AIRTEL

An overview of the GSM system

Javier Gozlvez Sempere
Research Engineer in Mobile Communications Communications Division Department of Electronic&Electrical Engineering University of Strathclyde Glasgow Scotland j.gozalvez@ieee.org

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Table of Contents
1 History of the cellular mobile radio and GSM 2 Cellular systems
2.1 The cellular structure 2.2 Cluster 2.3 Types of cells !"#"$ Macrocells !"#"! Microcells !"#"# Selective cells !"#"% Umbrella cells # &he transition from analog to digital technology 3.1 The capacity of the system 3.2 Compatibility with other systems such as IS ! 3.3 "spects of #uality % &he GSM networ'

AIRTEL $.1 "rchitecture of the GSM networ% %"$"$ Mobile Station %"$"$"$ &he &erminal %"$"$"! &he S(M %"$"! &he )ase Station Subsystem %"$"!"$ &he )ase &ransceiver Station %"$"!"! &he )ase Station Controller %"$"# &he *etwor' and Switching Subsystem %"$"#"$ &he Mobile services Switching Center +MSC, %"$"#"! &he Gateway Mobile services Switching Center %"$"#"# -ome .ocation Register +-.R, %"$"#"% /isitor .ocation Register +/.R, %"$"#"0 &he 1uthentication Center +1uC, %"$"#"2 &he E3uipment (dentity Register +E(R, %"$"#"4 &he GSM (nterwor'ing Unit +G(5U, %"$"% &he 6peration and Support Subsystem +6SS, $.2 The &eo&raphical areas of the GSM networ% $.3 The GSM functions %"#"$ &ransmission %"#"! Radio Resources management +RR, %"#"!"$ -andover %"#"# Mobility Management %"#"#"$ .ocation management %"#"#"! 1uthentication and security %"#"% Communication Management +CM, %"#"%"$ Call Control +CC, %"#"%"! Supplementary Services management %"#"%"# Short Message Services management %"#"0 6peration 1dministration and Maintenance +61M, 0 &he GSM radio interface '.1 (re#uency allocation '.2 Multiple access scheme 0"!"$ 7DM1 and &DM1 0"!"! Channel structure 0"!"!"$ &raffic channels +&C-, 0"!"!"! Control channels 0"!"!"!"$ )roadcast channels 0"!"!"!"! Common Control Channels 0"!"!"!"# Dedicated Control Channels 0"!"!"!"% 1ssociated Control Channels 0"!"# )urst structure 0"!"% 7re3uency hopping '.3 (rom source information to radio wa)es

AIRTEL 0"#"$ Speech coding 0"#"! Channel coding 0"#"!"$ Channel coding for the GSM data &C- channels 0"#"!"! Channel coding for the GSM speech channels 0"#"!"# Channel coding for the GSM control channels 0"#"# (nterleaving 0"#"#"$ (nterleaving for the GSM control channels 0"#"#"! (nterleaving for the GSM speech channels 0"#"#"# (nterleaving for the GSM data &C- channels 0"#"% )urst assembling 0"#"0 Ciphering 0"#"2 Modulation '.$ iscontinuous transmission * T+, '.' Timin& ad)ance '.- .ower control './ iscontinuous reception '.0 Multipath and e#ualisation 2 GSM services -.1 Teleser)ices -.2 1earer ser)ices -.3 Supplementary Ser)ices 4 Conclusion Bibliography Acronyms Other GSM sites &he Global System for Mobile communications is a digital cellular communications system" (t was developed in order to create a common European mobile telephone standard but it has been rapidly accepted worldwide" GSM was designed to be compatible with (SD* services"

" #istory of the cellular mobile radio and $SM

&he idea of cell8based mobile radio systems appeared at )ell .aboratories +in US1, in the early $94:s" -owever mobile cellular systems were not introduced for commercial use until the $9;:s" During the early $9;:s analog cellular telephone systems e<perienced a very rapid growth in Europe particularly in Scandinavia and the United =ingdom" &oday cellular systems still represent one of the fastest growing telecommunications systems" )ut in the beginnings of cellular systems each country developed its own system which was an undesirable situation for the following reasons> &he e3uipment was limited to operate only within the boundaries of each country" &he mar'et for each mobile e3uipment was limited"

