ON A SOLUTION OF THE PROBLEM OF AN UNDERGROUNDEXPLOSION IN SOFT SOILS

(KlW3HENIIUZADAOHIOPODZEt4NOM VzRYvEvMIA~~oRUNTm)
PMM vo1.28, NP 6, 1964, pp. 1070-1082 S.S. GRIGORIAN (Moscow) (Received June 16, 1964)

The solution of the problem of explosion of high explosive charges In the ground Is of Interest for the needs of seismic prospecting, mining, or production of underground cavltles,by an explosion method. In various cases It Is necessary to have Information of the different characteristics of this solution, on the energy and mode of the elastic waves emitted by the seat of origin of the explosion; on the dynamics of the formation of the explosion cavity, on the stress and velocity fields In the zones near the explosion where Inelastic behavior of the ground is manifested essentially, etc. Some approximate solutions of this problem are known [l to 71, which are based on very strong simplifying schematlzatlons of the phenomena and which do not give sufficiently satisfactory quantitative and qualitative results. An attempt Is made below to give a more rigorous formulation and effective solution of the problem of an underground explosion by using existing theoretical conceptions of the behavior of ground [8 to lo], as well as the results of experiments formulated especially on their basis [ll to 153. The equations of the problem for centrally symmetric motion of the 1. ground are, as follows from [9]:

g+
p

v~+(l-G,(~++)

=o
(5,-

($

+z16;

au ) - (1 - 0) [$ + f
+

3,)] = 0
Al*) +R(cr++) +h(a,+p) + + 2, -$)I

2%+~3!+(!!$
2G[~--(~+~)]=as~~P+~ G[++($++)]=

o$)e($+ .$)e(e
a;I+P)

(1.1)

a@;t+P + u a@;;p) ($

2F @)A = [-f G (ur - orp) (g

+ ug

+) - F (p) (g -

)] e

[J, - F (p) 1e [G G (CJ,- 4

1287

f-) - F (P) (g

1288

8.1.

origorlan

e(2)

2J2-(~P+P)2+2(cp++)2
P - PO= f(% 0,) (fki-F, e*,i+)

cont.

(1.1)

3p f or + 2a,,

The Initial and boundary conditions of the problem are

0, (r, 0) = Gp (I', 0) = -po, 2r(r, 0) = 0

e(r, 0) = 8,
or (a, t) = t) - PO,

(r, 0) = 0,

0
PO,

a0

(1.2)
(1.3)

9 (4,
0,

v (a, t) = da / tit v (r, t) --, 0

r + 00

b-74 - 0

0 (6 0 -+ 0,

0, (6 t) -

for

Here r and t areathe coordinate and time; u Is velocity; ur and o (0 are the principal stresses; p and PO are the present and Initial densities; (J Is the shear modulus, and p. Is the initial pressure ln the ground; the functions &) and y(e,e,) describe the condition of the Plastlclty and volume compresslblllty of the ground. The function +(a) ln the first of conditions (1.3) expresses the customarily used hypothesis on adiabatic and quasi-st&tlonary change In the state of the gaseous explosion products and, for the customary high explosive (as TNT, say), may be taken ln the form (for a - a(t) TNT y z 1.25, describes p,, 2 2 x l(r kg/&) motion

21(a> =&pi$)-

(1.4)
of the

The unknown function

the explosion problem. As the e erlments loesa, clay 4 and only cavity

the law of boundary the process

and should

be found during

of solving

[ll to 153 show, the function such ground will be considered

F(p) for sand, herein) la

loam, (1.5)

6F @) = @P t b)*

In a range of variation of p from small values to hundreds of atmospheres. The pressure P In the explosion problem varies between several tens of to small values on the thousands of atmospheres (the value of PO0 In (1.4)) order of PO. For large values of 7 ( aPParently on the order of thousands and tens of thousands of atmospheres ., the function F(P) should remain bounded [lo and 163, I.e. the relationship (1.5) cannot be ised throughout ln solving the problem of an explosion In ground set ln motion at all times. There are not yet specific experimental results on the value of P , starting with which However, taking into account the abrupt drop In ceases to Increase. F(P) of the exploall the stresses, particularly in p ln a small neighborhood sion cavity In the first Instants after the detonation of the high-explosive charge, It can apparently be assumed without great error,that the relatlonship (1.5) holds for all values of P encountered in the problem. In the first instants, when a small region of ground around the explosion cavity Is In motion this region will, as may be shown, be separated from grdund not yet involved In the motion by a spherical surface of strong dlscontinuity, a shock wave being propagated Into the ground at rert. The state of the ground p@rtlcles directly behind this surface It: determined by the dependence of a, on ij = f~,, which has been obtained ln the analysis of unl-

