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'
THE
ORIGINAL GREEK
P.P.
CAXBRIDGB
DIVIXITV,
AND
FKNTON
JolIX
ANTHONY
IIORT, D.D.
MKRICA N EDITION
\V
II
.\ N"
INTRODUCTION"
BY PHILIP SCIIAFF, D.D., LL.D. FBOrBMOR IX TIIK fXloX THEOUK'.lr.U. 8RMIXARY, XEW YORK PRKUDEXT OF TUB AXKR1CA.X BIBLE KEVISIuS (.OMJIITTKK
M:\V
YORK
HARPER
&
Iff
HAE
TIBI
SACROSAXCTAE MENTIS
CHRIS-
1LL1US
I'll'
TUM LOQL'ENTEM, SANANTEM, MORIENTEM, RESURCEXTEM, DENIQUE TOTUM ITA PRAESENTEM REDDUXT, UT
MINUS VISVRUS
SIS SI COR AM OCULIS CONSPICIAS.
ERASMUS
MDXVI
(IKN'KIJAL
CONTKNTS.
THE GOSPEL
ACCORDING ACCORDING ACCORDING ACCORDING
3
72
11-1
187
245
nix 1
II
................
817 824
Ml
886 344
346
.................
1
III
..............
'.845
.............. ............ ............ ............. ............. PlIIMPPIANS ............ COLOSWIANS ............. THE88ALONIAN8 ........... THES8ALONIAN8 ...........
ROMANS
CORINTHIANS CORINTHIANS GALATIANS EPHKSIANS
II
1
851
II
TO THE HEBREWS
.....
......
TO TO TO TO
TIMOTHY TIMOTHY
TITUS
.......
II
............... ..............
PHILEMON
..........
.
.496
'
499
503
INTRODUCTION
TO THE
AMERICAN EDITION
BT
PHILIP SCHAFF
CONTENTS
OF
TIIE
4.
CLASSES OF VARIATIONS
Omissions
Additions
Substitutions
Iviii
Iviii Iviii
I.
...
. . .
Ixii Ixii
Ixiii
5.
OBJECT OF CRITICISM
TAMEXT
1.
xii
C.
RULES OF CRITICISM
TIIK
GREEK MANUSCRIPTS
Cursive Manuscripts
.
xiii
7.
Ixiv
A. Uncial Manuscripts
II.
xxxii
III.
conri
xxxvii
xl xlvi
TUS
RECEPTUS.
FROM
xlvi
xlviii
Ixvi
E.
Gothic Version
F.
:t.
Armenian Version
xlix
xlix
1
li
PATRISTIC QUOTATIONS
A.
B.
Greek Fathers
Latin Fathers
TO LACIIMAXN, A. D. 1770-
II
:!.
lii
FROM LACH-
i NrxsiR OP
3.
VALCI or VARIATIONS
l.ii
I.NUKX
TO NOTATION
Ixxxix
INTRODUCTION
TO
1 ill:
AMERICAN EDITION.
BY
PHILIP SCIIAFF.
THE
It is the birthday the history of the New Testament. both of the purest English translation and of the purest <im k tt-\t of that little book which contains the inspired
message of God's wisdom and love to mankind, and which forms the highest standard of Christian faith and duty.
is remarkable. The original and the matured during the same long period by The Ediharmonious, though independent, co-operation. tors of the Greek text were members of the English NYw
The coincidence
translation were
unit Company of Revisers; the Kngli>h :m<l American Revisers had the confidential use of advanced proofsheets of this edition of the
and
it
their translation
is
than to any other printed edition from Krasmus and down to Tischcndorf and Tivgclles.
i
called,
was announced
to the
viii
declaration,
tiim."
I
Westcott and Hort with the modest assertion, flic habes textum omnium editionum antiquissimum et purissimum.
It is
the most careful comparison of all the ancient sources of the text as they have been collected and made available by
the indefatigable diligence of former editors, especially of Lachmann, Tischendorf, and Trcgclles. It embodies the
results of the
not supersede the large editions which contain the whole critical apparatus; but it a century.
It will, of course,
rank at once
among
tions of the
I
Greek Testament.*
became personally acquainted with the editors and work twelve years ago (at Harrow, in 1869), and saw them afterwards repeatedly at Cambridge, London, and
their
Peterborough.
May
21, 1881, in
New Testament,
incident-
ally mentions this Greek edition with the remark, "The Clarendon Press volume [Archdeacon Palmer's Greek Test,] is beautifully printed. Though this, again, is eclipsed by the exquisite edition of Dr. Westcott's and Dr. Hort's Greek text, issued by the Pitt Press on the same 17th of May, a day to be much remembered by Biblical critics. This last work, formed exclusively on documentary evidence, without reference to any printed text, has lx?en long expected by scholars. It u probably tTie
mott important contribution to Biblical learning in our generation. The Revisers, it is understood, had the advantage of consulting
it
INTRODL'i TK'N To
ix
is
now
by the
Me>s.
llaipcr
&
This opinion ripe-nod into conviction l\ slant use, since 1870, of proof-sheets of this text, in edition of Langc's "Commentary on John" (see the
Brothers.*
ical note*), in
my
crit-
as a
member
my
labours
England among
Dr.
II<<rt
(educated at Rugby School and Trinity College, Cambridge) is Hulscan Professor of Divinity in the University of Cambridge (since 1878). He is probably more familiar with the textual hi>tory of the Greek Testament than any other man
exerted great influence in the Revision ComHis Tico Dissertations on matters of reading. and on the Creed (1876) Qiof Constantinopolitan novoytviis evince a rare degree of patristic learning and critical acumen.
living.
He
all
pany on
* The
my
proportion,
dated
May
17, 1871,
same month on which the book was published ten years afterwards in London. But as Westcott and Hort did not contemthe text, I made subsequently plate a critical apparatus below an agreement with my friend, Prof. Tischendorf, for the preparation of an American edition containing his own latest text. with a very brief digest of his critical apparatus (somewhat .-ini liti critim minor, only more condensed, and confined ilar to his
to the c.lde-t readings) for the use of students; thinkin-r th.it there wot-.ld lw room for two editions, each having its ...peei.-d
meriK
-71.
Ti-<
era! sheets
were set up at Leipsic when his death, in Deeeniendrd his earthly labours, preventing him from even
I pn paring the Prolegomena to his eighth critical edition. know of no scholars who could better carry out the plan of such an edition than Prof. Dr. K/ra Abbot hi Cambridge, Mass., and Dr. Caspar Rent Gregory in Leipeic.
Dr. AVcstcott (born 1825 educated at Trinity College, Cambridge) is Regius Professor of Divinity at Cambridge (since
He is 1870), and Canon of Peterborough (since 1869). the author of several able and useful works, as a History of the English Bible ; a History of the Canon of the New
Testament; an Introduction
and a Commentary on
the
the best parts of the Speakers Commentary. These two scholars have been in constant correspondence with each other, and kept a journal of their discussions of all the imFew works have ever been preportant textual questions.
among
pared with so
much
labour, care,
and devotion as
this edition
of the Greek Testament, begun in 1853 and finished in 1881. The Introduction and Appendix, which the editors prom-
publish shortly in a separate volume, will contain a exposition of the principles and results of textual criticism. Without anticipating their elaborate treatise, which
ise to
full
I have not yet seen, I propose, with their consent, to furnish the readers of this volume with such preliminary information as is necessary for an intelligent use of this or
any other
critical edition of
Literature.
The chief authorities for the topics discussed in this troduction are the following works :
:
in-
Jo. JAC. WETSTEIN 'H Kcr/} 4ia3Yjw;. Notum Testaments in, editions recepta cum lettionibus mriantibus, etc. Amstel. 1751-52, 2 torn. fol. Prolegomena in torn. i. pp. 1-222. Jo. JAC. GRIESBACH: Notum Testamentum Greece. Ed. 2d<i. Halae Sax. et Lond. 1796-1806, 2 vols. 8vo. Ed. tertiam cn il.
Gracum
mictam cur. Da fid Schulz. Vol. i. Berolini, 1827. Prafationes et Prolegomena, vol. i. pp. iii.-lvi. i.-cxxvii. Also his Symbofa Critics (1785-98), with his M, i, f, iinit<i, and Comtnenta nut Oriticus in Textum Grcecum N. T. (1798 and 1811).
it
IXTROWVniiN TO
CM:
r< >li
I
.
T11E
AMERICAS
KKITI
ft
;
xl
\<
ii
NN
Latin*.
ii.
Be-
ni,
1843-50, 8vo.
pp. v.-lvi.
vol.
pP
x\\i.
Comp.
also
Lachmann's
article in t-xplunution
and dc
fur 1880,
und Kritiken
AKX.FHII>.CONST.TISOHENDORF: Nocum Tentainentum Gnrtt. tiii>iisimo teste* dentin no n*uit, upptiratum criticum omni
ttndio ptrftftinn njipoian't, coinint ntiitim,, in itktyoffifain prat neptiimi, Lips. 1859, 2 vols. 8vo. Prolegomena, vol. 1. pp. The text of this edition i- -upt rscdcd by the ,</'xiii.-cclxxviii.
tin
octant critira
m<:i<>r. I.;;
.'.
2 vols.
The new
Prole-
gomena, which the author did not live to lini-h. but which have been prepared by Dr. Gregory, with the aid of Dr. Ezra Abbot,
are
now
the CV/.r A mint inn*. London, published in parts from 1857to 1879,1 vol. 4to. The 7th part (published in 1879, after the death of Dr. Tregelles) contains the- Prolegomena, with Addenda and Corrigenda, compiled and edited by Rev. I)r. Hort and Rev.
fnm
AII--II
nt A>i(/iri(i". trith
i,t.
from
A.
ill
W.
Stream-.
Comp.
also
TUEGELLES Afftnt of
:
the Print-
T'jf "f the Greek New Tmtitinmt, irith R< marten on id Rennion upon Critieal Pn'iieiplfs. London, 1854. And the first part (pre-
pared by Tregelles) of the fourth volume of Home's Intr>*l>/ctimi in t)i> //'// Si-r<]itiir>.i. Kith cd. London, 1856; 14th ed. 1K?7; to the Ttxtnnl Crit also published separately as an //<//*//////
irixi/, tift/if
.\, >r
'J',.ifiiii,>
nt,
London, 1856,
etc.
London, 6th cd. Prolegomena, vol. i. chaps, vi. and vii. pp. 73-148. Ki>. Hnrss: liil-liotlurn Sri Ti*(iinn nti Grart. 1872 (pp.818). The most complete list of all the printed editions of the Greek Testament. FR. H. AM it ROSE SCRIVENER: A Pltn'n Intrwluriion to the CritLondon, 1861 2d ed. 1874. The <>f the New Testament. !> -t wnrk on the subject in the Knuli-h lan.i:ua.i:c. Comp. al-o tun* "a the 7'tJ-t uf the X< ir T<t<untnt, Cambridge and London, 1875. C. E. HAMMOND: Outline* of Textual Critieism Applied to the New Testament. Oxford. 1*7.': -Jd ed. 1876. Tin- Critical Introductions to the New Testament by Hi
etc.
;
;.
DK WKTII
HI.I.I.K.
KM
and several
"articles
xii
400-437),
and
Smith's Diet, of the Bible (iii. 2113-2139, Amer. ed.); an essay of Dr. EZRA ABBOT in Anglo-American Bibk Revision, Philadelphia, ,M <!. 1*7!! (pp. 86-98); the third part of EDWAUD C. MITCHELL'S (.'i-itifttl Handbook, published by the London Religious Tract Society, London, also Andover, 1880 (pp. 67-143). The Prolegomena to Tischendorf's eighth critical edition, and the Introduction and Appendix of Westcott and Hort, may he referred to in advance as promising the latest and most accurate information on textual criticism applied to the New Testament.
I.
NEW
TESTA-
beyond all reasonable hope of discover}', and arc not even mentioned by the post-apostolic authors as being exlost
tant anywhere, or as having been seen by them.f They perished, probably before the close of the first century,
with the brittle paper then in ordinary use (the Egyptian papyrus), like all other ancient writings (with the exception of a
in
Egyptian
tombs and mummies, or under the lava of Vesuvius at Herculaneum and Pompeii). God has not chosen to exempt the Bible by a miracle from the fate of other books, but has wisely left room for the diligence and research of
man, who
is
all
lie has not provided for inspired transcribers any more than inspired printers, nor for infallible translators any more than infalliin his reach for the study of the Bible.
ble
commentators and
Autngrapha,
readers.
lie wastes
no miracles.
He
*
f
iipxirvira, l^io^tipa,
the disputed passage of Tertullian, who speaks of ipt authentic^ litterce Apostolorum, see Scrivener, p. 446.
On
xiii
and
a
intelligent worshippers.
"The
letter killits
The
Bible, in
origin
and
hi-tory.
is
human
and must
the incarna-
tin of God's
of Christ, to
ga, as the
truth,
it
and
whom
Way,
Even
if
we had
the apostolic autographs, there would be room for verbal criticism, since they, like other ancient books, were written as a continuous whole, without accents, without punctuation,
and
unless
far
we must depend upon But these are, fortunately, more numerous and trustworthy for the Greek Testafor
ment than
" In the variety and any ancient classic. fulness of the evidence on which it rests, the text of the
New Testament
among The
ies,
stands absolutely and unapproachably alone ancient prose writings" (W. and II., p. 561). sources of the text are threefold Manuscript Cop:
The Manuscripts,
important sources.
dred, counting
all
They number now over seventeen hunclasses, and new ones may yet be dis-
* Codas, or caudcx, means, originally, the trunk of a trte, tofk, ttfm; then a block of icood split or sawn into planks, leaves, or tablets, and fastened together; hence a book, as the ancients
wrote on tablets of wood smeared with wax, the leaves being laid one upon another. The Hebrew manuscripts are in rolls.
xiv
Covered.*
They
differ
in age, extent,
and
value.
They
were written between the fourth and sixteenth centuries; the oldest date from the middle of the fourth century, and
rest,
of course, on
still
older copies.
Few
manuscripts of
Greek or Roman classics arc older than the ninth or tenth The Medicean MS. of Virgil is of the fourth century. Vatican MS. of Dion Cassius of the fifth. the century, The oldest MSS. of yEschylus and Sophocles date from
The
the tenth, those of Euripides from the twelfth century. oldest complete copy of Homer is from the thirteenth
century, though considerable papyrus fragments have been recently discovered which may date from the fifth or sixth.
Some MSS.
New
or six classes,
lectionaries).
than one of these classes, or the whole New Testament, are numbered in the lists two, three, or more times. The Gospel
MSS.
least
are the
numerous.
Some MSS.
errors of transcribers.
Most of them
* The total number of MSS. recorded by Dr. Scrivener, including lectionaries, is 158 uncials and 1605 cursives (p. 269,
But his list is incomplete. He gives an Index of p. x.). about 1277 separate Greek MSS. of the New Testament, arranged according to the countries where they are now deposited (pp. 571He assigns 3 to Denmark, 293 to England, 238 to France, 584). 96 to Germany, 6 to Holland, 3 to Ireland, 368 to Italy, 81 to Russia, 8 to Scotland, 23 to Spain, 1 to Sweden, 14 to SwitzerSee also Edward C. Mitchell, land, 104 to Turkey, 39 unknown. Critical Handbook, Tables viii. ix. and x.
comp.
iv
give the Greek text only, a few the Latin version also (hence called codices bilinguts or Cfrceco-Latini), e. g. Cod.
D (or Bezu)
tanus) for
(Claromon-
Pauline Epistles, and Cod. A (Sangallensis) for the Gospels. They were written in the East, mostly in
tin.-
Alexandria and Constantinople ; for in Europe (with the exception of Greece, Lower Italy, and Sicily) the knowledge of the Greek language disappeared after the fifth century till the revival of learning in the fifteenth, and the Latin
Bible.
Vulgate supplied the place of the Greek and Hebrew Some words of frequent occurrence arc usually
abridged (as So
= 5* oc, ~ vwpioc,
KIT
<r='Iij<roi;c,
wo. = Trvtv^iai).
The MSS. are divided into two The former are written in rive.
large or capital letters the latter in small letters or unciales majutculce), (littercc current hand. The uncial MSS. or in minuscules) (litterce
and hence
and used long after Two of them, the Sinaitic and the Vatican, the cursive. date from the middle of the fourth century.
more
A. Uncial Manuscripts.
The
uncial
MSS.
are designated (since Wetstein, 1752), by the capital letters of the Latin
alphabet (A, B, C, D, etc.), with the help of Greek letters for a few MSS. beyond Cod. Z, and the Hebrew letter
Aleph () for the Sinaitic MS. which was discovered and precedes Cod. A.*
last
* The present usage arose from the accidental circumstance Codex Alexandrinus was designated as Cod. A in the lower margin of Walton's Polyglot (Scrivener, loc. cit. p. 78, A far better system would be to designate them in 2d eil.
that the
i.
xvi
The
pages of one or two, The older ones have of columns. three or four, very rarely no division of words or sentences except for paragraphs, no accents or ornaments, and hut very few pause-marks.
Hence it requires some practice to read them with ease. The date and place, which were not marked on MSS.
than the tenth century, can be only approximately ascertained from the material, the form of letters, the style
earlier
tions
of writing, the presence or absence of the Ammonian sec( <p/\cua, capitula) in the Gospels, the Eusebian Can-
ons (or tables of references to the Ammonian sections, after 340, when Eusebius died), the Euthalian sections in the
Acts and Epistles, and the stichometric divisions ,or lines (trri\ot) corresponding to sentences (both introduced by
Euthalius,
tury), etc.
cir.
Sometimes a second or third hand has introduced punctuation and accents or different readings. Hence
the distinction of lectiones a
a secunda manu
or<).
(**, or
2
,
or
tertia
maim
(***, or
3
,
before A.
the order of their age or value, which would place B and x But the usage in this case can as little be altered as the traditional division into chapters and verses. Mill cited the
by abridgments of their names, e. g. Alex., Cant., Mnt. ; mode would now take too much space. Wetstein knew 14 uncial MSS. of the Gospels, which he designated from A to O, and about 112 cursives, besides 24 Evansrt-liscopies
but this
taries.
See his
list
222.
way to dots or other marks between the This was the beginning of punctuation.
xvii
Some MSS.
(as
Codd. C, P, Q,
11,
Z,
S) have been
written
twice over, owing ment, and arc called codices rescript'^ or palimpsests (iraXiftbook being written between the lines, or ^/i>rro<); the new
across, or in place of the old Bible text.
to the scarcity
and
costliness of parch-
churches of Constantinople, the preparation of fifty MSS. " on of the Bible, to bo written artificially wrought skins
* To judge from this fact, the by skilful calligraphists." number of uncials was once very large, but most of them The whole number now perished in the Middle Ages.
known
is
less
Scrivener reckons 56
for the Gospels (most of them only fragmentary), 14 for the Acts, 6 for the Catholic Epistles, 15 for the Paulino lecEpistles, 5 for the Apocalypse, exclusive of the uncial
tionaries,
capitals,
numerals,
cursive
MSS. of
all
Abbot
nishes
(in
a private
letter
me
own
The number
"We (not including lectionarics) at present known is 83. have for the Gospels 61 ; for the Acts 15; for the Catholic Epistles
Apocalypse
5.
7; for the Pauline Epistles 20; and for the This includes the Codex Rossanensis, and
three or four small fragments not used Dr. Abbot's list is as follows :
Gospels:
by Tischeudorf.
b
ABCDEFFGHI L *^
P Q R 8 T T
1
Ib
Tb
<*
UV
KLMNOO XYZ W
b
d
'
<'
r A
iv. 36,
ITivrqrovra crw/mna Iv
xaraiTKivoic
virh rtxi'iriiv
raXAiypo^wv.
xviii
Acts: X
Cath.
x Paul: K
:
s *
L() P()
= 15.
M()
N () O () O
Apoc.: X
AB(*)CP = 5.
P (*) Q
(*)
R () = 20.
:
G(s) H(a) !
K()
L(s)
Whole number
X
of distinct
evv * et
MSS.
ct
ABB
Qb(0
1? '
CD
ct
DP' E E
1
1-
EP JU FFP1 "
'
FGG
LL
<=t.
<:
ICI
GPIU|
'> paul
JJ JJ
JJ
P* ul
uI
paul
1.
6- 7.
Ib
ul
g g cth.
b
paul
MM
bcdef
XYZ
The Sinaitic and the Vatican MSS. are by far the most I give a important for antiquity, completeness, and value.
brief description of the best uncial
MSS. which
are
most
class. two They are four from the fourth, two from the fifth century one complete To (x), two nearly complete (A and B), one defective (C).
;
usually added I> as the fifth of the great uncials, contains only the Gospels and Acts, and has strange In the Gospels the text of C, L, Z, 5?, and peculiarities.
these
is
but
it
of A in Mark, is bettor than that of A, but in the rest of the New Testament A is undoubtedly, after X and B, the most
important MS.
K
of
(Aleph). Codex SINAITICUS, formerly in the Convent Mount Sinai (hence its name), now in the Imperial Library
It dates
at St. Petersburg.
is
written on fine parchment (13 inches wide by century, 14 high), in large uncials, with four columns to a page (of 48 lines each). It has 346^ leaves. It was discovered
and secured by the indefatigable Prof. C. Tischendorf, in the Convent of St. Catharine, at the foot of Mount Sinai,
iix
It
was published
at St.
Banian empire,
imitation
by types
specially
* The story of the discovery, which made Tbchendorf omof the happiest men I ever knew, reads like an heroic romance.
HU three journeys from Ldp-ir to Mount Sinai, in pursuit of manuscript treasures, in 1844, 1853, and 1859; his first rescue of forty-three leaves of the Septuagint from a waste-basket in tinConvent of St. Catharine in 1844 his final discovery o." the whole Cod. Sinaiticus in 1859, with the powerful aid of the recommendation of that noble Czar who met such a terrible death at the hands of the Nihilists in 1881; his patient labor in transcribing it at Cairo, and in its publication at Leipsic, in connection with a great national event of the Russian empire; his controversy with the Greek Simonides, who impudently claimed to have written the codex on Mount Athos in 1839 and 1840 are all toM by himself, not without some excusable vanity, in his Reur in den Orient (1845-18), and A u dfm hfil. Lande (1862) hi
;
tia
and
1885); and his two controversial pamphlets. Die Anftchtuitgen der SinaMbd (1883), and Wafftn der Fintterni** wider die Sina&ibei (1888). When, on a visit to Mount Sinai in March. 1877, I
saw a copy of the magnificent four-volume edition in and mentioned the name of Tisehendorf. the prior kindled up in indignation and called him a thief, who
had stolen their greatest treasure on the pretext of a temporary loan; and when I reminded him of the large reward of the Emperor of Russia, who had furnished a new silver shrine for the coffin of Si. Catharine, he admitted it reluctantly; but remarked that they did not want the silver, but the manuscript the manuscript which these monks could not read, and were at one time ready to throw into the fire! After long delays, the MS. was formally presented to the Czar in 1869 by the new prior, archbishop Kallistratos. and the monks of the Convents of St. Catharine and Cairo. See Tischendorf, Die ttmaibibd (1871), p. 91.
xx
oast, in
also
separately edited by Tischendorf in smaller type in quarto an octavo edition in (Leipsic, 1863), in four columns; and
Dr. Scrivener has published a ordinary type (ibid. 1865). " Full Collation of the Sinaitic MS. with the Received Text
(2d ed. 1867). the most complete, and also (with the exception, perhaps, of the Vatican MS.) the oldest, or, at all events, one of the two oldest MSS., although it was last "
of the
New Testament"
is
Codex x
Tischendorf
calls it
omnium codicum
vncialium solus integer omniumque antiquissimus." He assigns it to the age of Eusebius the historian, who died in
it not improbable that it was one of the which Constantino had ordered to be prepared fifty copies for the churches of Constantinople in 331, and that it was
340
and thinks
sent
Sinai,
Auspidis au-
futtittimig Imperatoris Akxandri II., ex tenebris protraxit in Europam transtulit ad iuvtindas atque illu^trandas sacras litteras
edidit
The
first
CONSTANTINUS TISCHENDORF. Petropoli, MDCCCLXII. volume contains the dedication to the Emperor (dated
1862), the
Lips,
fv^;
later hands,
fa'i.
and
contain the Septuagint; vol. iv. the Greek Testament (134J leaves), the Epistle of Barnabas (foil. 135-141), and a part of the
Pastor Henna; (foil. 143-148). Copies of this rare and costly edition are in the Astor Library, the Lenox Library, the Union
Theological Seminary, New York, at Cambridge, Andover, and in other libraries of America.
Tischeodorf s edition of the English New Test., Leips. 1869, After a more careful inspection of the Vatican MS. in 1866, he has somewhat modified his view of the priority of the
t
p. xii.
INTRODUCTION TO
xxi
the Old Testament in the Septuagint Version (109 leaves), and the whole Now Testament, without any omission, together with the Epistle of Barnabas, all in Greek, and a
Greek (147 leaves). It is numerous corrections made by the disfigured by or later scribes several writers, especially one of original
part of the Pastor Ilennte in
much
a the fourth century (x ), whose emendations are very valuc It often confirms Cod. able, and one of the seventh (x ).
in
John
28
;
in Acts
xx.
i. 18; r//- i^Xtjaiav rov Stov for Kvpiov, of ifaripwSr) for &oc, in 1 Tim. iii. 1 0), and
omissions, as the doxology (Matt vi. 13) ; the end of Mark (xvi. 9-20); the passage of the woman taken in adultery (John vii. 53-viii. 11), in part, also, the Old Latin Version;
but sometimes
it It lias contribsupports other witnesses. uted very much towards the settlement of the text, and stimulated the progress of the revision movement in England, in connection with Tischcndorfs Taiichnitz edition
King James's Version (1869), which gives in foot-notes the chief readings of the three great uncials K, B, and A. Tischendorf first copied the Sinaitic MS., with the help
of
and assigns them both to the middle of the fourth century, maintaining even that one of the scribes of K (who wrote six leaves, and whom he designates D) wrote the New Testament part of B. Compare the learned and very able essay of Dr. Ezra Abbot (against Air. Burgon): " in Comparative Antiquity of the Sinaitic and Vatican MSS. the Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. x. (1872), pp.
Sinaitic over the Vatican 318.,
,
189-200.
vol.
ii.
Oebhardt, in Herzog's Utal-Knryklupadie (new ed.), pronounces Burgon's attempt to prove the higher antiquity of the Vatican MS. by fifty to one hundred years an
p. 414,
entire failure.
xxii
which the
Professor showed
prepared.
fallible,
As
at Leipsic, the printed editions were neither Tischendorf nor his scribes were in-
me
some
errors
may have
crept
in,
so that, in doubt-
MS.
it.
in St.
necessary.
tions of
it
arc given in
have been photographed, and real fac-similes Tisehendorf s three editions, and in Scrivener's
Mr. Burgon, also, in his book on the Last Twelve Verses of Mark, gives an exact fac-simile of .1 page, taken at St. Petersburg, which shows the last two columns
Introduction.
of
Mark
(to xvi. 8)
and the
first
MYCTHflONOCe
n N icocj>e HXT
Kat opo\oyovpi\vta
Tim.
Hi. 16:
fivffrijptov
|
oc
'#-
tv (rap vi-
iiiKaiwSt)
i/
|
tKT)pv\5tj tv
TO THE
AMF.KI< AN
fifth
KMTMX.
Ix iH
century, in quarto
and two columns (12$ inches high, 10 broad), given by Patriarch Cyril Lucar of Constantinople (the unlucky reformer, formerly of Alexandria) to King Charles I. (1028), now in tho British Museum, London, where the open volume of the New Testament is exhibited in the MS. room.
It
leaves the
was probably written in Alexandria. It contains on 773 Old Testament, in the Septuagint Version (edited
New
Testament; but,
unfortunately, with the omission of Matt L 1-xxv. 0, John It also has at vL 50-viii. 52, and 2 Cor. iv. 13-xii. 0.
the end the Greek Epistle of Clement of Rome to the Corinthians, with a fragment of a second epistle, or homily. This was the only MS. extant of Clement before tho dis-
by Philotheos Bryennios of the copy at Constantinople (1875). The New Testament of the Alexandrian MS. was published by Charles G. Woide in uncial type
cover}-
(London, 1780), and by B. II. Cowper, in common type We have it now in a most beautiful pho(ibid. 1800). tographic fac-siraile, issued by the Trustees of the British
the
first
uncial
critics.
It presents a text
to
See fac-similes
in
Woide and
Scrivener.
On
B. Codex
tury,
the following page we give two specimens. VATICAXUS, of the middle of the fourth cen-
on very
cial letters, in
Vatican Library
Rome
(No. 1209).
It is
xxiv
e
nrno N^r^iu
i
K1FHKI
OC.
HTTToC ocexe~reexvT~oic
TTOl Kf_XI
tNiei
MTMtxl OK K Af iCf*rv)
Mc
with breathings and accents, and conparoo
KO.I
The
first is
in bright red,
i.
tains Gen.
rf]V yfjv
;
1, 2,
St y/j >}v
do
'
is
in
'
common
\ \
iroifti'utt'
TO
ayiov
(.Biro nriffKOTrovff
iroi/iai-
ron KV
Jjv TrtpifiroirjaaTO
Sia
\
brary by Pcpe Nicholas V. in 1448 ; perhaps (as Dr. Scrivener conjectures) by the learned Cardinal Bessarion, who
was entered
made
in 1475.
