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CHAPTER

PRIMARY ACTIVITIES

TYPES OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES Q.1 Define the term economic activities. Ans. Human activities which generate income are known as economic activities. Economic activities are broadly grouped into primary, secondary, tertiary and uaternary activities. Described four different groups/types of economic activities. Economic activities are broadly grouped as "rimary activities, #econdary activities, $ertiary activities and Quaternary activities. 1. "rimary activities% & it refers to e'traction(utili)ation of raw materials from the earth*s surface. $hese include hunting, gathering, pastoralism, fishing, forestry, mining and agriculture. 2. #econdary activities% & it includes industries that transform raw materials into finish foods having higher value. +or e'ample manufacturing cotton te'tiles from raw cotton, and iron and steel from iron ore. 3. $ertiary activities% & it includes all kind of services provided the people such as education, health, trade and transport. 4. Quaternary activities% & it represents special kind of services, which is related to highly intellectual activities. +or e'ample research and development service, information generation, information processing and transmission.

!NTIN" AN# FOO# "AT E$IN" Q., Ans. -ention the two things on which the earliest human being depended. $he earliest human beings depended on their immediate environment for their sustenance. $hey depended on% 1. Animals which they hunted !. Edible plants which they gather from the forests. Describe the characteristics of %unters an& foo& gat%erers. $he characteristics of hunters and gatherers are% 1. $his activity is practised in regions with harsh climatic conditions. 2. "eople migrate fre uently in search of food. 3. "eople live in small groups and have no private property. 4. #imple implements are used for hunting. 5. /ocally available materials are used for their clothing and shelter. 6. $he yield per person is very low and little or no surplus is produced. 1ame the regions of %unting an& gat%ering in the world. $he hunters and gatherers lives in wide variety of habitats having different climates and biological resources. 2t is practised in% 1. $hey live in harsh climates of polar areas which include northern 3anada, northern Eurasia and southern 3hile4 2. $hey live in tropical rain forests of /ow latitude )ones such as the Ama)on 5asin, tropical Africa, 1orthern fringe of Australia and the interior parts of #outheast Asia.

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PASTO$A'ISM( ) Q.6 Ans. 1ame two types of anima* rearing. Depending on geographical factors, technological development animal rearing is practised either as% "astoral 1omadism 3ommercial livestock rearing. er&ing

1. 2.

Pastora* Noma&ism or Noma&ic Q.7

8hat is Noma&ic %er&ing/pastora* noma&ism9 Describe any four main features of it. Ans. 1omadic herding is a subsistence activity depending on animals. 1. $he people depend on animals for food, clothing, shelter and transport. 2. $he people do not live a settled life. $hey move from one place to another. ,. Each nomadic community occupies a well&defined territory. 4. $heir animals depend entirely on natural vegetation. 0. $hese nomads migrate with their animals with change in seasons which is called transhumance. 6. $he social status of a person is measured by the number of cattle he possesses. Q.: 1ame the animals reared in areas of nomadic herding. Ans. A wide variety of animals is kept in different regions. 1. 2n tropical Africa, cattle are the most important livestock, 2. 2n #ahara and Asiatic deserts, sheep, goats and camel are reared. 3. 2n the mountainous areas of $ibet and Andes, yak and llamas. 4. 2n the Arctic and sub Arctic areas, reindeer are the most important animals. Q.; Ans. -ention one important feature of each of the three broad regions/areas associate& +it% Pastora* Noma&ism in t%e +or*&, "astoral nomadic people live in areas of grasslands. $hey live in areas which are either too hot or too cold. $hey live in three broad regions%& 1. $he largest(core region e'tends from #ahara desert in Africa to -ongolia and 3entral 3hina. $his region includes #ahara desert, Arabian deserts, #avannas of Africa, Asian mountainous and plateau regions. 2t is hot and dry region. 2. $undra region in Eurasia. 2t is cold and dry region. 3. #outh 8est Africa and the island of -adagascar. 2t is a temperate region. Define Trans%umance. Also give areas associated with transhumance in the world. $he seasonal migration of people with their animals in search of pastures and water is known as transhumance. E'amples of transhumance are% i. 2n the mountainous regions such as the Himalaya, =u>>ars migrate with their animals from the plains to the mountains in summers and from mountains to the plains in winters. ii. 2n tundra region these people migrate from south to north in summers and from north to south in winters.

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Q.11 Ans.

8hy the numbers and areas of pastoral nomads have been decreasing9 $his is due to% & (a 2mposition of political boundaries% & 1ow they can not move freely in their regions due to formation of different countries. (b 1ew settlement plans by different countries% & -any countries have used their gra)ing lands for resettlement colonies and agriculture.