'&w.lon

of the problem of an undargound l lrplorrlan

1289

axial deformation of a ground element, and which, for large values of o,, may correspond to strain with elastic shear, i.e.,weMll have Ja< F(p); for smaller values of u,,may correspond to strain with plastic shear, i.e. The value of u, dellm.ltlng these two states Is determined (1.6 Jo F( ). and 17P by the form of the function F bj and p*- Po = ~(0,) E j (C*, 0,). After the shock wave has passed the particle, this latter starts to be moved toward Increasing r , shear strains develop, and at a certain tine they become such that plastic flow sets in, i.e. for large values of 0, the elastic strains for which A = 0 will hold only in a certain layer adJacent to the shock-wave surface. *cause of the large value of a(a-l@kg/cm'), as is seen from (l-l), the elastic shear strains may only hold for small values of particle displacement 8nd it can be expected that this layer will be relatively thin. Hence, to simplify the mathematical problem, the etistence of this layer can be neglected and we can consider that the plastic flow starts directly behind the front of the shock wave. This assumption p;;bably Introduces a negllglbly small error into the solution of the prob. In the expression for A (see (l.l)f, the difference is o, ---o&C for As will be seen from the solution to the problem construc.tedbelow, JD= F(P). the inequalities +/at+ v$pj&< 0, au/ &<C also hold in the initial v w 0 in the initial stage, All this means stages of the motion. Horeover, that if the plasticity condition is satisfied on the shock-wave surface, It is also retained everywhere behind this surface in the initial stage. The assumptions made permit sfmplification of the original system of Equations (1.1). Henceforth, we shall use a simplified system, as

Gc+=

UCfr +

fig

-3p=u,+2a,,
po, o,),

a=

3v/a-k 31/.i+k

pz

e = e* + EQ, (P Here
E

_3b 3 r/z-i-212

is a

Is associated

The smallness of the parameter small parameter (8 < 1). with the fact that, as experiments show, the discharging e - Q(p - pO,e+) diagram are very inslgnlflcantly inclined

branches of the

to the P-axis for the ground being considered. Hence, the characteristic value of this slope may be introduced as and it may be considered that Conditions (1.2) and (1.3) wave -~~~~-br(R,t)==~~+~~B~(dRjdt)~, replace the conditions for
F (9 .

cp(p-pot8*)

- 1 . conditions of the shock

change partially:

u,zv(R,t)

=@,dR/dt

0.7)

The shock wave Here F = R(t) Is the unknown law of shock-wave motion. velocity &R/&t will drop will attenuate aa time passes, its propagation and a time will arrive when it will become equal to the propagation velocity of small elastic shock wave Here up= o,(e) disturbancea
c* =

in the Weformed I-.-. PO--l dcr, (e) /

ground at rest ahead of the

del&
In the

is a dependence corresponding to uniaxial atrain.

1290

5.9.

or1gor1an

notation customary In the elasticity theory, we will have for poco'= h + Here 1,~ = G

c0

2p=h$2G=K+$G,
are Lam4 coefficients.

K = (dpldrj),,,

(1.8)

Starting with this time, a slight motion starts ahead of the shock wave, em;lsslonof an elastic wave by the shock wave-front begins and the subsequent construction of the problem should take this wave Into account. Experiments show [ll to 133 that small elastic disturbances actually emerge to the front at some distance from the seat of the explosion during propagatlcn of the explosion wave. The possibility of the emission of an elastic wave Is determined by the properties of the dependence state during unlaxlal strain. relationship (u Is the displacement) If plastic shear strain starts with Increasing
3

ox= o,(e) obtained from the Initial undeformed For small strains, this will be the elastic

(1.9)

e , the relationship (1.9)

Is replaced by another, obtained by using the plasticity condition (1.5)

Gp

(Y = mp (0) 4- q,

?r2 =l$
a,@

,=2?_

1+22

(1.10)

Evidently the transition to plastic shear Is possible when the curves (1.9) and (1.10) intersect In the If the condition h'<T plane at the point (13 =tll, u,= - u,). 2v/ZG

(1.11)
If Inequality (1.11) Is 0 for any value of 0

Is satisfied, such an Intersection always occurs.