It contains the
EIUTIo.V.
MT
i\.
14,
and breaks
off in the
The
the Apocalypse arc lost. care by the papal authorities, very imperfectly known to Mill and WetsU'in, but partially collated, under considerable restrictions,
by Bartolocci,
Thomas Bentley
ed 1799), Andrew Birch of Copenhagen (1788, publ. 17981801), llui,' (1809, ho first fully recognised its paramount
value), Tischcndorf (1843, 1844, 1866), Tregelles (1845), Dressel (I860), Alford (1861), and his
(1855), Burgon
Cure (in 1862). It was first printed under the supervision of the celebrated Cardinal Angclo Mai (d. 1854), Rome, 1828-38, but not published till 1857 (in 5
secretory, Mr.
the fifth containing the New Testament); and so The inaccurately that this edition is critically worthless.
vols,,
New
Testament was again published separately, with some improvements, by Vercellone, Rome, 1859 ; more critically
by Tischendorf, Leipsic, 1867, from a partial inspection of two weeks under the constant supervision of C. Vercellone, who learned from the German expert some useful lessons in editorial work. Now, at last, we have a complete and
critical,
though by no means
infallible, quasi
fac- simile
(d.
MS. by Vercellone
1869)
cast
and
Jos. Cozza,
Rome, 1868-72.*
from the same moulds as that employed for Tischcndorfs edition of the Codex Sinaiticus, and was lent by him to the papal government but he complained of the bad use the
;
Roman
printers
made
of itf
* Oactano Sergio has been associated with Cozza since Vercellone's death,
f
The
full title
reads
Vati-
xxvi
manuscript
in existence,
and
is
Vatican Library." It is the chief authority among MSS. for the Greek Testament of Westcott and llort while Tisch;
cndorf, in his last editions, very naturally shows a preference for the Sinaitic Codex of his own discovery. It presents,
sions of
false
upon the whole, the shortest text but the charge of omismany words and whole clauses is founded on the
;
is
the standard.
West-
cott
and llort say (p. 557) "The fondness for omissions, which has sometimes been attributed to the scribe of the Vatwords."
The
(with few exceptions) a strong prefor evidence the sumptive genuineness of a reading, and, when other ante-Xicene testimony, it is conclusive. supported by
agreement of
B and
is
The specimen on
Scrivener,
is
borrowed from
(xvi. 3-8).
Mark
C. Codex REGIUS, or
Caroli Vcr-
MonacM
Basiliant edi-
t.
Fide.
Romse, typls
1868.
et impensis S. Congregationis
de Propaganda
umes
etc.
;
Beautifully printed on vellum paper. contain the Septuagint (i. Pentateuch and Jos.
;
Four
;
vol-
ii.
Judges,
iii. The Psalms, etc. iv. Esther, etc.), one volume the New Testament; a sixth volume is promised for the Prolegomena and Notes. The New Testament appeared in 1868 as torn. v.
MS. down
to
Heb.
ix. 14, in
The
Hebrews and the Apocalypse (from pp. 285 to 302) are supplied from a later text (recent i<n-i manu) in ordinary Greek type, and have therefore no critical value. The Pastoral Epistles and the Epistle to Philemon are
rest of the Epistle
to the
wanting altogether. I used the copy in the Astor Library. * Tischendorf regards C as older than A and in the Gospels
;
it
has a
much
better text.
M* M -7-6 W A TeON
fdt
ova
M w N Mioy
A^
/i\\i/rt<T(n
aif
on
dvarurvl
ffv
Xiarot o Xi0o0
yap
piyao ofu-
c -rx c$X
i
o o c H M ri
Ci
viaviaKov
NOH C-TOXHN
i
]
vov irro \ ;;
HOHCAKl
Xtyn a
rt
rt
re -rd
ruv
ovf ttrrtv
\
ilici
'i?t
TO1TO9
01TOV
e n ATCTO 1C M
I
avrot)
|
rut
THN r TO N o
CA e<pxra Mj^n b-roy M N H A e o^elx e N r^r OC KA eK ^ c T> A
i
i
irtrpw
or
[
vpoayci
r/ia<T titf
r/i
JTM-
r/iir
i^cXdui' tai
|
yap
/IIIT
(iirrda
r/oa-
cat it Urania
tat
"
fo,^
iiwov
{
Mark fri.
3-8.
Txviii
thirds of the
by Wetstein (1716)
edited
by
scarcely legible.
It
was probably
is
uable as far as
it
goes.
Its text
very val"
seems
"
to stand nearly
Two
correctors (desig-
to the perplexity of the critical collator. D, for the Gospels .and Acts. Co-
dex BEZ^E, or CANTABRIGIENSIS, in the Library of the University at Cambridge (to which Beza presented it in 1581). It dates from the sixth
century, and contains only the Gospels and Acts, with a Latin version ;
edited
by Thomas by Dr.
critical
Kipling,
fol.,
Camcom-
and more
accurately
Scrivener, in
mon
tion
and
notes,
Cambridge,
1864.
The
zling.
has
many
KIMTHV
xxix
e. g., a paragraph after Luke vi. 4 nowhere found (which else): "On the same day be man a certain beheld working on the Sabbath, [Jesus]
interpolations,
is
and said unto him, Man, blessed art thou if thou knowest what thou doest ; but if thou knowest not, thou art
cursed and a transgressor of the law."
It
differs
more
than any other from the received Greek text, but it often agrees in remarkable readings with the ancient Latin and Alford (i. 110) thinks that it was writSyriac versions. ten in France by a Latin transcriber ignorant of Greek. procured it from the monastery of St. Irena-us at
Ban
1562, but did not use it on account of its many Tregelles remarks that "its departures from other MSS.
Lyons
in
evidence when alone, especially in additions, is of scarcely any value as to the genuine text; but of the very greatest
class, defective
D, for the
Pajuline Epistles.
Codex CLAROMOXTANUS
of the sixth century ; defective, but very valuable ; in the National Library at Paris. Edited by Tischcndorf, Leipsic,
1852.
use of
Beza procured
it
it
Codex BASILIENSIS; eighth cenat Basle defective in Luke. Erasmus the ; tury; library Collated by Tischendorf (1843), Miiller, overlooked it.
and Tregelles (1846).
class uncials.
It
It is better
approaches to the Textus Receptus. E, for the Acts. Codex LAUDIANUB ; in Oxford; with a
on the
left
column
tury
probably brought from Tarsus to England by Theodore of Canterbury (d. 690), and used by the Venerable
;
MX
Bede
by Tischendorf,
in the
Graeco - Latin
Paris
;
now
at
of
D (Claromont.) after
F, for the Gospels.
Codex BOREELIANUS
once posses-
(d.
under James
Utrecht.
Codex AUGIENSIS
Graeco-
Latin; at
common
BOERNERIANUS
was
from F (Uort), or from the same archetype Ninth century. It is a part of (Tischendorf, Scrivener). Purchased by Prof. C. the same MS. as A of the Gospels. F. Boerner at Leipsic, 1 705 in the Royal Library at Dresden.
cither copied
;
L, for the Gospels. Codex REGIUS published by Tischendorf, 1846; written in the 8th century ; full of errors in
;
spelling,
its
agreement with
and
Origen.
Now
in Paris.
P, for Acts, Epistles, and Revelation, with some defects. Codex PORFIRIANUS, a palimpsest of the ninth century, in
possession of Archbishop Porfiri at St. Petersburg ; edited by Tischendorf, 1865 and 1869. It generally confirms
and C, but often X against all the rest. Codex DUBLINENSIS (Dublin) sixth Z, for Matthew. Text in value next century one of the chief palimpsests.
; ;
to x
and B.
better
by T. K. Ab-
bott, 1880.
xi
Codex TISCHENDORFIANI-S
IV.
cli<-
covered by Tischendorf in an Eastern monastery; sold to the Bodleian Library in 1855 ; from the ninth or tenth century.
Tischendorf in 1859, and taken to St. Petersburg. An inscription at the close of John complete.
date probably at Nov. 27, 844 (according to Tischendorf), or 979 (according to Gardthausen).
Codex SANOALLENSIS
;
(St. Gall);
The
A. Codex TISCHENDORFIANUS
III.,
;
John
now
Ninth
3. Codex ZACYNTHICS, a palimpsest of the 8th century formerly at the island of Zantc; presented in 1821 to the
;
and Foreign Bible Society in London; edited by containing considerable portions of Luke's Tregelles, 1861
P.riti-h
;
Text very valuable. Gospel. Codex PETROPOLITANCS, brought by Tischendorf II. from Smyrna to St. Petersburg containing the four Gos;
pels, nearly
1865.
(3.)
we must
For a description of the other fragmentary uncials refer the reader to the authorities above quoted,
especially Scrivener
and convenient Table VIII. in Mitchell's Handbook. But one more we must mention, which has been discovered since, and has not yet been
utilized
by the
critics.
"NVo
mean
xxxii
2. Codex ROBSANENSIS, found by two German scholars, Oscar von Gebhardt and Adolf llarnack, in March, 1879,
at
who
Rossano, in Calabria, in possession of the archbishop, It is got it from the library of the former convent.
beautifully written, with silver letters, on purple-coloured parchment (very rare among Greek MSS.), and richly or-
It consists of
of twenty lines each, and contains the Gospels of Matthew and Mark (Luke and John^arc lost). The Gospel of Matthew ends with the -words, EYAITEAION KATA MAT9AI-
UX. The
text
Gebhardt and llarnack assign it to the sixth century. shows a departure from the oldest MSS. (x and B),
and an approach to the amended Latin text. In this reIt contains, however, the doxology spect it resembles D.
vi. 1 3. See Evanycliorum, Codex argenteus purpureus Rossanensis (2), lltteris argentcis T>\ sexto ut videtur sceculo scriptus picturisque ornatits.
O. von Gebhardt and Adolf llarnack, Leipsic, 1880. With and outline sketches of
the pictures. full edition of the codex a fac-simile from this work. give
is
promised.
We
B.
The
cursive
(mombrana) ; or on cotton paper (charta bombycina, also ckarta Damasccna, from the place of manufacture), which came into use in the ninth and tenth centuries ; or on linen
paper (charta proper), which was employed first in the twelfth century. Some are richly illuminated. They date from the tenth to the middle of the fifteenth century, when
NA.CXMHM
TTA P VTTTCJD MATTX
xe
Specimen of the Codex
iroiijoov
T?YC
lti>*siintn*i,
ij
containing Matt.
Iv'vaptf tat
\
ri.
13,
14
on
aov IOTIV
i)
fia'rn\na tat
afijrt
\
if
fa' la iif
rovf
vac
Hftrjy.
Eav yap
roif avSpwirois ra
xxxiv
the invention of the art of printing substituted a easier and cheaper mode of multiplying books.
much
few,
however, were written in the sixteenth century. They are much more numerous than the uncials.
"\Vc
have, in round figures, more than 600 cursive MSS. of the Gospels ; over 200 of the Acts and Catholic Epistles near;
ly
300 of the Pauline Epistles; about 100 of Revelation, exclusive of more than 400 lectionaries which contain only
the Scripture lessons for public service.* The critical value of the cursives is, of course, not near so great as that of the uncials, because they are much further removed from the primitive source. But some twenof them are or for their agreement thirty ty very important
Cod. 33 (Regius 14, Colbertinus 2844, in Paris, eleventh century), which contains all the New Testament except the " the queen Apocalypse, and agrees mostly with B, D, L, is
of the cursive
MSS.
;"
;"
Scrivener says
its
and Tregelles
calls it
suffered
MSS. in cursive letters extant," but most from damp and decay." Besides this, we
1
mention Cod.
(Cod. Basiliensis), 22, 28, 59, 66, 69, 102, 118, 124, 131, 157, 201, 209, of the Gospels; 13, 15, 18,
* Dr. Scrivener gives a careful description of 469 cursive
MSS. for the Gospels (pp. 164-209), and of a large number of MSS. for the other books of the New Testament (pp. 209-249). Then follows a section on the lectionaries or manuscript service-books of the Greek Church (250-269), which have as yet received little attention from Biblical critics. Dean Alford
gives also a
(Prolegg.
132.
i.
list
of 469 cursive
120-137).
and especially 61, of the Acts; 17, 31, 37, 46, 47, 67**, 73, 80, 109, of the Pauline Epistles; 7, 14, Cod. 01 (Mont31, 38, 47, 51, 82, 95, of the Apocalypse.
36, 40, 73, 180,
fortianus, of the 16th century, in Dublin) iu the controversy
celebrated
which
it
on the spurious passage 1 John v. 7, contains on a glazed page, to protect it, and
which passed from this MS. into the printed editions of the common Greek text, and the translations made from
it.
The
cursive.
chiefly
compared by
Wctstein, Griesbach, Matthnei, Scholz, Tischcndorf, Tregcllcs, and Scrivener; but many arc yet waiting examMill,
ination.
The following
by him
;
is
a specimen of Cod.
;
Basiliensis of the
little
known
to Erasmus, but
used
Tregellcs.
Sptcimen of the Codex Batilunti,ofthe tenth (tnhiry, containing Luke i. 1, 2, nearly as in all Greek Testament*.
i'ayy[Xioi']
txtilrjirtp troXXoi
Tri\tif>T)tat>
|
card Xovtav:
|
tn-art'iZaaQai
irtp
rwt> irii/ftt
j
w\ijpo$of>tifiivuv
jrapx'} ff
if
ifft'tv
vpayparuv. t
ytvofitvoi.
wapidoaav
ut
xxxvi
2.
into vernac-
however, only indirect sources, as They we must translate them back into the original, except in omissions and additions, which are apparent at once. If,
for instance, the Latin versions in Rom-, v. 1 translate hait is
beamus,
us have), and not the indicative we have); or if they read in John i. 18 i-Xpp.tv (habemus, unigenitus Filius, they support the reading V'IUQ instead of
subjunctive t-^ut^tv In point of age, some versions, being made in &o'e (Deus). the second century, antedate our oldest Greek MSS., which are not earlier than the fourth. But they have undergone
is earlier
the same textual corruptions, and no MS. copy of a version than the fourth century. Some of them are as yet
Even a satisfactory critical edition of imperfectly edited. As Dr. Wcstcott says, the Vulgate is still a desideratum. " While the interpreter of the New Testament will be fully
justified in setting aside
which a version may preserve the traditional sense (John i. 3, 9 ; viii. 25, etc.), or indicate an early difference of trans-
and then its evidence may be of the highest value. But even here the judgment must be free. Versions suplation
;
ply authority for the text, and opinion only for the ren* It matters comparatively little whether they dering."
* Smith's
"Vulgate."
Amer.
TO THK AMKKir.v.V
EDITION',
be elegant or wretched, so long as they reflect with accuOne service of great importance racy the original text can be to tell manifestly depended upon to render they
It is therefore
satisfactory evidence
it is
against the genuineness of any particular passage that not found in the most ancient versions.
Old Latin, the Vulgate, the yEthiopic, the Egyptian, the Gothic, and the Armenian.
A. Syriac Versions.
(a.)
so called because of
oldest
its
fidelity to the
form
(see below,
It
supplied the wants of the Syrian Christians before the unhappy schism in that Church (fifth century), and by its use in
common
its
ferent sects,
has been always a bond of union between the difwho still read it as a sacred classic, although language is no longer the vernacular. The Peshito is
the most faithful and accurate of the older versions, and has been called " the queen of versions." It is almost literal,
is
It yet idiomatic, and rarely loose and paraphrastic. The text to the critic. connects it in very important
many
until
places with
its
standing
1552; and
edition ap-
peared, at the expense of the Emperor Ferdinand I., edited by Albert Widmanstadt, the imperial chancellor. This edition
is
The
best
modern
editions,
although none are superior, arc those of Prof. Lee, printed by the British and Foreign Bible Society, and of William
xxxviii
The
pe-
date, is its
and a proof of its early omission of 2 Peter, 2 and 3 John, Jude, and
l)r. Murdock has published a "Literal the Apocalypse. Translation from the Syriac Peshito Version" (New York,
1851).
Peshito,
(6.)
A
by
The PHILOXENIAN
its
HARCLEAN
version, so called
from
patron Philoxcnus, Monophysite bishop of Mabug (Hierapolis), in Eastern Syria (488-518), and from Thomas
of Harkel, a subsequent editor, nophysite bishop of Mabug. It
vile
who was
is
likewise a
Moser-
"
of Scripture ever made" (Scrivener). It is based upon the Peshito, and forces it into rigorous conformity with the letter of the Greek at the expense of the
version
spirit.
It dates
of Harkel, 616.
from A.D. 508, and was revised by Thomas It contains the whole Xew Testament,
except the Apocalypse, and is therefore more complete than the Peshito, which omits four Epistles besides. The
only edition of the Philoxenian is that of Joseph White, printed by the Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1778-1803, 4 vols.
4to.
1853).
(c.) The CURETONIAN Syriac is a mere fragment of the Gospels (consisting of 82 leaves), but very old and valuable though overestimated by Canon Curcton, who thought " it retained, to a great extent, the identical terms and ex;
Hebrew Gospel."
It is regard-
ed by most scholars, as Cureton, Payne Smith, Hermansen, Ewald, Crowfoot, Trcgelles, and Wcstcott and Hort, as
the oldest form of the Syriac version, the "Peshito" in
present form holding
a relation to
it
its
similar to that
o-f
the
xxiix
Dean Alford
all
calls it
"
the ear-
versions."
Dr. Scrivener,
it decidedly below the Pesliito. It was found by Archdeacon Tattam in 1842, with 550 other MSS., in a convent of the Nitrian Desert (70 miles northwest of Cairo), and brought to tin- British Museum ; and
however, places
translation.
in 1858, with a literal English and the Old agrees remarkably with It contains Latin, while the Peshito mostly favours A.
It
last
Dr. Brugsch, the celebrated Egyptologist, afterwards discovered three additional leaves in the binding of a MS. of
the Peshito which came from the Nitrian convent (1871). They were published by Rodiger in the Monatsbericht of the Berlin
Academy for July, 1872 ; and also privately by The Prof. Wright, as an appendix to Curcton's volume. leaves contain Luke xv. 22-xvi. 12; xvii. 1-23; John vii.
37-viii. 19.
leaves,
The Curetonian Syriac, including these new has been translated into Greek by J. R. Crow-
Htm,
(J.)
is
The JERUSALEM
Syriac.
The
principal
MS. known
an Evangelistary in the Vatican, dated A.D. 1030. This has been published at Verona (1861-64, 2 vols. 4to) by
Count Francis Miniscalchi Erizzo. Fragments of two other MSS. are in the British Museum, and of two more at St.
Petersburg.
The
Antcdota Syriaca,\o\.
the fifth century.
text of these has been published by Land, iv. (1875). The version is quite inis
referred by Tischendorf to
have been
little
used.
xl
B. Latin Versions.
(a.)
(!TALA).
This version
is
not found
es-
complete
pecially those in Tertullian, Cyprian, Lucifer of Cagliari, Hilary of Poitiers, Hilary the deacon or Ambrosiaster, Am-
and
Apocalypse Primasius, its text can be in large measSee Hermann Ronsch, Das N. T. Tertulure restored. lian's, aus den Schriften des Letzeren mdglichst vollstand'iy
reconstruct, Leipsic, 1871 (731 pages). The version is nearest in age to the Peshito, and
may
be
It was not assigned to the middle of the second century. the work of one man, nor suffered to go uncorrcctcd by
many.
fallen,
it by different scholsome holding that there were many versions before Jerome, in proof of which statement they quote Augustine, De Doctr. Christ, ii. 11; others holding that there was But by the only one version, and citing in proof Jerome.
different accounts of
ars
simple and natural explanation that there were many revisions of the one old translation, Augustine and Jerome can
be reconciled.
The
tament
version
;
is
in the
Old Tesis
is
verbal,
the language
the
degenerate Latin of the second century, with admixture of But this admixture rencolloquial and provincial forms.
dered
it
re-
translation
The balance
of probability
in favour of
North Africa
xli
demand
while in the
Roman Church
the Greek language prevailed and second centuries. Hcnco the name
is
incorrect.
Augustine (De
15) speaks of a translation which he calls the Itala, and which he preferred to all the others. This
version,
made or used
in Italy.
much
author-
the Greek being regarded as the authentic text, even ity At the same time, the version in the early Latin Church.
is
tiquity, the
one of the most significant monuments of Christian anmedium of divine truth unto the Latin peoits
reason of
and of great value to the Bible critic by The Apocryphal antiquity and literalness.
Ecclesiasticus, 1
books of Wisdom,
ruch, Prayer of Manasseh, and 4 Ezra (2 Esdras) were, in a substantially unchanged form, embodied in the Vulgate. In
the Old Testament the Psalms were similarly transferred. There is still lacking a really trustworthy edition of the
existing portions of the
Old Latin
version.
For the
New
however, more than twenty very ancient but fragmentary MSS. of the Gospels, and some (imperfect) of the Acts and the Pauline Epistles; while there
Testament there
exist,
is
known
Epistles.
Gospels representing the African text are Codex Vercellensis (a), supposed to have been written by Eusebius, Bishop
of Vcrcelli,
fifth
cir.
;
A.D. 365
century
and Colbertinus
Codex Brixianus (f), at century, the only complete MS. Brescia, of the sixth century, represents a later revision,
xlii
Codex Bobbiensis (k), now in probably Augustine's Itala. Turin, of the fourth or fifth century, collated by Tischendorf, has a remarkable and valuable text; and the same is
true of Codex Palatinus (e), at Vienna, fifth century.
Rheims, 1743-49, 3 torn. fol. ; new title-page, Paris, 1751) remains the most complete edition of the Old Latin version, but many parts of each Testament have been careful-
ruplex Latino* Versionis Antigua, seu Veteris Italicce, editum ex Codidbus Manuscriptis, Romae, 1749,2 torn, fol.;
Scrivener's
Evangelium Palatinum
ener's
Codex Bezce, Cambridge, 1864; Tischcndorfs (Lips. 1847); and Uaasc's Codex
Rehdigeranus (Breslau, 1865-66). For the Acts, see ScrivCodex Bezce, and Belsheim's Die Apostelgeschichte
die
und
Offenbarung Johannis in einer alien lat. Ueberdcm Gigas Librorum, Christiania, 1879; for aus setzung the Pauline Epistles, Tischcndorfs Codex Claromontanus
(1852), and Scrivener's Codex Augiensis, Cambridge, 1859;
for the Catholic and Pauline Epistles (merely fragments), see Ziegler's Italafragmcntc, Marburg, 1876 ; for the Apocalypse, see Belsheim, as above.
of the Gospels (Christiania, 1878) is rather a MS. of the Vulgate than of the Old Latin, though the text is mixed.
On the whole
subject, consult
Das Sprachidiom der urckristlichen Itala und Vulgata. der katholischen Vulgata, 2d ed., revised, Marburg, 1875; L. Ziegler, Die latein. Bibelubersetzungen vor Hieronymus
und
die Itala des Augustinus, Miinchen,
xliii
Jerome)
O.
the
Herzog, vol. viii., 1881, pp. 433-472 and Wcst" cott's art. Vulgate," in Smith's Diet, of the Bible. There is a good condensed account, revised by Dr. Abbot, in
cd. of
new
Handbook (1880), p. 133 sq. In the course of time the text VULGATE. (b.) of the Old Latin became so corrupt that a thorough revision was imperative, and was intrusted by Pope Damasus, in 382, to Jerome (d. 410), the most learned scholar of his day, and of all the Latin fathers best qualified, by genius, taste, and knowledge of Hebrew and Greek, for this difficult task. He began upon the New Testament, and proMitchell's Critical
The
Latin
ceeded cautiously, making as few changes as possible, so as not to arouse the opposition of those who, as he says, " thought that ignorance was holiness." But his scholarly instincts, no less than his convictions of duty towards the Divine Word, impelled him to go beyond his instructions, and make a new version of the Old Testament directly
it
much
abuse of his
temper and betrayed him into contemptuous " blades aisellos" opponents, whom he styled
But, by inherent virtues, rather than by external authority, it passed into such current use that in the eighth century it was the Vulgate, the common version, in the Western
churches.
ing.
It
circa 802,
by the collation of various good MSS., and subin this form it passed down to the invention of stantially
printing.
xlnr
The first book printed was the Vulgate the so-called Mazarin Bible (Gutenberg and Fust, Mayence, 1455). Printing, however, fixed errors and gave them wider currency,
and revision was
felt
In the Council of Trent (Dec. 13, 1545, to Dec. 4, 1563) the matter was introduced Feb. 4, 1546, and the recommendation of revision passed on April 8 but it was not
;
edition of the Vulgate appeared. The scholarly pope took active interest in the work, rejecting or confirming the suggestions of the board of revisers, and corrected the proof-
own
ille
was prefaced by the famous, no means infallible, constituby March 1, 1589), in which the (dated
hand.
It
pope By the fulness of apostolical power, we decree and declare that this edition of the sacred Latin Vulgate of the Old and New Testaments, which has been received
said,
"
as authentic
by the Council of Trent, ... be received and held as true, legitimate, authentic, and unquestioned, in all
public and private disputation, reading, preaching, and exHe further forbade any alteration whatever; planation."
ordered this text, and none other, henceforth to be printed ; and hurled anathemas against every one disobeying the
constitution.
But, alas for the pope the immaculate ediand blunders and no sooner was he
! ;
dead (Aug. 27, 1590) than the demand for a new edition
Bellarmine suggested an ingenious though dishonourable escape from the awkward predicament in which Sixtus had placed the Church viz., that a corrected ediarose.
tion should be hastily printed under the name of Sixtus, in which the blame of the errors should be thrown upon the printer
!
it
was not
INTRolUVTIoN To
until 1592,
TI1K
AMKKH'AX KhlTInX.
X|T
edition is the standard in the appeared. Roman Catholic Church, in which this Latin translation
The Clementine
takes precedence of the Hebrew and Greek originals, as the snpport of doctrine and guide of life.
The materials for a more critical edition of the Vulgate There are numerthan the Clementine arc very abundant. ous MSS., and much labour has already been expended
upon the work. The most famous of these MSS. arc (a) Codex Amiatinus, from the Cistercian Monastery of
Monte Amiatino,
in
brary at Florence; it contains the Old and New Testaments almost complete, dates from 541, and is the oldest
edited by Tischcd. and 2d 1854, endorf, Lcipsic, 1850, by Tregclles (in his edition of the Greek Testament, with the variations of the Clementine text), (b) Codex Fuldensis, in the Abbey of Fulda, Hessc-Cassel
;
contains the
New
Testament
dates
from 546.
Collated by
Lachmann
and
Lcipsic, 1808.
(r)
Codex
Matthew, Luke, and John published by Bianchini, Evany. Quadruplet, Appendix. Part of the same MS. is at Prague (Pragcnsis). 1775 (seventh (rf) Codex Harlcian.
at Friuli;
century), of the Gospels, partially collated by Gricsbach, Symb. Crit. vol. i. (e) Codex Toletanus, at Toledo ; writ-
ten in Gothic letters in the eighth century ; collated by the Sixtine correctors and by Vcrccllone. It contains both
Testaments.
Its readings are given by Bianchini, Vindictee Canon. Scripturarum, Rome, 1740. The best edition of the variations is that of Carlo Vcr-
xlvi
Rom.
1860;
Unfinished.
ly,
Fritzsche says (loc. cit. p. 458), "Even to-day there is wanting a text which answers the demands of science and Protestantism alone can and ought to accomplish this work,
;
call for
a translation of the
New
Testament very shortly after Christianity entered Abyssinia. So, although the tradition which assigns it to Abba Salama
(Frumentius), the first bishop, be unreliable, the version probably dates from the fourth century, as Dillmann asThis scholar likewise praises the version for its serts.
fidelity
been edited by Thomas Pell Platt for the British and Foreign Bible Society (1826-30); but, unfortunately, it is almost useless for critical purposes, because so dependent
collated
upon recent MSS. Gildemeister, professor in Marburg, some portions of the ^Ethiopia New Testament
D. Old Egyptian, or
These are
in the
Coptic, Versions.*
two
dialects, the
They
Copt
is
Aiyvirroe,
and
probably an Arabic transformation of the Greek is applied to the Christian inhabitants of Egypt,
who
inherited the old Egyptian (demotic) language, together with their religion. f He prepared the chapter on the Egyptian Versions in Dr.
Scrivener's Introduction, pp. 319-357.
ilrli
less faithful
text
from
many
if
Greek words.
not
histori-
New
Testament,
was translated
\Ve
second century.
version.
The
Egypt
editio princfps of
is
upon
copi-
ous materials, but not carried out with much critical nugaeii Still, nothing better than his work has yet appeared, ty. except an edition of the four Gospels by M. G. Schwartze
(Leips.
tles
1846 and 1847, 2 vok), and of the Acts and Episby P. Boetticher, alias P. A. do Lagarde, of Gottingen
(Halle, 1852).
The Apocalypse
is
omitted.
tament
in
the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (1847-52), " under the editorial care of Henry Tattam, the presbyter
of the Anglican Church for the Holy Patriarch and the Church of Christ in Egypt." It is beautifully printed, but of no critical value, because no various readings are recorded.
The
is
Coptic Patriarch.
