INDEX STRENGTH OF MATERIAL LAB (ME-215E)

AIM: To find out Brinell Hardness Number of given test piece. REQUIREMENTS: 1. Brinell Hardness Tester 2. Test Piece 3. Hardened steel ball 10mm diameter 4. icroscope THEORY: Hardness represents t!e resistance of a material to indentation" and involves t!e measurement of plastic deformation caused #!en a loaded ball or diamond is applied to t!e surface of material. Brinell et!od: $n t!is a !ardened steel ball is pressed into t!e surface under a specified load #!ic! is !eld on for a fi%ed period and t!en released. Brinell Hardness is defined as t!e &uotient of t!e applied force '" divided b( t!e sp!erical area of impression. 'rom fig......... #e find t!at: Brinell Hardness" HB ) Test load*+urface area of indentation ) 2'*,-.-/0-1/d12 N*mm1 PROCEDURE: 1. Place t!e test specimen and t!e test table of t!e testing mac!ine. 2. 3ppl( load slo#l( and progressivel( to t!e specimen at rig!t angle to t!e surface and maintain full load for 14 seconds. 3. 5elease t!e load and remove t!e specimen from t!e table. 4. easure t!e diameter of impression on t!e test specimen b( microscope fitted #it! a scale. 6B+7583T$6N+: aterial of test piece ) -iameter of ball ) 9oad :': ) 9oad application time ) -iameter of $mpression :d: ) ;39;<93T$6N+: Brinell Hardness HB )Test load=+urface area of indentation ) 2'=,-.-/0-1/d12 N=mm1 P57;3<T$6N+: 1. T!e surface of test piece s!ould be smoot! and test spot free of oil and dirt s!ould be polis!ed to get a clear impression. 2. T!e load value of indenter diameter s!ould be selected from table 1 depending

upon material of test specimen of its t!ic>ness. RESULT: Brinell Hardness )

Haryana Engineering -oc.: H7;* 7;H* 7/ 2147*+/3*P/2 College

Exp !"# $% I$&%!'(%")$& $ssue: 01 Page No.: 1 of 2 AIM: To stud( t!e $mpact Testing REQUIREMENTS: 1. $mpact Testing ac!ine 2. +pecimen THEORY: I#p*(% T &%: T!e test is to determine t!e be!avior of materials #!en subAected to sudden loading. C+*!p, I#p*(% T &%: $t is single blo# $mpact test" in #!ic! t!e notc!ed specimen is supported at bot! ends" as a simple beam ? bro>en b( a falling pendulum on face opposite to and immediatel( be!ind t!e notc!. I-). I#p*(% T &%: $t is a single blo# $mpact test" in #!ic! t!e notc!ed specimen is fi%ed at one end and bro>en b( a falling pendulum. $mpact +trengt!: 7nerg( absorbed b( specimen during impact test is >no#n as impact strengt!. PROCEDURE: 1. +et t!e needle of scale at @ero position. 2. 5aise t!e pendulum .P >g2 to an appropriate !eig!t :!1:. :!1: depends upon energ( stored .300 N/m2. 3. 9ocate t!e specimen on its proper place according to test. 4. Pendulum is dropped freel( from !eig!t :!1:. T!e pendulum #ill brea> t!e test specimen and s!oot up to t!e ot!er side of t!e mac!ine. 4. T!e pendulum is stopped #it! t!e !elp of bro>en operated b( a lever. B. 5esidual energ( indicated on t!e scale b( t!e pendulum is noted. C. T!e impact strengt! of t!e test piece is t!e difference of t!e initial energ( stored in t!e !ammer and t!e residual energ(. ;39;<93T$6N: $mpact +trengt! .72 ) 71/72 ) P.!1/!22 >gm D!ere 71 ) 7nerg( stored before $mpact 72 ) 7nerg( stored after $mpact.

ac!ine ? perform t!e $mpact Test .$@od ? ;!arp(2.

6B+7583T$6N: aterial of test piece: -imension of test piece: $nitial 7nerg( .712: 5esidual 7nerg( .722: P57;3<T$6N+: 1. 6ne s!ould not stand in t!e s#inging line of pendulum. 2. Hammer s!ould be in :loc>ing: position #!en t!e specimen is being placed for testing. 3. Eeep t!e mac!ine in loc>ing position after t!e practical is over. RESULT: $mpact +trengt! of specimen ) //////// >gm

AIM: To stud( t!e <niversal Testing REQUIREMENTS: 1. <niversal Testing ac!ine 2. Test specimen 3. icrometer 4. +teel scale

ac!ine ? perform t!e Tensile Test.