0 ; It may occur In this case If

not satisfied, there will be no Intersection at p"(o) >

P'(e) Is negative for small values of

and positive for large values of 8 . In all cases when there Is an lntersection, the unlaxial strain diagram will agree with (1.9) for 8 < @, and with (1.10) for e > e1 ; however, plastic shear may again set In [16 and 173 for significant P .
The

quantity

tlon. If p(e) ahead of the shock will be described by linear equations of the theory of elasticity, If the dependence

- do,/d8 will decrease by a jump at the point of lntersec(linear elasticity) for e 6 el, the perturbations = ffe

p(e)

is nonlinear, then the equations descrlbHowever,

lng the perturbations ahead of the shock will be nonlinear also. limit oneself to the linear-case.

this nonlinearity Is usually negllglble and It is apparently possible to

The solutions of the problem should be constructed by joining the solution of (1.6) to the solution of the equations describing the perturbations ahead of the shock by means of the conditions on the shock, which will differ from (1.7) because of the perturbations ahead of the wave. However, these conditions will be inadequate because the perturbations ahead of the shock are themselves unknown, hence, still another (precisely one, as will be seen

from the subsequent The choice elementary p(g) Mon. > 0 If of

exposition) condition for 0 (

condition for

should

be appended. plane If for 0, will motion be this case condlIs the Inequality

this

the one-dimensional to the following. then satisfied o,= -

[18 and 171 and reduces Is satisfied the Inequality reduces

P(8) < 0

0 < ol,
is

0 5 e < 01 then thla

condition

to the equality

for case will

O<e<e, and to the equality the Inequality dR i dt be satisfied.

0,

= - 0, for c, (0,)

0 - 8, ; In the latter

u, <

Here much less ties. a

U, is than

the particle &R/at and

velocity o,,

directly

In front

of the wave.

It

1s

hence It may be omitted

from the lnequallbecause

The situation

Is more complicated

in the case under consideration

does not exist here (0, depends on two arguments au/ar and u/r; 0, - o,(e) u Is the displacement), whose properties determine the selection of the additional condition. However, considerations on shock-wave stability and evolutlonarlty condition P(e) tion < 0 for of the solution, case [17], -0 < e < el, which permit are easily making the selection realized in this again
i3U

of this too. If to the rela11

in the plane

case

the stability

condition

leads

G-=,,,
Since rest, the perturbation for It will be a one-direction the solution wave (divergent), of the problem

ET=7
Into

(1.12)
(1.12) If

ahead of the shock Is propagated hence in the case

a medium at

conditions considered.

are sufficient

the leading edge of the perturbation will also p(e) 2 0 for 0 S e e e,, The Intensity of this wave, as well as the continuous be a shock wave. motion behind It up to the fundamental shock, are determined by a function which Is unknown and Is determined, If one mlsslng condition connecting the motion parameters directly ahead of the fundamental can be shown that (1.5) will be this shock, Is appended. condition It the plasticity condition.

Fig.

Let us assume that this Is not so, 1.e. to the right of the line r = R(t) In the rt plane, there Is a left boundary line of the domaln of motion where the shear proceeds elasCondition (1.5) tically (line OA Flg.1). Is satisfied In th;! region between this line and the line r = R(t) ; the shear proceeds The case when the shear la elasplastically. tic everywhere to the right and up to the line r = A(t) Is e: ldently Impossible since e(e) 3 0 (0 G e< e,), M/dt > c would hold for which Is rncompatlble with he fact that the line r = R(t) must pass through the olnt 0 (time of emission of the elastic wave 7 Into

1292

9.9. orlgor1ul

Is the value of 0 directly the domain where &dt < o ( t% slope of the line OC). Ety behind the leading edge of %e~&t&b%% virtue of condition (l.ll), the propagatlonveloclty of the small perturbations In 4ihe plastic Qomaln BOA will be smaller than In the elastic domain velocity of the boundary state AOC. It Is also evident that the propagation at each point on OA (the slope of the line OA ) should be Included between the values of these perturbation velocities at the points on OA . Let us now consider the characteristics of the tiio families in, and m Evidently, if the solution on j(~ is known, we for the plastic equations. have a Cauchy problem in the triangle mN , which Is solved uniquely and determines the values of the desired functions at the point D on the shock at Its point D completely defined wave 08 , which makes the conditions and sufficient for the construction of the solution to the left of the shock. the solution is completely defined Moreover, If the l%ne OA Is prescribed, Hence, assignment of this, line completely In the elastic domais AOC also. defines the solution of the problem as a whole, where such assignment may be The solution of the completely arbitrary, and the solution is not unique. I.e. assignment of the desired problem turns out not to be evolutionary, functions at a certain time t = t, does not determine the solution uniquely The aontradictlon Is eliminated If It is assumed that in subsequent times. I.e. that condition (1.5) is satlsthe plastic domain BOA does not exist, ahead of the shock wave on the line 09 . This means that fl d only direct1 (1.5 T should be taken as the missing condition connecting the re f atlonshlp values of the motion parameters on the shock. For slmpllclty, describe (1.1) tion for the motion tween the stresses with respect we shall ahead of henceforth the shock. 0< consider In this into linear case, relationships the dependence5 which are obtained law after to befrom

