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Bentley: CHAPTER 22 OUTLINE: REACHING OUT CROSS-CULTURAL INTERACTIONS Brief Chapter Overview This chapter explores the cross-cultural networks that linked Europe and Asia between 1000 and 1500. The Mongol conquests of the thirteenth century disrupted commerce along the ancient silk route through central Asia, but eventually trade and travel were restored and even strengthened. Although travel was slow and costly, international trade grew significantly with the exchange of crops, technologies, and ideas. Ironically, that same traffic helped spread the bubonic plague, the Black Death, which ravaged much of Eurasia in the midfourteenth century. Common elements of these cross-cultural networks include:

Diplomacy. Different states used trade routes to send envoys abroad seeking either to form alliances or to impress potential rivals. Religion. Islamic law and culture were common to societies from north and west Africa to southeast Asia and the Philippines. Travel for Muslim pilgrims and scholars was common under Mongol rule. Christian missionaries also traveled to East Asia, but less frequently. Cultural diffusion. These routes became an important source of new ideas and information throughout Eurasia. New crops, such as sugarcane, and new technologies, such as gunpowder, the magnetic compass, and the printing press, transformed western societies. European exploration. Portugal sought to bypass Muslim-controlled trade routes by mounting expeditions to India around the Cape of Good Hope. In 1492, the Spanish attempted to beat the Portuguese at this game by sending Columbus west across the Atlantic.

In the high middle ages, Europe began to interact with increasing regularity with the other regions of the eastern hemisphere. Its days of relative isolation were over. Comprehensive Chapter Overview From 1000 to 1500 C.E., trade increased and expanded across Eurasia with goods moving both along the silk roads and across the Indian Ocean basin. Trading cites and ports grew, as did the communities of foreign merchants. Those that grew the fastest, such as Melaka, were orderly and business!friendly. Even the Mongols helped this process by restoring order to the silk roads. It was in this environment that Marco Polo (1253!1324) traveled from Italy to China and opened the way for future travelers and merchants. These routes were also used for political purposes. The Mongols and the Western Europeans sent envoys to try and unite against the Muslims. In 1287 Rabban Suama, a Christian, was sent by the Mongol ilkan of Persia to form an alliance with Western European nations. Along with trade and politics, religion also traveled these routes. The Muslim Sufi missionaries traveled into lands newly conquered by the Muslims and spread their religion. The Christian John of Montecorvino traveled these routes reaching Beijing in 1307 and built several churches in China. The exchanges along these routes included new crops: fruits, rice, cotton, and especially sugarcane, which fostered plantations in the Mediterranean basin and the slave labor needed to grow it. Diseases, such as the Bubonic plague, were unexpected travelers along trade routes and had a great impact on history. Starting in China and spreading west to Europe in the 1300s, Bubonic plague killed millions, in some cases wiping out two!thirds of the population of an area, causing social disruption and economic problems. Recovery in China during this period began as the Ming drove the Mongols out of China. The Ming established a centralized government based on Confucian principles, the civil service exam, direct rule by the emperor, and the use of representatives to communicate with local authorities. The Ming prompted economic recovery by repairing irrigations systems and increasing the manufacturing sector. In the west, trade and taxes
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gave monarchs the ability to consolidate their power. It is during this period that the formation of nation!states in France, England, and Spain occured. Spain also instituted the reconquista to drive the last of the Muslims out of Spain. The best!known example of recovery during this period is the Italian Renaissance and the art, architecture, and philosophy that come out of that period. Combined with trade, there is also exploration and colonization. One of the great navigators was Zheng He of China, whose fleets of huge ships sailed the Indian Ocean both to trade with and impress foreign peoples. His travels mark the height of Chinese ocean trade but also caused mistrust in the government, and the voyages ended in 1433. The first to sail from Western Europe were the Portuguese. They sailed over the Atlantic Ocean, colonizing the uninhabited Azores and Madeiras islands located about 1,000 miles west of Portugal. These sailors, backed by Italian investors, began sugarcane cultivation in these areas. As these plantations grew, the need for labor caused the Portuguese to increase the traffic in African slaves. Later, the Portuguese sailors Dias and da Gamma moved south and east around the tip ofAfrica,, into the Indian Ocean and soon dominated the trade between Europe and Asia. Using gunpowder technology, the Portuguese began the process of imperialism in Asia. Spain, in competition with both the Portuguese and the Muslims for a trade empire, sent Columbus west to find the riches of Asia in 1492. Chapter 22 Questions 1. Identify the most significant land and sea routes in the fourteenth century. What societies tended to control and profit from these routes?

2. What was the role of religion in the cultural interactions of this era? Which religion had the greater international impact, Christianity or Islam? Explain.