THEORY: D!en a metal piece is loaded b( tensile force" metal piece get strained due to #!ic! tensile stress is induced in test specimen.Tensile test consists in straining a test piece b( tensile stress" generall( to fracture" #it! a vie# of determining one or more of t!e continusl( properties.T!is test is done on <T . <T :T!is mac!ine is consists of t!ree cross !eads.<pper ? 9o#er cross !eads are rigidl( connected to columns. 9o#er cross !eads is connected to t!e #or>ing piston ? t!ird cross !ead can be moved up #it! t!e !elp of motor b( rotating t!e t!readed spindles. +pecimen is fi%ed bet#een t#o cross !eads according to tensile or compression test. PROCEDURE: 1. T!e diameter of t!e test piece is measured b( means of a micrometer at least at t!ree plane and determine t!e mean value. T!e gauge lengt! is mar>ed. 2. +uitable scale is selected. 3. T!e test specimen in t!e grips is inserted b( adAusting t!e cross/!eads of t!e mac!ine. 4. 'i% t!e e%tensometer on t!e test piece and set its scale dials to @ero position. 4. Frap! recording s(stem is activated. B. ac!ine is started and readings of dials on t!e e%tensometer is ta>en for a particular value of load. C. T!e rate of loading ma( be 10 mpc*sec initiall( and s!ould be reduced to C.4mpc*sec. #!en t!e (ield point is reac!ed. G. 9oad is applied continuousl( till t!e specimen brea>s and t!en stop t!e mac!ine. H. Plot load vs e%tension diagram. 6B+7583T$6N: 9.;. of micrometer ) 6riginal dia. of specimen .d2 ) -ia after fracture .du2 ) Fauge lengt! .9o2 ) Total lengt! after fracture .9u2 ) 9.;. of e%tensometer )

;39;<93T$6N+: +tress .+trengt!2 ) 9oad*3rea Percentage elongation ) 100.9u/9o2*9o Percentage reduction in area ) 100.+u/+o2*+o RESULTS: Proportional limit" Pa ) Iield strengt!" pa ) <ltimate +trengt!" Pa ) Brea>ing strengt!" Pa ) odulus of elasticit( ) .FPa2 Percentage elongation ) Percentage reduction in area )

AIM: To perform ;ompression test ? find out t!e compressive strengt! of test piece. REQUIREMENTS: 1. <niversal Testing ac!ine 2. Test piece THEORY: ;ompression Test consists in straining a test piece b( compression loading. +pecimen for compression test on metal are usuall( circular" and for concrete s&uare" in/section. To prevent failure b( bul>ing" t!e lengt! s!ould be of about t!e same order as t!e minimum #idt!. $n t!e ductile material distortion ta>es place #!ile in case of brittle materials" usuall( fail b( s!earing. PROCEDURE: 1. easure t!e diameter of t!e test piece at t!ree different planes and ta>e t!e average value. 2. Place t!e specimen bet#een middle and lo#er cross !eads and appl( t!e compressive load. 3. $ncrease t!e load graduall( until t!e specimen fails. 6B+7583T$6N+: <ltimate load ) 3verage diameter of test piece .-2 ) ;39;<93T$6N+: ;ross/sectional area ) <ltimate compressive strengt! ) P57;3<T$6N+: 1. T!e specimen s!ould be straig!t and ends of specimen must be at rig!t angle to t!e a%is of specimen. 2. T!e lengt! of specimen !as to be >ept small to avoid t!e buc>ling of t!e specimen. RESULT: <ltimate ;ompressive +trengt! )

