Sociological Perspectives Fall 2013 Study Guide Final Exam

The test will address the material from our textbook (chapters 7, 8, 10, and 11), assigned article from the reader, as well as from lectures and videos including the following: Ch.7: Deviance and Crime

- know the trends in crime rates and explanations of these trends (for example, what contributed to decline in crime rates?)
Reasons for Declining Crime Rates - Economic growth- more jobs are available- dont have to steal/commit other crimes. - Gun laws (eg. the Brady Bill- If you are mentally ill or a criminal you cant buy a weapon- It took 13 years to pass the bill because of the NRA) between 1994 (year passed) and 2009, 1.9 million people were prevented from purchasing guns legally. - Community policing- Incarceration rates- people who are behind bars cannot commit crimes Crime Statistics A. Uniform Crime Reports (based on FBI reports) - Not all types of crimes are included in the reports B. National Crime Victimization Survey (base on national survey) -Survey shows more crimes because (not all crimes are reported- rape/ domestic abuse) (violence within families was historically kept secret)

- Demographics of people arrested for crimes? (Sex, age, social class, and race)
Demographics of the Victims and Perpetrators of Crime - Sex (77% of arrestees in 2002 were male) (gender roles) - 90% of murders and 80% of assaults are committed by males - Age (peak arrest age for property crime is 16, and for violent crime is 18) - Social class (majority of people process by the criminal justice system are of lower SES) no jobs/less education/less money (no means to pay the bills forces people to commit crimes)

- race racial minorities have higher arrest and incarceration rates than whites, young black males are more likely to be victims of violent crimes than other groups (murder rate among black male teenagers is 7X higher than the rate for their white counterparts) It goes back to SES and racial profiling.

- know different categories of crime (street crime, white collar/corporate crime, crimes against moral order, political crimes, organized crime, hate crimes)
Types of Crimes A. Street Crimes (burglary, auto-theft, larceny, robbery, rape, assault, murder) (crimes we recognize the most) B. Crimes Against Moral Order (gambling, prostitution, drug use) C. Political Crimes: 1) acts by political dissidents (people who are political opponents to those in power- challenge/threat to those in power- common in dictatorships) criminalized by those in power, 2) acts by the state agencies against people or other states for political reasons (Watergate-Nixon tried to cover up information by breaking into the Watergate hotel. He Later resigned/Iran contra-affair) D. Organized Crimes: a business syndicate that seek profits by supplying illegal goods or services (uses violence/has level of authority/links to higher-ups) (drugs/weapons/smuggling/human trafficking) E. Hate Crimes: crimes against individuals or property motivated by racial/ethnic, religious, sexual orientation, or disability biases (hate crimes based on race are the most committed crimes) F. Cyber Crimes: crimes committed by individuals using computers and the Internet G. Corporate and White-Collar Crimes: crimes committed by middle and upper-class people in their business and social activities (white-collar crimes are significantly damaging crimes)

- Videos on crime (including the PBSs Frontline documentary on McWane Corporation) - What is mandatory sentencing?
Mandatory Sentencing- drug offences- judges have no choice but to put people in prison for some offences.) (About 50% prisoners in federal prisons on drug charges)

- Who is more likely to receive capital punishment?

Capital Punishment- total population of prisoners on death row in 2009 is over 3200. 18 states do not have death penalty (death penalty was banned in US in 1972-1976) (Over 140 people have been exonerated from death row because of DNA evidence) (since 1976 there were close to 1200 executions in the United States)

- Correctional system (how many people are in prison and in jail in the U.S?)
U.S. Correctional System -Statistics (we have the largest prison population in the world) (a quarter of the worlds prisoners are in the U.S. - over 2.2 million behind bars-reason is mandatory sentencing)

- What is recidivism and what are the reasons for high recidivism in the U.S.?
Recidivism the return to crime by ex-prisoner (2/3 of released prisoners are rearrested within 3 years) (4/5 people in 10 years return to prison) (Providing /job training in prisons will lower recidivism) (drug rehab will lower it as well)

- Which types of crimes are more likely to be prosecuted and which types of crimes are more likely to get harsher punishment? (Think about the examples given in class)
-Crimes of the lower class/minorities will get punished more. For ex: drug dealers. The highclass will not get punished because they make the laws and contribute money to the system. Ex: the Disney executive that took 140 million from Disney after he retired.- corporate crimes

- What are the solutions to crime discussed in class?