The
Egypt
1799.
tion,
that of C. G. Woide, completed by Ford, Oxford, The version is yet in a very fragmentary condiis
and there
need of an edition
in
valuable
than the Memphitic ; its text is less pure, and shows a certain infusion of those readings which arc called Western,
xlviii
though to nothing like the same extent and the Old Syriac.
E. Gothic Version.
It is the
Old Latin
who in the fourth cenapostle of Christianity to the Goths, tury translated the Old Testament from the Scptuagint and the New Testament from the Greek into Gothic. There are
: (a) Codex Argentcus, from the earlier part of dates the Gospels, fragments of Codex sixth the Carolinus, forty verses of the century; (b)
of five Epistle to the Romans; (c) Palimpsest fragments codices (published by Mai and Castiglione, Milan, 1819-39), and Paul's Episportions of Esther, Nehemiah, the Gospels,
tles.
The
best editions of
J.
all
II.
C.
and by E. Bernhnrdt (Halle, 1875), each of which is provided with a complete apparatus. Stamm's Ulfilas, 7th ed. by Moritz Heyne, with Grammar and Lexicon, Paderborn,
46),
1878,
is
guage; Bernhardt's
Comp.
the best for text-critical purposes. Das Leben des Ulfilas und die Be-
kehrung der Gothen zum Christenthum (Gottintjen, 1860). Dr. R. Miller and Dr. II. Ilocppe have just published the Gothic Gospel of Mark with a grammatical commentary
:
Ulfilas Evangelium Marci grammatisch erlautert, Berlin, 1881 (pp. 72). The last seven verses of Mark are wanting.
:
we
is exploded; but it is not certain whether should adopt 311-381 (Stamm, Bernhardt) or 313-383 (Krafft in Herzog, Davidson).
xlis
F.
It
Armenian
Version.
belongs to the
fifth
MSS.
and there
them.
The
version embraces
at
Amsterdam,
1666, under the care of Bishop Uscan of Erivan ; the best New Testaedition, founded on manuscripts, is by Zohrab ment, 1789; whole Bible, 1805.
lished
It is
now
regularly pub-
by the British and Foreign Bible Society. On the Armenian Version, see the article by Tregelles
in
Smith's Bible Diet., Am. ed., vol. iv. p. 3374. pass by the Slavonic, Arabic, and Persic versions, which are of too late a date to be of critical value for the
We
PATBISTIC QUOTATIONS.
is
The
furnished by
the quotations in the early Christian writers, from which the greater part of the New Testament might be reconstrncted.
indirect,
fathers give direct, the Latin fathers Some of them n to the original text. testimony are older than our oldest MSS., Irenieus, Origen, Tertullian
The Greek
and therefore of the greatest value. But the fathers must be used with great care and discrimination. They were theologians and Christians rather than critics. They often quote very loosely, simply from
and
practical
and
Their testimony is fragmentary, purposes. us where we most wish and need information.
doing a service when they corrected their quotations that it is at all times difficult to tell just what the text was before them.
Dr. Tregellcs* plainly puts the case, and shows The the true principles which should guide the critic. chief benefit of patristic quotations consists not so much in
their independent value as in their corroborative force, by which rests on good authority of establishing a reading MSS. or versions. When they are single and unsupport-
no credit. works for critical purposes are commentaries and homilies which explain the text consecuOrigen, Eusebius, and Jerome are by far the most tively.
ed, they deserve little or
The most
valuable
among
all
The number
consulted by various critics considerably exceeds one hunconfine dred, but only a few yield substantial results.
We
our
list
to the
first five
centuries.f
A. Greek fathers.
First century
:
The
Clement
of
Rome, Polycarp,
Ignatius, Barnabas
would, as pupils of
the apostles, be the oldest and most important witnesses; but they still lived in the element of oral tradition within
the hearing of the apostles, and hence they quote few passages from the New Testament.
* In Home's Introduction (14th ed. London, 1877), vol.
329-343.
f Alford (i. 140-143) gives an alphabetical list of over one hundred and fifty ancient writers. See also the lists in Scholz, Tischendorf, Scrivener (p. 372 sq.), and Mitchell (Tables XI. and XII. X
iv.
pp.
Second century: Justin Martyr (<1. 167) conies next iu makes much use of the four Got*
Irena-us of Lyons but in a very free and loose way. witness of the second cenis the most (d. 202) important the Gnostic heresies is reand his work against great tury,
plete with Scripture
part only
in
Latin version.*
:
Third century
Clemens Alexandrians
polytus (disciple of Ircnaeus, about 220), Gregory Thamuaturgus (disciple of Origcn, 243), Dionysius Alexandriuus
(265), and Methodius (d. 311). In the fourth and fifth centuries
(d.
340,
sius (d.
much used by Tischendorf and Tregelles), Athana373), Basilius Magnus (d. 379), Gregory Nazian-
zen (d. 389), Gregory Nyssen (d. 371), Ephracm Syrus (d. 373), Cyril of Jerusalem (d. 386), Didymus of Alexandria (d. 395), Chrysostom (d. 407), Epiphanius (d. 403), Theodore of Mopsuestia (d. 428), Cyril of Alexandria (d. 444), and Thcodorct (d. 458).
B. Latin Fatker*.
Second century Tcrtullian (about 200), very important for the Old Latin Version.
:
(fl.
251),
to the last twelve verses of Mark, and to two readings of the mystic numl>cr in Rev. xiii. 18: the one is 666, which lie found in the liest copies, and explains to mean fjaMiion (while several modern exegetes make it out to mean, in Hebrew letters, Neron Cmar); the other 616, which is the numerical value of Nero (without the final n) Omar,
testifies, e.g.,
He
the existence of
lii
Ambrose
(d. 379),
Aiubrosiaster or Pseudo-Ambrose,
probably to be identified with Hilary the deacon (about 384), Pelagius (417), Augustine (a profound divine and spiritual commentator, but a poor linguist and critic, d.
430), and, most of all, Jerome, the translator of the Latin Bible from the original Hebrew and Greek (d. 419).
II.
CRITICISM.
ORIGIN OF VARIATIONS.
In such a vast
Testament there
are partly unintentional or accidental, partly intentionErrors of the first class proceed either from or designed. from or mishearing (in case of dictation), or misreading,
They
al
from
fault
of
memory.
due either to misjudgment, or to an innocent desire to correct supposed mistakes, to supply defects, to harmonize apparent discrepancies, or to wilful corruption for sectarian Cases of wilful mutilation or corruption of the purposes.
Transcribers had too text are, however, exceedingly rare. much reverence for the words of Christ and his inspired apostles to be guilty of it, though in making their choice
bi-
* "The charges against the heretics of wilful corruption of the text (setting aside avowed excision like that of Marcion) In the definite instances alleged rest on no good foundation.
INTRODUCTION TO
TIIK
AMKUK AN KDITIoN.
liii
2.
NUMBER OF VARIATIONS
first
The
copies,
the art of printing superseded the necessity of transcribing, and substituted typographical errors for errors of copyists They were gradually found
out as the collection and examination of the sources pro* Dr. John Mill, in 1707, roughly estimated the greased.
number
at 30,000.
it
has risen to
"
at
Dr
fall
much
short of 150,000,
we
include
of spelling, and other trifles which are ignored even in the most exThis number far exceeds that of tensive critical editions.
the variations in the order of words, the
mode
any ancient book, for the simple reason that the New Tcstament was far more frequently copied, translated, and quoted than the most celebrated works of Greek and Ro-
man
genius
3.
VALUE OF VARIATIONS.
This multitude of various readings of the Greek text need not puzzle or alarm any Christian. It is the natural result
i. 13; Hi. 6; Mark xiii 32) the 'heretL reading turns out to be the true one. Epiphanius charges the orthodox with omitting Luke xxii. 43, 44, to remove a diffl cult y This is the most plausible case of alleged wilful comip
cal
tion.
But Westcott and Hort, with Mr. Norton and Granvillc Penn (romp. Weiss) regard the passage as a later addition, and
am
No
any
considerable
part either of the heretics or the orthodox, can lw anywhere made out. Rash attempts to correct supposed error must not be
"
\\v
of the great wealth of our documentary resources; it is a testimony to the immense importance of the New Testa-
ment
it
docs not
affect,
tlifi text; and it is a useful stimulus to study. Only about 400 of the 100,000 or 150,000 variations
about
Of these, again, not more than materially affect the sense. are really important for some reason or other ; fifty
and even of these fifty not one affects an article of faith or precept of duty which is not abundantly sustained by other and undoubted passages, or by the whole tenour of Scripture teaching.
Elzevir,
same Christianity as the uncial text of the Sinaitic and Vatican MSS., the oldest versions, and the Anglo-American Richard Bcntley, the ablest and boldest of clasrevision.
of England, affirms that even the worst of MSS. " does not pervert Or set aside one article of faith or moral who ranks among the first textprecept." Dr. Ezra Abbot,
sical critics
not hampered by orthodox bias (being a Unitarian), asserts that "ho Christian .doctrine or duty rests on those portions of the text which are affected by
ual critics,
is
and
still less is anything essentouched by the various readings. They do, to be sure, affect the bearing of a few passages on the doctrine of the Trinity; but the truth or falsity of the
;
doctrine by no
passages.'**
* Anglo- American Bible Revision, p. 92. In a later article (Sunday Sdtool Times, Phila,, May 28, 1881) he makes a similar assertion with special reference to the English revision: "This host of various readings may startle one who is not acquainted with the subject, and he mny imagine that the whole text of
itive
Moreover, the large number of various readings is a pot* advantage in ascertaining the true text The word
of the wise
man may be
applied here:
die
New
Tr-t aiiii-ut
analysis will
show
is thus rendered uncertain. But a cartful that nineteen twentieths of these are of uo
more consequence than the palpable errata in the first proof of a modern printer, they have so little authority, or are so mani festly false, that they may be at once dismissed from consideration.
Of those which remain, probably nine tenths are of no importance as regards the sense; the differences either cannot be represented in a translation, or affect the form of expression
merely, not the essential meaning of the sentence. Though tin corrections made by the revisers in the Greek text of the Ni u
Testament followed by our translators probably exceed two thousand, hardly one tenth of them, perhnps not one twentieth,
will be noticed
many
tute one of the strongest reasons for making a new rcvi>i<>n. which should no longer suffer the known errors of copyists to
ing
take the place of the words of the evangelists and apostle*. But the chief value of the work accomplished by the self-denyicholars who have spent so much time and labour in the
search for manuscripts, and in their collation- or publication, does not consist, after all, in the corrections of the text which have resulted from their researches. These corrections may
affect
for the a few of the passages which have been relied an extent as ewensupport of certain doctrines, but not to such Still less is any questhe question. tially to alter the state of tion of Christian duty touched by the multitude of various read-
on
The greatest service which the scholars who have deings voted themselves to critical studies and the collection of critical materials have rendered has been the establishment of the fact
down
on the whole, the New Testament writings have come to us in a text remarkably free from important corrupon which the tions, even in the late and inferior manuscript* so-called 'received text' was founded; while the helps which
that,
Ivi
of counsellors there
reading
sources.
is
classics, resort
to
subjective
never leads to absolute certainty. The very multitude of readings is the best guarantee of the essential integrity of
the
New
Testament.
This fact was long ago clearly stated by Richard Bentof the text were not nearly so ley, when the resources
abundant.
ural
Fertile
and ingenious
classical
as he
was
in his conject-
authors, he yet declares, in his Prospectus for a new edition of the Greek Testament (1720), that "in the sacred writings there is no place for
emendations of
Diligence and fidelity, with some judgment and experience, are the characters here " If there had been but requisite." And in another place :*
conjectures and emendations.
readings at
about two centuries ago, then we had had no various And would the text be in a better condiall.
So
far
from
that,
that in the best single copy extant we should have hundreds of faults and some omissions irreparable.
sides that, the suspicions of fraud
some
Be-
we now
possess for restoring it to its primitive purity far exceed those which we enjoy in the case of any eminent classical author whose works have come down to us. The multi-
tude of various readings,' which to the thoughtless or ignorant seems so alarming, is simply the result of the extraordinary richness and variety of our critical resources." * In his reply, under the pseudonym of Phileleutherus Lip#icnsi#, to
'
the deist Anthony Collins, who, in his Discourse of Free-thinking (1713), represented the 30,000 variations of Mill as fatal to the authority of the New Testament.
Uii
been increased immensely. It is good, therefore, to have more anchors than one. ... It is a good providence and
a great
blessing that so
still
many manuscripts
;
of the
New
Tea-
amongst us some procured from Kgypt, others from Asia, others found in the Western churches. For the very distances of places, as well as numbers of the books, demonstrate that there could be no collusion, no altamcnt arc
nor interpolating one copy by another, nor all by In profane authors whereof one manuscript of them. any had the luck to be preserved, as Velleius Paterculus only
tering,
among
the Latins, and Hcsychius among the Greeks, the found so numerous, and the de-
fects so beyond all redress, that, notwithstanding the pains of the learnedest and acutest critics for two whole centuries,
these books
still
are,
and are
like to continue,
a mere
heap of errors. On the contrary, where the copies of any author arc numerous, though the various readings always increase in proportion, there the text, by an accurate collation of them,
made by
skilful
is
ever
the
more
correct,
Make your 30,000 (variations) numbers of copies can ever reach that all the better to a knowing and a serious reader, who sura is thereby more richly furnished to select what he sees
the author."
And
if
again
as
many more
But even put them into the hands of a knave or a fool, and yet with the most sinistrous and absurd choice, he shall not extinguish the light of any one chapter, nor
genuine.
so disguise Christianity but that every feature of it will 1' still be the same. To quote a modern authority : " So far," says Dr. Scriv" ener (p. 4), is the copiousness of our stores from causing
hiii
gen-
What
would the thoughtful reader of JEschylus give for the like guidance through the obscurities which vex his patience and mar his enjoyment of that sublime poet ?"
4.
CLASSES OF VARIATIONS.
which
really involve the sense
The
variations
may, with
Dr. Tregellcs, be reduced to three classes omissions, or additions, or substitutions of words and phrases.
(1.)
Omissions.
tcleuton (d/MMortXcvro)'), when two lines or clauses end with the same word or words, which may be easily overlooked.
A very
ii.
is
the sentence in
John same
23
ending as in the preceding clause), which is not found in the Textus Rcceptus, and is italicised in the English Version but sustained by N, A, B, C, P, and other authorities, and
;
properly restored in the English Revision. text restores what the later lost.
(2.)
Additions are very numerous in the later MSS. and which must be eliminated accord-
authorities. ing to the oldest and best vided into several classes.
They may be
di-
or (.) Additions caused by transferring a genuine word first on the margin or to another from one book passage between the lines, and then into the text. These cases
;
arc
most frequent
which
is
tury.
from Luke
7)
Matt.
v.
|j
ix. 13 (from Luke v. 32); Matt x\ii. 21 (from Mark 20); Matt xix. 16, 17 (comp. Mark x. 17, 18; Luko
Matt xix. 20 (from Mark x. 20 and Luko Mark iii. 5 and Luke vi. 10 (from Matt. xii. 13); Mark vi. 11 (from Matt. x. 15); Mark xiiL 14 (from Matt, xxiv. 15); Mark xv. 28 (from Luke xxii. 37); Luke iv. 2, 4, 5, 8 (comp. Matt. iv. 2, 4, 8, 10) ; Luke xl 2, 4 (from Matt vi. 9, 10, 13); John vi. 09 (from Matt. xvi. 10) ; Acts
xviii.
18, 10);
;
xviii.
21)
ix. 5,
6 (from
xxvi. 14,
15;
By removing
these interpolations of words and clauses, otherwise genuine, we lose nothing and gain a better insight into the individuality of each Gospel. (6.) Amplifications of quotations
ment, Matt.
ii.
18;
xv.
Heb.
gint
(e.)
ii.
xii.
20, etc.
8; Luke iv. 18, 19; Rom. xiii. 9; These arc all right in the Scptua-
Insertions of words
pronouns) from
cially those
of the Gospels (Evangclistaria). Hence the or of *Iij>/c (t. <?., changed position frequent interpolation Matt. iv. 18; viii. 5; xiv. 22; John i. 44). Comp. also
Luke
tfttif
vii.
ci 6
wptoc), and
x.
22
(ta< <rrpu-
Tpvf roue /iaijrac tint). Additions from a love of paraphrase, which charac(</.) terizes all the sources embraced by Westcott and Ilort un-
der the designation of the "Western" text. In this rethe old James's revisers have imitated spect King copyists and translators, but have acted more honestly by printing
their
and
head we may place tho explanatory glosses. most important and serious interpolations, which arc re-
Under
Ix
jccted
by the severer class of critics, although some may be defended with solid arguments. They are as follows The doxology in the Lord's Prayer (Matt. vi. 13), which
:
was unknown to Origen, Tertullian, and Cyprian (in their commentaries on the Lord's Prayer), and is missing in the It probably came oldest MSS., in the Itala and Vulgate. in from 1 Chron. xxix. 11, and from the ancient liturgies.*
The passage about the descent of the angel troubling " " " the pool of Bethesda (John v. 3, 4, from waiting till he a popular superstition. had"), which expresses The
in
section on the
woman
four at
which no doubt
rests
on a
John.
verses of Mark (xvi. 9-20), which however, sustained by witnesses older than our oldest
MSS.f
* The English Revision puts the doxology in the margin. was a case of honesty versus prudence. No change seems The doxology to have given wider dissatisfaction than this. is very appropriate, and will always be used but this, of course, does not affect the critical question, which is simply one of eviIt
;
dence.
Its insertion
its
from
more
easily
omission.
f The genuineness of the conclusion of Mark has been defended with minute learning and ability by John W. Burgon, B.D. (now archdeacon of Chichester), in an almost exhaustive monograph of 334 pages The Last Ttcelte Verses of the Gospel according to S. Mark Vindicated against Recent Critical Objections and Established, Oxford and London, 1871. His apologetic zeal leads him into injustice to the oldest and best MSS. which omit
:
the passage,
and
to the
critics
Tisch-
Ui
The baptismal
which came
in
from
The passage
7, 8),
which
is
of the three heavenly witnesses (1 John v. wanting in all the uncials, in all the ancient
versions (including the best MSS. of the Vulgate), and in It first appeared in Latin copies, all the Greek fathers. and only in two very late Greek MSS., of no authority.
The
internal evidence is likewise against it, since John would not have written " the Father and the Word and the " " Holy Spirit," but the Father and the -Son," or God and
the
Word," etc.
Hence
it is
universally given
up by
critics.*
His arguments against X and B prove much, and would destroy our confidence in all MSS., versions, and citations. Dr. Scrivener also (pp. 507-518), defends the genuineness of Mark xvi. 9-20. It seems impossible that the evangelist should have ended his book so abruptly with ifofiot'vro yap. The oldest versions and lectinnaries contain the section in whole or in part. Irenaeus treats it as an inteThe Vatican MS. gral portion of Mark (Adc. Ifar. iii. 10, 6). leaves the whole third column blank, but concludes the Gospel
endorf and Tregelles.
altogether too
of
Mark in the second column, at ver. 8, with the usual arabesque and the subscription KATA MAPKON, leaving an inter vi-ning space of only three lines (not enough for two verses). Burgon and Scrivener make much of the fact that this blank column is the only vacant column in the Vatican MS.; but Dr. Abbot replies that two columns are left blank at the end of Nehemiah, and a column and a half at the end of the book of Tobit,
presenting an appearance very similar to that of the end of Mark. Tischendorf and Tregelles set the twelve verses apart Westcott and Hort enclose them in double brackets; the AngloAmerican Revision properly retains them with a marginal note. * Even Dr. Scrivener, one of the most conservative critics, ays (p. 561), "To maintain the genuineness of this passage is simply impossible." More than fifty volumes and pamphlets have been written on this controversy.
;
Ixii
(3.)
spelling or sound.
in
abridged 0C, or uoc, abridged 14 or (evSou'a, ei/cWae) in Rom. v. 1 (xYC), 1 >n Tim. iii. 16 (e, OC, or &oc, or 6C), in txtuptv), ftev,
i.
John
in
18
(//oroyei'j/c 3iue,
ii.
Luke
Apoc. xvii. 8 (Kaiwep eVr/r, for KOI Trapiarcn}. Other substitutions are due to the aim of harmonizing
a supposed error, as iv TOIQ passages, or of correcting raiQ for iv TU 'Horrify rw irpwftfjry, in Mark i. 2 Brj
;
for Bij&m'a, in
John
i.
of Origcn)
T>IV
not
vice versa, in
5.
The
lias
gradually
grown
to the proportion
It
the discovery and collection of the material during the eighteenth century, and reached its height within the last twenty years. It has been cultivated mostly by Protestant
German, Dutch, and English. A few Cathhave Scholz, Vercellone and Cozza nobly taken part in the work but, upon the whole, the Roman Church cares more for tradition than for the Bible,
scholars
olics
Swiss,
like
Hug and
and
is satisfied
Council of Trent.
with the Latin Vulgate sanctioned by the Protestant Bible Societies have been
several popes. of textual as criticism, applied to the Greek object Testament, is to ascertain and restore, as far as possible, the
The
as original text
thors.
ten,
It
it came from the pens of the apostolic auaims to show not what they ought to have writbut what they actually did write.
Ixiii
6.
CRITICAL RULES.
Since Bongel, Wetstcin, and Griesbach, the critical process has been reduced to certain rules, but there is considerable diversity in the
tion.
mode and
The
following
may
accepted by the best modern critics. (1.) Knowledge of documentary evidence must precede the choice of readings.
more or
less
(2.) All
according to their intrinsic value. (3.) The sources of the text must be carefully sifted and classified, and the authorities must be weighed rather than
numbered.
On
found to
into cer-
groups or families, and to represent certain tendencies. Bengel and Griesbach first arranged them into recensions or families. Westcott and Hort have modified and perfected this system.
They
The
founded on the
history and genealogy of the textual corruptions. (5.) The older reading is preferable to the later, because it is presumably nearer the source. In exceptional cases
later copies
(0.)
The
may represent a more ancient reading. shorter reading is preferable to the longer, beand additions are more probable than
lectio
cause
insertions
omissions. (Griesbach).
"
Brcvior
pr&ferenda
est
verbosiori"
"
(7.) The more difficult reading is preferable to the easier. Lectio difficilior principatum tenet'' was Bcngel's first rule,
1
Uiv
(8.)
readings endorf.
(9.)
preferable.
This rule
"That reading
it
is
peculiar style,
thor;
(11.)
The agreement
editions.
of the
all
and printed
(12.)
The primary
if
uncials, X,
B, C, and
especially
sustained by ancient versions and ante-Nicenc citations, outweigh all later authorities, and give us pre-
and
text.
application of these critical canons decides, in the main, against the Textus Receptus, so called, from which the
The
The former rests on a few and late, mostly cursive MSS., which have very little or no authority when compared with much older authorities which have since been
light.
brought to
It
abounds
as they may be. by accident, before the material for the science of criticism was collected and
It arose, as it were,
examined.
ars,
Erasmus, Stephens, and Beza were good scholbut could accomplish little with the scanty resources
command. Griesbach, Lachmann, Trcgelles, and Tischendorf have the advantage over them in the possession of an immense critical apparatus which has been accuat their
lit
hundred
years.
We are
now
able to
go
back from the cursive text of the fifteenth century to a text at least a thousand years older a text of the Nicene and ante-Nicene age.
has taken a long time for scholars to become emancipated from the tyranny of the Teztua Rtceptua, and it will be a long time before the people can be weaned from
It
the authority of the vernacular versions based upon it But the truth will prevail at last over tradition and habit.
Amicus Sttphanua, amicua /fora, sed magia arnica veritaa. The loss of the traditional text is more than mode up by the gain. The substance remains, the form only is changed.
The
true text
is
shorter, but
it
is
and
stronger.
By
still
that
we must abide
new
discoveries
bring us
in.
The
Greek Testament
periods : unlimited reign of the Received Text, so called, from 1516 to 1750 or 1770. from the Received Text to the (2.) The transition period
The
and purest
text,
1830
to 1881.
Dr. Rcuss, of Strasburg, who is in possession of the of editions of the Greek Testalargest private collection
editions of the
list of 584 distinct and 151 Greek Testament, printed from 1514
Ixvi
to 1870,
confine myself here to the leading editions which epoch in the history of textual criticism.
1.
mark an
THE PERIOD OF THE TEXTUS RECEPTUS. FROM ERASMUS AND STEPHENS TO BENOEL AND WETSTEIN. A.D.
1516-1750.
This period extends from the Reformation to the midof the 18th century. The text of Erasmus, with a
dle
sumed a stereotyped
few improvements of Stephens, Beza, and the Elzevirs, ascharacter, and acquired absolute do-
minion among scholars. The Protestant versions made from this text gained the same authority among the laity. Both were practically considered to be the inspired word
of God, and every departure from with suspicion.
The
editions are
I. Editio Complutensis; II. Editiones Erasmicae; III. Editio Compluto-Erasmica; IV. Editio Colinan; V. Editiones Stephanies; VI. Editiones Erasmo-Stephanicse; VII. Editiones Compluto-Stephanicse; VIII. Editiones Bezanaj; IX. Editiones Stephano-Bezanffi; X. Editiones Stephano-Plant inianae XI. Edi;
XII. Editiones Stephano-Elzevirianae XIII. Editiones Elzeviro-Plantinianse XIV. Editiones criticaa anteGriesbachianse; XV. Editiones Griesbachianae; XVI. Editiones
tiones Elzevirianae
; ; ;
Matthaeianae
Editiones Knappianse; XIX. Editiones criticse minores postGriesbachianse XX. Editiones Scholzianse; XXI. Editiones
,
Lachmannianse XXII. Editiones Griesbachio-Lachmanniana? XXIII. Editiones Tischendorfianae XXIV. Editiones mixta;
; ;
recentiores;
XXV.
Editiones
nondum
collatae;
XXVI.
Editi-
Editiones spuriae. To these should be added the edition of Tregelles and the edition of Westcott and Hort
ones dubise
XXVII.
Ixvii
The Roman Catholic Church held, and still holds, with the same unreasonable tenacity to Jerome's Vulgate, which, as a translation, is still further removed from the fountain
of inspiration, though based in part on an older text. (1.) The first published (not printed) edition of the Greek
Testament
is
that of
publisher Frobenius,
ERASMUS (urged by the enterprising who offered to pay him as much "as
anybody "), at Basle, Switzerland, 1516, fol. It was a most timely publication, just one year before Erasmus was the best classical scholar the Reformation.
of his ago (a better Latinist than Hellenist), and one of the forerunners of the Reformation, although he afterwards
withdrew from it and died on the division line betwn two ages and two churches (1536). He furnished Luther and Tyndale the text for their vernacular versions, which became the most powerful levers of the Reformation in
Germany and England. The first edition was taken chiefly from two late Basle MSS. of the Gospels and Epistles, which are still preserved
in the University Library at Basle,
the printer's pages (as I observed in 1879). They date from Erasmus compared the fourteenth or fifteenth century.
For the Apocalypse he had only others. one MS., borrowed from Rcuchlin, then lost sight of, but recently found again in 1861 ;* defective on the last leaf
(containing the last six verses, which he retranslated from Made in great haste, in the Vulgate into poor Greek). less than six months, and full of errors. Elegant Latin
version.
Erasmus himself,
By
Dr. Dclitzsch, in the library of the princely house of Sec his llandxhriftlicht Fundt, Heft i.
Ixviii
with slight
improvements,
1535
1519 (the 1522; fourth, 1527; besides other editions which appeared at Venall
Graeco-Latin.
Second
edition,
Strasburg, Basle, Paris, etc.* The entire apparatus of Erasmus never exceeded eight MSS. The best he had he used least, because he was
it ; namely, a cursive of the tenth century, numwhich agrees better with the uncial than with the
afraid of
bered
1,
received text.
He
also
the Polyglot Bible of Complutum, or Alcala de Hcnares, in Spain, prepared under the direction of Cardinal FRANCIS XIMENES
DE CISNEROS (archbishop of Toledo), and published 1520, with papal approbation, in 6 vols. The work was begun
1502, in celebration of the birth of Charles V., and the
New
Testament was completed Jan. 10, 1514; the fourth vol., July 10, 1517 (the year of the Reformation) but not pub;
* Reuss gives the titles of these editions, and says (Biblioth. p. 26) that they vary in sixty-two out of a thousand places which he compared. Mill's estimate of the variations is far below the mark; see Scrivener, p. 385. Of the first edition Erasmus him" self says, prcecipitatum fuit tenus quam editum," in order that
his publisher
might anticipate the publication of the CompluThe second edition is more correct. The tensian Polyglot. third edition first inserted the spurious passage of the three witnesses
(1
John
v. 7)
six-
teenth century. The fourth edition adds, in a third parallel column, the Latin Vulgate, besides the Greek and his own version.
The fifth
differs
edition omits the Vulgate, but otherwise hardly in the main, the
Textus Receptus
ultimately derived.
Uix
1520, four years after the first edition of Erasmus see the Polyglot till 1522), and three yean after the cardinal's death (who died 1517, at the age of
Pope Leo would not give his approbation till March 22, 1520; even then there was somo delay, and the work did not get into general circulation before 1522. The New Testament forms vol. v., and gives the Greek and the Latin Vulgate. Vols. ii., iii., and iv. contain the Old
Testament with the Apocrypha. The canonical books of the Old Testament are given in three languages : the Latin
Vulgate characteristically holds the place of honour
in the
middle, between the Greek Scptuagint and the Ilebrew origThis signifies, according to the Prolegomena, that inal.
i. e. the Roman or Latin Church, was crucified between two robbers, i. e. the Jewish Synagogue and the schismatical Greek Church The sixth vol. contains lexica,
Christ,
indexes, etc.