AIM: To perform t!e 'atigue test on given test piece. REQUIREMENTS: 1. 'atigue Testing ac!ine 2. ild steel specimen 3. +lide #atc! THEORY: ;omponents #!ic! !ave to #it!stand static load can be easil( designed on t!e basis of t!e Iield +trengt! of t!e materials of #!ic! t!ese components are to be made. But t!ese situations in #!ic! a component !as to #it!stand c(clic loading i.e. repeated application of loads. <nder suc! conditions t!e materials fails at a muc! lo#er stress t!an one re&uired for its failure t!roug! fracture under static loads. T!is p!enomenon of material failure"under t!e condition describe above"is >no#n as 'atigue. 'atigue +trengt!: T!e stress at #!ic! t!e material fails due to fatigue is >no#n as fatigue strengt!. 'atigue limit or 7ndurance limit: 3 #ell defined value of stress belo# #!ic! t!e material #ill not fail due to fatigue even if t!ere is a repeated application of load. T!is value of stress is >no#n as 'atigue limit. +/N curves: 3 curve in bet#een stress .+2 and log of no. of c(cles . N2 is dra#n b( conducted a no. of failure test using different loads is >no#n as +/N curves. PROCEDURE: 1. $nsert t!e test piece in t!e collets of t!e mac!ine and tig!t it properl(. 2. 3ppl( suitable load b( placing #eig!ts in lever. 3. +et t!e counter to @ero position. 4. +#itc! on t!e mac!ine and release t!e cam !andles. 4. Note do#n t!e counter readings #!en specimen brea>s. B. $nsert anot!er specimen and appl( different load ? repeat t!e same procedure.

6B+7583T$6N+:

-iameter of test piece d.mm2

9oad D .N2

No. of c(cles .n2

9engt! .mm2

;39;<93T$6N+: +tress J .N=mm12 ) RESULT: +tress J .N=mm12 )

AIM: To stud( t!e Torsion Testing REQUIREMENTS: 1. Torsion Testing ac!ine 2. +pecimen 3. icrometer 4. +teel +cale

ac!ine ? perform torsion test.

THEORY: 3 circular c(lindrical s!aft is said to be subAected to pure torsion #!en t!e torsion is caused b( a couple" so t!at t!e a%is of t!e applied couple coincides #it! t!e a%is of t!e s!aft. $n suc! a case t!e state of stress at an( point in t!e cross/section of t!e s!aft is pure s!ear. Torsional formula is given b(: T*K ) t*r ) FL*9 D!ere" T) T#isting oment K) Poller .6.$. of original cross/section t) +!ear +tress induced in specimen r) 5adius of original cross/section F) odulus of 5igidit( L) 3ngle of T#ist 9) Perallel lengt! of initial specimen

PROCEDURE: 1. easure t!e diameter of t!e test piece of four different planes on its parallel lengt! b( using a icrometer. 3t eac! plane measure t!e diameter at rig!t angle to eac! ot!er. 2. easure t!e parallel lengt! of t!e test piece. 3. $nsert t!e test piece in t!e grips of t!e mac!ine. 4. +elect a suitable scale on t!e digital indicator and adAust t!e initial tor&ue and

angle of t#ist reading to @ero position. 4. 3ppl( t!e tor&ue on specimen #it! t!e driving c!uc>. To activate t!e driving c!uc>"s#itc! on t!e. 7lectrical lever control" #it! t!is" t!e test specimen start t#isting and #it! t!e increased load" t!e digital displa( on t!e digital indicator unit progressed B. Tor&ue is applied untill specimen brea>s and ma%imum tor&ue t!at sample !as ta>en is read out from -igital $ndicator unit b( pressing t!e P73E pus! button. C. 3ngle of t#ist is noted from 3ngle of t#ist measuring #!eel after t!e specimen !as failed. G. $nitiall( a line ma( be mar>ed parallel to t!e lengt! of t!e test piece to visuall( see t!e !eli% formation. 6B+7583T$6N+:/ 1. aterial of test specimen) 2. 9east count of micrometer) 3. Parallel lengt! of test specimen) 4. -iameter: 4. a%imum tor&ue .N/m2 ) B. Brea>ing tor&ue .N/m2 ) C. 3ngle of t#ist M ) ;39;<93T$6N+:/ odulus of rupture ts ) Tr*K odulus of rigidit( F ) Tl*KL D!ere: T) a%imum t#isting moment. r) 6riginal outer radius of specimen K) Polar moment of inertia of t!e original cross/section L) 3ngle of t#ist l) Parallel lengt! of specimen. RESULTS:1. a%imum tor&ue) 2.Brea>ing tor&ue) 3.Total angle of t#ist to fracture 4. odulus of rupture) 4. odulus of rigidit()