and velocities to the time

Qre =

of the deformations

A SE 0 and 0, =

1 transform

Hookes

integra-

(&fG)($+$)+2G$-p,,
(K-~G)(~+~)+2G~-po
of the problem of a diverging centrally in terms of one function @
---_ $

6 pe

(1.13)
gymmetby means of Formula
= -

As ia known, the solution rlc elastic wave is ar expressed r)

uu=

a @(cot r

0,

%u = P&o2
he =

,++*;2;aw +$D),-po
a,

v, zs

&I
at

co

($+S)

-i---r2 PoCo2 r

-2r(9

+&q]-PO
2G

r2 = Here velocltlee; tlation. y

G 1K j-k/s G =qc%j

(1.14)

la the ratio of the transverse and longitudinal elastic wave Q Is Poissons ratio, the primes on the # denote dlfferenThe conditions on the shock r = R(t) are written as

(up* - are*) =

PO

(;Jy2(R denote

%*)2,

a,* = au,,* + p (1.15)

with respect to

R (0,. - 0,) = (1 - 0,) vu* - (1 - O,*) v,

Here and henceforth
the dot will differentiation

time and the values * Since e,-gi,

of the quantities in the elastic

on the shock will wave, conditions

bear

the subscript may be simplified

(1.15)
fJve* =

tar.-

o;,*) = p. (e, - e,*) (fr -

v,q,
-

cm,,* t- p (1.16)
directly for In front r > J?(t), to

R-(e, - e,) =
It is easy to show that be zero. that of the shock will the condition

V*

(1 A

e,) v,*
for particles I.e.
Ja<

the expression In the elastic

wave Itself,

the shear proceeds

elastically

F(p), reduces

This proaches

Inequality zero for I.e. latter

turns for

Into r=R.

an equality Since and

at the point the left-hand that

of each characteristic side In (1.17) side (1.17) will ap-

f =o,t-r-const approaches be satisfied, shock (this a posltlve

5 = const quantity that plastic

R < f 4 = , and the right-hand condition domains will not occur

It may be expected shear would substantially

ahead of the the solution

clrcumastance

complicate

of the problem). Of course, compliance with condition the domain r > R(t) should be confirmed In the actual solution. As time passes, exhausted, fled at where, F>R_, domain 2, small I.e. F = R, a time t, sets

(1.17) everywhere in construction of the

in when the shock wave la completely be satlsevery-

the equalities v, =v,,, 8, = e,,, Or* = bre*, will = R(t,) , after which the motion will be continuous

hence It will be a diverging elastic wave of (1.14) type In the domain which should join continuously with the solution of (1.1) in the r < Am . Let us seek the solution parameter 0 , I.e. of Equation (1.6) as power series in the

V = 2. + EV + . . . , p = p + E$+ . . . , 8, = e,O + i3e,l 0, = 90 + ECU + . . . , U, = COO+ ~0~1. . . , e = 80 + ~81 + Substituting (2.1) Into (1.6),
00)

. . .

(24

we obtain

first-approximation
0,

equations

$_. +

v~ $t

(1 _

($Y + _$.Y) =

a~+vo~!&o

~o(~+vo~)-~~-e~~[~+~~~~-~~~]=o
-3pO
!l!he second approximation equations

= arO+2u;,
are

80 = e*o

(2.2)

(2.3)

1294

3.s.