3. Give some specific examples of agricultural and technological diffusion along the trade routes.

4. Summarize the origins and the progress of the bubonic plague of the fourteenth century. Which regions were hit the hardest? Which regions were largely spared?

5. What were the social and economic outcomes of the plague?

6. How did the Ming dynasty rebuild the economy of China?

7. Note the kind of state to emerge in the fifteenth century in northern Italy, France, England, and Spain. Which was the most powerful state at this time?

8. What were some of the distinctive elements of the artistic Renaissance of western Europe in the fifteenth century?
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9. How were the Ming Chinese able to establish a forceful presence in the Indian Ocean in the fifteenth century? When and why did this presence cease?

10. What were the Portuguese objectives in the exploration of the coast of west Africa? What did they accomplish?

11. What did Columbus hope to accomplish when he set forth across the Atlantic in 1492? What did he achieve? CHAPTER 22 OUTLINE: REACHING OUT CROSS-CULTURAL INTERACTIONS I. Long-distance trade and travel A. Patterns of long-distance trade 1. Trading patterns between 1000 and 1500 in Eurasia a. b. 2. a. b. c. 3. Luxury goods of high value traveled overland on the silk roads Bulkier commodities traveled the sea lanes of the Indian Ocean Large trading cities had communities of foreign merchants Cities like Melaka: orderly, strategically located, with reasonable custom fees Mongol conquests in thirteenth century disrupted trade, but they later restored order Marco Polo (1253-1324), Venetian traveler to Asia a. b. c. B. 1. Traveled to Mongol court of Khubilai Khan in China Back to Venice in 1295 after seventeen years in China Narrative of his travels a best-seller, inspiring many European merchants

Trading cities and ports grew rapidly

Political and diplomatic travel Mongol-Christian diplomacy across Eurasia in thirteenth century a. b. 2. a. b. c. 3. a. b. c. Mongols and western Europeans, potential allies against Muslims Pope Innocent IV's invitation to the Mongols to become Christians rejected Sent by ilkan of Persia to win allies against Muslims Met kings of France and England and the pope, but the mission failed Ilkan Ghazan's conversion to Islam in 1295 ended possibility of alliance A Moroccan Islamic scholar who served as qadi to the sultan of Delhi Later served on Maldive Islands and traveled to east and west Africa Consulted with Muslim rulers and offered advice on Islamic values

Rabban Sauma's mission to Europe, 1287

Ibn Battuta (1304-1369)

C.

Missionary campaigns 1. 2. 3. Sufi missionaries (Muslim) visited recently conquered or converted lands Christian missionaries in eastern Europe after 1000 John of Montecorvino: mission to convert the Mongols and Chinese, 1291-1328 a. b. c. The first archbishop of Khanbaliq (Beijing) in 1307 Translated the New Treatment; built several churches in China Baptized some Mongol and Chinese boys, but won few converts

D.

Long-distance travel and cross-cultural exchanges 1. 2. 3. 4. Cultural exchanges included science, ideas, art, and music New technology spread by travelers and facilitated their travel--for example, magnetic compass New crops introduced to sub-Saharan Africa by Muslims: citrus fruits, rice, cotton Sugarcane originated in southwest Asia and north Africa a. b. c. 5. Introduced to Europeans during the crusades Sugarcane plantations spread all over the Mediterranean basin Plantations operated through slave labor, Muslim captives, and Africans

Gunpowder technologies spread west from China by Mongol armies in thirteenth century a. b. Used for catapults, primitive cannons Changed warfare dramatically

II.

Crisis and recovery A. Bubonic plague 1. Plague in China a. b. c. d. 2. a. b. c. d. 3. a. b. Crises of the fourteenth century: global climate cooled, declining productivity, famine Bubonic plague began in southwest China, spread rapidly through interior In 1331, 90 percent of population in Hebei province killed Continued through 1350s, two-thirds of population killed in other provinces Reached Black Sea in 1346, Italy in 1347, and western Europe in 1348 Terrifying symptoms of the Black Death Mortality: often 60 percent to 70 percent of population, sometimes whole villages Scandinavia and India less effected; bypassed sub-Saharan Africa Chinese population dropped by 10 million from 1300 to 1400 European population dropped by about 25 percent
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Spread of plague west along trade routes

Population decline

c. 4.

Islamic societies also devastated, slower to recover

Social and economic effects a. b. c. Massive labor shortages led to social unrest In western Europe, workers demanded higher wages Authorities resisted change; peasant rebellions

B.