AIM: To determine t!e mec!anical advantage" velocit( ratio and efficienc( of #orm and #orm #!eel REQUIREMENT: Dorm and #orm #!eel" strings" a set of #eig!ts" scale pans" t!reads and meter scale. THEORY: 'or lifting !eav( loads" a mac!ine named #orm and #orm #!eel is used. 3 #orm and #orm #!eel consists of s&uare t!readed scre# .#orm2 and t!e toot!ed #!eel .#orm #!eel2 geared #it! eac! ot!er. D!eel is attac!ed to t!e #orm over #!ic! passes a rope. T!e effort is applied at t!e end of t!is rope. 3 load drum is s&uarel( mounted on t!e #orm #!eel. 9oad is connected to t!e string #ound round t!e load drum #orm #!eel bot! rotate toget!er. 9et 9 ) 5adius of #!eel 5 ) 5adius of load drum T ) Number of teet! on #orm #!eel D ) 9oad lifted and P ) 7ffort applied to lift t!e #eig!t D!en #orm is single t!readed" t!en for one revolution of t!e effort #!eel" #orm #!eel is also complete one revolution. T!e #orm #!eel pus! t!e #orm #!eel t!roug! one teet!. 'or one revolution of t!e effort #!eel" t!e distance moved b( effort ) 2 9 T!e load drum #ill move t!roug! ) 1*T revolution .2 r corresponds to T teet!2 -istance moved b( load corresponding to T teet! ) 2 r % 1*T -istance moved b( t!e effort 8.5. ) -istance moved b( t!e load ) 2 9*. 2 r * T2 ) 9T* r D!en #orm is n t!readed" t!en 8.5. ) 9 T*n r No# ec!anical advantage . 3) D*P 7fficienc( n ) .3.*8.5. PROCEDURE: 1. easure t!e circumference of effort #!eel and load drum #it! t!e !elp of t!reads and meter scale. 2. Note t!e number of teet! T on t!e #orm #!eel. 3. 'asten one end of t!e string on t!e load drum and #ound it in cloc>#ise direction

and attac! a scale pan for load. Note t!e total load .#eig!t of pan load placed in it2. 4. Note t!e #eig!t of pan for effort #!eel. 'asten one end of string on t!e effort #!eel and #ound it in anticloc>#ise direction. 4. Put some #eig!t in loading pan note it. No# put some #eig!ts in t!e scale par attac!ed for effort. $ncrease t!e #eig!t in t!e effort pan till t!e effort pan starts to move do#n. 9oad #ill move up. Note t!e effort #eig!t. B. 5epeat t!e above procedure for different #eig!t in load pan. 6B+7583T$6N 3N- ;6 P<T3T$6N: 1. Number of teet! on #orm #!eel )T 2. ;ircumference of effort #!eel )3. -iameter of load drum )d 4.;ircumrence of load drum )d 4. 8.5.) 9.T.*r ) -T*d - ) 7ffective diameter of effort #!eel .3ctual diameter N rope t!ic>2 d) O O O O O load drum S. No Load (W) kg Effort (P) gm M.A=W/P N =M.A./V.R x 100

T!e follo#ing precautions s!ould be ta>en : 1. T!ere s!ould not an( overlapping of t!e strings. 2. Deig!ts s!ould be placed gentl(. 3. 'riction s!ould be ver( less. RESULT: ac!nical 3dvantage ) 8elocit( 5atio ) 7fficienc( )

AIM : To find t!e mec!anical advantage " velocit( ratio and efficienc( of a simple scre# Aac>. REQUIREMENT: +cre# Aac> apparatus" #eig!ts" string" vernier caliper out side caliper" metre rod. THEORY: +cre# Aac> #or>s on t!e principle of scre# and nut it is used for raising !eav( loads t!roug! small efforts. 9et P ) Pitc! of t!e scre#PPitc! is a%ial distance bet#een t!e corresponding points on t#o consecutive t!reads2 - )-iameter of flanged table t ) 5ope t!ic>ness -1 ) 7ffective dia of flg. table D ) 9oad to be lifted ) -Nt P ) 7ffort re&uired to lift t!e load No# 8. 5 ) -istance moved b( t!e effort to t!e distance moved b( t!e load ) -*P and . 3) load lifted* effort applied ) D*P Q ) .3*8.5 % 100 PROCEDURE: 1. easure t!e circumference of t!e flanged circular table #it! t!e !elp of in e%tensive t!read and meter rod or measure t!e diameter of t!e table #it! an out side caliper. 2. easure t!e pitc! of t!e scre# #it! t!e !elp of a vernier caliper. 3. Drap t!e string round t!e circumference of t!e flanged table and pass it over one pulle(. +imilarl( #rap anot!er string over t!e circumference of flanged table and ta>e it over t!e second pulle(. T!e free ends of bot! t!e strings betied to t!e pans in #!ic! t!e #eig!t are to be placed. 4. Hang a >no#n #eig!t .D2 on t!e !oo> and some #eig!t in t!e pans so t!at t!e load .D2 is Aust lifted. T!e effort .P2 is e&ual to t!e sum of #eig!ts placed in bot! t!e pans. 4. ;alculate t!e mec!anical advantage" velocit( ratio and Q efficienc(. B. 5epeat t!e e%periment t!ree or four times.