AIRTEL (n order to overcome these problems the Conference of European ?osts and &elecommunications +CE?&, formed in $9;! the Groupe Sp@cial Mobile +GSM, in order to develop a pan8European mobile cellular radio system +the GSM acronym became later the acronym for Global System for Mobile communications," &he standardiAed system had to meet certain criteria> Spectrum efficiency (nternational roaming .ow mobile and base stations costs Good subBective voice 3uality Compatibility with other systems such as (SD* +(ntegrated Services Digital *etwor', 1bility to support new services Unli'e the e<isting cellular systems which were developed using an analog technology the GSM system was developed using a digital technology" &he reasons for this choice are e<plained in section #" (n $9;9 the responsibility for the GSM specifications passed from the CE?& to the European &elecommunications Standards (nstitute +E&S(," &he aim of the GSM specifications is to describe the functionality and the interface for each component of the system and to provide guidance on the design of the system" &hese specifications will then standardiAe the system in order to guarantee the proper networ'ing between the different elements of the GSM system" (n $99: the phase ( of the GSM specifications were published but the commercial use of GSM did not start until mid8 $99$" &he most important events in the development of the GSM system are presented in the table $" Cear $9;! $9;0 $9;2 $9;4 $9;; $9;9 $99: $99$ $99! $99# $990 Events CE?& establishes a GSM group in order to develop the standards for a pan8 European cellular mobile system 1doption of a list of recommendations to be generated by the group 7ield tests were performed in order to test the different radio techni3ues proposed for the air interface &DM1 is chosen as access method +in fact it will be used with 7DM1, (nitial Memorandum of Understanding +MoU, signed by telecommunication operators +representing $! countries, /alidation of the GSM system &he responsibility of the GSM specifications is passed to the E&S( 1ppearance of the phase $ of the GSM specifications Commercial launch of the GSM service Enlargement of the countries that signed the GSM8 MoUD Coverage of larger citiesEairports Coverage of main roads GSM services start outside Europe ?hase ! of the GSM specifications Coverage of rural areas Table "% !vents in the development of $SM

AIRTEL 7rom the evolution of GSM it is clear that GSM is not anymore only a European standard" GSM networ's are operational or planned in over ;: countries around the world" &he rapid and increasing acceptance of the GSM system is illustrated with the following figures> $"# million GSM subscribers worldwide in the beginning of $99%" 6ver 0 million GSM subscribers worldwide in the beginning of $990" 6ver $: million GSM subscribers only in Europe by December $990" Since the appearance of GSM other digital mobile systems have been developed" &he table ! charts the different mobile cellular systems developed since the commercial launch of cellular systems Cear $9;$ $9;# $9;0 $9;2 $99$ $99! $99% $990 Mobile Cellular System *ordic Mobile &elephony +*M&, %0:D 1merican Mobile ?hone System +1M?S, &otal 1ccess Communication System +&1CS, Radio C6M !::: C8*etA *ordic Mobile &elephony +*M&, 9::D Global System for Mobile communicationsD *orth 1merican Digital Cellular +*1DC, Digital Cellular System +DCS, $;:: ?ersonal Digital Cellular +?DC, or Fapanese Digital Cellular +FDC, ?ersonal Communications Systems +?CS, $9::8 CanadaD