Grlgorlm

We do not write down the equations for the subsequent approxlmations,they are awkward and not needed, in practice, for the solution of the problem. The Byetern (2.2) is nonlinear and agrees with the equations of the problem for the particular cBBe of a medium with the property de/at = 0 for dp/dtc. 0 (an incompressible medium wlth volume unloading). All known attempts to solve this problem have been made precisely under this assumption on the medium [ 1 to 7). The system (2.3) is linear and may be solved after having constructed the first approximation. Solution of the systems (2.2) and (2.3) with the requisite For (2.2) we have number of arbitrary functions ?.(I ( p(/) p, are found by quardatures.

k:bl)

(2.4)

The functions

c (t), cl (r),ri (i), n1 (I), f (&r<(t) in these formulas are arbitrary They shpuld be determined from the boundary of their arguments. of the problem, i.e. from (1.2) a(t), to (1.10, If(t) (1.7) and (1.16). seek the unknown functions in the form of series (2.6) cavity yield:

conditions We also

fi == a* -I- Ffil -j- I . ., II I= 1P -;- &RI -j- . . . The boundary for for conditions on tne surface of the explosion the first approximation I- ur (a, t) == li, (a), approximation

21 (a, t) := (LZ)

(2.7)
(2.8)

the second

Solutlcin of the problem of an underground explosion

1295

The condition on the shock yield for the first approximation (0,"q&+2. = p" [(0*" (3,") (R"' (2.9)

1-e)21r=Ro

R (cl, -

ee)p=RO = Iv -

v,(l-

e*)lr&,

(Q - aor:)r=Ro - P = 0 (2.10) e,)(Ro--v,o) (R e,) CR* v,)+

for the second approximation

[o, -

or; + R1$

(CT, - u~~)I~,~~ =p{2(8*[(e, -

+ (RO-

?I,)(8,x - e,)+R$

71,0)vj~=~~

[R (8, - e,) + R* (e,l = 1 zil - 2,,1(I [oq; -

e,) + RR1 -& (e* - e,O)irxRO = b2, (1 e,qi}r_=i,.

8,) + o,e*l + R1 z aor; + R1 $

(cr n - ao,.O,)l,,no = 0 ve
U, = 0, e.= 0, o,,= -A.

The condition on the shock wave prior to the time of elastic wave origlnation are obtained from (2.9) and (2.10) If we put

It is seen from the obtained formulas that the fundamental problem is a nonlinear first-approximation problem. After It has been solved, the construction of the second-approximation solution reduces to the solution of a linear problem. 3. Let us solve the first-approximation problem. Into (2.7), (2.9) yields Substitution of (2.4)

(3-f) (up=)

c (t) = (a) -g

5 = r3 -

(u)3,

rI (t) = - I$ (a) + $J +s (RO, t) - 3 /Z-3

P (R, t) -

PO = -

8, (R, t) = f (5,) = f [(R0)3 _ o,D (R, t) f

--

(u)~I= 8, [p (RO, t) - ~1 [(a)a(1-) _ (R)2(-a)] _

(R)-2(1-O)$ (a) (a)a(l-a)_+. &

1
RO

1 da (uO)~ 3 dt= a,

-B dr
0: (r* t)

1-

=po[e.g

(RO,t)- 8, (RO, t)l IR (R, t)l = ($)$

2,,(R, t)] -

d (R, t)
8, (RO, 01

R [e, (R, t)-e;

Q (R,t) [1 B= 0

oq; (RO, t) - agz (R, t) -

1296

S.S.

Orlgorlan

Here 0, = e*(P* - PO> Is a known function describing the loading branch of the diagram for the volume compression of the ground.

The relationships (3.1), together with expressions for the elastic quantities (1.13) and (1.14), are a closed system of equations to determine the functions co (0, II0 (0, f (5)7a0 (0, R0 (0, @ or: = CT0 (R", % (cot-r),

y: zz pc (P, t),Q*c (RO, t)