Only
six
hence
the work
is
very rare.
The
liberal cardinal
or about $115,000.
But
spent on his Polyglot 50,000 ducats, it was only one fourth of his
New
Testament
is
and not described except in the " general terms very ancient and correct," and procured from Rome.f
specified,
MSS. not
* See a
\
On
Tregelles,
list
the textual sources of the Complutcnsian Polyglot, see Reuss (RiMioth. pp. lft-24) gives a loc. fit. pp. 13-18.
,
of the readings peculiar to this Greek Testament. curate reprint was edited by P. A. Oratz, Tubingen, 1821
An
;
ac-
2d
ed.
in the
Ixx
(3.) Editions of the great printer and scholar ROBERT STEPHENS (STEPHANUS, ESTIENNE, 1503-59), published at Paris in 1546 and 1549, 16mo (called, from the first words
and at Geneva
collated the
in 1551,
MSS. employed for these editions, which were admired for their excellent type, cast at the expense greatly of the French government.
most
Stephens's "royal edition" (editio regia) of 1550 is the celebrated, and the nearest source of the Textus Re-
was mainly taken from Erasmus (the and 1535), with marginal readings from the Complutensian edition, and fifteen MSS. of the Paris libraIt ry, two of them valuable (D and L), but least used.
ceptus*
text
The
editions of 1527
was republished by
F.
Lachmann, Tischendorf, and Tregelles. The edition of 1551, which was published
at
Geneva
(where Robert Stephens spent his last years as a professed Protestant), though chiefly a reprint of the Royal edition of
1550
vision
in inferior style, is
di-
which here appears for the first time, and which Robert Stephens is said to have made on horseback on a
journey from Paris to Lyons. The edition contains the Greek text in the middle of the page, with the Latin Vulgate on the inner side, and the Erasmian version on the
outer.
The
versicular division
is
injudicious,
and breaks
tion.
"Eat
lui
sometimes
in the
fragments, instead of presenting it in natural sections ; but it is convenient for reference, and has become indUpensablo
by long
use.
judiciously com-
friend
and successor
in
Geneva, who came into possession MSS. (Cod. Cantabr. and Claromont.),
little use of them, published several folio editions of Stephens's Greek text (4th ed.), with some changes and a Latin translation of his own, Geneva, 1565. 1582, 1588
but made
in
Cambridge,
Beza was a poor critic, but an eminent theologian and commentator, and enjoyed, with Calvin and Bullingcr, the and James
highest respect in England during the reigns of Elizabeth I. His editions were chiefly used for the Au-
thorised English version of 1611, in connection with the last editions of Stephens.^
* Beza called the edition of 1565 the second, but his first, 1557, was only bis Latin version with annotations, for which he cared
more than
for the
Greek
text.
Scrivener (Introd.
2<1 ed. p.
IN)
gives 1559 as the date of the first edition; but this is an error; see Reuss, Biblwth. p. 72 sq. Others speak of an edition of 1576;
editions noticed above,
but this was edited by Henry Stephens. Besides the four folio Beza published several octavo editions with his Latin version and short marginal notes (1565-67-30-90,
1604).
For a
March's Le Long,
BM.
Sacra,
pp. 807-816. f On the precise Greek text of the English version, see Dr. Abbot's researches in my Introduction to Lightfoot, Trench, and Ellicott on the Revision of the New Tettament, New York, 1S73,
pars
i.
pp. xxvii.-xxix.
He shows
Ixxii
(5.)
The
brothers
enterprising publishers in Holland, issued, with the aid of unknown editors, several editions at Leyden, 1624, 1633,
1641 ; originally taken (not from Stephens, but) from Beza's smaller edition of 1565, with a few changes from his later
Xeatly printed, and of handy size, they were The preface authoritative for a long period. and popular " Textum to the second edition boldly proclaims ergo kabes,
editions.
:
nunc ab omnibus receptum : in quo nihil immutatum out Hence the name Textus fieceptus, or corruptum damns.'
1
''
commonly
became a part of
orthodoxy on the Continent; while in England Stephens's edition of 1550 acquired this authority; but both agree
substantially.*
last author,
Erasmus
is
the
first,
All the
Holland editions were scrupulously copied from the Elzevir text, and Wetstcin could not get authority to print his
(l
(ed. 1589) against Stephens (ed. 1550) in about ninety with Stephens against Beza in about forty, and differs
from both in thirty or forty places. Beza's Latin version,wnich was superior to the preceding ones, and his notes, had also considerable influence, which was misleading in many instances, but, on the whole, beneficial. See B. F. Westcott, History of the
English Bible (Lond. 1868), p. 294. * Mill observed but twelve variations.
7th ed.) gives a
list
number
sion,
At 287.
Tischendorf (p.lxxxv. of 150 changes; Scrivener (p. 392) states the These variations are as unimportant as the va-
ver-^
which number over 20,000. f For a history of the Elzevir family and a list of their publications, see Les Elzevier. Histoire et Annales typographiques, par
BRIAN WALTON'S Polyglot Bible, Load. 1057, 6 toin. The New Testament (tow. v.) gives the Greek text of
Stephens, 1550, with the Latin Vulgate, the Pcshito Syriac, In the Gospels a Perthe vEthiopic, and Arabic versions. Each Oriental version has a collateral sic version is added.
Latin translation. At the foot of the Greek text are given The sixth or supplementary volthe readings of Cod. A. ume furnishes a critical apparatus gathered from sixteen authorities, by the care of the celebrated Archbishop Ussher (1580-1056), who had been appointed a member of the Westminster Assembly of Divines, but never attended.
Walton (1000-1601) was a royalist, during the civil war, and chaplain to Charles I., and after the Restoration conseBut the Polyglot was crated bishop of Chester (1661).
published under the patronage of Cromwell, who allowed This patronage the paper to be imported free of duty. was afterwards disowned; hence there are two kinds of
The
titles
of
and 1633) are as follows: 'H Katvi) Aia>;n). Novum Testamentvm, ex Regijs alij*qne optimu etlitiunibu* cum curd erprewum. Lvgdvni Bntavorvm, ex Officina Elzeviriana. clo Io c xxiv. 12mo or 24mo. (" Cette edition du N. T. ett reputee correcte, mau elle a ete effa-
two
editions (1624
Willems.
i.
98.)
Am
:-//:/;.
Novum
Testumentum.
Rr Regii*
aliisque
optimu
editionibiu,
fntio doctbit.
clo 13 c xxx i it. The second is the most beautiful and correct edition. One of the two editions dated 1641 (that printed by the Elzevirs for Whituker of London) has notes of Robert Stephens, Joseph
Scaligcr, Isaac
hac nova etpreMum : cut qmd ufcetuerit, PraLvgd. Batavorvm, ex Offlcina Elzeviriorum. 12mo or 24mo.
Cosaubon,
etc.
Amsterdam.
Ixxiv
the one called "republican" (with compliments copies to Cromwell in the preface, but no dedication), the other " " and dedicated to Charles II.* loyal Walton's Polyglot is less magnificent than the Paris
vols.),
modious, and
critical. f
By Crom-
well's permission the paper for this work was allowed to be imported free of duty, and honourable mention is made of him in
On the Restoration this courtesy was dishonourably withdrawn, and the usual Bible dedication sycophancy transferred to Charles II., at the expense of several cancels;
the Preface.
and
in this, the
'
'
Loyal
the 'Republican,' Cromwell is spoken of as 'Maximus ille Draco.' This is said to have been the first work printed by
subscription in
England"
119
sq.).
London, 1877,
Life
f Brian
p.
Comp. H.
J.
and Writings of Brian Walton, London, 1821, 2 vols. Walton was involved in a controversy with Dr. John Owen, the famous Puritan divine, who labored to defend, from
purely dogmatic premises, without regard to stubborn facts, the
scholastic theory that inspiration involved not only the religious " the doctrines, but "every tittle and iota," and that Scriptures
of the O. and N. Testaments were immediately and entirely given out by God himself, his mind being in them represented unto
as
us without the least interveniency of such mediums and ways were capable of giving change or alteration to the least iota or
syllable."
(Of the Integrity and Purity of the Hebrew Text of the Scriptures, icith Considerations on the Prolegomena and Appendix To this Walton reto the late 'Biblia Polyglotta,' Oxford, 1659.)
plied, forcibly
London, 1659.
ures, as
He maintained that the authority of the Scripta certain and sufficient rule of faith, does not depend
upon any human authority or any human theory of inspiration, and that Owen's view was contrary to undeniable facts, and
EDITION'.
IXXT
1707,
fo).;
JOHN MILL'S Novum Tettamentum Grtecvm, Oxon. often reprinted, especially in Euglaml. The
from Stephens, 1550. It had been preceded by the New Testament of Bishop JOHN FELL, Oxford, 1075; an edition "more valuable for the
apparatus.*
text
is
The
impulse
it
richness of
p. 395).
own
"
(Scrivener,
BENTLEV'S proposed edition, 1720. Dr. Richard Bent(1602-1742), whose rare classical scholarship and critical discernment pre-eminently fitted him for the task, made
ley
extensive and expensive preparations for a new edition of the Greek and Latin Testament. He, unfortunately, failed
to execute his design ; but he discovered the true principle which, a century afterwards, was executed by the critical
He proposed to go back from the genius of Lachmann. Textus Receptus to the oldest text of the first five centuries, " hoping that by taking 2000 errors out of the Pope's Vulgate and as many out of the Protestant Pope Stephcns's," he could "set out an edition of each in columns, without
using any book nnder 900 years old, that shall so exactly agree word for word, and order for order, that no two tal" He issued his lies, nor two indentures, can agree better. for in with the last chapsuch an edition 1720, Proposals
contrary to the judgment of the Reformers and the chief Protestant divines and linguists from Luther and Calvin down to Qro-
and Cappcllus. The truth needs not the patronage of an untruth." * See the list of Mill's MSS. in 898. Raster's retins
"
Scrivener, p.
Amsterdam and
Ixxvi
ter of Revelation in
as a specimen.
The
scheme was frustrated by an angry controversy between him and Conyers Middleton, and other contentions in which
he was involved, by his unruly temper, at Cambridge. The money paid in advance (two thousand guineas) was returned to the subscribers by his nephew, whom lie made his All that is left is a mass of critical maliterary executor.
the library of Trinity College, Cambridge, includof the Codex Vaticanus, which was tranthe collation ing scribed by Woide and edited by Ford in 1799. Bentley
terial in
was too sanguine in his expectations, and too confident and hasty in his conclusions but his edition, as Tregelles " would have been a valuable contribution towards says, the establishment of a settled text: it would at least have shaken the foundations of the Textus JReceptus; and it
;
After Bentley's death active interest in Biblical criticism in England ceased for nearly a century, and the work was
carried on mainly
(8.) J.
by German
scholars.
A. BENGEL (1687-1752), a most original, profound, pregnant, and devout commentator, author of the invaluable Gnomon, which is a marvel of multum in parvo,
edited a Greek Testament at Tubingen, 1734 and 1755,
and wrote
He became
critic
from conscientious
was confirmed
in his faith
by thorough
research.
He
weighing the readings; suggested true principles of criticism and departed, in the Apocalypse (his favorite study),
;
Most of
the
example
Isxiii
did
it
only in rare
"The
is
Testament
in.
peculiar importance of Bengel's New due to the critical principles developed there-
Not only was his native acuteness of great service to him when weighing the conflicting probabilities of internal evidence, but in his fertile mind sprang up the germ of
that theory of families or recensions which was afterwards expanded by J. S. Semler (1725-91), and grew to such for-
skilful
hands of Griesbach."*
Testa-
Editionis Receptce cum Lcctionibus, etc., Amstel. 1751-52, 2 torn. fol. The text is mainly from the
menlum Gnccttm
Fell's text.
He
large additions to the apparatus, and carefully described the MSS. and other sources in the Prolegomena,
i.
made
1-222;
ii.
His magnificent
commentary, with illustrafrom Hebrew, Greek, and Latin authors. \Vetstein was far inferior to Bengel in judgment, but He was neisurpassed him in the extent of his resources.
ther a sound theologian nor a safe critic, but a most industrious worker and collator. His New Testament repre-
Scrivener, p. 403.
Comp. on Bengel
and an
the biographies of
Burk
(1831)
and WEchter
(1865),
article in
Hcrzog,
ii.
295-801
art. in
Wtttitein (see
Hagcnbach's
but he signed himself in Latin Wetgttntu* ; and hence English. Dutch, and most German writers He was a native of Basle, and for spell the name Wttttein. some time assistant pastor of his father at St. Lconhard'H; but.
being suspected of Arian and Socinian heresy, he was deposed and exiled from his native city (1730). He obtained a profMP orehip at the Arminian College at Amsterdam (1733).
Ixxviii
scnts the labour of forty years. He had a natural passion for the study of MSS. ; made extensive literary journeys ;
collated about 102
greater care than had been done before, and introduced the system of citing them by Latin letters and Arabic nu-
His Prolegomena are disfigured by the long and painful history of his controversy with his narrow orthodox opponents, Iselin and Frey ; he depreciated the merits
merals.
of Bengel ; but his New Testament is still valuable as a storehouse of parallel passages from the ancient classics.
criticism.
During the next twenty years little was done for textual JOHANN SALOMO SEMLER, the father of German rationalism (1725-91), but, in what he called "Privat-From-
migkeit" (personal piety), a pietist and an earnest opponent of deism, re-edited Wetstcin's Prolegomena with valuable suggestions (Halle, 1764), and stimulated the zeal of liis great pupil Griesbach.
2.
SECOND PERIOD
LACHMANN
A.D. 1770-1830.
This period shows enlarged comparison of the three sources of the text, the discovery of critical canons, a gradual improvement of the Textus Receptus, and approach
to an older and better text
;
still
re-
name of JOHANN JACOB GRIESBACH (1745-1812), professor of diHe made the study of vinity at Halle and then at Jena.
textual criticism of the
tained as a basis on a prescriptive right. (10.) The period is introduced by the honoured
Greek Testament
his life-work,
and
combined
all
His editions
lix
from 1775 to 1806 mark the beginning of a really critical text, based upon fixed rules. Among these are, that a readancient must be ing supported by testimony that the shorter reading is preferable to the longer, the more difficult to
;
apparatus with scrupulous care ; enlarged it by collecting the citations of Origen, and utilizing the Old Latin texts,
published by Bianchini and Sabatier ; improved and developed Bcngel's system of recensions, classifying the authorthe Western (D, Latin versions, Alexandrian the (B, C, L, etc., a recension of the fathers), and the Constantinopolitan (A, flowWestern text), corrupt
ities
ing from both) but recognised also mixed and transitional texts, decided for the readings of the largest relative ex;
tent,
but departed from the Elzevir text only for clear and His critical canons are well-considered urgent reasons.
and sound
much
fettered
by
his recension
theory, which was ably criticised and modified Roman Catholic scholar (1765-1846).
by Hug, a 1796-
1806, 2 torn. 8vo; reprinted, London, 1809 and 1818 (a very fine edition) ; an improved third edition of the Gospels
Griesbach's text is the basis of many larged apparatus. manual editions by Schott, Knapp, Tittmann, Halm, Theilc,
and of
several English and American editions. While Griesbach was engaged in his work,
several
scholars
made
valuable
additions to the
critical
appa-
which be incorporated
C. F.
MATTHAEI
cow;
d.
Ixxx
of recensions, despised the most ancient authorities, and furnished a text from about a hundred Moscow MSS., all of
Constantinopolitan origin, to which he attributed too great a value. The result by no means justified his pretensions
and passionate attacks upon others. His Novum Test. Greece et Lett, was published at Riga, 1782-88, 12 vols. 8vo; an edition with the Greek text only, in 3 vols. (1803-7).
The Danish
professors
HAWER
Italy
King
of
Denmark,
critical material in
and Spain, including the readings of the Vatican MS., published by Birch, 1788-1801. During the same period Codd. A, D, and other important MSS. were published.
ALTER, in his Greek Test, Vienna, 1786-87, 8vo, the gave readings of twenty-two Vienna MSS., and also of four MSS. of the Slavonic version.
F. C.
The new
went
far to con-
Bonn;
d.
Greece, etc., 1830-36, 2 vols. 4to; the text reprinted Bagster, London, with the English version. Scholz was a poor critic, but an extensive collator.
He
examined many new MSS. in different countries, though not very accurately, and gave the preference to the Byzantine family, as distinct from the Alexandrian. He frequently departed from the received text, yet, upon the whole, preserved it in preference to that of the Vulgate
(which is remarkable for a Roman Catholic). His edition has found greater favour in England than in Germany. It marks no advance upon Griesbach.
EDITION*.
Ixxxi
3.
THIRD PERIOD
TEXT.
A.D. 1830-81.
(professor of classical philology
CARL LACHMANN
1851):
in Berlin; d.
tine,
Novum
Testamentiim Grace
et
La-
Comp.
vnd Kritiken, 1830, No. 4, pp. 817-845. Lachmann had previously published a small edition in 1831, with various In the larger edition he was aided readings at the end.
tus of the Greek text,
by the younger PHILIP BUTTMANN, who added the apparaand published also another small
professional theologian,
and not
re-
traditional prejudice.
i.
e.
or fifth century, as found in the oldest sources then known (especially Codd. A, B, C, Itala, Vulgate, antc-Nicene fathers)
;
even palpable writing errors if sufficiently attested; not as proceeding from the original writers, but as parts of the textus traditus of the
fourth century. His range of authorities was limited ; Cod. Sinaiticus had not yet been discovered, and Codd. B and C
not
critically edited.
But
to
credit of
having broken a new path, and established, with the genius and experience of a master critic, the true basis. lie car-
and Bengel, and had the boldness to destroy the tyranny of the Textus Receptus, and to substitute for it the uncial text of the Nicene age.
ried out the hint of Bentlcy
kxxii
al
De
Wette,
who thought
Such
is
that he had wasted his time and strength. the power of habit and prejudice that every inch
of ground in the
be fairly conquered.
march of progress is disputed, and must But his principles are now pretty
ology at Leipsic;
critica
maior, Lips.
issued at invols.,
with a
terprising,
by far the most industrious, enand successful textual critic of the nineteenth
He visited the principal libraries of Europe in century. search of documents ; made four journeys to England, and three to the Orient ; discovered, collated, copied, and edited
many most important MSS.
;
and 1873, no less than twenty -four editions of the Greek Testament (including the reissues of his stereotyped editio
acodemica).
Four of these
in
1872
mark a progress
The catalogue of
his publications, most of them relating to Biblical criticism, covers more than ten octavo pages. In
1873 he hoped to attend the General Conference of the Evangelical Alliance in New York, and to read a paper on
the influence of the Apocryphal Gospels on the formation of the Roman Catholic theoiy and worship of the Virgin
* Tregelles (p. 99): "Lachmann led the way in casting aside the so-called Textus Receptm, and boldly placing the New Testament wholly and entirely on the basis of actual authority."
Reuss
calls
him
(Biblioth. p. 239)
"tir doctiasimus
at
Scrivener
(p.
Uxxiii
ican branch,
had transmitted to him, in the name of the Amertwo free tickets for himself and his son, and
provided comfortable lodgings, when a fatal stroke of apoplexy suddenly arrested his earthly labours, although he lingered till Dec. 7, 1874.*
May
5,
1873,
with a
Tischendorf started from the basis of Lachmann, but less rigorous application of his principle, and with a
larger
much
all
number of
authorities,
not only the oldest, but also the best, text, with the aid of
authorities.
tive considerations
frequent changes in his many editions, which he honestly confessed, quoting Tischendorf versus Tischendorf, but
knowledge.
to the uncial authorities, after a temporary departure to later documents, and gives full credit to his own greatest discovery, the MS. from the Mount of Legislation.
* See
rigen
J.
seiner
chrifttetteri*chcn Wirktamkeit, Leips. 1862; Dr. Abbot's article on Tischendorf in the Unitarian Retieio for March, 1875;
Dr. Gregory's article in the BiblMhfca, Safra for January, 1876: and for his moral and religious character, the addresses of his
pastor, Dr. Ahlfeld,
thardt,
and
These addresses bring into prominence his noble qualiwhich were somewhat concealed to the superficial olwerver by a skin disease his personal vanity and overfondness for his many and well-earned titles and twenty or more decorations from sovereigns which were displayed in his parlor. He took
1874.
ties,
a prominent part in the united deputations of the Evangelical Alliance to the Czar and Prince Gortschakoff, at Friedrichshafen, in tohalf of the persecuted Lutherans in the Baltic provinces, in 1871, at the risk of his popularity at the Russian court.
Ixxxiv
pared, since 1876, by an American scholar, Dr. Caspar Reno Gregory, residing at Leipsic, with the efficient aid of Dr.
will
soon be pub-
Thus America is permitted to take an important in this great work of restoring the purest text of the part book of books by completing the noblest monument of German scholarship in the line of textual criticism.* (14.) SAM. PKIDEAUX TREGELLES (1813-1875): The
Greek
the
New
Latin Version of Jerome from the Codex Amiatinus, London ; issued in parts from 1857 to 1879, 4to. He had
previously edited The
Book of Revelation in Greek, 1844. Dr. Tregelles devoted his whole life to this useful and herculean task, with a reverent and devout spirit similar to
that of Bengel.f
He
visited
many
libraries in
Europe,
col-
* See an
article
by Dr. Abbot
in the
Harvard
Register,
Cam-
learn from this that the bridge, Mass., 1881, pp. 322, 323. Prolegomena will give the fullest description of the critical material and a key to the multitudinous abbreviations of Tischen-
We
dorf 's apparatus, wT hich to ordinary readers are about as intelThe "Addenda et Emenligible as a hieroglyphic alphabet.
danda
"
list
apparatus which scholars have detected, and additional references to new sources. I regret that I could not avail myself of these Prolegomena, but I had the benefit of Dr. Abbot's valuable suggestions and aid in reading the proof of this Introduction, which I was obliged to prepare within a few weeks.
the
was of Quaker descent, and associated for a time with "Plymouth Brethren." He edited The Englishman's Greek Concordance to tJie N. T. (1839), The Englishman's Hebrew and
f Dr. T.
Chaldee Concordance of the 0. T. (1843, 2 vols.), a translation of Oesenius's Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon (1847), and other useful
books.
He was
Uxxv
most important uncial and cursive MSS., and pubCodex Zacyntliius (on Luke), lie
was
far
but more scrupulously accurate in the use of them.* He He left behind him a followed Lachmann's principle.
monumental work of painstaking, conscientious, and devout scholarship. But it needs to be corrected and supplemented from the Codex Sinaiticus, and the critical edition of the Codex Vaticanus, which he was not permitted
Like Tischto inspect in Rome by the jealous authorities. endorf, he was prevented from completing his work, and
in conclud-
ing the last chapters of Revelation (in 1870). He never recovered, and could not take part in the labours of the
English Revision Committee, of which he was appointed The Prolegomena were compiled and edited a member.
four years after his death by Dr. Hort and Rev. A. Streane, 1879.
(15.)
W.
The
New
Testament
in the
Original Greek, Cambridge and London, Macmillan t Co. ; New York, Harper k Brothers, 1881.
Of
this,
Testament, which was begun in 1853 and completed in 1881, we have said enough in the beginning of this Introduction.
>
Simultaneously with this edition there appeared two other editions of the Greek Testament, which make no
pension of
tion
civil list.
His
made him,
like Bcngcl,
a verbal
(p. 481):
critic.
"Where
is
wrong."
Ixxxvi
.
claim to be independent critical recensions of the text, but Lave a special interest and value in connection with the
Westminster or Anglo-American Revision, and supplement each other. They were carefully prepared by two members of the New Testament Company of Revisers, but it is
distinctly stated that
Dr. SCRIVENER, in his edition published by the University Press of Cambridge, gives The New Testament in the
thorised Version
Original Greek, according to the Text followed in the Aue. the Textus Receptus of Beza's edition (i.
of 1598), together with the Variations adopted in the ReHe puts the new readings at the foot of vised Version.
the page, and prints the displaced readings of the text in heavier type.
Dr. PALMER, archdeacon of Oxford, in The Greek Testament, with the Readings adopted by the Revisers of the Authorised Version, published by. the Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1881, pursues the opposite
Greek text followed by the Revisers, and puts the discarded readings of the Textus Receptus and of the version of 1611
in foot-notes.
The
Jerusalem Chamber
they did
not esteem
"
to construct a contin-
many
rendering was considered to represent correctly either of two competing readings in the Greek, and then the question of the text
of readings prepared by the Revisers in the progress of their work, has constructed a continuous text, taking for the basis the third edition of Stephens
the aid of
lists
hvil
(1350), and following it closely in all cases in which the Revisers did not express a preference for other readings; even the orthography, the spelling of proper names, and the typographical peculiarities or errors of Stephens are,
as
The chapters arc marked with a few exceptions, retained. in Stcphcns's edition of 1550, the distribution into
and
is
is fruitful
New Testament
is
in
above any other in editions of Greek and the Revised English Verlatter in
beyond
all
We
may
well call
cation of the Gospel. The immense stimulus thus given to a careful and comparative study of the words of Christ
and
his apostles must bear rich fruit. The first printed edition of the Greek Testament in 1516 was followed by
the great Reformation of 1517. May the numerous editions of 1881 lead to a deeper understanding and wider spread of the Christianity of Christ !
NEW
YORK, August
1,
1881.
INDEX TO NOTATION.
The
notation adopted in this
work
is
certain documents.
In connection with all passages of the first class, alternative readings are given, which have a reasonable probability of being genuine. Of these alternative readings, those which on the whole are the more probable, or the better attested, are printed in the text as the primary readings the secondary readings being distinguished by a notation which varies according as they differ from the primary readings by omission, addition, or
;
substitution.
MARKS
[ ]
IN THE TEXT.
These marks indicate that the word or words enclosed in them are omitted in secondary readings. Thus, in Matt. vii. 24 (p. 17), TOVS \6yovc TOVTOVQ is the primary reading, roiis Xoyot/c, without TOVTOVQ, the secondary reading.
(1.)
"*"
Without any accompanying mark in the margin. This mark indicates the place where secondary readings add the word or words printed in the margin opposite the
primary reading. Thus, in Matt, xxiii. 38 (p. 56), 6 oZ/eoe vfiCjv is the primary reading, o OIKOQ vftwv tpijpoe the secondary reading. in the margin, it indicates (2.) Accompanied by tJte marks H that certain Western 'documents contain, in places thus
I'
distinguished, interpolations embracing some apparently fresh or distinctive matter, but having no sufficient
INDEX TO NOTATION*.
any form of incorporation with the such interpolations being printed opposite to it in the margin between the special marks H K See Matt. xx. 16 (p. 47), where some Western documents interpolate, after ia\aToi, the clause *oXXoi y&p
intrinsic claim to
New Testament;
'
'
These marks enclose portions of the text to which the contents of the opposite margin refer. They are used in
(1.)
the following cases: Without any accompanying mark in the margin, to indicate words and passages for which .secondary readings are printed opposite in the margin. Thus, in Matt. xvi.
i{<mi'Xaro (p. 39), Tri/ii;TM- is the primary reading, the secondary reading. in the margin, to indicate por(2.) Accompanied by 'Ap. tions of the text which, in the judgement of the editors,
20
probably contain some "primitive" error, that is, an error affecting the text of all existing documents, and thus incapable of being rectified without the aid of conjecture; such places being the subject of notes in the Appendix. See Matt. xv. 80 (p. 87),
(8.)
marginal mark* ^ K to indicate porwhich Western documents substitute the word or words printed opposite in the margin between the special marks h such substitutions being similar in character to the Western interpolations already mentioned. Thus, in Matt. viii. 12 (p. 18), some Western documents substitute i^tXtvaovrai for r/3Xi|-
Accompanied by
the
'
'
-\
'
'
'
These marks indicate that the word or words enclosed within them are apparently right, and arc attested largely, though not by the best documents; the better attested readings being printed in the margin with 'Ap.' and noticed in the Appendix. Thus, in Heb. vii. 1 (p. 408),
'
i-
apparently right,
;';
( J
few very early inni-p >l.-iti"iis in the Gospels, omitted by Western documents alone. as in Luke xxii. 19, 20 (p. 177), or by 'Western' and Syrian documents alone, as in Matt, xxvii, 49 (pp. 08,
(a) a
1 '
69);
(6)
INDEX TO NOTATION.
'Western' in origin, containing important matter apparently derived from extraneous sources, as in Matt, xvi. 2, 3 (p. 38).
MARKS
[ ]
IN
THE MARGIN.