PASTO$A'ISM( ) Commercia* 'ivestoc- $earing Q.1! 8hat is commercia* *ivestoc- rearing9 Describe the main features of 3ommercial /ivestock ?earing @?anchingA. Ans. $he capital intensive and organised rearing of animals on scientific lines is called commercial livestock rearing. $he main features of 3ommercial /ivestock rearing are% 1. 2t is practised in permanent ranches. !. $he rearing of animals is being undertaken scientifically. 3. +odder crops and grasses are cultivated to feed the animals. .. #pecial breeds of animals are reared to give ma'imum yields of milk and meat. 0. =reat emphasis is given on genetic improvement, disease control and health care of animals. 6. Every activity is carried out mechanically. !. 2t is mostly practised in developed countries such as 1ew Bealand, Australia, Argentina and Cnited #tates of America. Q.1, 8hat are permanent ranc%es9 Ans. ?anches are large areas of pastures. $hese ranches are divided into a number of parcels which are fenced. 8hen the grass of one parcel is gra)ed, animals are moved to another parcel. $he number of animals in a ranch is kept according to the carrying capacity of pasture. A"$IC!'T!$E Q.1. 8hat are agricultural systems9 How are they classified9 Ans. Different types of agriculture practised under different physical and socio& economic conditions are called agricultural systems. $hey are classified on the basis of% @aA -ethods of farming, @bA $ype of crops grown @cA $ype of livestock kept. TYPES OF A"$IC!'T!$E Q.10 Distinguish between subsistence agriculture and commercial agriculture. Ans. $he agriculture systems of the world are grouped into subsistence agriculture and commercial agriculture. $he differences between the two are% i. 2n the subsistence agriculture the products are consumed by the farmers* family whereas in the commercial agriculture products are sold in the market. ii. 2n subsistence agriculture the farms si)e is small whereas in commercial agriculture it is large in si)e. iii. 2n subsistence agriculture the yield per acre is high whereas in commercial agriculture it is low. iv. 2n subsistence agriculture large number of labour is used whereas in commercial speciali)ed machinery is used. v. 2n the subsistence agriculture system farming is very traditional whereas in commercial agriculture it is like the business enterprise.

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Q.16 Ans.

E'plain the two types of su.sistence agricu*ture systems in the world. $here are three traditional subsistence agriculture systems in the world% i. Primitive su.sistence or S%ifting agricu*ture% a. 2t is the most primitive form of agriculture. b. 2t is mainly practiced by tribes in the tropical forest of Africa, Asia and 3entral America. ". 1atural vegetations are cut and burnt to make a clearing in the forests and the ash is used to increases the fertility of the soil. d. +ields are small and simple tools are used for cultivation. e. After a few years of cultivation, the soils fertility get e'hausted and then the farmer move to new land and repeat the whole process of clearing the forest. f. +armers return to earlier fields after 0&6 years. g. 2t is also known as slash and burn agriculture. h. 2t is prevalent in tropical regions and known by different names, e.g. /%uming in 1orth eastern states of 2ndia, Mi*pa in 3entral America and -e'ico and 'a&ang in 2ndonesia and -alaysia. ii. Intensive su.sistence agricu*ture% a. 2t is of two types% intensive cultivation dominated by wet paddy and intensive cultivation dominated by crops other than paddy. b. 2t is practiced in densely populated countries of monsoon Asia such as 3hina and 2ndia. c. Dield per acre is high due to high input of family labour. d. +ields are small due to high density of population. e. -ost of the work is done by labour. f. +arm yard manure is used to maintain fertility of the soil. g. $he rice, wheat, soyabean and barley are the important crops grown in this agriculture. h. 3rop speciali)ation is not possible. i. -ultiple cropping and intercropping is common in this system.

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Describe the main features of p*antation agricu*ture. "lantation agriculture% i. Europeans in their colonies introduced new agriculture system known as plantation agriculture. ii. 2t is large&scale profit&oriented farming. iii. -ain crops grown are tea, coffee, cocoa, cotton, sugarcane and rubber. iv. /arge estates or plantations are made where single crop is grown. v. 3apital investment is huge due to construction of factories on the field. vi. 3ultivation is done by #cientific methods. vii. #killed managers and technical staff are employed. viii. Enly one speciali)ed crop is grown. i'. "lantations are linked with market through good transportation. #. 3rops are e'ported.