Solutions to Crime A. Learning from other countries B. Decriminalization of certain Behaviors C. Sentencing Reform D. Rehabilitation-educating prisoners/job training E. Education F. Prison Reform

G. Crime Prevention H. Social Change

- How does the U.S. compare to other industrial countries with regard to incarceration?
A. Crime rates- U.S. has way more of an incarceration rate than other countries (Russia is 2nd) B. Approaches to Crime - Japans Reintegrative Shaming- integrating them into society as people who committed crimes.

Ch. 8. Social Stratification

- know the different systems of social stratification

A. Systems of Stratification 1. Slavery (ancient Egypt and Greece, the U.S, Third World) not much social mobility 2. Caste System (India, Pakistan) (still exists) no social mobility

3. Estate (feudal system, medieval Europe) not much social mobility 4. Apartheid (South Africa) not a whole lot of social mobility 5. Social Class (contemporary Capitalist Societies) has social mobility Upper classMore white/proper/educated money/ homogeneous/exclusive/mostly

Lower class- different vernacular/ less education/ poor

- Know the differences between social classes in the U.S.

E. Social Classes in the U.S. (Based on income, education, occupation, political involvement) - Upper (~5% of the U.S. households) (minimum $500k income) (highly educated- private schools) (CEOs, wealthy through assets) (huge political involvement- benefits rich/politicians) - Upper Middle (~15%) ($100k minimum) (Doctors/lawyers/business people/ managers) (Tend to be college educated/ professional degrees) (Very active politically) - Lower Middle (~40%) (Small business owners/ semi-professionals ($60k) (some participation in politics- voting) - Working (~20%) ($35k) (Blue collar workers/ factory workers/ restaurant workers) (Little or no participation in politics) - Lower (20%) (Working poor) (People in unskilled labor) ($15k) - Underclass (part of the lower class) (people without access to work) (Incomes less than $10,000) Households that are below $25,000 a year- health insurance jumps to 78%

-know the criteria of social stratification according to Marx and Weber

Dimensions of Stratifications According to Marx and Weber A. Marxs - economic basis of stratification (Ownership of the means of production; ability to purchase the labor power of others)

- Two main social classes in capitalist society (proletariat, bourgeoisie) Petite bourgeoisie- self employed B. Weber: stratification based on property, prestige and power - Power: the ability to control the behavior of others even against their will (government bureaucrats) - Prestige: social recognition, respect and admiration that a society attaches to a particular social position (doctors)

- understand the terms proletariat, bourgeoisie

Proletariat-class of industrial wage-earners: in Marxist theory, the class of industrial workers whose only asset is the labor they sell to an employer Bourgeoisie- ploitative middle class: the social class that, according to Marxist theory, owns the means of producing wealth and is regarded as exploiting the working class

- theoretical explanations of stratification by symbolic interactionism, functionalism, and conflict theory (ideas of Veblen, Perkins, Lenski, Dahrendorf and Olin Wright regarding stratification)
IV. Explanations of Stratification A. Marx and Mosca (conflict perspective) - People with power take disproportional share of societys resources B. Davies and Moore (functionalism) - People who perform important jobs in society have to be compensated more than others C. Dahrendorf, Olin Wright (contemporary conflict perspective) - Stratification based on different levels of authority D. Lenski (evolutionary theory: synthesis of functionalism and conflict perspective) - Basic resources distributed according to functionalist criteria and surplus is appropriated by those with power E. Perkins (social closure) - Different groups maintain exclusive control over resources F. Veblen and Conspicuous Consumption (symbolic interactionism)