In the Initial stage when RO' > co, elastic terms are missing from these equations, I.e. Q f 0. It i Is lmpor'tantto stress that the Cauchy problem occurs for the system (3.1), and It Is not difficult, In principle, to solve It numerically by using elec+zcmlc computers. The procedure for the solution may be slmpllfled if the following Is noted. Even for very considerable pressures the quantity f~ Is very small, I.e. we have eO,<l In (3.1), and If 8% Is discarded as compared with unity in the lntegrands, the Integrals will be consldtent and the solution to (3.1) slmpllfles. In particular, even the function Fly. 2 Wt will be determined here. 'Ihisfunction may be substituted Into the integrals in (3.1) and the process of constructing the solution may be duplicated. Apparently these two Iterations will be adequate. From another viewpoint It may be considered that there Is a second small parameter = max ~0x1 In the problem (3.1). Then, by expanding the solution of the iioblem (3.1) In a power series ln cl and retaining the first two terms, we obtain the above-mentioned two Iterations. Results of solving the system (3.1) for sandy ground of undisturbed structure are presented In Fig.2 (the necessary experlmentai data are taken from [12]) for the Initial stage when the elastic wave had not yet appeared (*). The nondimensional shock-wave radius (referred to the radius of the charge) Is plotted along the horizontal and the nondimensional radial stress on the shock wave along the vertical. Curve 1 corresponds to the exact solution obtained by assigning e,(R) from experiment (In place of the function as was remarked by Rykov, assigning e,(R) permits explicit e*(p -po)i solution of the problem in Lagranglan coordinates In quadratures). Curve 2 corresponds to the first iteration with the approximations obtained from the exact solution of e,(p,- p,) by means of 8, m- I(P* _I?") ,'AIR (the exact solution and the approximation are given by curves 1 and 2 in Plg.3, respectively). Curve 3 In Fig.2 has been obtained from the same experiments from which the dependence 0+= e,(R) was taken for the construcIt is seen that the first Iteration yields a tion of the exact solution. The existing discrepancy may good enough approximation to the solution. be associated not so much with the roughness of the first Iteration as with used In both the noticeable difference In the dependencea e*= e+(p+-po)

*) Computations performed by T.B. Larlna on the ttStrela'ln the Moscow State University Computation Center.

Solution of the problem of an underground explosion

1297

solutions (Fig.3). The discrepancy with experiment for A > 20 is apparently connected with neglecting the elastic wave in the computations, since at these distances, the elastic wave Is recorded in experiments. Let us now clarify above, behind which is based the shock, for A just
on

how far

the obtained

method of solution

described the for

the assumption that sheer proceeds plastlcally may be used. SubstJtuting the obtained formulas into
In (l.l), we obtain If that the shear will be plastic solution the Inequality

expression

the first-approximation
:\
G

4 ~G[5~(1--)-~P1(-~)-F~(p)(~~
o,<O,l --a > 0, p > 0
show, and as calculations

-gg>o

(3.2)

Is satisfied. Since stage d@/dt> when 0 for 0, I.e. the initial while close In conat the time of the motion and

&p/&t c 0 , then while 09 dp/a$ < 0 the shear will be plastic.

cavity It ceases elastic unloading by means of shear

Only at times strain begin.

to the time structing

when the explosion

to expand (i.e.

oO= 0) does

the solution

of the problem

sign of A* and at the time when A+ unloadingwaves by means of shear strain

where A* vanished, Taking account

to keep track of the vanishes, construction of elastic

is necessary

should be started from the point of the second approximation changes the quantity negligibly), accounting value only it for pal A* somewhat (but hence, may affect such an the time the However, that

0.8 0.6

at the mentioned inessentially. be noted will

should A*

first

term in the expression be the prinoilater stage of since It is term at this

in the motion

the order of @a,v/r and the second term is of the order

Of arau/r , then the ratio between these termsis ofthe

order of G/a ,-Glpo--lOs.

Hence, time of origin of cavity of f, of elast;ic shear unloading agrees expansion (d@/dt - 0). Since A* = 0 the unloading starts simultaneously in all to great accuracy the wlth the time of particles cessation at this time for all values from the cavity

surface to the shock wave or to particles in which the shock-waveintensity has vanished. Startingwith this time the motion will be described everywhereby the linear equations of the theory of elasticity,where the modulus of volume compressibility K and the density In the particleswhich the shock wave has passed will differ from the Initial values (K is determinedin each

1298

9.9. orl&&ul

by the appropriate unloading branch of the volume compression diaThe difference In the density from the unperfurbed value may be gram). neglected because of Its smallness (ea l), while K will change conslderably by decreasing from very large values tlnuJusly over into the unperturbed value the solution of the problem I6 determined fun&Ion i . The motion will 4 still In the domain be described a, < r < fL by linear equations, of the equations will r Increases and passing confor F = R . In the domain r>ROD by (1.14) tlth the as yet unknown as

Particle

however the coefficients

be functions of r because of the variability of K, and the equations will be Inhomogeneous, hence It Is Imposslble to write down a general solution RCO Fig. ximation Is that 4 + r solution of type (1.14) for them. The may be constructed numerically by the characteristics, say. However, a

method of

simple approximate solution of t;le problem may be constructed even for this case. The appromodulus K , which Is very large to Infinity, This solution

the volume compresslbllIty

almost everywhere In the domain am < T < R, , Is put equal which reduces the problem ln this domain to a static problem. will be poor directly near the line t = tl (t, Actually, ing starts (Flg.4)). does not satisfy the equilibrium not the accelerations by this solution Into the stress equations distribution (since only