Used
margin with the same significance as in the text (see above), to distinguish two or more marginal readings which differ from each other merely by the omission or addition of words. Thus two alternative
in the
readings are indicated in the margin at Matt, viii. 18 (p. 19), one being TroXXorc OX\OVQ, the other o^Xou? withr. out TroXXof'f. In other cases, two or more marginal readings are separated by v. See marg. Matt. xiii. 30 (p. 32). Ap. (1.) When attached to marginal readings or punctuations, this indicates that such readings or punctuations are examined in the Appendix. " See f f above. (2.) Accompanied by f f in (lie text. " (3.) Standing alone, without any corresponding mark in the text, it indicates places where occur miscellaneous rejected readings which, having some special interest, are noticed in the Appendix. See Matt. xvii. 20 (p. 41). r n in the text. See r (2.) above. Ap.\ Accompanied by or r in the text. See "^ (2.) ond r n H I- Accompanied by above. (3.) * This mark indicates that the marginal note, being too
"
"
long to be conveniently inserted in the usual place, has been printed at the foot of the page, where it is distinguished by a corresponding *. When two notes of this kind occur on one page, the second is indicated by \. See Acts xviii. 21 and 27 (p. 290).
number of
places.
is
Metrical arrangement
passages. Short spaces indicate sub-paragraphs. The orthography is taken from the best
MSS.
EYArTEAION
KATA MA00AION
KATA MAPKON kATA AOYKAN
KATA IQANHN
KATA MA00AION
BIBAO2
'
'AftpadfA.
aK Si
wft 8
3
cyc'no/crcv
lytvvrjo-cv
*Ioi'Sas 8
Zapd
CK nys Qdfiap,
TOV *Apa/i,
4
*Apa/t 8
cy(wi]<TCV TOV
'A/xi
Naaaawv
5
Bocs 8c
*IcD/3j}8
ytwrjcrv TOV
*Io>)3/8
T^S *Pov^,
6 'leo-o-ai
ciS 8<
7
ot
iycm^rev TOV
'O^ct'ov,
KATA MA90AION
*Oi'as
ajU,
8fi
Sf
Sf
eyeVvT/crev
13
TOVS
a8X<^ovs
it
MCTCI Se njv
fj.(ToiKea~iav
12
TOV
cycwr/crev TOV
iov,
13
acuK,
14
2a8wK
13
16
BaySu-
/iTOiK(ri'as
Ba-
TOV XpiaTou
yVai
II
KATA MAGOAION
,8
>. Mm/'*
TU
17 ayt'ov.
avrovs evpi&r) Iv yuorpl c^ovaa ex ST Si o an}p avnys, Sucatos <2v KOI Iuxr}<
/xi}
Ot-
Aadpa
atroXvo-ai avrifv.
<car*
Tavra Sc aurou
<t>di-i}
iv&vfirjOtvTo? IBov
dyyeXos Kvptov
orap
avrw Xcywv
1
/;
(ftoftrj&gs
Trapa-
:i
ywauca <row, TO yoip cv avr^ yewiy^ev CK m'tuyxaro? c<rriv oyi'ou- rc'^crai Sc vlov cai xaXccrets TO ovo/xa avrov 'Ii^trovv, auros yap crwcra rov Xaov
\afttiy Maptav" nyi'
22
aurou airo T<av dpapTiiav auTwi'. Touro 8e 0X01* ycyovev u-a irXrjptoOr) TO prjOiv UTTO Kvpiov Sid TOU
Xeyovro?
H TTAeeNOC
KA4
?4
N fACTl
2l
KAJ
T5TAI
KAAeCOYCIN TO ONOMA
fJLfOpp.rjv(v6fji(vov
i<mv
25 Kttl
o ayycXo? Krpiov cai irapcXa/Jcv Tijc yvvalxa avrov OVK CytVciXTKCV ttUTT/V W? [ov] vl6f Kdl \'CU\.(TCV
TKV
Tov
8c 'IT^TOV
yenT^cWo?
<is
T(i>v
'Hpt^Sov TOV
irapcytvovro o T<\^<i? ySaatXcvs
aarru'
'IcpoaoXv/xa Xcyovrcs
IIov
'lovSuiW
ctSo/xcv
aarcpa <r TJ araToXg *cat 7;X^o/xev Trpoo^KW^o-at OITW. AKOVOUS 8i o ^aaiXev? 'Upw^T/? trapd\0rj teal iruira
Icpoo*oXvp.a /iT avrov, xai o"iTayaywi' TTUITO? TOV? "/'X'"
cai
irap*
avr2r
KATA MA06AION
TTOV
II
T/~s 'lovSaias'
Trpo<j>r]TOV
KAI cy,
Bn6AeeM pn
'loyAA,
eT
oyAAMooc eAAX/CTH
CK cof
r<*p
CN role HpeMociN
eSeAeyceTAi HfoyMeNOc,
MOy TON
'I
Tore *Hpw8r;9 XaOpa KoAe'o-as TOVS Bayous ^/cptySwo'ci' Trap' avrcoi' TOV xpovov TOV ^aivo/xevov aoTepos, xal Tre/ii^as
avrovs
is
7 8
ySd>? Trcpi
OTTto?
Kayw eA0wv
avru).
01 8c aKoixravTes 9
TOV
/3acrtAe'a)S
CTropei'^r/crav,
i^v
r^ dvaToX^ Trpoijyfv avTOvs, Itos cX^civ Z(rrd6r) tTrdvti) ov TO TratSiov. iSdvres Se TW dore'pa e^dp^o-av \apdv jj.fcr<j>6Bpa.
10
yaXrjv
KOL cA^ovrcs cis -nyv OLKLOV eTSov TO TraiStp.rjrpos avrov, Kal TTCO-OVTC? Trpoo-ejcvny-
"
KOL
8t*
ovap
yxiy d.va.Kdfjuj/c.1
Trpos
HpwSrjv
r
aAij
aprja'av
n
is T>)V
^wpav
aT/rajv.
Ava^>aiVerat Ka-
cvap
T<3
'I(ao~r)(f>
Xeytav
Kat nyv
fjLTjrepa
AtyvTrrov,
S&jrtiv
cat *o-^i
CKt
oYov
ecus
av
eiTTOJ
fieXXcL
avro.
ydp 'HpwSrjs
Sfi
TO
?rai-
TOV
aTroXf'o-ai
yp^ts
iraptXafif
TO
eis
14
fJLtjrepa
KEI o>s T^S TfAarrijs 'HpaiSov iva TrX^TO p7]6ev VTTO Kvpt'ov Sid TOV Trpo^TOv Xfyovros
15
'Ei AinfnToy eKAAecA TON yioN Moy. HpwST/s iSajv OTI fvcTrai^Ot] VTTO TWV p.dya)v
Kal
V irdo-i TOIS dpiois aur^s
Tore
eOvfua&Tt) Xiav,
16
d SIETOVS Kal
TOTE
17
II III
KATA MAOGAION
TO
p-rjOiv
iTT\i)p<a0i)
18
<J>OJNH
tN
TAMA
KAI
HKoyc9H,
OAYPMOC TTOAlfC 'PAXHA KAAI'OYCA TA TCKNA AY'THC, KAI OYK H6eAeN nApAKAHOHNAi
ij
KAAY0MOC
OTI
OYK
eiciN.
oVap TW *Ioxn;<^ ev AiyvTrrw \.tyo>v 'Eycp^cis a! TT)J' fi^rc'pa avrou KOI wopevirapdXa.pc TO iratSt'ov ov ti? yyv 'Io*pa^X, Tefln/Kao-iv yap ot ^T^roSiTes Tijv
o S
TT/V
s S<
ce^ls
irat\a3f TO
eo-ev
ei?
yv
o^paiy.
O.KOV-
/SatrtXevci r^s 'louSai'as arri TOU OUTOU 'HpwSoV It^O^ljOlJ (Kft a.Trt\&lV ^plJfiaTl-
on *Ap^Xao?
<r$tls 8c Kar*
23
ovap ave^wpr/o'v
ts
cis
Ta
/icp?;
T^S FaXtXawi?,
woXii' Xfyofifinjv
Na^apeT,
or
EN AE TAI2 HMEPAI2
o /SaTTTtonys
>o;pvo-o-a)v
cVeiVai? irapayiVerai
'I
2
3
cv
yap <OTIV o
MtTaroeiTC, lyyytKev yap 17 prjO(l$ Sia Haaiov TOW Trpo^yrov Xcyorros N TH e 4>CONH BOOINTOC
'ETOIMACAT
Avros 8
THN 6 AON
TAC
6Y96IAC n()l?T
4
o 'Iwan^ <7j(v TO ivSvpa. avrov aVo Tpi\<av Kap.ij\ov Kal <atnrjv Spp.aTivrjv irpi n/i' o<r<^vv aurov,
i|
8J
rpcxjti)
TJV
avrov dupi&fs
teal
/ze'Xt
dypiov.
Tor*
KATA MA96AION
?rpos
17
III
IV
eropevTO
Saia Kal
OJTO tv
Tracra.
TJ
'lov-
eftairrt- 6
T3
'lopSavrj
avrov
o/ioXoyov/Aevoi
Ttov $apicrauuv
7
'l8wv 8c iroXXovs
SaSSovKaiW
FewTf/xaTtt c^iSvwf',
vre'Set^o'
v/xti/ </>iryetv
a7ro
8
iroirjvaTe
Xc'yetv
v/xii'
ei/
ovv
8o^T
TOV
'A(3padfji,
Xeyw yap
Twj'
eavroi?
Ai'0<DV
TOUTWV eyeipai
TC'KVO
TW
8e
17
a^ivy
ID
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23
/ / / t \ ToXXoi ipovatv fJLOi (v CKCIVT; rg rj^pa. Kuptc Kupic, ov *""' TZ) CO) ONOMATI enpO^HTeY^A^CN, Kttl T<3 0-U> oVo/AOTt Af. t
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ANOMI'AN.
24
irotti
JTas our OOTIS tucovci /xou TOU? Xoyov^ [TOVTOVS] Kal avrov?, o/x.otw^o'CTai dfSpl ^>povt/x<i>, oorts uKoSo-
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avrov
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26
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TOVTOV? xal
27
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r>)'
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fipoxri Kal
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ot irora/xol
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C7rco~cv,
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Kal
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28
Kal eycvrro OT
yap
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ol
9 TOVS, c^cirXT^ro-ovTO
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8 T
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VII VIII
-'Itaiol
tjatot h
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Sfi
Kat
Trpoo-KWi
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[irjoevl
i7n;s,
aXXa
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is
Ka<^apvaou/i irpoo~rjX0ev aur<3 KardvTapxos TrapaKaXwv avrdv Kai Xeywv Kvpie, d Trar? /xov fteftXrjraL cV TT^ oocia
irapaXvTiKOS, Setvals (3ao~avi6fJLevos.
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6
7
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d cKaTovTap^os
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t/ii
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eiire
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iMt VTTO tovo~Lav [Tao'trduvosl,
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larai d
13
TWV
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i7Tv d 'I^aovs
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ts TT/V
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Kai
Mil
avrw.
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avrw
VIII
KATA MA90AION
19
17
at/xovto/xcpovs jroXXovV Kal te/3a\tv rd -jrvtv^iaia Xoyw, Kai iruiras TOVS KaKoJs e^ovra? i&tpdirewrtv OTTCOS
&fj
Tr\rjpu>-
TO prjOcv oid *H<raiou TOV irpo<i/Tov Xeyovros AyTOC TAC AC6Nei'AC HMO)N eAAfiN KAI TAC NOCOYC tBACTACCN.
18
'iSoji/Si
'irjcrov?
[woAAoit] S^^4**
19 eis
TO irtpav.
Kal
Ai
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20 Kal
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aurul
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33
Tra.Tf.pa.
o 8
'I^trovs
Xc'yti
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/noi,
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23
24
Kal (fjiftdvrt. avra cis TrXotoi' eavrwi' veKpov?. Kal 1801) iJKoXov&jcrav aura) ot fiaOrjTai avrov.
/iryas eyeVcTO ev
25 CT^at VTTO
26
cX^ovrt? ^yetpav avToV Xeyovres Kvptc, o-wo-ov, a;roXXuKal Xt'yct avrots Tt SctXot eore, oXtyoTrtoroi ; TOT< fJuBa.
cycpdclf
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TOIS
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Kal
TT;
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Kal
27
28
lOavfiaaav XtyO^TCS IIoTaTroS COTIV OVTO? O71 Kal Ol (IVf/iOt Kal If ^aXao-aa auru) vjraKovovaiv ; Kal cX^onros avcycVeTO
yaX?;K;
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ts
29
30
Kal tSov ocpa^av Xryovre? Tt i/fity Kal trot, vie KiV7s. TOV 0cov ; i)\0ts a>8 irpo Katpov (3ao~avio~at i^xa? ; *HK
Si [LOJipdv air
fioo~KO[jLfVT].
31
ot 8c 8at/xovec TraptKttXouv
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KATA MA99AION
VIII IX
ts T^V 6aXa<rcra.v, Kai diriQavov ev TOIS Ol B( /3do"KovTs l^uyov, Kai dire\66vT<i cis TTJV TrdXtv Kai tSov oTnyyyctXav Travra Kai ra Ttoy Sat/xovt^o/ieVwv.
33
34
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r
77
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cis v^aKrrjcriv
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r^f tSiav
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ai
30
31
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a
KATA MA6OAION
icai
VJ
ot Si <taptrratoi
l-
itrOitii:
tt-
tmv
irately tv tru/J/Jdru).
o Si elirev avVots
xal ot
OVK dVcyv<ficr*
avrov
TTpo6CO>C
3 /ICT*
avrov
ct /zi;
^ OVK
ci'
aVe'yvturc cV
iepj>
TO>
6 j
i'0/j.aj
on
TU
TO
o~a^3-
Xeyu
8e v/*tf OTI
ci
Si <yvo*KetTC TI ort'
EACOC
6Aa>
8 Ttbvs.
KAl
OY eyclAN, OVK av KaTcSuccuraTe TOV; avaiKvptos yu'p <OTIV TOV (Tafipdrov o vlos TOV at>-
9 Op<airov.
10
Kat
/icrajSas CKCI^CV
*cat
avrov Xeyovre?
11
ircveiv
TOVTO TOI?
;
trdftftacriv ets
KCU
cycpct
Tore
OKXc'yet TU>
14
Tto-rdOij
vy)s uk
i;
aXXi;.
*E^eX^dTe? 8
*O Si
"Ij^rovs
yvovs
aj'e^ojpiTO'cv
txtlOtv.
avVov?
Tan-as, Kat
TrotiTaoKTtV
tVcTt/XT^rtv
avrot?
i^a
/XT;
$avtpov avrov
<;TOV Xcyoiro?
18
'lAOY 6 TTA?C
MOT ON
HpeTICA,
OY'K
plCl
28
KATA MAGOAION
OYAe AKoVcei
TIC
XII
N TA?C TTAATI'AIC
THN (^CONHN
AYTOY.
20
AI'NON
6COC
Kpl'dN.
21 Ktti 22
rrfxxnivixfo)
avTf
Kai
(3\tiv.
Kai f^toravro
O"~iv
TTCIVTE;
;
Mr^Tt OVTOS
o vtos Aavct'S
ot 8f
23 24
Cvros OVK
K/3aXXt Ta 8at/xovta
EtScis
t
JJLTTJ
ev TO>
vf?v- 25
8f Tas
i7o"ts avTaJv
Ka6' iavTrj?
fitTTfv
avrots
HaVa
Kai
t
ySaaiXfta
^ otKta
o SaTavas TOV
TTWS ovv
SaTavav
-^
26
favTov
;
lp.cpicrdr]'
ct
crTaOijfreTai.
avrov
Kai
vtidJv
yw
i
B^^8ovX
;
ol vtot
V Ttvi (K/3dXXovcnv
SE
v/xtov.
V TrvevfJLan 6fov
<p
EKyoaXXoj Ta oai/xovittj
apa
^>pao"<v
vyxas
17
fjacnXfia
29
TOV 0EOV.
io"^vpov Kai
^ 7TU>S SvVaTat TtS lO"X^tV CIS TT^V OIKtaV TGV Ta o~Kv>7 avrov dpTrao'ai, cctv /x^ irpwTov &ij(rr]
TOV icr^vpov ; Kai TOTE TT}V otKi'av OVTOV 8iapTrao-i. o /xi} ti)V tlT /XOV KaT C/XOV COTIV, Kai O /X?7 O*VVay<J)V /XT C/XOV
crKop
t^ct.
30
Kai /3Xa-
31
Kai os cav 1707 Xoyov KaTOS /3Xao"^>r^tiia OVK affreOyo'eTai Ta TOV viov TOV avppu>;rov, a<f>c9i)(rfTaL avru!' os 8 av 17777
.
32
KaTa TOV
ev TOVTO)
TTOLrjcrare
irotr/o"aT
avrw OVTE
TW
aiaJi't
OVTC
V T<3 /xe'XXovrt.
*H
33
TO oevopov KaXov Kai TOV Kaprrov avTov KaXov, n TO 8cv8pov craTrpov Kai TOV KapTrov atrrov o-airpov'
ytvwcrKCTai.
(K
yW77/xaTa
CYI- 34
XII
KATA MA63AION
ok &vvn<r6t dyadd XaXciy
irovrjpol orre? ;
29
IK
yap TOV
r.
35
TO ord/xa XaXtu
o ayadoc
aV0pros
av^pwTrot,
tic
36
Xei ironjpa.
o-ovo-tv
Ac'yo) 8e
v/uv
on
irav p^/xa
ol
airoSoxrouo-ii' irept
37
I'lfJ-ffxiL
*pio-i>s'
Tore
airfKpL$rj<Tav
Kai
39 io^iv.
o 8
Fevca Trovrjpd
KO.I p.ot-
fl
yap HN
KAI
'loa-
Tp?C
41
NyKTAC, ovTo>5 eorai o vlos TOV aV^pwTrov ev T^ KapSta T^S y^5 Tptis ijfitpa^ KOL Tpci? VVKTU.S. avSpc; NtfrueiTai aracv
cat
xaTaxat
vn;V
41
/XTO'd^rav
ci?
TO
<o/piry^ia *Ia>va,
OTI
T^ Kpurci /xcra T^S yevea? TOVTTT? KOI KaTaxptfci avn/v* ^X^ev CK TW^ TTcpaTwi' T^S y^? eucovo^at n/v oxM/uav 2oSoXo/x(3co9 w8c.
'Orui'
Stt'peiJpi-
ov^
-
TOTC
Xe'yei
Eis TOV
vpt<TKfL
tfj\6oV KOI
45
(\.6ov
o^oXa^ovTa
o*o ap<D/icVoi'
t
ToVc TTOptuVrai Kai TrapaXa/i^avct ft.& airrov ^rra crcpa irfevfiaTa ironjp6rpa. eaurov, xai etVeXKCU KCKCxrfii/ficYoK.
6ovra KaTotKct
CKCiVov
ravrr) TJJ
46 ot
txei'
KCU ytveTai Ta
TrpojTajf.
r^aTa TOV
a.v6p^a^^ov
TT
toFa TWV
TOIS 0^X01? I8ov ij p-ifnjp KCU avrov tor^Kcto'ai' t^w (i/Tovtrcs avrw
30
crat.
KATA MAG9AION
o
ij
XII XIII
avVul
Ti's 48
J
of
aTroKptfleis
fJ-OV,
t7Tv
TIVCS
Tu>
Xe'yovrt
Ol
COTIV
Kai
fJilJTrjp
KO.I [
CtCTlI/
d8eX<oi /HOV
/wa^Tcis
KTiVas
cTircv
TiyV
Xc V a
TJ
a ^ T0 ^]
/xov
'T*
TOVS
ol
av- 49
TOV
oorts
'iSov
fitjrrjp
Kai
aScX<oi
pov'
50
TOV yap av ironjcrrj TO 6f\r]p.a TOV Trarpos fiov cv oupavois, avros ftou d8cX^>os Kai d8cA.</>^ /cai
COTlV.
*Ev
rrj
rfp-tpa-
tK(Lvr)
tf\6u>v o
'iTy
ts
atyiaXoi'
eXaX^crei'
c^X^cv
a
o (rtipiav
4
5
TOV
CTTrctpctv.
r
eX^ovra
TCI
7TTctva
Kare^ayev avra.
aXXa
Sc
*"
Be eTrecrev
CTTI
ra
TrerpcoSr; OTTOU
p.r)
e^avc'retXev Sid TO
CKO.vp.a.Tio-6r)
X etv
fta-Gos y^?>
17X101;
'
X eiv
ai/
aXXa
aKavOai. Kai
r
Se
7reo"v
CTTI
dvf.(3r)o~a.v
at
7 8
direTrvi^av* avrd.
aXXa
8e CTTCQ-CV
CTTI TT^V
y^v
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CKaTov o 8e
IJKOV-
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l wi/
^ Ta aKoveVw.
avTw
eiTrev
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ei'
7rpoo-eX$6Wes
ot fj.a6r]Tal elirav
Aid TI
T
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Trapa^So
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CKttVoi?
n
12
yvwvat Ta p.vo~T^pLa
Se ov SeSoTai.
&(.\)6r)<Tf.Ta.i-
Trjs /JacriXei'as
TWV oupavaJv,
OO~TIS
OOTIS 8c OVK
yap txi> So^o'erai avra) Kat irepicrX et Ka ' " *X et dpOrjfrtTai. dif av'
TOV.
13
mrtOVW*
Xe'yovo-a
14
Trpo<f>r)rcia 'Ho-at'ov
rj
'AKOH AKoycere
KAI
KAI
OY
MH
CYNHTC,
MH
XIII
KATA MA66A10N
3*
15
eTTAXYN6H CAP H KApAlA TOY AAOY KAI TO?C WON BApeOJC HKOYCAN,
KAI
MH note
KAI
AKOYCOOCIN
KAI
TTICTpH'<*>CIN,
TH KApAlA CYNCOCIN
KAI
IACOMAI
AY'TOY'C.
t fjLO.Ku.pioi
ol o<p6a\p.oi
dfJiTrfv
on
fiXtirovo'iv, KOI
rd WTO
on
18 19
aKouoi'trii'.
cat
OVK
Ka aKuvcrou a ctKOvrre Ka OVK TyKowrar. OVK aKovo-are r;v irapafto\rjv TOV (nrtipavros. axovovTO? TOV Xoyov
ran o irovrjpos
<cal
TT^? /3ao"iXtias
Kal
JAT)
trwtWo5,
so
TO icnrapp.(.vov tv Trf xapoia avrov' OVTOS o~rtv o irapd TTJV o8oV o'Trapti's. o Se evrl rd TTfrpwor) CTTrapei's, OVTOS toriv o TOV Xoyov aKOvtov Kal ev#vs
e^jTTa^tc
21
fiCTa
aXXa
Siory/iou
o 8c
<is
Ta? aKoYda?
OVTO? COTIV o TOV Xoyov OKOVWV Kal 17 fif.pifj.va. TOV TrXovrov o~uv7rvtyi TOV Xoyov, iy airarrj o Si
CTTI
OVTOS COTIV O TOV XoyOV OtKOVOJV Kal O*VVUIS, OS 8^ KOpTTO<^>opci Kal Trotci o fj-tv (Karov o 8c t^fovra o 8c TpioKovra.
24
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^
95 /xa 26
27
>/
(3ao~i\fia
etTTT/Xtfev.
ore 8
ttpdvr)
CTTOI'TJO-CV,
TOT
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18
Ot
SovXoi
T0l5 OtKoStO-TTOTOV
OVTW
;
Kl'ptC,
TW
o-cp
dypip
TTO'^CV
ovv
o 8<
c<^)j;
uvrots
32
ol
KATA MA60AION
8e avr<5 Xeyovo-tv
;
XIII
avra
res
ajfpi r. M*J/>i
o Se
cfrrjcriv
Ov,
29
3o
Ta
idvta CKpiuxr>/T
r
a/txa
n
awavdvO-$ai d/A<oTCpa
TOV
via
Ofpt.<T/J.Gv epaJ icai
u>s
TOV
deptcr/jiov-
ncu,
ev
*ap<p ra C1 C^"
<7vi-aya'y
"AX'O/xoia
e
31
aurois Xe'ywv
32
orav 8e av&rjOfj /ACI^OV Ttioi' Xa^ai/wv tcrrii' Kat yiverat ScVSpov, tucrTC eX^civ TA neteiNA TOY oypANof *AXKat KATACKHNO?N N Tolc KX<\AOIC AYTOf'O/iota ecrriv
17
33
jSacri-
Xcia
T<i3v
ovpavwi'
vp.r), 7/v
eu>s
ou
l^v/jnadrj
Taura
34
'I7;oro{is
.-//?
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TO
35
o^Xovs
iJX^ci'
cis
Trjv
oiKiav.
Kat
36
37
?7TV
O VtOS
38
TO Se KaXov
/Jao-tXei'as'
Ta Se
^i^ai/ia
ClO"tV
ol
avTO. 39
CO-TIV,
OepicrToi ayyeXoi
Trvpl
io"tv.
40
iavia Kal
KaTaKaierai.
avrov,
a7roo~TXer o vlos TOV av$pw7rov TOVS dyKal o-vXXt'^ovcrtv IK T^S jSao-iXcias at'rov
41
XIII
KATA MAG0AION
CKANAAAA
>
33
irdVra TA
42 43
KAI
KOI /?oXouo iv avrovs eis n;v KO/ZIPOP TOU Trvpos* CKCI corai
44 auraiy.
T/
CKAAMyOYCIN "O
ftacriXiui
tis
iJXios
eV
rg fiaviXcia TOU
Trarpds
CCTTIJ'
\(nv arra
cwcoveTO).
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KCJCpv/i/icVa)
TWK ovpavajv
ttc^pa)7TO5
Qr^rravfHa
tKpvif/tv,
Tu5
r^s \apus T auroi; vrrayci KCU TrwXtl oVa t^et Kai ayopa^ci TOP dypov
45
cypw, OP cvpcup
CKCIPOV.
KOI
diro
vtirr*
IlaAip
ofJioia
ivrlv
r;
fiaaiXtia TOP
aVtfp*ir
46 oi'pai'ujp
47
T c/iTTOpw ^T^rovpri KaAous /napyaptVa?' evpup Sc pa iroXun/xop fuipyapirrjv aTreXOwv TreVpaicep iraira oo*a Tld\iv ofioia eoriv x ev Ka^ ''jyopao'ev avrov.
(3a.<riX(ia. TOJV
17
oupavaJp cray>]vr)
yv OT
eirXrjpwOrj
o!va^3i/?curaiTcs
49
errt
is
ap Ta xaXa
TOP atyiaXdp Kai Ka^urapres o-uvXrd 2 o-a7rpa t^a> tftaXov. ourws oiyyr],
corai CP T^ oinTeXeia, TOU auSpos- t^cXcuo-ovrai ot ayyeXoi Kai a<opiouo-ip TOVS iropr;pous
50 KOI ySaXouo-ip
51
K (tt<Tov
TWP
StKaiitup
auVou?
52
d KXaufyios Kai d /?pvy/zds TWP O^OPTWP. Nai. I^KOTC TauVa Trapra; Xtyouo'iv OVT<|)
ai/Tois
Sw'd Si
r
1
er7rp"
xy<i
Ala TOUTO
CTc'Xco-cv
'Ir^o-ous
Tas Trapa^SoXeis
auVovs CP
TT^
crco-^ai
55
aurou5 Kai Xc'ycip ITd^cp TOUTW >/ <ro<f>ta avrr) KOI ai Supa'/xct;; ou^ euros COTIP d TOU TCKTOVO? vies; ou^ T;
p-iJTijp
01 a^cX</>oi
;
avrou IOKO>-
56
Kai *IovSas
eitri'p
;
KUI ai a5cX(^ai
aurou ouxi
57 Tra'vra
;
ird^ep OUP
Tovrw Taura
d 8c
'i
34
avrois
Kai ev
KATA MA69AION
OVK
T}7
XIII
ev
XIV
et /ii;
T$
TrarptSt
oiKt'a
avVov.
Kat OVK
fTroirja-fv
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Swd/xets
58
OVTOS eartv
veKpouv, xai
TWV
Kpar?;cra5 TOV
'IcuavT/v IS^crcv
Kat ef
(frvXaitrj
3?t\i7nrov
TOT) dSeX^>o{)
aurov,
awr>? 1''
4
5
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OVK
e^eo-riV o-ot
tI/
(j)oftijOr]
avTov eT^ov.
T;
ycvco-t'ots
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TTJS
TO
Sovi'at
(jLyrpos
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eciv
o^ev /ACTU
77
avrrj
atr^o-T^rat.
8e 7rpo/?t/3ao-$to-a
T^S
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avr^s TOV
Aos
/xot,
^crt'v,
wSe eVt
Trt'vaKt r>}v
Ke<^aX^v
/JaTTTtcrrov.
Kai
a7reK^>aXto"ev
Iwav^v ev
TTJ
<^>vXaK^' Kat
It
ijv^6r]
Ke<f>a.\7j
OVTOV
?rt
TW
oi
Kat T^veyKCV
TTJ
/A^Tpi avr^s.
Kai Trpco-fX^oWes
'AKOVO-OS 8e o
irXoia) ets
'Irjcrovs )3
tKeWev ev
ep^ov
Ka ' aKcvo-avres
ot
Kai e^eX^wv
fir
iroXvv o>(Xov,
KOI
o-7rXay- J4
avrw
oi paOrfTal Xe'yovres 15
770T7
,
11
'
WOa
,
TTapwX^eV
%
CtTTO.
Xvcrov' TOVS
pcxcr<jo-iv
eavrots
o Se 'I^aovs
e?7rev
avrois
if-
Ov
XIV
17
18
KATA MA80AION
Xe'yowiv avrw
ix^uas.