- Legitimacy of the stratification system is established and perpetuated by the process of socialization (conspicuous consumption- buying things to show it off) (we as a society are made to believe where people are in society is okay.. and you should be okay with what people have)

- know different types of social mobility (textbook)

Several patterns of social mobility are possible: Horizontal mobility involves moving within the same status category. An example of this is a nurse who leaves one hospital to take a position as a nurse at another hospital. Vertical mobility, in contrast, involves moving from one social level to another. A promotion in rank in the Army is an example of upward mobility, while a demotion in rank is downward mobility. Intragenerational mobility, also termed career mobility, refers to a change in an individual's social standing, especially in the workforce, such as occurs when an individual works his way up the corporate ladder. Intergenerational mobility refers to a change in social standing across generations, such as occurs when a person from a lowerclass family graduates from medical school. Sociologists in the United States have been particularly interested in this latter form of mobility, as it seems to characterize the American Dream of opportunity and rags to riches possibilities.

- statistics on wealth and income inequality in the U.S. (for example, in 2003, what percentage of national income went to the bottom 20 percent of income earners vs. the top 20 percent?)

How does the U.S. compare internationally with regard to income inequality?
Gini Index - World (UNDP, 2008)
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- trends in income for workers and corporate executives (slide in bb)

What are golden parachutes?

A large payment or other financial compensation guaranteed to a company executive should the executive be dismissed as a result of a merger or takeover. (Disney)

- know different forms of Social Exclusion (textbook)

Social exclusion- refers to ways in which individuals may be cut off from the wider society. The concept focuses on a range of factors that eliminate opportunities enjoyed by the majority of the population. Forms of Social ExclusionHousing and Neighborhoods- segregated by class/race- exclusion can be spatial (neighborhoods vary in terms of safety, environmental conditions, services (banks, grocery stores), and public facilities (parks, playgrounds, libraries) example: videoMoochie gives a tour of her playground, Cabrini Green- there were needles at the end of the slide because of drug users at the park. (Poor neighborhoods are more likely to be near bad environmental conditions- waste facilities) Rural Areas- in sparsely populated areas- access to goods, facilities, and services is not as extensive as in other areas. People must travel long distances to see a doctor or to buy goods. Social Exclusion at the Top- the wealthy might retreat from public education and health care services, choosing instead private schools and private clinics. Political participation by the wealthy might take a form of large political contributions to political candidates who represent their interest.

Crime and social exclusion- socially excluded populations cannot meet through the legitimate means the culturally prescribed goals of status and consumption. Unemployment invites illegal activities that further undermine community functioning and cohesion The Homeless: the fastest growing group of homeless are families with children. Major causes of homelessness are: shortage of affordable housing, rising cost of housing, low wages of unskilled workers, jobs moving oversees, lack of beds in mental institutions, substance abuse problems. Examples: Video on kids in Camden Approximately 754,000 persons live in homeless shelters, transitional housing, and on the streets at any given night (National Alliance to End Homelessness, 2010)

- distinguish between poverty rate and poverty line

Poverty line = government-determined annual income that separates poor from non-poor Poverty rate = the percentage of the population in poverty poverty rate and the number of people in poverty in 2009 In 2009, the national poverty rate stood at 14.3 percent (up from 12.3 percent in 2006 and 11.3 percent in 2000). - In 2009, there were 43.6 million Americans in poverty (up from 36.5 million in 2006, and 31.1 million in 2000)

- Historical trends in poverty (1960-2010)

- know the criticisms against the way poverty line is derived

The dollar figures used to determine if families are in poverty are low and in many ways arbitrary. The rules dont consider some resources, such as tax credits and food stamps,

and some key family expenses that determine a familys available income. As a result, the poverty measure often doesnt show the impacts of important policies that are intended to improve the economic well-being of families. Measuring Poverty- annual cost of food necessary for a nutritional diet determines poverty line- multiplied by some number

- what groups of society are more likely to be in poverty

A. Categories of the Poor Race: Blacks, Hispanics, Native Americans and Alaska Natives Nativity: Foreign-born (19.0) Sex: women (24.0) Family structure: female-headed households (29.9) Age: children (20.7), older women (14.7)* Place: central cities (18.7), South (15.7)