$992 ?CS8United States of 1mericaD Table &% Mobile cellular systems

@@@@@@@@& Cellular systems@@@@@@@@

!"$ &he cellular structure
(n a cellular system the covering area of an operator is divided into cells" 1 cell corresponds to the covering area of one transmitter or a small collection of transmitters" &he siAe of a cell is determined by the transmitterGs power" &he concept of cellular systems is the use of low power transmitters in order to enable the efficient reuse of the fre3uencies" (n fact if the transmitters used are very powerful the fre3uencies can not be reused for hundred of 'ilometres as they are limited to the covering area of the transmitter" &he fre3uency band allocated to a cellular mobile radio system is distributed over a group of cells and this distribution is repeated in all the covering area of an operator" &he whole number of radio channels available can then be used in each group of cells that form the covering area of an operator" 7re3uencies used in a cell will be reused several cells away" &he distance between the cells using the same fre3uency must be sufficient to avoid interference" &he fre3uency reuse will increase considerably the capacity in number of users" (n order to wor' properly a cellular system must verify the following two main conditions>

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&he power level of a transmitter within a single cell must be limited in order to reduce the interference with the transmitters of neighbouring cells" &he interference will not produce any damage to the system if a distance of about !"0 to # times the diameter of a cell is reserved between transmitters" &he receiver filters must also be high performance" *eighbouring cells can not share the same channels" (n order to reduce the interference the fre3uencies must be reused only within a certain pattern"

(n order to e<change the information needed to maintain the communication lin's within the cellular networ' several radio channels are reserved for the signalling information"

!"! Cluster
&he cells are grouped into clusters" &he number of cells in a cluster must be determined so that the cluster can be repeated continuously within the covering area of an operator" &he typical clusters contain % 4 $! or !$ cells" &he number of cells in each cluster is very important" &he smaller the number of cells per cluster is the bigger the number of channels per cell will be" &he capacity of each cell will be therefore increased" -owever a balance must be found in order to avoid the interference that could occur between neighbouring clusters" &his interference is produced by the small siAe of the clusters +the siAe of the cluster is defined by the number of cells per cluster," &he total number of channels per cell depends on the number of available channels and the type of cluster used"

!"# &ypes of cells

&he density of population in a country is so varied that different types of cells are used> Macro cells Micro cells Selective cells Umbrella cells 2. .! Ma"ro "ells &he macro cells are large cells for remote and sparsely populated areas" 2. .2 Mi"ro "ells &hese cells are used for densely populated areas" )y splitting the e<isting areas into smaller cells the number of channels available is increased as well as the capacity of the cells" &he power level of the transmitters used in these cells is then decreased reducing the possibility of interference between neighbouring cells" 2. . Sele"tive "ells

AIRTEL (t is not always useful to define a cell with a full coverage of #2: degrees" (n some cases cells with a particular shape and coverage are needed" &hese cells are called selective cells" 1 typical e<ample of selective cells is the cells that may be located at the entrances of tunnels where coverage of #2: degrees is not needed" (n this case a selective cell with coverage of $!: degrees is used" 2. .# $m%rella "ells 1 freeway crossing very small cells produces an important number of handovers among the different small neighbouring cells" (n order to solve this problem the concept of umbrella cells is introduced" 1n umbrella cell covers several micro cells" &he power level inside an umbrella cell is increased comparing to the power levels used in the micro cells that form the umbrella cell" 5hen the speed of the mobile is too high the mobile is handed off to the umbrella cell" &he mobile will then stay longer in the same cell +in this case the umbrella cell," &his will reduce the number of handovers and the wor' of the networ'" 1 too important number of handover demands and the propagation characteristics of a mobile can help to detect its high speed"

' The transition from analog to digital technology

(n the $9;:s most mobile cellular systems were based on analog systems" &he GSM system can be considered as the first digital cellular system" &he different reasons that e<plain this transition from analog to digital technology are presented in this section"

#"$ &he capacity of the system

1s it is e<plained in section $ cellular systems have e<perienced a very important growth" 1nalog systems were not able to cope with this increasing demand" (n order to overcome this problem new fre3uency bands and new technologies were proposed" )ut the possibility of using new fre3uency bands was reBected by a big number of countries because of the restricted spectrum +even if later on other fre3uency bands have been allocated for the development of mobile cellular radio," &he new analog technologies proposed were able to overcome the problem to a certain degree but the costs were too important" &he digital radio was therefore the best option +but not the perfect one, to handle the capacity needs in a cost8efficiency way"