6B+7583T$6N T3B97:

S.No Circ mf!r!"c! Pitc& of ta#$! = % P

V.R = %/P

Load W Effort (kg) ' gm

M.A W/P

( " =M.A/V.R x 100

P57;3<T$6N+: 1. To avoid t!e side t!rust used bot! t!e pulle( to find t!e value of effort..P2 2. T!e scre# s!ould be #ell lubricated to reduce t!e friction. 3. T!e pulle(s s!ould be free from friction. 4. T!e load and effort s!ould move slo#l(. 4. T!e string s!ould be free from an( >not. RESULT: .3 ) 8.5 ) n ma%imum)

Haryana Engineering -oc.: H7;* 7;H* 7/ 2147*+/3*P/H College

Exp !"# $% I$&%!'(%")$& $ssue: 01 Page No.: 1 of 3 AIM: To determine t!e mec!anical advantage" velocit( ratio and efficienc( of double purc!ase crab #inc!. REQUIREMENT: -ouble purc!ase crab #inc!" strings" a set of #eig!t" scale pans and metre scale. THEORY: 'or obtaining increased velocit( ratio double purc!ase #inc! crab are used. 'rom suc! mac!ines increased mec!anical advantage is obtained. $n suc! mac!ines velocit( ratio is found in t#o stages b( t#o pairs of gears. 3 double purc!ase #inc! crab consists of an effort a%le " load a%le and an intermediate a%le. 6n t!e effort a%le." a pinion is attac!ed #!ereas on t!e load a spur #!eel is attac!ed. T!e pinion of t!e intermediate a%le gears #it! t!e spur #!eel of t!e load a%le. +pur #!eel of t!e intermediate a%le gears #it! t!e pinion of t!e effort a%le. T!e effort is applied at t!e effort #!eel b( means of rope ? #eig!t. T1 ) Number of teet! on t!e pinion of effort a%le T2 ) Number of teet! on spur #!eel of intermediate a%le T3 ) Number of teet!e on pinion of intermediate a%le T4 ) Number of teet! on spur #!eel of load a%le 9 ) 5adius of effort #!eel 91 ) 7ffective radius of effort #!eel t ) 5ope t!ic>ness - ) -iameter of load a%le -1 ) 7ffective diameter of load a%le )- N t D ) 9oad lifted P ) 7ffort applied to lift t!e #eig!t D!en one revolution to lever is given" t!en distance moved b( effort ) 2 9 +ince one revolution is made b( pinion of effort a%le" number of revolution made b( t!e4 spur #!eel of inter madiate a%le ) T1*T2 Number of revolution made b( t!e pinion of inter mediete a%le ) T3*T4 Number of revolution made b( t!e spur #!eel of load a%le ) T1*T2* % T3*T*4 -istance moved b( load ) - % T1*T2 % T3*T4 8.5. ) -istance moved b( t!e effort*-istance moved b( t!e load 9et

No# ec!anical advantage 7fficfinc( n ) .3.*8.5.