- What are the costs of poverty to people who are poor and to society?
Hunger - In July of 2010 one in every eight Americans (41.8 million) received food stamps - In 2006, over 11 million Americans experienced hunger - Around 4 million children in the U.S. go hungry everyday

Health problems - Health insurance (15% of children in poverty had no health insurance in 2009) - Infant mortality rates - Life expectancy -in 2012, there are 48 million people in US without any health insurance Substandard education - Children from poor neighborhoods more likely to attend bad schools - Poor children less likely to go to college Homelessness

- Homelessness affects 2-3 million individuals in the U.S. - Homelessness related to housing difficulties - 5.3 million families spend over 50 percent of their income on rent Coping with poverty - Personal pathologies (substance abuse) - Work as self-sacrifice - Family breakdown Societal costs - Between $36 billion and $177 billion lost in lower future productivity and employment

- know the major provisions of the 1996 Welfare Reform bill

Food Stamps Child Care Medicaid Clinton demanded and won the fight to guarantee Medicaid coverage, which generally helps the disabled and poor children. Congress wanted to let states do whatever they wanted with Medicaid, including taking Medicaid funds and using them for other purposes.

Clinton managed to preserve national standards and the guarantee that the poor will obtain food stamps. Congress had called for letting the states do whatever they wanted with food stamp money and program eligibility requirements.

Clinton succeeded in strengthening day care support for children of welfare recipients. Congress had been demanding much deeper cuts.

- What were the consequences of the 1996 Welfare Reform legislation?

1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (Welfare Reform) - Main argument: welfare too generous - cut federal assistance to the poor by $55 billion over 6 years - requires recipients to get a job within two years - Responsibility for welfare shifted to the states (block grants) - No additional money when women gives birth while on welfare - AFDC replaced with TANF - TANF spending frozen at $16.5 billion per year through 2008

- know the maximum welfare cash benefits in selected states in 2010 (slide in bb)

- know the facts as well as the myths about the poor and welfare
MYTHS Refusal to work - 36.1% of the poor worked in 2009 (U.S. Census Bureau) - In 2008, over 2.2 million workers worked for minimum wage or less (U.S. Department of Labor, http://www.bls.gov/cps/minwage2008.htm) - Not everybody can work B. Welfare dependency - People stay on welfare for less than 2 years on average - Lifetime cap is 5 years - Welfare accounts for of the income of poor adults

C.

The poor get special advantages - Poor pay more for groceries (18% more in Chicago) - pay higher interests on loans - Less likely to have insurance and more likely to pay higher premiums (also higher deductibles) D. Welfare is an African American and Latino program - The largest group on Welfare are Whites

FACTSAt the beginning of the 20th century, the U.S. government spent very little on relief to the poor (less than 0.2% of GDP). The poor had to rely on local charities for aid. It was not until the Great Depression that welfare expenditures begun to rise reaching 2 percent of the GDP by 1940. The Great Society programs of the 1960s started welfare on upward path. After 1980, welfare spending fluctuated between 2 and 4 percent of GDP. The joint federal state Medicaid program, health insurance for the poor that begun in 1960s reached one percent of GDP in 1991, exceed 2 percent by 2005, and is expected to reach 3 percent by 2015. In 2013, total expenditures on welfare, including health care expenditures were 6.3 percent of GDP (3.5 percent excluding healthcare) By 2017 total welfare expenditures are expected to decline to 5.6 percent of the GDP (2.7 percent excluding health care)

- know the theoretical explanations of poverty (culture of poverty and structural explanations)
"culture of poverty" (a phrase that has been in the news a lot lately) has to do with the idea of there being deeply entrenched social and financial habits in some populations that make it difficult for the group members to adjust to lifestyle changes that would move them out of poverty. Such poverty reinforcing cultural habits would be, for example, acceptance of young people having babies out of wedlock, lack of respect for educational advancement, poor school attendance and high drop out rates, lack of understanding about predatory financial dealings (like poor people who will pay $5 or $10 to Qiick Cash shops to cash a $50 check because they don't know how to open a free checking account at a bank) and people's tendency, after a few generations of poverty, to believe it would impossible to escape it themselves. Structural poverty- Poverty is inevitable in our society. We have classes in our society and therefore there are going to be people at the bottom of the system. The nature of capitalist society allows some people to be better off than others.