35
/ui)
01 Se
OVK
e^oftev aJ8e ei
TreWe apTOVs
<S8e
Kal 8vo
o 8e eln-ey
<l>epeTe' /xot
avrovs.
Xa^oJy TOVS TreWe uprovs Kal TOVS 8vo Jx$vas> aVa/JXt'i/'as eis TOK ovpavdv evXdy^o-ev Kal KXdVas e8a>Kev TOIS p.a&rjso
fJLaOrfTa.1
Tots o^Xois.
Kal
e<aycv
TWI'
\<i>pis
ywaiKiov KOI
Trai-
fiijrai eis
23
[ev5<a)s] i)'ayKao*ev TOVS /Aa^Tas e/xT irXoiov Kal irpodytiv avrov eis TO -jrepav, eus
Kal
TO
KOI
aTroXviras
TOVS
o^Xovs
yevo'
oif/ias 8e
24 /ieViys
/XOKOS
^v
eKet.
1
To
8e TrXoToi'
r
ij^rj
oTa8iovs TroXXovs
KV/HCITUJV,
OTTO Tiys
15 jyv 26
y7S
yap evavTios o
WKTOS
ol 8e
ISoKTes
njs ^aXaaoTjs irepiTraroviTa Xeyorres OTI 4>aKTao-/ia eoriv, Kal an-o TOV
avrov
e?rl
28
ev6vs 8e eXaXTjaei' [d 'Ii^o-ovs] avrois Xe'ywv aTroKpidcls 8e d IleVpos apo-eire, eyci ei/u* /AiJ ^oy8eia^e.
v.
etjrev
29
7rl
avr3
Kvpie,
ci <rv
el,
Kc'XcvaoV
Ta voWa* d 8e
eTirev
*EX0e'.
<A9ti
)3XeV<i)v 8e
TOV ave/iov
apfa-
/icvos KaTaTrorri^eo-^ai
31
cVcpa^ev Xe'ywv
Kvpie,
o*o>o*oV /ie.
evdeW
PULVTW
iv T<p
8e d 'Ir^o-ovs eWei'vas
nyv X"/
eis Tt
1*1
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avaol 8e
33
33
'OXiydiriore,
eSioToo-as; Kal
TrXoi'a) TrpocrtKi>vr)(ra.v
Xeyovres
'AX^^uJs ^eov
34 uids et.
35 eis
Kal
Kal eTriyvdvres avrdv ol aVSpes TOV TOJTOV revn/o'apeV. CKCIVOV aTreVreiXaK eis oX^v TTJI' IKIUTIV, Kal
irepi'xDpov
36
KATA MAGGAION
aura Trvras TOWS Kaxas
ttdvov ai^a>vrai TOU
XIV XV
^ovras, Kai Trapc- 36
KaXovv [avrov]
TI'OU
Iva.
KpacrWSou TOV
t/xa-
aurou' Kai
cam
rj^avro Steo-w^Tjo-av.
r<3
I^troi! airo
Tore irpocrep^ovrai
<7atot Kai ypait/xaTEis
IcpotroXv/xwv $api-
Xtyovres
pa^Saivovtriv
n}v irapaSocriv TW^ Trpeo-jSuTepwv ou yap 6 SE a?roKpiVIJJTOVTCU Tas ^etpas orav aprov ecrOitacnv.
$eis ctTTCV avrots
Ata
nyi'
TrapaSocriv v/x<ov;
KAI
yap 6eos
eiTrev 4
THN MHTepA, Kai '0 liAKoAoroJN nATepA H TlATepA MHTepA 0ANAT(p TeAeyTATW VfJLflS Bf. Xe'yCTC *Os av t7Tj7 T<3 Trarpl ^ TT^ p-^rpi Awpov o taj' e t/xov
cu^eX^^Tjs, ov
r
/XT; n
Tiju^crei
6
7
vro-
KaXws
Xeywv
s
Anexei An
e.viof'
9
Kat
Trpoo-KaXctrayucvos TOV
o^Xov
ts
etirev
10
TO cnro/xa Kotvot TOV avOpwirov, aXXa TO eKTropevo/xevov CK TOV oro/xaTos TOVTO KOIVOI TOV avOpWTrov* TOT Trpoo-cX^orres 01
tnvCttt' ov TO eto-ep^o/xevov
fiaOrjTal
n
12
Xeyovatv auT<5
OtSas OTI
ot ^apio'atot aKouCTavres
d Se a^-OKpt^tts etTrev
TTflTlfp
Ilao-a
13
[nuiAwcl
r>
oe
Tai.
TVcpAov
i\\>\o eav
CTTC
<-'
oorjyrj,
a/x^oTcpot
cts
o '/i pofvvov
15
16
'ATTOKpt^els S
o"ov ij/xtv
T}V Trapa/SoXj^v.
;
o Se cTrrtv
OTt TTttV
do-VVTOl
OV VOtT
TO ClCT7rOpDO/4VOV
'
Ct? 17
TO crrotia
ts TV/V
Sfi
KotXtav
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s a(/)e8pwva
Ky8dX18
Ttt
K7TOpUO/XVa
K TOV O~TOtiaTOf
K T^S Kttp-
XV
19 Si'as
KATA MA0OAION
ifp\trai, xaxcTra KOIVOI TOV avOpwirov.
IK
37
yap
rffr
oprtiui,
e'orii/
xXoirai,
i^cvSo/xaprvptat,
P\acr<j>r]p.iai.
ravra
dviirroi?
Kai
Tvpov
opt'wv
TU
airo
23
xat
SiScofO^.
Kcu
r
iSov yvn/
>
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Tuf
e*cciVu)K
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93
vio?
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itpa^r
v il
Sat/iovi'^tTuL
o 8
ov<c airfKp(Or]
avrj XoyOf.
^Tal aurou
24
rjputrovv O.VTOV
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27 TO>V
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28 TTiTrrovrtov
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KATA MA06AION
KOI Xe'yovo-tv auroJ ot fiaOrjrai
XV XVI
rip.lv
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iv Ipr/fLta 33
/cat
aproi TOCTOUTOI
avrois o
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dpTous 'X T
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Kal irapayyet'Xas TUJ o;(Xa) oVaTreaeti' 35 Kal oXtya I^6v8ia. eVl n/i' y^v ZXafiev TOUS CTTTCI aprous Kal TOIJS t^^vas xat 36
cu^apicTT^cras eKXacrev Kal cSt'Sov rots p-aOijTcus ol Se /x,aKal e<ayov Travres Kal e^opTacr^7j<Tar, 37 6ijra.l TOIS 0^X015.
Kal TO irepL<r<revov TWV KXao-/u.arwv T^pav CTTTOI (r^>vptSas T 01 8e O"^iovTs ^o~av TrX^pets. TerpaKto-^tXioi di'Spes ^to- 38 1 r Kal a7roXvo-as roi>5 o^Xous 39 P^S ywat(iui' xal TraiSuuv ** ^ \ V C*/ * > 'rt \ ^^\/l eve/57/ eis TO TrAotov, KOI rjA.U(V et Ta tpta Mayaoai/.
.
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v,
yap
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KO! /xot-
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et
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10
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TJ/S
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XVI
KATA MA66AION
39
13
i^
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16
17
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ct,
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18
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on
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33
ypa/i/xareuv ical dTroKTavOijvai KOI rfj Tpmj ijfiepa lyfpdrjr vtu. KOI TrpcxrXo^o/zevos avrdv d Ile'rpos rjpa.To Inn.
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23
TOUTO.
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d Sc orpa^cts CITTCV
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ra TOU ^cou
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34
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/
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y"
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avrov
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KATA MA89AION
ot fiaOijral OTI ircpt 'liadvov
41
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XVII XVIII
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KATA MAG0AION
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51
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tortov.
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tu) 8a.'8e*ca
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ayyeXwv;
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ovv irXrjpwOuvw at
54
XXVI
55
KATA MA69AION
ort ovra* Set
65
TJJ
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o
yevco-0ai
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py
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p.a^atpwv KOI
55
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57
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66
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cis
KATA MA66AION
XXVI XXVII
OUTOS
TOV TrvXduva cTScv avrov aXXr) KOLL Xe'yci rots CKCI Kai vaXiv lijpVTjrjv p-era. 'lyo-ov TOV Na^wpaiov
OpKOV OTI
72
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?7ycp.ovos' Kai CTT^pajrrjo-ev
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12
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13
XXVII
KATA MA66AION
67
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OVK axovct? vmra crov KarajxapKal OVK dirticpiOr) airrw wpos ovSi JV p/pa, dxrrc
16
17
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19
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KATA MA66AION
Kat
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avrov
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KATA MA86AION
avrov
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50
51
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icai
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teal
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r
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17 18
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;
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ev
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o dyados dp^pcjTros K TOV dya#ov 0rjo~a.vpov T^s KOpSids irpo<^cp TO dya^ov, Kal o won/pos ^t TOV
134
TTovripov
KATA AOYKAN
VI VII
K -yap TrepioxreujuaTos 7rpo<pei TO TrovrjpoV' KvTi 8 /ze KaXeire avTOu. XaXet TO KapSi'as o~ro/xa r Troieire oP Xe'yto ; Tras o ep^o/xcvos Trpos pie Kvpie, Kal ou
al (ZKOVOV fJLOV
46
47
fie
TWV Xoywv
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nyV TrcVpav
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VII
KATA AOYKAN
135
xi
res ets rov olxov ol u-e/A<0Vrcs evpov rov oov\ov vytoivovra, Kai eytvero Iv rTjT li)<t firopfv&r] cfc
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aVayyuXarc 'Iwafci a ciScrc KOI i^Kowrare* TY0AOI ANABAeTTOyCIN, ^aXoi irepiTrarouo-tK, XfTrpol KaOapcvdcrrcs
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93
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vsrd dvi.ft.ov
pr)p.ov
dcaaaadat; KaXa/xnc
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rt
Cv^XCarc
136
KOIS i/xariots
KATA AOYKAN
TjfJL<ftt(T[Jilvov',
VII
virapxovres
e ISttv
;
cv
rots
;
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TI 26
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pov
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31
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avrov.
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TOUS av^pawrovs
V ayopa
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irpocr$xjwo\>cnv
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Kai OVK
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et
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34
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35
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l
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iSov
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av-r^s e/xao*-
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Kai
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aurdi' clircv ev 39
to
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VII VIII
TI'S
KATA AOYKAN
ij
137
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40 eOTCV.
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41
43
Svo xpeo<iXeVai ijo-av Savtor$ Ttvt d eis ux^eiAev Si/vapta i&wraKexna, d Si eVepos wevn/Kovra. /iiy fyovrtov avruJv aToSovvai a/K^orepois c^api'craTO. TI'S ovv avruJc TrXciov
43 ayairyo'ei
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TO TrXeiov ^apiVaTO.
d Si cTjrev avrw
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47
eXaiiw T^V OVK Si K^aXi^v /nov /xvpa> ij\i\f/(v TOVS ^Xtii/'as' avri; ov \apir, Xe'yu o-oi, a^cuvrat at daapriat avirdSas /xov.
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4
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TOV oTreTpat TOV OTrdpov avrov.
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138
KATA AOYKAN
VIII
KOI erepov KaTeVecrcv 6 reivd TOV ovpavov Kare^ayev O.VTO. CTTI Tijv TreVpav, Kai <j>vev crjpdv6r] Bid TO fii] f.\tiv iK/m8a.
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o)
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VIII
KATA AOYKAN
avTOV?
139
Trpos
ToV Xoyov rov Otov aKovovres KOI irotourrcs. *EycVeTo 8c eV /tt TU>P i/ftcpwy Kal avros tr'/3;
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fjLaOrjTO.1
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as yaXijvrj.
ctjrcv
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r6
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ci'
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29
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Ta
8ccr/ia
c'cny
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tirird^rj ai/ro?s
32 cis
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8c
140
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Kal
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35
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on
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39
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41
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48 iriav
KATA AOYKAN
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142
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KATA AOYKAN
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Kat
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n
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Tpelc,
TTY13
ATTO
ANATOAHC nYA(A)NC
KAI
BoppA
T^S
TTYAcoNec
ATTO
Tpeic,
ATTO
NO'TOY
A(X>NC
TO
TpeiC,
KAI
AYCMOON
I^WI/
T7YAa)NC Tp?C'
Kal
14
Ttt^OS
7ToA(OS
Of{M\lOVS
XXI XXII
<V
13
AnOKAAY-m IQANOY
ScudcKa oro/xara r<Zv
Soiotjca
537
ai'TiZv
aVooroAwK TOW
apMov.
Kal
Xpvaoir, ixa
16
iroXtv
17
Kal
iroXis
TTpAfa>NOC
SuiScxa
xctrat,
TO
wrof TO TrXaVo?.
r
iroXtv
P.-TJKO<;
KaXu/zu>
CJTI
oraCtW
TO
^tXtaSaiv
TO
TO
xXaro
ica!
v^ros
ouT^s
iaa iariv.
17
KAI
CMerpHCeN TO
UT/^WC,
VSo>fw^ri?
TeI)(OC
T<r<rap<av
18 19
pirpov
avnjs
KAI
ij
TOY
cal
17
iro'Xis
OeMfcAlOl TOU
iravri
6(ft(\io<: o 7/MuToc
o ^aX/nySwi',
iao-irc5,
o TtVapTos a/tapaySo?, o WC'/AWTOS trap&oVv, o JKTOS o-apStof, o <)3Sofio? XpvaoXt^os, o oySoos ^S;'puXAos, o
cvaToc
Tajra^iov,
o 8'aros
^pvaorpacrov,
at
<T? txacrTos
iroXc(i>s
^v cf
jj
vos
papyapiTov
KOI
i)
irXaTeta 1-75
Statryi;;.
cTSof cV
33
aur^, 6 yap KyplOC, 6 66OC, 6 HANTOKpATCOp, vaos aur;s Kal 17 xoXtf ou ^ptay j(ci TOY OTiV, Kal TO dpviov.
HAi'oy oyAe THC CCAHNHC, Tva (^AI'NOJCIN avrg, H yap AdlA TOY 0OY <t>u>TICN auTi;', Kal o Xv^vos avr^? TO 6NH AlA TO? (JKDTOC KAI nCpmATHCOYCIN TA dpviov.
34
avr^ss avrtaiv
KAI
eis
oi
avnyV'
BACiA?c njs y^s <J>pOYCiN THN AOAN KAI oi TTYAa>NC aunj? oy MH KAeiNy'l
6
7
c6a>CIN
MMepAC,
yap
OI/K
tarat CK<I-
xat ol'coyciN
avr>/f.
THN AO2AN
ov
ft)/
Kai TrfV
etc
TtfJirjv
TO)N
cBNOON cC
Koa-of
KOI
curt'Xflj;
<cal
avnjy TUV
i
/ii;
xai
[o]
Toiuf
/SSXvy/io
t
^cv&*.
oi
BlSAltp
dpviov.
Xa/xTrpov
53 8
AIIOKAAY*I2 IQANOY
CK TOV 6p6vov TOV Ocov Kal TOV dpvt'ov
avrr/S' Kal
XXII
N MtCCp
KAI
a
MGNON
TI/S
irXarctas
TOY
VOlOVV
TTOTAMOY
t
eNTGYOGN
ScoScKO,
*OUM>
6K6?0N
lyXON
ZGOHC
KapTTOVS
KATA
aWiSoCf
MHNA
t/caOTOV
''aVoSlSovi^
elc
4>YAAA TOV
v'Xov
6TI.
^OV
Kat TOV
apvtov cv avrg OTTOI, Kal ot SovXoi avTOv Xarpcvo'cvo'iv av'rw, Kal OyONTAI TO TTpOCOOTTON AYTOY, Kal TO ovo/xa
avTov
KAI
OTI
cirl
TWV
p.CTWTro)V
avTwi'.
Kal vv
OVK IO-TOI
Kal
(J)OOC
trt, 5
OYK
Xv^ov
KYplOC 6 6GOC
ets
[CTT']
ai;Tov's,
Kal
o*ovo"tv
Kal
Kvptot
(Lirev p.ot
Ovrot
ct
Kal
o Kvptos^,
^cos TOJV
TCUV
Trpo<f>r[f<av,
A? fGN^C^^
* v TO-X* 1
'
Kat
''^Y
ep)(OMAI Ta^v.
/za-
^AHOK
Tavra.
tTrecra
ftOl
tfJLTTpOO'OfV
TWV
TToScoV
/xot
Tavra.
TCJI'
Kal Xeyct
"Opa
JMT^
o~vv8ovXos CTOV
Kttt
ei/zt
Kal 9
aOcXdxuf
Xo'yOVS
(7OV
TWl'
7TpO<i>77T(i)l'
TWl'
^C(3
T77pOVVT*)V
TTpOCTKVKJ;10
TOVS
(rov.
TOV
/3l/?Xl'oU
TOVTOV
/xot
T<3
C^pAflCHC TOVS Xoyovs T^S Trpo^retas TOY BlBAlOY TOUTOV, O KAtpoC yap
Xe'yei
Kat
Mi;
tyyvs
pvnafKv8,',Tu
o~rtv.
1
aSiKoIv
Kttl
dStK7jo~aTto
CTI,
Kal
pvirapos
n
12
^VTTaV^T/TO)" In,
Kal
KAI
o aytos 6 MicOoc
dyiacr^'ra)
/xov
en.
C/AOV,
'lAOY
p)(OMAI
Ta^',
MET'
TO
>:T(*ai
TO *AX^>a Kal TO *n, e.ra) eproN eoTtf AYTOY6 npaJTOC KAI (T C\A.TOC, ty a'p^ Kal TO Tt'Xos. Maol TAG Iva to-Tot CTOAAC TTAYNONTGC Ka'ptoi avTuv, rj
c^ovaia avTwv
CTTI
XXII
15
AIIOKAAY*12 IQANOY
<t
539
ti<T\8wriv
rijv roXtv.
eo>
was
^xXwy
16
icai
TTOKUK i/'evoos.
t-(fjnl/a
"Eyto *l7j<7ovs
vfi.lv
raura
r
s~r rats
ticXjjcrt'ai5.
cyw
ct/ii
[>IZA
xat
TO
17
yVos
Aai'Ct'6,
Xeyovo-tv
"Ep^ov
xal
o
'Ep^ov
xat
O Aiya>N
epj(c6a),
18
Maprvpw
<yoi irarrl TW OUCOVOKTI TOYC AOfOYC nj? TOU ptp\.iov rovrov itlv TIS ni6H 6H* QITU, 6 6(o<; en* AYTON ra? irX;yd? TAC
BlSAl'u)
19 e*N
TO)
TOYTOJ'
KAI
cuf TtS
A0AH
AHO
a^)tXi o TO /xcpos avrou airo TOY 2YXOY THC 2COHC Kai IK nys
(3ifi\Lov
XoywK TOU
TroXea>s
T/S
Trpo<f>TjTtia<; TavTTfi,
*o
A eye
T^S ayia?, TWK ycypa/i/icVwv V TW /?t/?Xiw TOVT<(. i o fjLoprvpiav Tavra Nat* cp^o/xai ra^v.
si
'H
\n/
is
TOV
m'piov
'Irjvov
[Xprrov]
aytW.
EYArTEAION
KATA M A 9 6 A O N KATA MApKON KATA AOYKAN KATA 00 A N H N
I
I
TTPAEEII AT70ITOAQN
EfMITOAAl KA00AIKAI
I
n n
I I
A K CO B Y A e T p o Y B e T p o Y
CO
(O
CO
A N O Y A N Y A N Y
A
B r
o Y ^ A
EnilTOAAl HAYAOY
npoc npoc npoc
The
New
exclusively on documentary evidence, no account being taken of any Wherever the documents vary from each other, printed edition.
criticism
is needed to determine which readings are to be retained as genuine, and which are to be rejected as errors that have arisen in the course of transmission. In the Introduction which forms part of
the accompanying volume an attempt has been made to examine at some length the true principles of textual criticism generally, and the leading results which follow from their application to the New Testament ; and a summary of the contents of the Introduction is
appended to the present volume. A brief and general explanation may however be useful to some readers of the text, who may not care to study in detail the discussions and statements of evidence upon which the various conclusions set forth in the Introduction are
founded.
Wherever there are more readings than one, two classes of evifor making the decision between them. We may compare the probability of the readings themselves, that is, employ internal evidence; and we may compare the authority of the documents which attest them, that is, employ external -or documentary evidence.
Internal evidence
is
itself
have written, and the consideration of is likely to have made him seem to have written. The former kind, resting on 'intrinsic' probability, valuable as it
is
likely to
has
little
force in
the innumerable
variations
in
35
542
which each of the rival readings is unobjectionable, so that either of them would be reasonably approved in the absence of the other. ' The latter kind, resting on ' transcriptional probability, is not less
valuable; but it is subject to analogous uncertainty, because in a vast number of cases each reading can be explained as a corruption of the other by reference to some tendency of scribes which is known
and the tendency which any particular case need not be the tendency which is most obvious to modern eyes. A few hours spent in studying a series of the countless corrections which no one would think of accepting will shew the variety of instinct to
to be often productive of textual change, actually operated in producing change in
be found among scribes, the frequent disagreement between their instincts and our own, and, above all, the conflicting effects of different instincts in the
scribe's correction, or,
once plausibility
same passage. Moreover, though normally a more properly, corruption, should exhibit at and latent inferiority, that is, should be condemned
by
transcriptional and by intrinsic evidence alike, the imperfection of our knowledge more commonly leaves unreconciled the apparent
two kinds of probability, arising out of the considerano scribe would consciously introduce a worse reading instead of a better. Lastly, all decisions made solely or chiefly on
conflict of the
tion that
the ground of internal evidence are subject to the chances of mistake inseparable from single and isolated judgements they lack the security given by comparison and mutual correction. Hence it is dan:
gerous to
fix
:
the
mind
inevitably acquired can hardly fail to mislead where the authority of documents is not obviously clear and decisive at once. The uses of internal evidence are subordinate and
probability
as
it
Documentary evidence
tive authority of individual
the true
is
'
what
is
meant when
it is
MSS
is
should be trusted.
presumption of relatively
conferred by priority of date ; a presumption verified on the average by experience, but still no more than a prewas copied sumption, because the exemplar from which a
MS
any
earlier
543
date, and because corruption may be rapid
sion,
in
one
line of transmis-
slow in another.
affinity to
other documents,
fullest possible
the character of
its
text, as ascertained
by the
comparison of its different readings; the variations in which internal evidence is of such exceptional clearness as to be provisionally decisive being taken as tests of the general characteristics of the
text throughout, and thus shewing how far it is likely to have preserved genuine readings in the more numerous variations in which internal evidence is more or less ambiguous. Criticism resting on
this basis, the basis
of
'
internal evidence of
documents
'
as distin-
' guished from the preceding internal evidence of readings', involves not a single but a threefold process ; tentative examination of
readings, examination of the texts of documents by means of the materials thus collected, and final decision upon readings. It thus
makes
all
principle
may be
variations contribute to the interpretation of each. Its expressed in the single proposition, Knowledge of
documenti should precede final judgement upon rfadings. The use of ' internal evidence of documents' in the New Testa-
ment is however impeded by various exceptions to the homogeneousness of texts, especially by the difficulty of applying it to a plurality of documents in places where the better documents are ranged
on
different sides,
in one.
and by the fusion of two or more independent texts This fusion or mixture would arise in several different ways.
:
Sometimes two exemplars would be used together in transcription sometimes a scribe would consciously or unconsciously intermingle
reminiscences of another MS with the text which he was copying: sometimes variant readings noted in the margin of the exemplar, or inserted as corrections of it, would be substituted for the corre-
sponding readings of the exemplar itself. Now, since almost every important document combines readings from more than one ancient
source, the nature
in
and therefore ultimately the value of its testimony any particular case must vary accordingly; and there is no possi-
of discriminating the readings derived from the several sources except by observing what the other documents are with which in each cose it is associated. When therefore each document is treated
bility
as a constant unit of authority, so that the attestation of each reading becomes merely the sum of such units there is no way of arriving
at a decision except
total authority
544
for two readings into a simple arithmetical balance; and this arithmetical proceeding must be hopelessly vitiated by the impossibility
of assigning to each document a numerical value proportional to its ascertained excellence, as well as by the fragmentary nature of many
amount of extant attestation for this or that reading. more or less distinct sense of these difficulties has doubtless had a conthe
siderable influence in encouraging a dangerous reliance on the direct ' use of internal evidence of readings in the New Testament. But
'
an expedient which succeeds only in disguising the uncertainty, not in removing it. There is but one way through the chaos of complex attestation and that is by tracing it back to its several causes, in other words, by enquiring what antecedent circumstances of transmission will account for such combinations of agreements and differences beunfortunately this is
;
All
trustworthy restoration of corrupted texts is founded on the study of their history, that is, of the relations of descent or affinity
The importance of genewhich connect the several documents. is at once shown by the considerations in textual criticism alogy
no multiplication of copies, or of copies of copies, can give any higher authority than that of the single document from which they sprang, and that one early document may have left a single descendant, another a hundred or a thouthat
their joint testimony
sand.
relations
among
existing
documents are compatible with the utmost dissimilarity in the numerical relations among their ancestors, and vice versa, no available presumptions whatever as to text can be obtained from number alone, that is, from number not as yet interpreted by descent.
When, as often happens, the extant copies of an ancient work can be distributed into definite families having each a single com-
mon
ancestor,
tively easy.
In the
the task of tracing textual genealogy is comparaNew Testament the problem is one of much
complexity, not only from the amount and variety of evidence, but from the early and frequent confluence of different lines of descent
by mixture. Instances of immediate derivation of one extant document from another are extremely rare. But the combined evidence of agreements and discrepancies clearly discloses the existence of
many
sets of extant
less part
of
545
from single lost documents, or from single lines of transmission consisting of successions of lost documents.
their text ultimately
The
relation of the
the single autograph is in fact repeated on a smaller scale by each subordinate set of documents for a large body of their readings ; and it is impossible to have any true conception of the origin of the
present distribution of readings till it is clearly understood that fundamentally all textual transmission takes the form of a genea-
and smaller branches, of which the extant documents are casual and scattered fragments or joints. This fundamental type of transmission is indeed greatly obscured in
logical tree, diverging into smaller
the
Testament by the coalescence of different branches of the and the consequent rarity of pure But representatives of the earlier and wholly divergent branches.
this seeming confusion is comparatively seldom productive of real and permanent difficulty in determining what lines of transmission
New
did or did not contain a given reading in ancient times. The use of genealogical evidence, like the use of ' internal evidence cf documents', brings to the elucidation of each single
place a knowledge gained by the examination of many, and thus In this instance they are, first, involves three successive processes. the analysis and comparison of the documentary evidence for a succession of individual
variations ; next, the investigation of the genealogical relations between the documents, and therefore between their ancestors, by means of the materials thus obtained ;
and
thirdly, the application of these genealogical relations to the interpretation of the documentary evidence for each individual The results of the interpretation of documentary evivariation.
dence thus and thus alone made possible are various. In the first place, it winnows away a multitude of readings which genealogical
be of late origin, and which therefore cannot have been derived by transmission from the autograph. Further, as regards all other readings, it so presents and limits the possible
relations prove to
genealogical antecedents of the existing combinations of documentary evidence as to supply presumptions in favour of one reading against another, varying from what amounts under favourable circumstances to practically absolute certainty down to complete
equipoise.
the other hand the inequalities and occasional ambiguities in the evidence for the genealogical relations frequently
On
546
In what manner the leave room for more than one interpretation. to these more difficult cases genealogical principle can be applied
will appear presently.
New
Testament
dating from the fourth to the sixteenth century, most of the earlier being in a fragmentary state ; of ancient Versions in different languages ; and of quotations found in the of Greek
extant remains of the Fathers, written in Greek,
to
in
MSS
Latin,
and
a small
extent
in
Syriac.
In order to understand
fully the
all kinds and ages have to be though, as soon as the history is known, a vast numerical majority of documents must be treated as of no
documents of
Since even
the
two
Greek
MSS
of the fourth century, the fixing of historical landmarks is chiefly dependent on the evidence of patristic quotations, which are for the
most part definitely chronological, and also of the versions, three or four of which can hardly have been later than the second century.
often
Each kind of evidence has its own imperfections. Quotations are made from memory, and therefore liable to be loose and
:
forms of text are used at different times by the and another kind of uncertainty is introduced by the diversity of text often exhibited by the MSS of patristic writings in quotations, which betrays the liability to corruption from the inconfused
different
:
same writer
New
text of
Versions are affected by the genius and grammatical peculiarities of their language, and in other respects are not equally or uniformly
while some have as yet been insufficiently edited. But all ; these drawbacks, however they introduce ambiguity into the evidence for single passages, do not materially impede the arrival at secure
literal
Comparison with
striking fact
patristic
quotations
latter
discloses
at
once the
more considerable
half of
variations of reading
Variations of later origin are for the most part of little the changes which took place after that period were
in the distribution of readings already existing.
moment, and
text
mainly changes
virtually
547
identical with the prevalent Greek text of the Middle Ages was used by Chrysostom and other Antiochian Fathers in the latter part of the fourth century, and thus must have been represented
by
4
MSS
'
as old as any
text
MS
now
surviving.
This Antiochian or
Syrian
sition
can frequently be recognised as standing out in oppoto the text or texts of most of the definitely ancient documents.
Another great landmark is furnished by the writings of Origen, which carry us to the middle of the third century, and even earlier.