.3.) D*P

7RP75$ 7NT39 +7T <P : 3pparatus consists of a effort a%le" load a%le and an intermediate a%le. 6n t!e effort a%le" a pinion le attac!ed #!ereas on t!e load a%le a spur #!eel is attac!ed. T!e pinion of t!e intermediate a%le gears #it! t!e spur #!eel of t!e load a%le. +pur #!eel of t!e intermediate a%le gears #it! t!e pinion of t!e effort a%le. PROCEDURE: 1. Note do#n t!e number of teet! T1"T2"T3 ? T4 easure t!e circumference of t!e effort pulle( and load drum #it! t!e !elp of t!read and meter scale. 'rom t!e circumferences find t!e radius 9 of t!e effort pulle( and diameter - of t!e load drum" find rope t!ic>ness ? t!en find t!e effective radius ? dia of effort #!eel and load drum. 2. 'asten one end of t!e string on t!e surface of t!e effort pulle( and given some turns over t!e pulle(. To ot!er end of t!e string attac! a scale pan for putting t!e #eig!ts as effort. 3. Ta>e anot!er string and fasten its one end over t!e surafce of t!e load drum. To t!e free and of t!e string attac! loading pan. 4. Put some #eig!t in loading pan and note it. No# put some #eig!ts in t!e scale pan attac!ed for effort. $ncrease t!e #eig!t in t!e effort pan till t!e effort pan starts to move do#n. Note t!e effort #eig!t. 4. 5epeat t!e above procedure for different #eig!t in load pan 6B+7583T$6N 3N- ;6 P<T3T$6N: 1. Number of teet! on t!e pinion of effort a%le" T1 ) 2. Number of teet! on spur #!eel of intermediate a%le" T2 ) 3. Number of teet! on pinion of intermediate a%le. T3 ) 4. number of teet! on spur #!eel of load a%le" T4 ) 4. 3ct radius of effort #!eel " 9 B. 7ffactive radius of effort #!eel ) 91 ) 9NT C. -iameter of load a%le" - ) G. 7ffective diameter of load a%le -1) -NT H. ;ircumference of effort pulle( " 2 9 10. ;ircumference of load drum" 8.5.) .29 T2. T42* -1 T1. T3

S.No 1 2 3 4 4 B

Load W (kg)

Effort

M.A=W/P

"=M.A./V.R. x100

P57;3<T$6N: 1. T!ere s!ould not be an( >not in t!e string. 2. Deig!ts s!ould be placed gentl(. 3. inimise t!e friction b( appl(ing oil. RESULT: ec!anical 3dvantage ) 8elocit( 5atio ) 7fficienc( )

Haryana Engineering -oc.: H7;* 7;H* 7/ 2147*+/3*P/10 College

Exp !"# $% I$&%!'(%")$& $ssue: 01 Page No.: 1 of 2 AIMTo determine t!e modulus of rigidit( of t!e material of a close coiled !elical spring and t!e stiffness of a spring. REQUIREMENT:;ombined compression and e%pansion of springs apparatus close coiled springs .32" steel rule" vernier clippers" load !anger and #eig!ts. THEORY:Kust li>e direct stress and strain" t!e s!ear strains are also proportional to s!ear stress up to a certain limiting value and is e%pressed b( t!e e&uation +!ear stress*s!ear strain ) constant T!is constant for a material is denoted b( F and is called t!e modulus of rigidit( of a close coiled !elical springS t!e deflection is given b( R R ) GD-3n*Fd4 -0 ) 6uter diameter of spring - ) ean coil diameter d ) -iameter of #ire n ) number of free coils F ) GD-3n*d4R +lope of D 8s R grap! can be calculated and dra#n. +tiffness of a spring or spring constant is t!e load per unit deflection ) D*R for a spring .+lope of D*R grap!2 outer diameter of coil T -o PROCEDURE: 1. T!e #ire diameter" mean coil diameter and no. of free coils are measured. 2. +et up spring in t!e tension space of t!e apparatus and appl( a suitable initial load to open t!e coil and @ero t!e vernier scale. 3ppl( increasing loads to t!e spring in suitable increments and in eac! case record t!e corresponding deflections indicated b( t!e vernier scale. 3. Plot a grap! of load P v*s deflection based on reading ta>en. <sing t!e slope of t!is grap! in conAunction #it! t!e particular spring dia. determine t!e modulus of rigidit( of t!e material of t!e spring.

4. 5epeat t!e same procedure #it! t!e ot!er or same spring. 6B+7583T$6N: -o ) outer diameter of coil Dire diameter ) d - ) -o/d ) ean coil diameter ) No of free coils ) n +.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 'rom t!e grap! D*R slope ) Eg*;m. Dt..Eg2 -eflection R .cm2 E ) D*R .Eg*;m2 F ) GD-3n*d4% .Eg.*;m22

RESULT: T!e modulus of rigidit( of t!e given spring is :..........Eg.*;m2 T!e stiffness of t!e spring is:.........>g*cm