- What are the solutions to poverty?

Important components of the solution to poverty: living wage, affordable housing, subsidized child care, Head Start Why is child poverty higher in the U.S. than in other wealthy industrial countries? With a lot of children in lose they can despair and just die by accident. The majority of poverty-stricken children are born to poor parents. Therefore the causes such as adult poverty, government policies, and lack of education, unemployment, social services, disabilities and discrimination significantly affect the presence of child poverty. Lack of parental economic resources such as disposable income restricts childrens opportunities. Economic and demographic factors such as deindustrialization, globalization, residential segregation, labor market segmentation, and migration of middle-class residents from

inner cities, constrain economic opportunities and choices across generation, isolating inner-city poor children. The loss of family values, or decline of the nuclear family, illegitimacy, teen pregnancy, and increased numbers of single mothers, is also cited as a major cause of poverty and welfare dependency for women and their children. Kids resulting from unintended pregnancies are more likely to live in poverty; raising a child requires significant resources, so each additional child increases demands on parental resources. Families raised by a single parent are generally poorer than those raised by couples. In the United States, 6 of 10 long term poor children have spent time in single parent families and in 2007, children living in households headed by single mothers were five times as likely as children living in households headed by married parents to be living in poverty.

- Be familiar with the facts and debates regarding the federal minimum wage?
The federal minimum wage is a provision of the Fair Labor Standards Act. The current rate of $7.25 an hour was set in July 2009. (When the act was first enacted in 1938, the minimum wage was 25 cents an hour.) An hourly worker making minimum wage ($7.35 per hour) in Missouri would earn just over $15,000 a year. According to federal guidelines, the current income poverty threshold for a family of four is $23,550.

- know about the living wage discussed in class

- know the videos on poverty shown in class

Ch. 10 Gender Inequality

- What is the difference between sex and gender?

Sex biological distinction between male and female (fixed at birth) Gender- it is fluid because it changes Gender psychological, social, cultural aspects of femaleness and maleness Gender identity an awareness of being masculine or feminine -

What is gender socialization?

Gender Socialization -where societal expectations of how boys and girls should be how they should behave, what toys and colors they should like, and how important their attire is

-How are gender roles reinforced in society?

Home and Play- boys play with action figures and girls play with doll houses Moms show daughters how to cook in the kitchen Fathers show sons how to play sports and build stuff Language and Interpersonal Behavior

 School

Based on research by Debra tannin Men usually take over the conversation and are louder Boys cannot be gentle/sensitive Girls cant be tomboys

Professional degree are going more and more to women as time passes The idea that women would go to school was limited in the past Women went to school to learn about cooking In the U.S. there were quotas of how many women could be admitted into colleges. Women were discouraged

Mass Media Advertisements that tell women that they will be happy washing dishes and cooking (1950s) The feminine mystique was an over-night sensation, because it combated these ideals Today the mass media objectifies women (their looksmakeup/hair/clothes/weight) They do this to gain money- women want to look like the models in movies/magazines so they buy all the products to do so.