They
which can be
attested
clearly
known
'
sistently represented
prominent as being less condocument, may be called Alexandrian '. The third holds a middle or neutral position, sometimes simply opposed to Western or to Alexandrian readings, occaAnother,
less
as 'Western'.
by any
single ancient
sionally
On
opposed to Western and to Alexandrian readings alike. the other hand Origen's writings contain no certain traces of
distinctively Syrian readings. The priority of two at least of the three texts just noticed to the Syrian text is further brought to light by the existence of a
certain
number of
distinctively
close examination to be
Syrian readings which prove on due to a combination of the Western with Moreover the use of Western and of neutral
it
readings from the same sources were adopted as they stood, sometimes from a Western, sometimes from a neutral text ; and the supposition is fully confirmed by an analysis of the distribution of documentary attestation. A similar analysis in other cases shews that Alexandrian readings also were sometimes adopted by the authors of the Syrian text. To the two processes of combination and
direct selective adoption
with modifications.
having been
alone.
must be added a third, selective adoption In fact the Syrian text has all the marks of carefully constructed out of materials which are
accessible to us
on other authority, and apparently out of these All the readings which have an exclusively Syrian attestation can be easily accounted for as parts of an editorial revision
;
and none of them have the stamp of genuineness use of extraneous and purer sources.
to
attest
the
548
Leaving then the Syrian text,
we have
The rapid and wide propagation of the predecessors. Western text is the most striking phenomenon of textual history in The first the three centuries following the death of the Apostles.
between
its
shews us a text containing definitely Western readings before the middle of the second century ; and a
clear evidence (Marcion, Justin)
similar text
is
least, in
made towards
have
is
the end of the century. Nay, the text used by all the Ante-Nicene Greek writers not connected with Alexandria, who
left
substantially Western.
considerable remains (Irenaeus, Hippolytus, Methodius), Even in the two chief Alexandrians,
Clement and Origen, especially in some of Origen's writings, Western quotations hold a conspicuous place, while in Eusebius After Eusebius they make no they are on the whole predominant. show in Greek theology, except so far as they were adopted into a few writers offer rare traces of the expiring tradition, eclectic texts but nothing more. The Old Latin version in both its earlier forms was Western from the first. The Old Syriac, so far as can be judged from a single imperfect MS of the Gospels, was at least predomiBut indeed the Western influence to a certain nantly Western too.
:
extent affected every ancient version sooner or later in those of Upper Egypt, Ethiopia, and Armenia it is often peculiarly well
:
marked.
When Western readings generally are confronted with their ancient rivals in order to obtain a broad view of the relations
between the
texts,
it
would be
difficult for
any textual
critic
to
doubt that the Western not merely is the less pure text, but also owes most of its differences to a perilous confusion between tran-
and reproduction, and even between the preservation of a its supposed improvement. Its chief and constant characteristic is a love of paraphrase, not generically different from
scription
record and
the tendency to verbal modification exhibited by many scribes, but rather an extreme form of it. Words and even clauses are changed,
omitted, and inserted with surprising freedom, wherever it seemed that the meaning could be brought out with greater force and definiteness. Another common and dangerous type of licence
which
is
seen here in
full force is
sentences at once like and unlike, and especially the obliteration of the characteristic statements of the several Gospels in parallel
549
passages through the natural impulse to harmonise and to complete. More peculiar to the Western text is the readiness to adopt alterations or additions from sources extraneous to the
books which
These various tendencies must have ultimately became canonical. been in action for some time. The Western text is not to be
However thought of as a single recension, complete from the first. its parent copy or copies may have differed from the original-,
there must have been no
little
subsequent and progressive change. licence did not prevail everywhere, and
MSS unaffected by its results were still copied. The perpetuation of the purer text may in great measure be laid to the credit of the watchful scholars of Alexandria its best representatives among the
:
versions are the Egyptian, and especially that of Lower Egypt ; and the quotations which follow it are most abundant in Clement,
Origen, (Dionysius, Peter,) Didymus, and the younger Cyril, all Alexandrians. On the other hand there are many textual facts
which
of the
it
would be
difficult to reconcile
Non- Western
and, as might
it held its ground with more or less success against the triumphant popularity of Western readings. Hut further, as was indirectly noticed above, a group of extant documents bears
witness to the early existence of independent corruptions, apparently Alexandrian in origin. They are in all respects much less important, as well as less numerous, than the Western readings, and
betray no inclination to introduce extraneous matter, or to have recourse to the bolder forms of change. They often shew care and skill, more especially in the use of language, and sometimes
present a deceptive appearance of originality. The unfortunate loss of nearly all the Christian literature of the second half of the third century makes a partial chasm in textual
history
;
but
it
is
evident
that
increasing
intercourse
between
churches led to
of texts in that interval of comparative peace. Apart from miscellaneous and accidental mixture, it is probable that more than one eclectic text was deliberately formed.
much mixture
One
such at
all events, to
this
which reference has been already made, time or to the years which follow. The
Syrian text has all the appearance of t>eing a careful attempt to supersede the chaos of rival texts by a judicious selection from them
55
all.
It
criticism
results
would be doing violence alike to all that is known of ancient and to the evidence supplied by a comparison of the
revisers
with the antecedent materials to imagine that the Syrian would have any trustworthy means of learning which of the
MSS, or readings had the best pedigree. They could ' only be guided by intrinsic' probabilities of a vague kind, and were not in a position to distinguish between the purity of a text and its
various texts,
present acceptability or usefulness.
They
all quarters,
the
to
remove surviving
asperities.
In the fourth century mixture prevailed almost everywhere nearly all its texts, so far as they can be seen through the quotations of theologians, are more or less chaotic. In the early years the
persecution under Diocletian and his colleagues, and then the reaction under Constantine, must have affected the text not less
Canon of
the
New
Testament.
The long
be other-
and
wise than unequally successful in different places, and thus the texts current in certain districts would obtain rapid extension in
Moreover various tendencies of that century the next generation. of rapid innovation were unfavourable to the preservation of local
peculiarities.
text are
It is therefore no wonder that the ancient types of seldom to be discerned except in fragments intermingled
with other
texts.
text
grew
in influence.
was
currency of the Syrian and other texts, nearly all mixed ; but at last The causes of this the Syrian text almost wholly displaced the rest. Western Christendom became supremacy are not far to seek.
exclusively Latin, as well as estranged from Eastern Christendom with few exceptions the use and knowledge of the Greek language died out in the West. The ravages of the barbarians and Mahometans destroyed the MSS of vast regions, and narrowly limited
:
the area within which transcription was carried on. On the other hand Greek Christendom became centralised, with Constantinople
Antioch is the true ecclesiastical parent of so that naturally the Antiochian text of the fourth century would first acquire traditional if not formal authority at Constantinople, and then become in practice the standard New
for its centre.
Now
Constantinople
55'
Testament of the Greek East. To carry the history one step further, the printed Received Text of the sixteenth century, with
' '
the exception of scattered readings commended in most cases by Latin authority to Erasmus or his successors, is a reproduction of the Syrian text in this its mediaeval form.
of the
Such being in brief the history of the text, the first endeavour critic must evidently be to penetrate beyond the time of mixture, and ascertain as far as possible what readings were to be
found in the several lines of tradition while they
distinctive characters.
For
this
purpose
it
is
how
far the texts of the several existing documents correspond with No satisfactory result was attainable the principal ancient texts. so long as even our oldest documents were assumed to be constant
and
is
faithful representatives
Yet
double process vainly sought from them by direct inspection. necessary ; first to discover the outlines of the history, as it has just been sketched, from the sum total of evidence of all dates and
is
all
kinds,
and then
the origin and character of each principal document by means of the numerous variations in which the grouping of documents is tolerably
free
from obscurity.
A document
may have
type of text in approximate purity ; or it may be directly or indirectly derived by mixture from originals of different defined types ; or it may have arisen from a more comprehensive mixture.
What
has to be noted
is, first,
among
and secondly, ; Pre-Syrian readings, the presence or absence of distinctively Western, or distinctively Alexandrian, or distinctively neutral
tively Syrian or
readings.
it
When the texts of existing documents are tested in this manner, becomes evident that they are almost all in some sense mixed. One Greek MS in most chapters of the Gospels and Acts (l). two
St Paul's Epistles (D t G a ), one in the Epistle to the Hebrews (D t ) have approximately Western texts. Of the two oldest M>S.
in
X is Pre-Syrian and largely neutral, but with considerable Western and Alexandrian elements, B is Pre-Syrian and almost wholly neutral, but with a limited Western element in the Pauline Epistles.
552
All other Greek
contain a greater or less Syrian element, and their Pre-Syrian elements almost always exhibit readings of all three Pre-Syrian types, though in different proportions. Nor is the
general proportion of mixture by any means uniform throughout is very large in the each document : thus the Syrian element of Gospels, much smaller in the other books, the transcription having
MSS
probably been made from different smaller exemplars in different The Western character of the Old parts of the New Testament.
Latin version in its earlier forms and apparently of the Old Syriac has been already noticed. The other early versions, the Memphitic and Thebaic, both Egyptian, are apparently altogether Pre-Syrian
:
they certainly are for the most part sometimes neutral, sometimes Alexandrian, though not without a Western element, which in the Thebaic is considerable. revision of the Old Syriac version
appears to have taken place early in the fourth century, or sooner ; and doubtless in some connexion with the Syrian revision of the Greek text, the readings being to a very great extent coincident.
by Syrian
:
All subsequent versions and revisions of versions are much affected ' ' Italian influence, more especially the Gothic and the
Latin but the Pre-Syrian elements of the Ethiopic, the Armenian, and the Jerusalem Syriac are large and important. The textual elements of each principal document having been thus ascertained, it now becomes possible to determine the genealogy
much larger number of individual readings than before in relation to the several ancient texts. The process can hardly be reduced
of a
to rule
:
become
for the
but after a while the contrasted groupings of attestation most part easy to interpret with patience and care.
When
genuineness or spuri-
A reading marked
as Syrian or Post-Syrian
documents which attest it may be safely rejected at once. If it has but one rival, that rival reading will be sustained by the united
authority of all Pre-Syrian texts, Western, Alexandrian, and neutral If there are two or more rival readings, this circumstance alike.
leaves untouched the antecedent improbability of all distinctively Syrian readings as deduced from the historical relations of the
On
it is
553
simple matter to determine the antecedent probability or improbability of readings ascertained to be evidently or probably Premore precise definition of origin has in all cases to be Syrian.
less
Pre-Syrian times.
from another point of view, of two or more Pre-Syrian In the numberless cases in which the Syrian revisers
text
in again
earlier readings
comes
a necessary
was the doubling, so to speak, of the attestation of that reading it cannot but have the combined support of all the extant documents which in these variations have a Syrian origin and of all the extant documents which in these variations have a PreIt will thus present the apSyrian origin of a particular type. pearance of being much more fully attested than its rival, though in reality a large part of its attestation is merely equivalent to
The importance
of this consideration
is
owe a
that they found favour with the Syrian revisers when numerous other readings of identical origin and not inferior character were refused.
Allowance being made for this possible cause of erroneous estimation of evidence, a large proportion of Pre-Syrian readings can be confidently referred to one or other of the chief Pre-Syrian lines
of attestation.
When
compared with
and against the whole body of their respective readings, it becomes manifest that as wholes the Western and Alexandrian texts arc aberrant texts. Where there are but two readings, the Non-Western approves itself to be more original than the Western, the NonAlexandrian than the Alexandrian: where there are three readings, the neutral reading, if supported by such documents as stand most
frequently on both the Non-Western and the Non- Alexandrian sides in the preceding cases, approves itself more original than either the Western or the Alexandrian.
There are some scattered Western and Alexandrian readings which in the present state of knowledge it would he imprudent to Nay, there are a few places in the Gospels, reject altogether. marked in this edition with a special nutation, in which we believe
554
that the
Western
text
its
In
these last exceptional cases, when they are considered together, internal evidence is peculiarly strong and moreover, in the absence of special grounds to the contrary, erroneous insertion of matter is
:
always antecedently more probable than its erroneous omission, owing to the constant tendency of scribes towards completeness of
and their equally constant unwillingness to let go anything which they have received. On the other hand the textual integrity of the Western text cannot rightly be upheld in the numerous places in which it has preserved interesting matter omitted in the other
text
Pre- Syrian texts, yet manifestly not due to the inventiveness of scribes, much less to aay of the ordinary incidents of transcription. All these places, it should be observed, occur in the historical
books, and perhaps in the Gospels only. The paradox disappears when it is remembered that the causes of various readings originating in very early times need not all lie within the text itself. When the
text was growing up, oral traditions and written memorials of the apostolic age were still current, doubtless mixed in character; while the reverence paid to the writings which ultimately formed
Western
the New Testament had not yet assumed a character would forbid what might well seem their temperate enrichment from other memories or records. A few of the more important of these peculiar interpolations from extraneous sources are inserted in the
Canon of
that
the text of the Gospels, or appended to them, with a special notation and it has likewise been thought worth while to print many of
;
the rest in the margin within distinctive marks, along with some But the accessory recognition other interesting Western readings. of these classes of readings, in association with the books of the New
Testament, not as originally forming part of their true text, does not affect the primary conclusion derived from genealogical evi-
found
Western alone of the Pre-Syrian texts or in the Alexandrian alone of the Pre-Syrian texts must lie under a strong presumption of having been introduced by scribes.
Numerous
variations
remain
in
which
the distribution
of
documentary evidence may be reasonably interpreted in more ways than one, so that a reference of the several readings to
555
this or that principal ancient text is
open
to
doubt
or in which
or no reason to suppose that the divergence of reading has any connexion with the divergence of the principal ancient texts. Here too however the genealogical principle can he
there
is little
to applied by an extension of internal evidence of documents the lost ancestors of groups of documents. The general internal
'
'
character
of
distinctively
Western and of
distinctively Alexan-
drian readings was ascertained in precisely the same manner as the general internal character of any single document is ascertained,
namely by consecutive examination of the whole body of readings ; and the power thus given of employing easy variations as a key to difficult variations is of universal range, the same mode of testing general internal character being applicable to the whole body of readings of any other group of documents which frequently stands
out in opposition to other documents. In every place in which two or more documents have the same reading, unless the reading is such as can naturally be accounted for by accidental coincidence,
ancestor, whether
they must by the nature of the case have had a single common it be the autograph or some later MS. If the
same group of documents is found standing by itself in a considerable series of readings, sufficient material is provided for generalisations as to the common ancestor in all these places, which
ancestor
is
MS. This
'
inter-
nal evidence of groups', by rendering it possible to estimate as wholes the documentary arrays by which rival readings are attested,
independently of any estimates that may be formed of the character of their constituent members individually, escapes the difficulties
New
Testament as so many
'
'
authorities
of constant value.
The number of groups that deserve serious attention is soon found to be comparatively small. Neither Greek MSS containing a large amount of distinctively Pre-Syrian text nor early Versions
nor early Fathers are numerous, and to a great extent they are fragmentary or discontinuous; and combinations into which none
of them enter
It is likewise
may
are
somewhat variable
556
This
is
mixture, which tends to disguise the simplicity of the primitive relations of text under a superficial complexity of existing attestation. Before investigation has proceeded far, it becomes manifest that the
groups which can by any possibility carry authority in doubtful variations are sure to contain one or more of a very small number of
primary Greek MSS. In strictness the earlier Versions and Fathers should be included in the list of primary documents, and the process
would certainly be incomplete if no account were ultimately taken of readings attested by them without the support of any primary Greek MS ; but nothing is lost and much simplicity is gained by
treating
in all or
tried
them
Greek MSS.
a
The next
step
is to
determine how
far there is
common element
most of those groups which shew the best character when by 'internal evidence of groups'. Here two remarkable facts
out successively with especial clearness, the constant supe-
come
riority
B and N
to groups containing
neither, wherever internal evidence is tolerably unambiguous, and the general but by no means universal superiority of groups con-
These facts exactly taining B to opposed groups containing N. correspond the one with the immunity of both MSS from Syrian readings, and the other with the almost complete immunity of B
from the mixture with the chief aberrant Pre- Syrian
texts
which has
largely affected N ; while they are elicited from a different kind of evidence. They are moreover independent of the size of the
Thus the cases in which KB have no support from other Greek MSS, or no documentary support at all, are connected by every gradation with the cases in which they stand at the head of a considerable group. If B and N were for a great part of their text derived from a proximate common original, that common original, whatever might have been its own date, must have had a very ancient and a very pure text. There is however no tangible evidence for
groups.
this supposition; while various considerations drawn from careful comparison of the accessory attestation of readings supported by NB together, by B against N, and by K against B respectively, render
morally certain that the ancestries of B and of N diverged from a point near the autographs, and never came into contact subsequently ; so that the coincidence of KB marks those portions of
it
text in
lines
of trans-
557
mission had not
come
corruption in the one or the other. Accordingly, with certain limited classes of exceptions, the readings of KB combined may safely be accepted as genuine in the absence of specially strong internal evidence to the contrary,
safely rejected
altogether.
on
Next come the numerous variations in which K and 15 stand Here an important lesson is learned by examining in the same consecutive manner as before the readings of every
different sides.
MSS
MS.
Every such binary combination containing B (as in the Gospels BL, BC, BT, &c.) is found to have a large proportion of readings which on the closest scrutiny have the ring of genuineness, and
hardly any that look suspicious after full consideration in fact, the character of such groups is scarcely to be distinguished from that of KB. On the other hand every combination of K with another
:
primary
finally
MS
approved, along with, it may be, a few which deserve more consideration. All other MSS stand the trial with even less success
thanK.
Analogous though not
identical results are obtained
by
testing
the groups formed by K or B with only secondary support, that is, associated only with inferior Greek MSS, or with Versions, or with
Fathers, or with
classes of documents.
The same
high standard of excellence as before is reached where groups of this kind containing B shew variety in the accessory evidence where B is
:
quite alone,
its
readings
must never be
lightly rejected,
though here full account has to be error, and of such proclivities as can
:
be detected
for
inartificial assimilation
chiefly a tendency to slight acd between neighbouring passages the fondness omissions which has sometimes been attributed to him is imagiin the scribe of B,
On
the other
hand the readings in which K stands alone bear almost always the marks of either carelessness or boldness ; and except in a few readings, some of them important, the general character of all the
various groups containing K with such accessory attestation as is described above is more or less suspicious. Many of the readings
36
it
more unfavourable
by a similar testing of other single MSS. These general results are such as might naturally be anticipated from the relations of K and B to other documents and to each other. It was to be expected that the text of the extremely ancient common source of B and X, which is shown by the concordant readings of NB to have been of singular purity, should as a rule be preserved in one or other of the two MSS where they differ ; and further that B
should usually, though not always, be its faithful representative. The wrong readings of B, with whatever amount of accessory
most part due only to sporadic corruption, would naturally preserve a much larger amount of the common ancestral text than a MS so largely affected by Western and Alexandrian influences as X and, as regards readings in which each
attestation, being for the
it
;
of them stands alone, the different types of transcription characteristic of their respective scribes would naturally have similar consequences.
authority, except
Although however a text formed by taking B as the sole where it contains self-betraying errors, would be
incomparably nearer the true text of the autographs than a text formed in like manner from any other single document, it would
certainly include
is
many wrong
readings
safe criticism
which throughout takes account of all existing evidence. The places in which the true reading appears to have been lost in both B and K are extremely few ; but certain or possible exceptions
that to the usual superiority of B to N are many and thus the various presumptions afforded by the internal character of various groups of
;
helpful instrument
'
'
on which
criticism
depends in those parts of the Epistles which have perished in B, namely in the latter part (ix 14 end) of the Epistle to the Hebrews, in the Pastoral Epistles, and in the Epistle to Philemon. In the Apocalypse the authority of single documents is merged still more in that of grouped documents and in internal evidence ; and the leading
559
ancient texts are at least
Whether
ever contained the Apocalypse or not, it is now defective from Hebrews ix 14 onward. The loss is the greater because in the
Apocalypse K has a text conspicuously inferior to its text of the other books, partly inherited from earlier more or less corrupted texts, partly due to increased licence of transcription ; and, though
it
is
and moreover the want of early and good versions other is sensibly felt. Yet even here the number of variations in which it is difficult to come to a trustworthy conclusion is much smaller than might have been anticipated.
than the Latin
The
may
suffice to
indicate the principal lines of criticism which have been followed in this edition. The aim of sound textual criticism must always be
to take account of every class of textual facts,
and
to assign to
once
it
is
proper use and rank. When clearly understood that, by the very nature of textual
its
transmission, all existing documents are more or less closely related to each other, and that these relations of descent and affinity have
torical investigation of general
been the determining causes of nearly all their readings, the hisand partial genealogy becomes the
necessary starting-point of criticism. Genealogical results, taken in combination with the internal character of the chief ancient texts
or of the texts of extant documentary groups, supply the presumptions, stronger or weaker as the case may be, which constitute the
against another.
finally
primary and often the virtually decisive evidence for one reading as Before however the decision as to any variation is
made,
it is
consideration
intrinsic
always prudent, and often necessary, to take into the internal evidence specially affecting it, both
and transcriptional. If it points to a result different from that which the documentary evidence suggested, a second and closer inspection will usually detect some hitherto overlooked characteristic of the best attested
to
its
alteration
reading which might naturally lead while sometimes on the other hand reexamination
No definite rule brings to light an ambiguity in the attestation. can be given in the comparatively few cases in which the apparent
conflict remains,
more
especially
5 6o
scanty on one side or obscure. The ultimate determination must evidently be here left to personal judgement on a comprehensive review of the whole evidence. But in a text so richly attested
is
as that of the
clearly
New
Testament
it is
many
variations in
indecisive,
it
is manifestly right to abstain from placing before the reader an appearance of greater certainty than really exists, and therefore to print alternative readings, so as to mark the places where an absolute decision would at
mark the
limits within
which the
The
office
existing various readings, adopting one and discarding another. But it is at least theoretically possible that the originality of the
text thus attained is relative only,
and that
all
existing
documents
are affected by errors introduced in the early stages of transmission. Here there is no possible ultimate criterion except internal evidence:
but the history of the text of the New Testament shews the meetingpoint of the extant lines of transmission to have been so near the
autographs that complete freedom from primitive corruption would not be antecedently improbable. As far as we are able to judge, the purity of the best transmitted text does in all essential respects
receive satisfactory confirmation from internal evidence.
We
have
never observed the slightest trace of undetected interpolations or corruptions of any moment, and entirely disbelieve their existence.
There are however some passages which one or both of us suspect to contain a primitive error of no great importance, and which
are accordingly indicated as open to question, all suggestions for
their correction being reserved for the
Appendix.
New
Testament would be
incomplete without a word of caution against a natural misunderSince textual criticism has various readings for its standing.
subject,
for its aim, discussions
and the discrimination of genuine readings from corruptions on textual criticism almost inevitably obscure
5*1
fundamentally single and identical
in particular
it
text.
In the
New
Testament
is difficult
text, and also, in most cases, as to their intrinsic importance. not superfluous therefore to state explicitly that the great bulk of the words of the New Testament stand out above all discrimina-
whole
It is
tive
processes of criticism, because they are free from variation, and need only to be transcribed. Much too of the variation which it is necessary to record has only an antiquarian interest,
except in so far as
of documents.
it supplies evidence as to the history of textual transmission, or as to the characteristics of some document or group
The whole
area of variation between readings that likely to be ever admitted, into any
printed texts is comparatively small ; and a large part of it is due merely to differences between the early uncritical editions and the
texts
less
last
small fraction of the gross residue of disputed words alone remains after the application of the improved methods of criticism won from
the experience of nearly two centuries of investigation and disIf comparative trivialities, such as changes of order, the cussion.
insertion or omission of the article with proper names,
and the
like,
are set aside, the words in our opinion still subject to doubt can hardly amount to more than a thousandth part of the whole New
TMlunent.
Nor must it be forgotten how strong an assurance of incorruptness in the unvarying parts of the text of the New Testament is which do exist, inassupplied indirectly by many of the variations much as they carry us back by the convergence of independent lines
of transmission to a concord of testimonies from the highest antiquity ; or again what unusually ample resources of evidence the New Testament possesses for the reduction of the area of textual uncertainty to The apparent ease and simplicity with which many a minimum.
ancient texts are edited might be thought, on a hasty view, to imply that the New Testament cannot be restored with equal security. But this ease and simplicity in in fact the mark of evidence too
and fullness of the scanty to be tested; whereas in the variety evidence on which it rests the text of the New Testament stands
absolutely
writings.
562
Doubtful points are out of sight even in critical editions of classical authors merely because in ordinary literature it is seldom worth
while to trouble the clearness of a page. The one disadvantage on the side of the New Testament, the comparatively early mixture of
is
distinctly
perceived,
evidence; and the expression of doubt wherever doubt is really felt is owing to the paramount necessity for fidelity as to the exact words
of Scripture.
NOTATION
Alternative Readings
WHEREVER it has been found impossible to decide that one of two or more various readings is certainly right, alternative readings are given and no alternative reading is given which does not
:
The primary
which varies according as they differ from the primary readings by Omission, by Addition, or by Substitution. A secondary reading consisting in the Omission of words retained
in the
primary reading
is
Thus
marked by simple brackets [ ] in the text. \oyvi rot/rot* is the primary reading, row
Xo'-yoit
without rovroi* the secondary reading. secondary reading consisting in the Addition of words omitted in the primary reading is printed in the margin without any accomT panying marks, the place of insertion being indicated by the mark Thus in Matt, xxiii 38 o ofcot iVw* without tpi)/tot is in the text.
the primary reading, 6 otxof v/xwr (pynoi the secondary reading. secondary reading consisting in the Substitution of other words
words of the primary reading is printed in the margin without any accompanying mark, the words of the primary reading being included within the marks r in the text. Thus in Matt, xvi 30
for the
"*
ivtrlnipt*
The
in a
is the primary reading, 3t*re/XaTo the secondary reading. notation for substitution is employed for the sake of convenience
fall
in strictness
564
Thus in Matt, expresses the secondary omission of Kai, with a change of punctuation ; and in Matt, xxi 28 it expresses the secondary addition of />u, with a change of accentuation. It is likexi 5
it
wise employed for alternative punctuations. Where there are two or more secondary readings, they are separated by z. in the margin, unless they differ from each other
merely by the omission or addition of words in which case they are distinguished from each other by brackets in the margin, enclosing
;
Thus
xiii
awoic/>t0eij
alone
m xvu
10,
'7>
both
rlf
both Iv
ovpavy and the omission of these or any corresponding words. Sometimes one of two secondary readings differs from the primary
reading by omission only, so that it can be expressed by simple brackets in the text, while the other stands as a substitution in the
margin.
Thus
ing, irpoffe\0wv
and
in Matt, ix 18, efc wpwrc\6wi> being the primary readtlffe\0wv are both secondary readings.
punctuations are examined in the they are indicated by Ap, attached to the marginal
Appendix.
Suspected Readings
Wherever
it
has appeared to the editors, or to either of them, some primitive error, that is, has not
any existing document, or at least in any existing document of sufficient authority, Ap.^ is placed in the margin, the extreme limits of the words suspected to contain an ~ in the text. error of transcription being indicated by the marks r In a few All such places are the subject of notes in the Appendix.
l
cases a reading apparently right, and also attested largely though not by the best documents, being probably a successful ancient conjecture, is placed within tt in the text, the better attested reading
Appendix.
being printed with Ap. in the margin, and a note inserted in the See Introduction 368, 380, 88. 361
5*5
Noteworthy
rejected readings
'Western' documents alone (Luke xxii 19 f.; xxiv 3, 6, I a, 36, 40, 51, 51), or by 'Western' and 'Syrian' documents alone (Matt, xxvii 49), are inserted within double brackets fjj in the body of the
See Introduction 340 f., 383. few interpolations in the Gospels, probably ' Western in origin, containing important matter apparently derived from extext
'
traneous sources, are inserted within double brackets [ 3 in the body of the text (Matt, xvi i f.; Luke xxii 43 f.; xxiii 34), or separately
(Mark
xvi
910,
is
53
n).
See Intro-
many 'Western' interpolations and some apparently fresh or distinctive matter, such as might probably or possibly come from an extraneous source or which is otherwise of more than average interest, but having no
In the Gospels and Acts
substitutions containing
sufficient intrinsic
New
Testament, are printed between the special marks H in the margin, n with corresponding marks T or r in the text. They must not be
confounded with true alternative (secondary) readings, which stand See Inlikewise in the margin, but without any peculiar marks.
troduction
385. Besides the preceding classes of rejected readings, which owe their exceptional retention in association with the true text to
considerations arising out of early textual history, miscellaneous rejected readings having some special interest are noticed in the
Appendix ; and the places where they occur are marked with Ap. in the margin without any corresponding marks in the text. These ' readings include some of Western origin, that might with perhaps equal fitness have been placed between H Y in the margin. Both
'
these classes of readings are by their nature indefinite in extent, and are limited only by selection; so that they might without improSec Introduction priety have been either enlarged or diminished.
386.
SUMMARY OF
CONTENTS OF INTRODUCTION
PREFATORY REMARKS
PART
Transmission by writing
PART
II
Intrinsic Probability
Transcriptional Probability
II.
SECTION
SECTION
A.
B. C.
III.
D.
E.
F.
documents
567
SECTION IV.