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1ame important plantation crops introduced by European in different countries. Ans. 2mportant plantation crops are% i. 3ocoa and coffee plantations in 8est Africa established by the +rench. ii. $ea gardens in 2ndia and #ri /anka established by 5ritish. iii. ?ubber plantation in -alaysia. iv. #ugarcane and 5anana plantations in 8est 2ndies. v. 3oconut and sugarcane in "hilippines established by Americans. vi. #ugarcane plantations in 2ndonesia established by the Dutch.

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Describe the main features of e0tensive commercia* grain cu*tivation. #peciali)ed commercial agricultural systems% i. High agriculture production is achieved through efficient and more speciali)ed agricultural machines. ii. 2t is practised in interior parts of semi&arid lands. iii. 8heat is the important crop grown in this agriculture. Ether crops such as cotton, 3orn, barley are also grown. iv. $he si)e of farm is very large therefore e'tensive cultivation is done. v. $he yield per acre is low but the yield per person is high due to low population density. vi. 2t is practised in temperate grasslands such as #teppes of Europe, "rairies of America, "ampas of Argentina, Felds of #outh Africa, Downs of Australia.

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Describe the main features of mi0e& farming. -i'ed farming is a type of farming in which cultivation of crops and raising livestock goes hand in hand. 2ts main features are% i. $his form of agriculture is found in the highly developed parts of the world, e.g. 1orth&western Europe, Eastern 1orth America, parts of Eurasia and the temperate latitudes of #outhern continents. ii. -i'ed farms are moderate in si)e. iii. E ual emphasis is laid on crop cultivation and animal husbandry. iv. +odder crops are an important component of mi'ed farming. v. 3rop rotation and intercropping play an important role in maintaining soil fertility. vi. 2t is characteri)ed by high capital e'penditure on farm machinery and building, e'tensive use of chemical fertili)ers and green manures. vii. $he crops associated with it are wheat, barley, oats, rye, mai)e, fodder and root crops. viii. Animals like cattle, sheep, pigs and poultry provide the main income along with crops. Q.!1 Describe the main features of &airy farming. Ans. Dairy farming is a type of agriculture in which ma>or emphasis is on breeding and rearing milch cattle. 2ts main characteristics are% i. 2t is highly capital intensive. /arge investments are made on Animal sheds, storage facilities for fodder, feeding and milching machines. ii. #pecial emphasis is laid on cattle breeding, health care and veterinary services. iii. 2t is also highly labour intensive as it involves painstaking care in feeding and milching. iv. $here is no off&season during the year. v. 2t is practised mainly near urban and industrial market. vi. Dairy farming development depends on transportation, refrigeration, pasteurisation and other preservation processes. vii. $here are three main regions of commercial dairy farming are% a. $he largest is 1orth 8estern Europe. b. #econd is 3anada ". $he third belt includes #outh Eastern Australia, 1ew Bealand and $asmania. Q.!! 8hy Dairy farming is practised mainly near urban and industrial centres9 Ans. +resh -ilk and dairy products produced in the dairy farming are easily sold in the neighbourhood urban market. Dairy products are perishable commodities therefore they have to be sold at the earliest. Crban centres are large market for the dairy products.

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8hy dairy farming has increased on large&scale in recent years9 O$ #tate the factors on which the development of dairy farming depends. Ans. Dairy products are perishable commodities therefore the factors are% i. $ransportation% =ood transport system facilitates fast movement of dairy products between farms and the market. ii. ?efrigeration, pasteurisation and other preservation processes increased the duration of storage of various dairy products. Q.!. Ans. Describe the main features of Me&iterranean Agricu*ture. -editerranean agriculture is highly speciali)ed commercial agriculture. i. 2t is practised in the countries on either side of the -editerranean #ea. ii. $his region is an important supplier of citrus fruits such as grapes, oranges, olives and figs. iii. Viticu*ture or grape cultivation is a speciality of the -editerranean region. iv. 5est uality wines are produced from high uality grapes, grapes are dried into raisins and currants. v. $he advantage of -editerranean agriculture is that more valuable crops such as fruits and vegetables are grown in winters when there is great demand in European and 1orth American markets.

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Describe the main features of mar-et gar&ening an& %orticu*ture. 3ultivation of high value crops such as vegetables, flowers and fruits only for the urban markets is called horticulture and market gardening. i. 2t speciali)e in the cultivation of high value crops such as vegetable, fruits and flowers. ii. 3rops are cultivated e'clusively for the urban markets. iii. +arms are small and are located near urban market. iv. 2t is both labour and capital intensive. v. 2t lays emphasis on the use of irrigation, HDF seeds, fertilisers, insecticides, greenhouses and artificial heating in colder regions. vi. $his type of agriculture is well developed in densely populated industrial areas of Europe, C.#.A. and the -editerranean regions. vii. 1etherlands speciali)es in the cultivation of +lowers and horticultural crops which are flown to all ma>or cities. viii. +actory farming and truck farming are its two types.