Religion -Sports -Boston marathon and other big events- women were not allowed to compete. -Congress passed the law that you cannot discriminate against women in sports (Title 9) Historically- God was male/dominance of male in religious books In many denominations men were the leaders of the churches (popes/priests/bishops)

- What the different values, norms, and skills that boys and girls learn from toys?
Home and Play- boys play with action figures and girls play with doll houses Moms show daughters how to cook in the kitchen Fathers show sons how to play sports and build stuff

- What were the gender roles for women and men in the 1950s and today? (remember the good wifes guide, and the commercials)
Gender roles in the 1950s- (women in the kitchen/stay at home moms and men are the bread winners/disciplinarians) -Nuclear/heterosexual family Betty Friedan- wrote the feminine mystique- told women that they could act in different ways than society was used to (important for Feminism Movement) Differences across time- Ideas about gender change throughout time (Appearance of women in the 19th century-must wear long clothes-now they can wear what they want) (Womens rights- right to own property/vote/work)

What are some issues affecting women who work for pay? o -Occupational sex segregation- women are concentrated in different occupations than men (in 2002, 98.7 percent of secretaries, 97.0 percent of receptionists, and 91.8 percent of bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks were women) -Women occupy more nurturing positions (gender ideas play a role) -Glass ceiling and glass escalator- discrimination in promotion for being a women -Glass escalator- in stereotypical womanly roles men get priority because there are less men in those jobs. (They advance quicker) -Pay gap: in 2009 womens wage 77% mens; (23% gap) (U.S. Census Bureau) (women are not the bread-winners, so when they work they dont have to be paid as much as men) -Men and women work in different occupation -Women are discriminated against -Pay equity and comparable worth- Pay equity requires men and women to get paid the same (many states came up with comparable worth- even if the jobs are different, if they are similar- women should get paid the same) -Sexual harassment- women get sexually harassed by men

How big is the gender pay gap in the U.S. (2009), and what are the different factors contributing to it? Pay gap: in 2009 womens wage 77% mens; (23% gap) (U.S. Census Bureau) (women are not the bread-winners, so when they work they dont have to be paid as much as men) -Men and women work in different occupation -Women are discriminated against

Know the theoretical concepts like occupational sex segregation and comparable worth -Occupational sex segregation- women are concentrated in different occupations than men (in 2002, 98.7 percent of secretaries, 97.0 percent of receptionists, and 91.8 percent of bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks were women) -Women occupy more nurturing positions (gender ideas play a role) -Pay equity and comparable worth- Pay equity requires men and women to get paid the same (many states came up with comparable worth- even if the jobs are different, if they are similar- women should get paid the same)

Which occupations are more likely to be dominated by women and which occupations are typically held by men?

What are the consequences of gender inequality for men, women, and for society? Know about the portrayal of women in the media (commercials, advertisement, etc.) Women are portrayed through the beauty of models. They are told to act and look like the models that they see in commercials/media. This gives a false sense of how they should look. Know the different explanations of gender inequality (functionalism, feminist theory, human capital theory, etc.)
Analyzing Gender Inequality

Functionalism-The functionalist perspective of gender roles suggests that gender roles exist to maximize social efficiency. A. Conflict Theory reflects the power differences in society (the men have the power so they perpetuate the societal patriarchal inequality to keep the powernot giving women the right to vote/ education/ careers) B. Symbolic Interactionism- idea that we are socialized into gender/ toys through interaction with parents and other parents C. Feminist Perspectives- patriarchal society Liberal Feminism- Liberal feminism is an individualistic form of feminism theory, which primarily focuses on womens ability to show and maintain their equality through their own actions and choices. Liberal feminists argue that our society holds the false belief that women are, by nature, less intellectually and physically capable than men, it tends to discriminate against women in the academy, the forum, and the marketplace. Radical Feminism ditching some of the institutions that are oppressive Black Feminism- Black feminism argues that sexism, class oppression, and racism are inextricably bound together. The way these relate to each other is called intersectionality

Know about the issue of violence against women Violence against Women - Gender roles and domestic violence- women continue to be the victims of rape (80% are under the age of 30/ 33% are under 18) (1/16 rapist will spend any time in jail) (approximately 2/3 of assaults are committed by someone who is known to the victim) -There are gender roles that women should be submissive (men should be in control) It gives men the power over women -Substance abuse contributes to domestic violence -Financial need is a factor -If a young boy sees his father abuse his mother, he will most likely do that to his wife - Why women stay in abusive relationships- For the sake of the children -Because they believe it wont happen again -Financial independence of women -Culture- the idea of people shouldnt have a divorce (religion as well) -These women are psychologically damaged (they blame their selves) - International perspective (female genital mutilation, gendercide) -Gendercide- killing a newborn because of their gender (sex) -Up to 100 million baby girls have been killed -Female are considered a burden to families