#"! Compatibility with other systems such as (SD*

AIRTEL &he decision of adopting a digital technology for GSM was made in the course of developing the standard" During the development of GSM the telecommunications industry converted to digital methods" &he (SD* networ' is an e<ample of this evolution" (n order to ma'e GSM compatible with the services offered by (SD* it was decide that the digital technology was the best option" 1dditionally a digital system allows easily than an analog one the implementation of future improvements and the change of its own characteristics"

#"# 1spects of 3uality

&he 3uality of the service can be considerably improved using a digital technology rather than an analog one" (n fact analog systems pass the physical disturbances in radio transmission +such as fades multipath reception spurious signals or interferences, to the receiver" &hese disturbances decrease the 3uality of the communication because they produce effects such as fadeouts cross tal's hisses etc" 6n the other hand digital systems avoid these effects transforming the signal into bits" &his transformation combined with other techni3ues such as digital coding improves the 3uality of the transmission" &he improvement of digital systems comparing to analog systems is more noticeable under difficult reception conditions than under good reception conditions"

( The $SM networ)

%"$ 1rchitecture of the GSM networ'
&he GSM technical specifications define the different entities that form the GSM networ' by defining their functions and interface re3uirements" &he GSM networ' can be divided into four main parts> &he Mobile Station +MS," &he )ase Station Subsystem +)SS," &he *etwor' and Switching Subsystem +*SS," &he 6peration and Support Subsystem +6SS," &he architecture of the GSM networ' is presented in figure $"

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figure "% rchitecture of the $SM networ) #.!.! Mo%ile Station 1 Mobile Station consists of two main elements> &he mobile e3uipment or terminal" &he Subscriber (dentity Module +S(M," #.!.!.! The Terminal &here are different types of terminals distinguished principally by their power and application> &he Hfi<edG terminals are the ones installed in cars" &heir ma<imum allowed output power is !: 5" &he GSM portable terminals can also be installed in vehicles" &heir ma<imum allowed output power is ;5" &he handheld terminals have e<perienced the biggest success than's to their weight and volume which are continuously decreasing" &hese terminals can emit up to ! 5" &he evolution of technologies allows to decrease the ma<imum allowed power to :"; 5" #.!.!.2 The SIM &he S(M is a smart card that identifies the terminal" )y inserting the S(M card into the terminal the user can have access to all the subscribed services" 5ithout the S(M card the terminal is not operational" &he S(M card is protected by a four8digit ?ersonal (dentification *umber +?(*," (n order to identify the subscriber to the system the S(M card contains some parameters of the user such as its (nternational Mobile Subscriber (dentity +(MS(," 1nother advantage of the S(M card is the mobility of the users" (n fact the only element that personaliAes a terminal is the S(M card" &herefore the user can have access to its subscribed services in any terminal using its S(M card" #.!.2 The &ase Station S'%system &he )SS connects the Mobile Station and the *SS" (t is in charge of the transmission and reception" &he )SS can be divided into two parts> &he )ase &ransceiver Station +)&S, or )ase Station"

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&he )ase Station Controller +)SC,"

