ,(0)
r
=
1
r
1
3
. Allow r 0.
(4) ,
0
(r) =
1

2
(r j) c

1
2
2
()
2
.
(5) If ,
0
(0) exists, then c = 2 and / = 5.
(6)(a) 2,(c),
0
(c); (b) ,
0
(c); (c) 2,
0
(c); (d)
1
2
,
0
(c).
(7)(a) ,
0
(r) = c

sin(rln r) + c

[1 + ln r] cos(rln r);
(b) ,
0
(r) =
4c
2
(c
2
+ 1)
2
;
(c) ,
0
(r) =
4r
(r
2
+ 1) (r
2
1)
;
(d) ,
0
(r) =
2r + 3
(r
2
+ 3r 1) ln(r
2
+ 3r 1)
;
(e) ,
0
(r) = c

2r
4
r
2
+ 1
(r
2
+ 1)
2

.
(8)(b) Dierentiating the equation twice, we have
r
0
+ = 2c

2
+
2
(r +
0
)
and
r
00
+ 2
0
= 2c

2
+
2
[1 + (
0
)
2
+
00
+ 2(r +
0
)
2
].
We may then solve for
0
and
00
from these equations.
(9) \ d\ = 15: (:)
2
.
1
(10) / =
120
15 + 0.01

120
15
' 0.0053298, while d/ =
8
15
0.01 '
0.0053333.
(11) ,
0
(10) = 1.5, ,
0
(20) = 16.5, /
0
(10) = 6000 and /
0
(20) = 15000.
(12) For / = 5,
d/
dt
=
5
4:
' 0.39789 (meter/second).
(13) Equation of the tangent line to the curve at 1 = (1. 1) is r3+2 =
0.
(14)(a)
d
dr
=

(r 1)(r
2
+ r + 2)
(r + 3)(r 4)
3
1
2

1
r 1
+
2r + 1
r
2
+ r + 2

1
r + 1

3
r 4

.
(14)(b)
d
dr
= c

r
3
[4 + 3 ln r].
(15)(d)
d
dr
tanh r =
1
cosh
2
r
and
d
dr
tanh
1
r =
1
1 r
2
.
(16)(a)
1
3
; (b) 0; (c)
::(: :)
2
if :, : 2.
(17) For : 2, one has ,
()
(r) = (1)
+1
(: 1)!
r

.
(18) If : is even, ,
()
(0) = 0. If : is odd, i.e., : = 2/ + 1, then
,
(2+1)
(0) = (2/ + 1)

(2/ 1)!
2
1
(/ 1)!

2
.
(20) Suppose that the car is moving on the axis. Suppose = ,(t),
with (0) = 0 and (1) = 50. If ,(t) is a dierentiable function of t, the
mean value theorem implies the existence of a number t
0
between 0 and 50
such that
50 = ,(1) ,(0) = ,
0
(t
0
)(1 0) = ,
0
(t
0
).
Hence the speed of the car at t = t
0
is exactly equal to 50 km/hr.
2
(21) For the graph = r + tan
1
r, we have
: = lim

r + tan
1
r
r
= 1
and
/ = lim

r + tan
1
r r

= lim

tan
1
r =
:
2
.
We thus conclude that the graph has two asymptotes: = r +
:
2
and
= r
:
2
.
(24)(d) For the function ,(r) = r
5
3
r
2
3
, we have
,
0
(r) =
5
3
r
2
3

2
3
r

1
3
and ,
00
(r) =
10
9
r

1
3
+
2
9
r

4
3
for r 6= 0. It is clear that ,
0
(0) does not exist because
,(0 +r) ,(0)
r
=
(r)
5
3
(r)
2
3
r
= (r)
2
3
(r)

1
3

as r +. Critical points are r =
2
5
and r = 0 (,
0
(0) does not exist).
It is clear that ,
00
(r) = 0 if and only if r =
1
5
, and ,
00
(0) does not exist.
(a) Using information on ,
0
(r):
r (. 0) 0 (0.
2
5
)
2
5
(
2
5
. +)
,
0
(r) +c not exist c 0
,(r) % relative max & relative min %
.
Conclusion: ,(r) has a relative maximum at r = 0 and a relative minimum
at r =
2
5
.
(b) Using information on ,
00
(r):
r (.
1
5
)
1
5
(
1
5
. 0) 0 (0. +)
,
00
(r) c 0 +c not exist +c
,(r) conc down pt of inex conc up conc up
Conclusion: ,(r) is concave upward on (
1
5
. 0) and on (0. +), but is
concave downward on (.
1
5
). Therefore, r =
1
5
is a point of inexion,
while r = 0 is not.
3