INTERNAL EVIDENCE or
RECAPITULATION
OP
GKOCH
IN
SECTION
V.
METHODS OTHEK
RELATION
TO
EACH
SECTION VI.
CRITICISM
ERRORS
ANTECEDENT
TO
A.
B.
PART
III
PRELIMINARY CHRONOLOGICAL
SURVEY OF DOCUMENTS
Grttk
MSS
I'ertumt
C.
Fatktn
Documentary preparation far
tkit edition
CHAPTER
II.
SECTION
I.
or
A.
B.
WttUn
'
(f)
anJ
tk*r (neutral,
ly analytit
t>f (inflate
rtaJinf*
to
'
C.
Pottrriority of 'Syrian'
'
ami
Alexandrian
")
rtadinft ikftvn
(i)
D.
otktr (neu-
568
SECTION
A.
B.
II.
Western characteristics
its
preservation
C.
Alexandrian characteristics
Syrian characteristics
D.
SECTION
A.
B.
III.
Mixture
C.
D. Relics of
E.
SECTION
IV.
RELATIONS OF
A.
B.
Nature of
MSS
C.
D.
SECTION V.
AB.
C.
D.
E.
F.
Suspiciousness of Western
G.
SECTION VI.
REVIEW
OF
PREVIOUS
CRITICISM
WITH
REFERENCE
TO
ANCIENT TEXTS
A.
B.
C.
T).
criticism
5 69
CHAPTER
SSCTIOK
I.
III.
A.
B.
with
reference
to
Primary
Gretk
C.
MSS
MSS to other documentary evidence MSSfrom Groups containing Primary
D.
E.
F.
MSS MSS
G.
MSS
SECTION
II.
A.
MSS
to the chief
B. C.
to other documents
and character of readings of KB combined D. Binary uncial combinations containing B and K respectively E. Singular and subsingular readings of ^
F.
G.
H.
I.
MSS
CHAPTER
A.
IV.
SUBSTANTIAL INTEGRITY OF
Greek uncials
Approximate sufficiency of existing documents for the recovery if the genuine text, notwithstanding the existence of some primitive
corruption*
C.
570
PART IV
NATURE AND DETAILS OF THIS EDITION
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
of looks
THE APPENDIX
being rectified without the aid of
The following is a list of rejected readings which have been thought worthy of notice in the Appendix on account of some special interest it does not inattaching to them, clude those readings of this class which already appear in the margin between H I-, or the few peculiar readings which are printed between [Jin the text itself. Some of the
slighter accessory variations in places noticed in the list are likewise passed over. The list also takes account
Such words or pasconjecture. sages are distinguished in the list by (t) inserted after the verse-numeral.
The corresponding
in
[ ]
note
is
enclosed
to the in-
tegrity of the text is not shared by is affixed both editors. The mark
some
ambig-
pro-
error, that is, an error affecting the texts of all or virtually all existing
uous, the mark t is enclosed in ( ). I nail cases + denotes the addition of the words following, < their omission. The grave accent is retained when it would stand in the continu-
ous
text.
ST
i
MATTHEW
6pyt6(j.fi>ot
T<J>
a5c\(f>$
oi/roO]
+ drf
t>al,
v 37 xo2
8 'IwpAM Si iytwvfftv] + roy'0\orioi', 'Oxoflaf Si iytvnjfft* rb 'Iwdi, Iwdf Si iytnipt* TO* 'A/iwiax,
Si 'IwaKtl/j., 'luaKtlp Si
i
1 1
oS
off]
TO Otf
off
vi 13
yf.] + dVi
tj
ffov
/tai
i)
\tla Kal
atuivat.
dt/va/ut
'lufftiat
i
i
rw
pw-
with variations; and ap-riv. other doxological forms. v ' 33 TV* /SafftXtia"] + TOU Btou with variations. vi: 11 K.i>ptt KVfUt] + ov Ttji 6r6nari
ffov
T(>TOKOV
t^dy ofj.ii>
i r
teal
[r
6r6nart
ffov]
Oipavpoin] rat rijpat iii 15 j!n.] + tt turn fwptiiaretur, lumen ingens circumfulsit de aqua, ita ut timtrcnt omna qni adrcnerant. iv 10
ii
1 1
TOW
i* loner,
viii
utra, 'A/3pod/i] i
rott *6\-
also
19
572
xiii
55 'IaW7j0]
'lowijs
also 'Iw-
Also Ov 0f\<a, dTrrj\0tt> ...... 'E-y w, ...OVK airriXOev ...... '0 Trpurros.
. . .
xv 30
\\iyovffiv
xxii 12
a primitive interpolation.]
<'Eratpe
xvi 21 *l7;<rouj Xptordj] [6] '!?;(joys : also omitted. r6re... xvii ii f. ovTw$...avTu>i>. ai)rots.] T6re...ai/roty. ourwj...aur5y. xvii 20 _/?.] + (v. 21) TOUTO 5t TO ytvos OVK fKicopevtTai. el /UTJ iv irpoff-
xxiii i4_/?w.] (v. 13) Oval ypap/j-arfis xal $aptffaioi in on KareffOiere rat oi'/cias ruv
i>fjui>,
Kal wpoipdfffi fiaxpa ir 8ia TOVTO \rifjufsecr0f vepiaffOTtpov Kplalso with 8^ (Oval 8e vfuv /j.a :
K.T.X.) before v. 14. xxiii 27 otTivts...yiij.ovffiv\
o
Td<f>os
cvxv
Kf-l VTjffTtia
xviii
6 vlbs
with variations. 10 y?.] + (v. n) ^X0> -yap Toy dvOpwirov crwjcu rb diro-
tl-wOev
<f>aivfTat
w^cuos (au8ev 8t
\w\6s.
OVK tlfflv yap Svo rj rptts ffvirriyn^voi e*$ rb tfibv OVO/JLO. trap' o!s OVK tlfd fi> /xc'cry O.VTUV. xix 1 6 At5d<r/ca\e] + Ayafft xix 17 Tf /xe tpwrfs irepl rov dya6ov] Tt /te X^yeti dya66v
xviii 20]
ytfj.fi
35 < vlov Hapaxlov xxiv 36 < ovdt 6 nios xxv 4 1 rd irvp TO aluviov] T!> OKOTOJ TO t^uiTtpov. And v. 46 KO\a<nv] ignem : also ambustionem or combtistionem.
xxiii
M&
avrbv
fit iffrlv
ibid.] + 6
xxvii 9
<
'leptfjdov:
also
Za%a-
a{ipdv:
and
~
v.
17 [TOP]
Eapa^dv]
tic
\ar-
rov
e/s
tlvcLL.
flffcpxbpevoi 8
Sfnrvrjffai
fjtij
Kal irapa-
xxvii 34 olvov] ^fos xxvii 35 fin.~\ + tva ir\i)pu0fj TO pyOlv VTTO TOV irpo<f>rjTov Ai(/j.epiffavTo TO. IfJidTid p.ov favrols, Kal tirl TOV
lfi.aTiffp.ov
K\T)0tvTes
TOI)S
d.va.K\lveff0e
xxvii
d(nrvoK\tfrup etirr) croi "En Kdru tav 82 Kal KaraurxyvOiiffTi. \dipei, dva.irt<rQs e/s rbv ijTrova. TOTTOV Kal
6
<rov iJTruv, tyfi ffot 6
ma
xxvii 45]<^jrl iraffav TTJV yrjv xxvii 56 'Iuffri<p fjn'/rifp Kalrjfu-qT-qp] il Mapta 17 'Iw(777<p Kal T) Mapla ij: also 17 'luffijQ WT-rip Kal ?J WT-qp: also 'luaTj^t Kal }] fi-i\Ti\ft
xxviii 7
(t)
tlirov]
Sfiwo-
xx 33 fin -\ + Quitus dixit Jesus Creditis posse me hoc facere ? qui responderunt ei Jta, Domine : also ' and -we may see thee '. xxi 17 jin.'l + et docebat eos de
regno Dei
xxi 28 31 (t)'E-y(i, ...OVK dwijXfftv ...Ou 64\ti>, .diTTJ\6fv ..... .'0
.
[perhaps
ST
iii
MARK
:
29
28
d/xapTTj/taTos] /cpiaewj
also
d/xaprias
iv
(t) irXiJpTj crtrov] irX^pijJ [d]
(Ttroj, ir\i]pi)t
Ou Of\w, ...dirif\6(v....!Ey(i),
v ..... .'0 vffrtpot (v.
573
vi 3 o riicruv, o] 6 row
ibid. 'l
r^rrwot
viot
'Iwq<f>
lar
ical
ij
fi^ri)p oi/roD.
And
simi-
also omitted.
vi
vii
20
iJiropeO iwolti
changes of language in vv. 41,43, 48; Mt i 16. iii 1 6 Tvet'/iart a.ylif>] < ayltp iii 14] < TOW Martfar ToO At vtl
iii
3 vvyniil rvgra
iffrif]
x 24 dWKoXor
0aT
f rl [roTj]
+ TOVI TTW:
33 TOU 'ASfuif
(-a3o/i)
'A/ufadd/3
variations.
^p-^^aatv
also
<#i/i-
//
iv
rvei'yuoros
f.]
23
dj'currcurei]
+ Jrax
with
V IO
^<ray
ai'roi"
tlirtv
aiVoZs Aei/rf
ol
variations.
afffpuwuv'
rdrra
<cai
*ai dX/rrwp
vi 5] 10, the
And
v.
28)
irai
\tfovaa
UXTTTM]
'Iuwi7<.
Kol
'laxu^Sov:
substituted here: Tj avry "nutp* 6ca<rdfj.ei>6s nva. fpya6fj.(t>oi> rip ffa.fi' pdrij) tlwtv aim? AvOpwrt, el n^v
also
olSat ri
lii)
'Iwjj?
xv 47 and
roKit,
naxdpiot
el*
ei
Si
oI5oj, <iri<ara/)aros
ai va.papa.Trii
xvi 3 ^K r^t
0i'-pa
roD fwiHuiov
;]
tl
rov vo^ov.
vi 17] 'If/x)i;(ra\i7/x] + *ra2 ITcpatat Ilf/xuat) or <:/ trans /return
viii
a3 osteol Subito ait tern ad horam tertiam tnubrae did [1. </i>] factat stint per tofum orbem Itrrae, et desccnderunt de caelis angeli et siirgent
[1.
(?
26,37 Ff
'I
Dei
con-
illcu ac-
cfsserunt ad monimentum, xvi 14 Jin. + t illi satisfadtbant dicentfs Saeculum istud iniquitatis et incrtdulitatis substantial [al. sub
Stitiina] estt
27 rip paffiXeiav rov Ocov] TO* vlov TOV av&ptavov ip\6ntvo iv rj} aiirov with variations.
A0dr<i> TJ /3affi\'o <roi ] ATJ aytoy vceiVa <rov e<?' i/Mat ai KaOapiffaru r/nat xi 35 (t)] </ o*' ri 0wi TO ^ (roi <r*(iroT, TO ffKoVot TOO-OI> with omission of v. 36. And (v. 36) wt fray... Kal ut [6] \vx"0t [rijt] airrpaifnirriftil
xi 2
TJJJ Qwriffti (in
mundos
spiritus
in
Greek)
and
ST
i i
LUKE
Some
xi 42 Kpiffiv] K\r}ffif xiv 5 I'ics] ot-oj: also vpofiaTov Koi if r xvi 21 f. irai iro.^.
jf8r)
irdpat]
teal
ird(f>rj
if
Tip 9^];.
order.
ii ii
iced
i)
/rdpat or the same words with the stop placed after <Td<fnj. xvii 1 1 ra\\o:'ot. + et Jericho
37
574
xx
I
+ [John]
53
viii
ibid.
i7pwp] t ,
r-fjv
rov vSa-
rjfJLwv]
+ Aroi
KttTaXiJopTa TOP
:
ros Kivijatv
ibid. 4-
VGU]
+ KOI
airoffrpiipovTa. rds
and 5t5o7watKas
the
xxiii 5 Jin.] + e/ filios nostros et tixores averiit a nobis [see the Greek
on
[tt]
v. a],
nos
\_nec se
(70^) Kvpiov (;>. Aoi'eTo) Kal fv rrj KoXv/n^&pa frapafffftro (v. 6 ovv irpwros ^yu/3dj frapacrfff) TO vdup' T v vSaro^] vyiris [fiera. ryv rapaxv"
(f) o-ffiror'
ovv
(v.
5r)-
xxiii
42
f.]
KVptOV
T77
fllTfV
T77S
ynipa
iXevfffws
<rov.
Si 6
(/.
'177(70115
diroKpi6els eTXT/cropTi
<rri/j.fpot>
Kardxero voa^vri.. Also the second addition alone. vi 4 (t) [TO iraffx a perhaps a primitive
interpolation (J).]
ij
^irtwXijcrcroj'rt]
0d/xret,
vi 51
KO<T/M>U
77
K.T.\.
xxiii
43]
<
{wrp
ffdpl-
/j.ov
fffriv
TOU also
ffr/nepov
wapaStiffy
ffdpl;
fyu
Siixrw virtp
(so
stated, but
T7;J
TOU KOffflOV
verse).
vi
56 tv avry]
Ka0<lis Iv Ipol 6
dfj.T)i>
48 fin.^ dicentes J'ae nobis qnae facta sunt hodie propttr pcccata nostra ; appropinquavit enim dcsolatio Hierusalcm. xxiv 13 e!;r)KovrjJ] fnarov e^Kovra xxiv 39 \jtri\a<f>-fi<j'a.Tl /tte] < p* and < ffdpKa Kal and ffapua] ffdpKas xxiv 43 HQayev] + /cat [Xa/Su-p] ra
xxiii
: :
jrarrjp
Kayu
iv
r$
irarpi.
dftriv
Vfuv, fav yur) Xdfirjrf TO ffCifia. rov vlov rov dvOpuirov u>j rov dprov rrjs fw^s, OVK tx fT fwi/i' iv avr$.
vit
\yu
39] Trvfvfid]
:
+ oytoj' + ayiov
xii
also
also also
f/JLOV
xxiv 46 ourwj 7^7/MHTTOi] + Kal oCrwy ?5et: also OUTWJ f5et substituted.
ST
i
JOHN
l
13
ot...t~f(vvi &riffav'\
qui .natus
. .
tlfd iv
est
i
xvii 21 iv
28
~B-i)0apapa
with va-
xvii
23
riations.
iii
ibid.
and rov
Oeov\
iii
+ 8n
:
(y(vv-^Or)
and
ir^eiijtid
rov
irvcvfj.ar6i
est, ft
ianv
SECTION ON THE
IN 9
(f)
WOMAN TAKEN
ADULTERY
spiritus
iv
i
(t)
improbable.]
10 KariKpivev] lapidavit
575
ACTS
9 'lovSaiaf] Armenian also in Syria ii 30 Tijt oV^i'ot aiVoi'l 4- [icara
ii
:
xiii
irptnro^opijffti'} irpo^xxpo-
prptr
32 (+) Twt rixvoa T)HW*] T. r. avrwr also r. T. avrwr ri^f. Doubtless a primitive error for T. T. 17/0* J.
xiii
:
adpta] dvacrrrfffai rur ^piorof [iced] iv 5 (t) 6 TOW waTpot...vatS6t <rov] many variations. Some primitive error probable, perhaps cither Sia.
ffrofJMTot
xiii
xiii
33 41
avruv ra-
ayiov arofMrot for Std with Sid fftvfiArot dyiov transposed, or TOW rarpot for rott
Tvtvfiarot
farpaffur. iv 31 \{<i'xn ttla] Kpurtt if awrott out
p* (taXoi'x .. rat/ra] < rop* /taXow : and And ai/rwx] ij{(ow for rap; KoXoi'i'. 4- iic rift (rwaywy^j TWI> 'lovSaiuf (or
the
Xoi*]
+ Kal
OVK
r,v
Sid-
v 38
Tat
X ( 'P*
16 eV
i'X^M
'Ptfufrdfi
I'X^AI]
vii
TOW ZI/X^M
'
Kvpiot (Swiccr
TOU ^r
vii
xv
(-d): also
fTaaf...i
IIcuXoT
avruv]
oi'rui
ol
43 'PoM^a] 46
[
(
yap 6
fitvfir
i-rlffTVffaf
vii
Siiffxvpipj furor
Si
'IaKw/9.
Some
bable.
Perhaps rtf
i\rj\v06rtt &TO 'ItpovffaXiju. iraprfy)(i\av avroii rep IIai'X^> KCLI Hapvafiq, Kai Tifftf aXXott ivafiaivuv
(TCOKO>).] viii 39 Tfev/M Ki-plov] Tftvpa dytov iirbrffftf tvl rev tvfaivxof, oy"XfXot Si Kvplov t x 1 5 Ot...II/rpor,] Ilpo<r*yy/jDrroi 3^ row Ilfrpov [fit njr Korapiov] rpoSpafiuf tit rCiv 8ov\vf SK~ 6 Si ffd<f>-r)ff(i> vapaycforJifai avrof,
Ko/>f ijXtot [tKinydijcTaf not] xi 1 *Ore...T*pTOM'7] 'O fiir o*v Hirpot Sid Ixavov \pivov ij6 {\rfytf
tit 'It/xxro'Xt'/ia'
xv lofoi.] +
avrott
Kai Sffa a*
py
Oi\uffif
iripoit farj rotetr : and v. 29 Troprtiai] -f Kai o<ra /tj 64\(Tt iavroit yifffffai eripy fi.^ TOylveaOcu.
(IT. xvi
(t) irpwny rrft fupidot MaKfSofiat] rpvrrft [r^i] /uf/x'Jot T^I H. and other variations. [Some primitive error probable, perhaps fupiSot for UiiplSoi.] xri 30 tw] + rout XotTovt dff<pa-
xai rp<xr-
pifat avrovt roXi'-r Xo-yor rotov^ 2ia Tiix \upuv [? 5t' aurdr ^x^ i' ai'roiV
xix 40 (t) vipl rrfl ffrin.tpov...Tav< 01) : also < irepi 3. [Some primitive error probable, perhaps urlov vr&pxorrot for afnot vrdpnjt]
avroit [? oirrov]
T7JC
*c
TO(i.ift
X'V
'
TOI/
^'
<.'t
tf'
rpttrlay
i'/*wr
^r
xii
15
'Itpovva-
per-
haps Tijr stood originally before c/t, and uas transposed by a primitive
error.
row 0<oi"] TOW icvplov. al/uaTot TOW i<5ioi'] TOW i5ow ai/ioroj. [TOW /di'ow |>erhaps a primitive error for TOW Wow wtov.]
xxi
fifvot
v 2
ffe of']
+ ci + Kara
dfl>v
ibid. iKovffiws]
ibid.
yivdffuvt] 'Idvovl
2
i
PETER
+
iva
Sia
xxiii
xxiii iroTe
/j.-^-
to <nrov8dffaTf]
and (for
et'\7;0<is.
29
6
tyK\rj/jui]
+ i^-fjyayov + Kal
avKara.
TOV
xxiv
tKpa.Ty(ra/j.ei>,~\
rov iifilrfpov
(t) evpfd-f/fffrai] ovx evpfOjalso /cara/fai^rerat also d<f>aVKrdrjffovrai also evpeOyvfTat: also < the whole clause. Some primitive error probable ; perhaps text for trerai
:
: :
10
<
(v. 7) irapf\0tj)v 5
Avfflas 6
fiwfifferai,
iii 1
or
2 (t) T77/cercu]
tirl
ffe.
with
HavXov
ai\\av
etcurev tv
rijprjcrei.
dia A/JOUii
JOHN
+ Kal
xxv 13
Hfvoi.
[Some
v 6
at/ttaros]
irvfv/j.aTos
ibid. TO irvevfid]
v 7 TO
haps
*cal
for irtiroiOas.]
xxvii xxvii
15
35
IffOieiv]
iviSidovs
dtpa] in terra, spiritus \ci\ aqua et sanguis, et hi tres unum sunt in Christo Jesu : et tres sunt qui iestimoniuni dicunt in caelo, Pater Ver-
bum
et
Spiritus
with variations.
rcji
xxviii
'lovdaioi
vl$
also
Text proba-
I
*
PETER
probably a primitive
,
JOHN
praedixi vobis, ut
Christi]
[T
iii
(t) [6
error for
iii
.]
ut
vitae
iv
rcmur,
JUDE
i
+ A:ai
Svvdfj.fut
with
variations.
ibid. Jin.']
Kara
pv
OLTOI>S /3Xo-
slight variations. [Text probably a primitive error for 0e< (without iv) and iv 'lyffov,
577
5 (+ ) Torra] TOVTO. Text perhaps a primitive error for Twraj *. also 6 ibid, (t) Kvptot] 'lri<rovt:
0e6t.
xiii 3 (t) [r<Ji
Some
primitive error
pro-
Kal o
fi
and OTHC
6
(wri Tijo-out) for OTIO [<m 6]. 6t ff/ioti ol&ott] 4- AY/MX dyyAwf
rrjr ijftlpar
f. (-T) ofa /iev Aeare.-.eV o0v] ^22 ors jx^c IXlyxere Siaxpivotdvovs, ovs Si
O.HTJV (xvi
its
2527)
at
retention
ffuftre (tXtart) (K Tri'poi ic.T.X.: also out /x^r Ac are Sia*pivofi.iovt t orj 5 (TwjtTe eV wi'pdi aynrd jbpref [, oiJj Ji Acare ] eV #o/ity and other variations,
Epistle. XV 31 SiaKovta] Supoipopia. xv 32 (t) fftov] Kvpiov 'lijffov : also XpurroG 'Iipou : also 'Iijcrou XptoToi".
some
shorter.
Some
primitive error
first
Aeore
an interpolation.
xvi 5 'Ao-foj] 'Axa'OJ xvi 20] 17 \aLpit... vft-uv transposed from this place to stand slightly modified (v. 24) after v. 23.
ROMANS
i
'
7]
< iv
'
Pw,irj
and
v.
5]
<
TO? t
iv
i
xvi 23 6 o5eX#6] + (v. 24) ij X*P* J rou Kvpiov riu-dv '\ijyov Xpwrrou pera vavruv i'fjiuv' aurji'. (with variations) with and without its retention
in v. 20. xvi 25
[oi]
three
verses,
Some
iii
11
lirl
travrat
:
iii 16 'Iijffoy] also + Xpurrov ; also 'Iij<roiV substituted. iv it (t) [coi To probably a primitive error for Ktd avroa.} iv 19 iroTew^rei'] ov Ka.r(v6i^T(v
<
with and without their retention at the end of c. xiv. xvi 26 irpoifrririKuv] + Kal Tjjt frt<f>av(iai
TOV Kvpiov
-fjfiuiv
'li)<rov
Xpt-
<rrou
v 6
also
and
:
CORINTHIANS
+
without
In below
v 6 Ov xoXof]
vi
ibid. f^Awi] 6o\oi 20 Sol-curare Sri]
tt
(I yap : also ef Si. [Text possibly a primitive error for efrep.] V 1 4 roi'i A"7 auap7^<ra'Tas] < ^57 viii i ^lijffov] + pi) KOTO ffapxa vepivaToi'ffii>.
portate
vnwv]
Also
(in addition)
+ oXXd
fffvuan
vii
vfiuf,
f.
anva
33
yvvaiKi,
i)
fte.
Text probably a
xal... (u (*(**$]
yvatxl.
fitfiipurrat
primitive interpolation
ix
&TI
vapOfvot.
y aya-
a8
ffvrriftiHin']
+l
(pyuv
fu>* (*fpip*$
\oyor
ffvrrtTfiiitiJror
xi
6 X*'^*] + e '
W^
ptpiffTM
17
ciya.fj.oj
detail
viii
rre i"//o
xii xii
1 1
ayiof,
$ TO rebro
coi
fata iv
13
wry
578
ix 5 d5c\<j>rjv yvvaiKa] [ctSeXc/xis] yvvaiKas also ywotra [aSfXtprjv] xi 10 ti-ovaiajf] KaXv/j.fj.a (velamen)
:
ip ^juax Xpicrros
ffT-rjKfTe
fi\evOtpw<rei>.
ovv Kai
also
rj
TT/S
Ty
teal.
tXevtiepia [ovv]
[Tfj
xi TO.
24 TOUTO]
(^/ias Xptffros)
fi\ev6tp<i}(Tfv ffT-fjKtrf
And
29
VTT^p
+
l
KXu/JLfVOV
'
also
given
and
dvaf /ws jr/vow] 6Vt : also xii 2 (t) Sri ore] a ore. Probably primitive error for
<
<
on
TTOT.
i i
EPHESIANS
i]
i.S
<
[tv
'E^eVy]
aya.Trrii>
:
Kai\
+ Trii>
also trans-
KU-
posed
iv 19 ainjXyriKOTfsl aa-TjXwt/cdrey iv
XV
51
ircurey
ou
KOifirjOrjffo/jKOa
iravres 5e] irayrej [M^] a.vaffTr)ff6/J.eOa ov Trcures 5^ : also wdvres [M^] KOI/J.T)6r)ff6fj.f6a
29 xpe/as]
Trtcrrewj
croi
v 14 eVi^awrei
ov wavrfs Si
V 30 TOU (7w/xaToy auYou] + iic rrjs auVou *:ai ^AC ru>v offrtuv (rap/coy auTou
,
2
iii
CORINTHIANS
TTJV
trpoi
bly a primitive interpolation (t). iii 17 (t) [Kvplov probably a primitive error for Kvpiov. ] BX^jrw vii 8 (t) p\tirw]+yap.
COLOSSIANS
ii
/3\^-
vwv+.
xii
7 (t)
<
2.
Sto'.
And <
Tva
iffnv Xpiffros: also TOU 0eou /cai X/MO-TOU : also TOU 0eou : also TOU 0eou Trarpoy TOU X/HO-TOU (and the same with Kai inserted before or
:
/ii?
virfpa.Lpu/j.ai
Some
primitive er-
ror probable.
GALATIANS
ii
after warpo?) also TOU Oeov iv X/HOT. [Tou deov, 'KpiffTov probably a primitive error for TOU iv Xpurrif (:).] ii 1 8 (t)]< iv. [Some primitive error probable, perhaps OeXwv iv
Tairivo<t>poffvvri for iv
ii
(OeXorairetvo-
5]
<
ofj
ovSt
ii
ii
20 TOU
I
23
(t)
[Kai]
cupeidia.. trap/ciy]
/cai
Xpc0ToC
ibid,
iii
iv 7 5ta Otov] [deov] dia 'Xpiffrov also Sta Ofov : also l of God'
CliuJ/Xz)
KfVfflfiaTfVWV.
iv 31;
<f
(t)
T^I rrp
ii
THESSALCXNIANS
TJUaj XplffTOJ
ovv
Kai]
7 vqirtoi] rjirioi
579
2
i
THESSALONIANS
on
also 6^-
Xovort and other supplements. Some primitive error probable, perhaps interpolation of OT after -of.
HEBREWS
2
iv
TIMOTHY
(t)J
some primitive
error
probable.
(t)
cuoiV/xcurtv. ] ix 1 OLpruf]
TTjptoi>
iii
+ KO!
8 '\an.pprr iv 10 raXario*]
6vfj.iarJ)f*oi>
(alt).
iv 19 'AirvXew] + , \tKTpcu> rip yvvoixa arroi" icai ~in.aiav Kal Zrjvwfa roi'i vlovt avrov,
avrov rtf
primitive
iii
TITUS
Kal Sfirrtpav tions of order. 10]
Text
13 fi
.]
probably
<
also varia-
TOJ
Mwu<r^
Ka.Ta.vour TTJV
ytvoneAiyvrrtov TartLyuffu>rufa(\if>u^
a*'rXei'
+ T/(rm M^yai
TOV
PHILEMON
9 (t) Tptffftvrrit] a primiti%-e error for vptffptvrtp, if not used in the
avrov.
xi
also < iirdpaaQifaaf : also < ivpiaOrpa*. 'Evtipcur0T)ffai' probably either a primitive interpolation or a primitive error for some other word, as ivt(rpiadrjaav,
'.
37
(-r(ipcu?0T)<ra)>
same
sense.
APOCALYPSE
i
i
xii
II
Some
(t)
raoa
5 XiVeuri]
not improbable. xiii ii (t) rwuif with marg. avr$ TOIUV] probably a primitive error for curroi ro(h.
for
ii
I, 7,
14]
etyytXy
T<J>
+ [iv]
alt.
And
<6t.
And Some
TIMOTHY
iii
iii
pri-
iv 3 (t)
KwX
(t)
ff&ai fipvfMLTUf]
some
primitive error
/Sf^XjjAK'i'o*.
probable.
offtu
for
17
y9.iu.~if
IO
580
primitive error
caroKTtii>a,i.
for
caroKreiveiv
or
xiv
e^aKOfflcjv
xiii
15
(t)
avT-ff]
avrif.
Some
and
(t)
Swutv]
dttxrovffiv
also xiXi'ow StaKOffLuv xv 6 \i0ov] \ivov xviii 12 (t) /xa/xyaptrcDi'] na.pya.plrats also fj.apya.pi.Tov. Some primitive error probable. xix 1 3 (t) ptpavTiff^vov} /3e/3ajiptvov : also ippaH^vov : also Trept:
?:
x^ u
xiii
e^o/coff.
pepan^vov.
error
Probably a primitive
i^/ca
l?
'
%i.
>^
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