Ch. 11 Ethnicity and Race What is race? Is race biological or social? What is the evidence supporting each view on race? (For example, what is the evidence from the Human Genome Project on the existence of race?) Race- based on the color of your skin (classified on how people look) Race a group of people that have distinguishing physical characteristics that affect their interaction with other groups. -Race is socially constructed- we make the differences What is ethnicity? - distinguish between prejudice and discrimination - know examples of institutional discrimination Ethnicity: groups are distinctive on the basis of national origin and cultural background PREJUDICE negative attitudes toward some minority or its individual members - Prejudice involves overgeneralizations based on biased or insufficient information DISCRIMINATION refers to the unequal treatment of individuals based on their membership in some minority - It is usually caused by prejudice - It may occur without prejudice STEREOTYPE is a set of ideas based on distortion, exaggeration, and oversimplification that is applied to all members of a social category Any organization that promotes discrimination is guilty of institutional discrimination. Many years ago, the government used to keep blacks from voting, employment, and other things. What are the historical patterns of immigration to the U.S. (who were the first colonists? Where do new immigrants come from? ) Largest Racial/Ethnic Groups in the U.S. (2010) 1) Whites 199.3 million (64.9% of the population) 2) African-Americans/Blacks 37.1 million (12.1%) 3) Hispanic/Latino 48.3 million (15.8%) 4) Asian Americans 13.6 million (4.4%) 5) Native Americans 1.9 million (0.6%) 6) Two or more races 5.5 million (1.8%)

-Be able to see the changing historical patterns of immigration by race ethnicity or who was coming here 100 years ago vs. in more recent decades.

-review slides and racial ethnic inequality (income, educational attainment, health care, criminal justice, political power, etc.). Income (median, households, 2007) - Black (62) and Hispanic (70) as % of Whites income - $33,916 (B) , $38,679 (H), and $54,920 (W) B. Education - quantity of schooling HS graduation rates (2009,%), W - 91, B - 83, H - 63 College graduation rates (2009,%), W-31, B-17, H -12 - quality of schooling B, H more likely to attend underfunded schools B, H less likely to attend boarding (prep) schools More likely to attend community colleges Education and Income Unemployment (percentage, 2000, October 2009)

- Whites: 3.5 (9.5), Hispanics: 5.7 (13.1), and Blacks:7.6 (15.7) - problems with unemployment statistics D. Type of Employment - B, H more likely in low-skilled occupations - less likely in managerial and professional occupations - managers and executives (2004, percentage): 8.1 (B), 6.4 (H) . E. Health - no health insurance, 2009, W: 12%, B: 21%, H: 32.4% - higher death rates, lower life expectancy - low rates of prenatal care - high rates of low weight births - high infant mortality rates F. Residential and School Segregation - segregation in public housing - housing segregation by race and income - 80% of segregated Hispanic and African-American schools face conditions of poverty while only 5% of segregated White schools do G. Criminal Justice - racial profiling - hate crimes - incarceration rates - non-whites in prison: 62.6% H. Political Power - minorities in Congress - only 2% of elected officials in the U.S. are black

-review the slide on institutional discrimination in the mortgage market by race ethnicity (how loan denial rates change by income and race).

-Review the concepts of racialization, situational ethnicity and symbolic ethnicity.

Racialization- Racialization is a concept in sociology describing the processes of the discursive production of racial identities. Racialization thus signifies the extension of dehumanizing and racial meanings to a previously racially unclassified relationship, social practice, or group. Put simply, when racialization occurs, a group of people is seen as a "race", when it was not seen as a race beforehand. Symbolic ethnicity- is an ethnic identity that is only relevant on specific occasions and does not significantly impact everyday life. Situational ethnicity- is an ethnic identity that can be either displayed or concealed depending on its usefulness in a given situation

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