Is the time Ix. which unloadat time t, the velocities

, which
and

are zero at the time t = t,), Is changed by a jump the distribution satlsfylng the equilibrium equations

this solution makes the acceleration zero by a Jump). This process (I.e. occurs gradually in the exact solution, because of the slowness however, of the motion near the cavity the solution obtained here under the assumption of IncompressIbllIty solution Its [lo] In order of the medium by elImlnatlng to estimate of (K - .p) will differ slightly It may be reflected from the exact t=tl, am<r<R,. considered that a narrow strip the size near the segments

of the strip

upper bound Is a piece

the characteristic

t = t, , P - R, from the line f = U,_ which goes leftward from the point if K = this strip has zero width, It coincides with the segment (Flg.4;

t = t,

3 its

upper bound In the exact and velocity

solution

Is the curve

,4B).

In the approximate solution will undergo a dls00, , and there Is no such discontinuity continuity on the characteristic in the exact solutiOn.

The stresses

approximate solution may be refined by constructing the line OAB exactly (this is easily done) and by smoothly connecting the values of the stresses at the point 0 on the segment OB with their values at the point B which have been obtained from the static solution in the domain
me

a, f r < the point

R,, B.

and rihlch have been kept constant The elastic wave may be constructed

on the line r = A, above by means of the dIstrI-

Solution

of

the

problem of

&n

underground

exploelon

1299

butlon u, at r = I)_ which has been obtained in this manner, i.e. the function # may be found for (1.14) in the domain above the characteristic 00,. Let us write down the formulas for the described approximatesolution. For x=m the solution In the domain aoo < r<-R, Is determinedby

cr,=2G+po,

a, =

2Gf

pO,

lL=$

(3.3)

where A = const , u Is the additionaldisplacementrelative to the state achieved at time t = t, . The boundary conditionof the cavity determines the constant %" A = NJ (a,)- pcl 4(; (3.4)
The stress distributionalong the line r = R, (Flg.4) Is determinedby the function. c,b,,t)== y(t) , which changes smoothly as t changes from t, to t, , where t, Is the time correspondingto the point B , from the value of or at the point 0 , known from the solution of the problem for (3.4) for t\( t,, up to the value at the point B , determinedby (3.3), For t > ta the quantity 0, remains constant. A smooth connection r=R,. may be made by retaining a continuousderivativeof er with respect to t at the points 0 and B (*). By satisfyingthe conditionof continuous a, at r =R_, we obtain Equation {km PoCo2 w (cot R,) + 4y2 [& R,)l} CD (cot PO = f (t) R,) + (3.5)

++

@ (cot -

for + whose solution Is Q (Q = e-a(4-41)FL4 sin (v/p c

GE) + B cos (7/p sin [1/p a2 (E -

a2Ql +

F (5) e-a(4-<)

C)l dC

P=

Ea

B = Q

cos (I/p

a&) -

(aI

a@,)

sin ;-y are taken from

The initial values @D, = @ (&), aI'= <D' (El) in (3.6) the solution constructedbefore for the value E < El.

'Ihecomplete constructionof the solution of the first approximation problem Is thereby terminated. It 1s understood that the exact solution may be constructedfor t > t,, the solution for this Is constructednumerically by the method of characretlstlcs In the domain t >&, a, <r<&, up to

*) A more exact result may be obtained by determiningexactly the value of ao,/at at the point 0 from an analysis of the solution ln the nelghborhood of the point 0 and using this value In the junction.

1300

9.9. 0rigorlUl

the time

t, at which

o,b_,t)

practically becomes a constant given by (3.3) (& = cot,R,).

and (3.4), and the solution Is then continued by using (3.6) with the appropriate Initial values Q (&), CD' (&J