Recovery in China: the Ming dynasty 1. 2. Hongwu overthrew Mongol rule and established the Ming dynasty in 1368 Ming centralization of government and reviving of Chinese traditions a. b. 3. a. b. 4. a. b. c. 5. a. b. Reestablished Confucian educational and civil service systems Emperor ruled China directly, without the aid of chief ministers Mandarins represented central government to local authorities Eunuchs in government could not build family fortunes Repaired irrigation systems, agricultural productivity surged Promoted manufacture of porcelain, silk, and cotton textiles Trade within Asia flourished with increased production Actively promoted neo-Confucianism Yongle Encyclopedia, massive anthology of Chinese cultural traditions

Mandarins and eunuchs maintained absolute authority of emperors

Ming dynasty promoted economic recovery

Cultural revival

C.

Recovery in western Europe: state building 1. 2. Taxes and armies as instruments of national monarchies by late fifteenth century Italian city-states flourished with industries and trade a. b. 3. a. b. c. d. 4. a. b. c. d. 5. a. Each with independent administration and army Levied direct taxes on citizens Fought Hundred Years' War (1337-1453) over control of French lands Imposed direct taxes to pay the costs of war Asserted authority of central government over feudal nobility Unlike France, England did not maintain a standing army Sales tax supported a powerful standing army Completed the reconquista by conquering Granada from Muslims Seized southern Italy in 1494 Sponsored Columbus's quest for a western route to China Frequent small-scale wars
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France and England

Spain united by the marriage of Fernando of Aragon and Isabel of Castile

Competition among European states

b. c. D. 1.

Encouraged new military and naval technology Technological innovations vastly strengthened European armies

Recovery in western Europe: the Renaissance Italian renaissance art a. b. c. d. 2. a. b. 3. a. b. Renaissance, or rebirth of art and learning, 1400-1600 City-states sponsored innovations in art and architecture Painters (Macaccio and Leonardo) used linear perspective to show depth Sculptors (Donatello and Michelangelo) created natural poses Simple and elegant style, inherited from classical Greek and Roman Magnificent domed cathedrals such as Brunelleschi's cathedral of Florence Scholars interested in literature, history, and moral philosophy Recovered and translated many classical works

Renaissance architecture

Humanists drew inspiration from classical models

III.

Exploration and colonization A. The Chinese reconnaissance of the Indian Ocean basin 1. Zheng He's expeditions a. b. c. d. e. 2. a. b. c. 3. a. b. c. B. 1. Ming emperor permitted foreigners to trade at Quanzhou and Guangzhou Refurbished the navy and sent seven large expeditions to the Indian Ocean basin Purposes: to control foreign trade and impress foreign peoples Admiral Zheng He's ships were the largest marine crafts in the world Visited southeast Asia, India, Ceylon, Arabia, and east Africa Zheng He's voyages diplomatic: exchanged gifts, envoys Also military: used force to impress foreign powers, for example, against coastal pirates Expeditions enhanced Chinese reputation in the Indian Ocean basin Confucian ministers mistrusted foreign alliances Resources redirected to agriculture and defense of northern borders Technology of building large ships was forgotten, nautical charts destroyed End of the voyages, 1433

Chinese naval power

European exploration in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans Portuguese exploration a. b. c. d. 2. European goals: to expand Christianity and commercial opportunities Portuguese mariners emerged as the early leaders Prince Henry of Portugal determined to increase Portuguese influence Seized Moroccan city of Ceuta in 1415
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Colonization of the Atlantic Islands

a. b. 3. a. b. c. 4. a. b. c. d. e. 5. a. b. c.

Portuguese ventured into the Atlantic, colonized Madeiras, Azores, other islands Italian investors, Portuguese landowners cultivated sugarcane on the islands Portuguese traders ventured down west coast of Africa Traded guns, textiles for gold and slaves Thousands of slaves delivered to Atlantic island plantations Portuguese searched for sea route to Asian markets without Muslim intermediaries Bartolomeu Dias reached Cape of Good Hope, entered the Indian Ocean, 1488 Vasco da Gama arrived at Calicut in 1498, returned to Lisbon with huge profit Portuguese mariners dominated trade between Europe and Asia, sixteenth century Portuguese ships with cannons launched European imperialism in Asia Plan rejected by Portuguese king but sponsored by king and queen of Spain 1492, led three ships to the Caribbean Sea, believed he was near Japan Other mariners soon followed Columbus and explored American continents

Slave trade expanded fifteenth century

Indian Ocean trade

Cristoforo Colombo (Christopher Columbus) hoped to reach Asia by sailing west

Critical Thinking Questions A. Try to imagine the impact of a catastrophe such as the bubonic plague on European society. How did people behave? What was the impact on social relations? (Consider this: how would you behave in such a crisis? Would you live your life any differently?) B. What are some of the common elements in the process of European state building? What specific measures did the national monarchies take in order to establish and maintain their authority? Who did they need to control? C. What were some of the common concerns of the Renaissance humanists? How would these goals be expressed today? Does the word humanism mean the same thing today as it did then?

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