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8hat is truc- farming9 $he regions where farmers specialise in vegetables only, the farming is known as truc- farming. $he distance of truck farms from the market is governed by the distance that a truck can cover overnight, hence the name truck farming. Q.!7 8hat is factory farming9 Ans. ?aising of livestock, particularly poultry and cattle rearing, with heavy capital and speciali)ation is called factory farming. i. 2t is done in stalls and pens. ii. /ivestock is fed on manufactured feedstuff. iii. 2t is carefully supervised against diseases. iv. $his re uires heavy capital investment in terms of building, machinery for various operations, veterinary services and heating and lighting. v. Ene of the important features of poultry farming and cattle rearing is breed selection and scientific breeding.

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1ame two types of farming classified on the basis of farming organi)ation. En the basis of farming orgainsation farming is classified into% 3o&operative farming 3ollective farming. =ive differences between co&operative farming and collective farming. the differences are% i. 3o&operative farming is initiated by a group of farmers whereas collective farming is initiated by the government. ii. 2n co&operative farming farmers poll in their resources, e'cept land, voluntarily whereas in collective farming farmers poll in all resources including land. iii. +armers help each other voluntarily in co&operative farming whereas in collective farming farmers are allotted work by the management. iv. 2n co&operative farming farmers sell their products in open market whereas in collective farming they sell the products to the government at fi'ed prices. Describe important features of co)operative farming. Co)operative farming i. +arming is done under a cooperative society formed by a group of farmers. ii. All farmers of the society poll in their resources voluntarily for more efficient and profitable farming. iii. 2ndividual farms remain intact and farming is a matter of cooperative initiative. iv. 3o&operative societies help farmers, to procure all important inputs of farming, sell the products at the most favourable terms and help in processing of uality products at cheaper rates. v. 3o&operative is successful in many western European countries like Denmark, 1etherlands, 5elgium, #weden, 2taly etc. vi. 2n Denmark, the movement has been so successful that practically every farmer is a member of a co&operative. Describe important features of Co**ective Farming/1o*-%o2. Co**ective Farming i. +arming is based on social ownership of the means of production and collective labour. ii. 2t was introduced in erstwhile #oviet Cnion. iii. 2t was also known as 1o*-%o2 in #oviet Cnion. iv. $he farmers pool in all their resources like land, livestock and labour. v. Dearly targets are set by the government and the produce is also sold to the state at fi'ed prices. vi. -embers are paid according to the nature of the work allotted to them by the farm management.

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Met%o&s of MININ" Q.,! 8hat are the t+o types of mining9 Ans. $here are two types of mining% i. Surface mining% it is also known as open&cast mining. -ining of minerals lying close to the surface is called surface mining. $he top layers of earth are removed by digging, blasting or drilling. 2t is the easiest type of mining. 3osts are low due to less e'penditure on safety precaution and e uipments. $he output is large and rapid.

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ii.

!n&ergroun& mining% 2t is also known as shaft method of mining. $he e'traction of minerals lying deep inside the earth is called underground mining. 2t is very risky and dangerous. 2n this kind of mining vertical and hori)ontal tunnels are made through which minerals are transported to the surface. 2t re uires lifts, ventilation system, loading machines and drills. #urface mining is a largest of all types of mining in the world.

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8hy the method of underground mining very risky9 Cnderground mining is very risky and every year large number of miner dies due to% & i. Emission of poisonous gases such as methane. ii. Accidental fires in the tunnels. iii. +looding due to seepage of underground water. iv. 3aving of roofs and tunnels due to water.

FACTO$S INF'!ENCIN" MININ" ACTIVITIES Q.,, Describe t%e factors +%ic% inf*uence& mining activities. Ans. $he factors which influence mining activities are% i. P%ysica* factors% the characteristics of ores such as si)e, depth and uality influence mining. 2f the mineral is found in sufficient uantity and is not found very deep, it will be mined profitably. ii. Economic factor% the cost of mining, demand in the market, availability of technology and capital, supply of labour determines mining activities. Q.,. Ans. 8hy the developed economies are retreating from mining activities9 $he developed countries are withdrawing from mining activities due to% i. High labour costs. ii. 3heap imports from developing countries. iii. #trict environmental laws in developed countries.

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E'plain , reasons for the increasing use of minerals in the world. $he increasing use of minerals in the world is due to% i, -ineral production provides large e'port earnings for the developing countries. ii, 2t provides employment to millions of miners. iii. -inerals are used in various industries. iv. ?ising standard of living of the people has increased the demand for various minrals.

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