By having constructed the first-approximation solution, the linear secondapproximation problem may be solved by using the quadratures (3.5) deduced above and the boundary conditions functions.
However,. the most Interesting properties of the solution, particularly
(2.8)

and (2.10), defining the arbitrary

the properties of the emitted elastic wave, are, In practice, determined exactly In the first approximation. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Ishllnskll, A.Iu., ,~vollnskll, N.V. and Stepanenko, I.Z., K dinamlke gruntovykh mass (On ground mass dynamics). Dokl.Akad.Nauk SSSR, Vol. 94, @ 4, 1954. Kompaneets, A.S., Udarnye volny v plastlcheskol uplotnlalushchelela srede (Shock waves In a plastic compressible medium). Dokl.Akad.Nauk SSSR, vol.log, No 1, 1956. RodIonov, V.N., Romashov, A.N. and Sukhotin, A.I., Vzryv v uplotnlaluahchelsia neogranlchennol srede (Explosion In a compressible unbounded medium). Dokl.Akad.Nauk SSSR, Vol.123, Np 4, 1958. Andrlankln, E.I. and Korlavov, V.P., Udarnala volna v peremenno uplotnlaemol plastlcheskoi srede (Shock wave In a variably compressive plastic medium). Dokl.Akad.Nauk SSSR, ~01.128, W 2, 1959. Sagomonlan, A.Ia., Odnomernye dvlzhenlla grunta so sferlchesklml,,tslllndrlchesklml I plosklml volnaml (One-dimensional ground motions with spherical cylindrical and plane waves). Collection of works "Dlnamlka 4, 1961. gruntov' fSol1 Dynamics). Akad.strolt. I arkhlt. SSSR, Ni? Zvollnskll, N.V., Ob lzluchenll upr 01 volny prl sferlchesk:m vzryve v grunte (On the emission (radiation "3 of an elastic wave from a spherlcal explosion In the ground). pMt Vo1.24, Np 1, 1960. Lovetskll, E.E., Nekotorye voprosy teorll vzryva v porlstom grunte (Some problems of the theory of explosion In porous.ground). Izv.Akad.Nauk SSSR, OTN, Mekh. I mashln, No 6, 1959. Grlgorlan, S.S., Ob obshchlkh uravninllakh dlnamlkl gruntov (On the general equations of soil dynamics). Dokl.A$ad.Nauk SSSR, Vol.l24,W,l959.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.
8.

9.

Grlgorlan, S.S., Ob osnovnykh predstavlenllakh dlnamlkl gruntov (On the fundamental concepts of soil dynamics). PMMVo1.24, m 6, 1960. 10. Grlgorlan, S.S. 0 nekotorykh uproshchenllakh v oplsanll dvlzhenlla miagkikh gruntov {Some slmpllflcatlons In the description of the motion of soft soil). PMM ~01.27, @ 2, 1963. 11. Alekseenko, V.D. Grlgorlan, S.S., Novgopodov, A.F. and Rykov, G.V., Nekotorye eksperlmental'nye 1ssledovanl:'apo dlnamlke mlagklkh gruntov (Some experimental investigations on soft-ground dynamics). Dok.l.Akad. Nauk SSSR, Vo1.133, Np 6, 1960. 12. Alekseenko, V.D., Grlgorlan, S.S., Koshelev, L.I., Novgorodov, A.F. and Rykov, G.V., Izmerenle voln naprlazhenll v mlagklkh gruntakh (Measurement of stress waves In soft soil). PMTF, Np 2, 1963. 13. Grlgorlan, S.S., Llakhov, G.M., Mel'nokov, V.V. and Rykov, G.V., VFzrrwe , volny v lessovldnom grunte (Explosion waves In loessy ground). NQ 4, 1963. 14. Alekseenko, V.D., Eksperlmental'noe lssledov.anledlnamlch&kogo polla naprlazhenll v mlagkom grunte prl kontaktnom vzryve (Experimental lnveStigatlon of the stress field in soft ground during a contact explosion). PMTF, Np 5, 1963.

15.

Rykov, O.V., Eksperlmentalnoe lssledovanle polla naprlaahenil prl vzr$vevpeeahanom grunte (Experimental lnveatlgatlon of the strees field ln en exploelon In aandy ground). PRPF, No1, 1964. ffrlgorian, 3.9. and Chernouako, F.L., Odnomernye kvazletatloheekle dvlzherdlagrunta (One-dlmenalonal quaal-statical motion of eoll). PAL.Vol.*, No 1, 1961. &9gorian, S.S. and Chernouako, F.L., Zadaoha 0 porahne dlia uravnenll dlnamikl gruntov (The piston problem for the equation6 of a011 dynamics). PNN vo1.25, m 5, 1961. Earenblatt, Q.I., 0 raeproetranenil mgnovennykh vozmuahohenll v srede B nelinelnol zavleimoattlu naprlazhenll ot deformate (On the propagation of lnatantaneoua erturbatlone In a medium with nonlinear etreaa-strain dependence P . PNN Vo1.17, W 4, 1953.

16. 17. 18.

Wanelated

by

M.D.F.