#.!.2.! The &ase Trans"eiver Station &he )&S corresponds to the transceivers and antennas used in each cell of the networ'" 1 )&S is usually placed in the centre of a cell" (ts transmitting power defines the siAe of a cell" Each )&S has between one and si<teen transceivers depending on the density of users in the cell" #.!.2.2 The &ase Station (ontroller &he )SC controls a group of )&S and manages their radio resources" 1 )SC is principally in charge of handovers fre3uency hopping e<change functions and control of the radio fre3uency power levels of the )&Ss" #.!. The )etwor* an+ Swit"hin, S'%system (ts main role is to manage the communications between the mobile users and other users such as mobile users (SD* users fi<ed telephony users etc" (t also includes data bases needed in order to store information about the subscribers and to manage their mobility" &he different components of the *SS are described below" #.!. .! The Mo%ile servi"es Swit"hin, (entre -MS(. (t is the central component of the *SS" &he MSC performs the switching functions of the networ'" (t also provides connection to other networ's" #.!. .2 The Gateway Mo%ile servi"es Swit"hin, (entre -GMS(. 1 gateway is a node interconnecting two networ's" &he GMSC is the interface between the mobile cellular networ' and the ?S&*" (t is in charge of routing calls from the fi<ed networ' towards a GSM user" &he GMSC is often implemented in the same machines as the MSC" #.!. . /ome Lo"ation Re,ister -/LR. &he -.R is considered as a very important database that stores information of the subscribers belonging to the covering area of a MSC" (t also stores the current location of these subscribers and the services to which they have access" &he location of the subscriber corresponds to the SS4 address of the /isitor .ocation Register +/.R, associated to the terminal" #.!. .# 0isitor Lo"ation Re,ister -0LR. &he /.R contains information from a subscriberGs -.R necessary in order to provide the subscribed services to visiting users" 5hen a subscriber enters the covering area of a new MSC the /.R associated to this MSC will re3uest information about the new subscriber to its corresponding -.R" &he /.R will then have enough information in order to assure the subscribed services without needing to as' the -.R each time a communication is established" &he /.R is always implemented together with a MSCI so the area under control of the MSC is also the area under control of the /.R" #.!. .1 The A'thenti"ation (enter -A'(.

AIRTEL &he 1uC register is used for security purposes" (t provides the parameters needed for authentication and encryption functions" &hese parameters help to verify the userGs identity" #.!. .2 The E3'ipment I+entity Re,ister -EIR. &he E(R is also used for security purposes" (t is a register containing information about the mobile e3uipments" More particularly it contains a list of all valid terminals" 1 terminal is identified by its (nternational Mobile E3uipment (dentity +(ME(," &he E(R allows then to forbid calls from stolen or unauthoriAed terminals +e"g" a terminal which does not respect the specifications concerning the output R7 power," #.!. .4 The GSM Interwor*in, $nit -GI5$. &he G(5U corresponds to an interface to various networ's for data communications" During these communications the transmission of speech and data can be alternated" #.!.# The 6peration an+ S'pport S'%system -6SS. &he 6SS is connected to the different components of the *SS and to the )SC in order to control and monitor the GSM system" (t is also in charge of controlling the traffic load of the )SS" -owever the increasing number of base stations due to the development of cellular radio networ's has provo'ed that some of the maintenance tas's are transferred to the )&S" &his transfer decreases considerably the costs of the maintenance of the system"

%"! &he geographical areas of the GSM networ'

&he figure ! presents the different areas that form a GSM networ'"

figure &% $SM networ) areas 1s it has already been e<plained a cell identified by its Cell Global (dentity number +CG(, corresponds to the radio coverage of a base transceiver station" 1 .ocation 1rea +.1, identified by its .ocation 1rea (dentity +.1(, number is a group of cells served by a single MSCE/.R" 1 group of location areas under the control of the same MSCE/.R defines the MSCE/.R area" 1 ?ublic .and Mobile *etwor' +?.M*, is

AIRTEL the area served by one networ' operator"

%"# &he GSM functions

(n this paragraph the description of the GSM networ' is focused on the different functions to fulfil by the networ' and not on its physical components" (n GSM five main functions can be defined> &ransmission" Radio Resources management +RR," Mobility Management +MM," Communication Management +CM," 6peration 1dministration and Maintenance +61M," #. .! Transmission &he transmission function includes two sub8functions> &he first one is related to the means needed for the transmission of user information" &he second one is related to the means needed for the transmission of signalling information" *ot all the components of the GSM networ' are strongly related with the transmission functions" &he MS the )&S and the )SC among others are deeply concerned with transmission" )ut other components such as the registers -.R /.R or E(R are only concerned with the transmission for their signalling needs with other components of the GSM networ'" Some of the most important aspects of the transmission are described in section 0" #. .2 Ra+io Reso'r"es mana,ement -RR. &he role of the RR function is to establish maintain and release communication lin's between mobile stations and the MSC" &he elements that are mainly concerned with the RR function are the mobile station and the base station" -owever as the RR function is also in charge of maintaining a connection even if the user moves from one cell to another the MSC in charge of handovers is also concerned with the RR functions" &he RR is also responsible for the management of the fre3uency spectrum and the reaction of the networ' to changing radio environment conditions" Some of the main RR procedures that assure its responsibilities are> Channel assignment change and release" -andover" 7re3uency hopping" ?ower8level control" Discontinuous transmission and reception" &iming advance" Some of these procedures are described in section 0" (n this paragraph only the handover which represents one of the most important responsibilities of the RR is described" #. .2.! /an+over

AIRTEL &he user movements can produce the need to change the channel or cell especially when the 3uality of the communication is decreasing" &his procedure of changing the resources is called handover" 7our different types of handovers can be distinguished> -andover of channels in the same cell" -andover of cells controlled by the same )SC" -andover of cells belonging to the same MSC but controlled by different )SCs" -andover of cells controlled by different MSCs" -andovers are mainly controlled by the MSC" -owever in order to avoid unnecessary signalling information the first two types of handovers are managed by the concerned )SC +in this case the MSC is only notified of the handover," &he mobile station is the active participant in this procedure" (n order to perform the handover the mobile station controls continuously its own signal strength and the signal strength of the neighbouring cells" &he list of cells that must be monitored by the mobile station is given by the base station" &he power measurements allow deciding which &he best cell is in order to maintain the 3uality of the communication lin'" &wo basic algorithms are used for the handover> &he Hminimum acceptable performanceG algorithm" 5hen the 3uality of the transmission decreases +i"e" the signal is deteriorated, the power level of the mobile is increased" &his is done until the increase of the power level has no effect on the 3uality of the signal" 5hen this happens a handover is performed" &he Hpower budgetG algorithm" &his algorithm performs a handover instead of continuously increasing the power level in order to obtain a good communication 3uality" #. . Mo%ility Mana,ement &he MM function is in charge of all the aspects related with the mobility of the user specially the location management and the authentication and security" #. . .! Lo"ation mana,ement 5hen a mobile station is powered on it performs a location update procedure by indicating its (MS( to the networ'" &he first location update procedure is called the (MS( attach procedure" &he mobile station also performs location updating in order to indicate its current location when it moves to a new .ocation 1rea or a different ?.M*" &his location updating message is sent to the new MSCE/.R which gives the location information to the subscriberGs -.R" (f the mobile station is authoriAed in the new MSCE/.R the subscriberGs -.R cancels the registration of the mobile station with the old MSCE/.R" 1 location updating is also performed periodically" (f after the updating time period the mobile station has not registered it is then deregistered" 5hen a mobile station is powered off it performs an (MS( detach procedure in order to tell the networ' that it is no longer connected" #. . .2 A'thenti"ation an+ se"'rity

AIRTEL &he authentication procedure involves the S(M card and the 1uthentication Centre" 1 secret 'ey stored in the S(M card and the 1uC and a ciphering algorithm called 1# are used in order to verify the authenticity of the user" &he mobile station and the 1uC compute a SRES using the secret 'ey the algorithm 1# and a random number generated by the 1uC" (f the two computed SRES are the same the subscriber is authenticated" &he different services to which the subscriber has access are also chec'ed" 1nother security procedure is to chec' the e3uipment identity" (f the (ME( number of the mobile is authoriAed in the E(R the mobile station is allowed to connect the networ'" (n order to assure user confidentiality the user is registered with a &emporary Mobile Subscriber (dentity +&MS(, after its first location update procedure" Enciphering is another option to guarantee a very strong security but this procedure is going to be described in section 0" #. .# (omm'ni"ation Mana,ement -(M. &he CM function is responsible for> Call control" Supplementary Services management" Short Message Services management"

#. .#.! (all (ontrol -((. &he CC is responsible for call establishing maintaining and releasing as well as for selecting the type of service" 6ne of the most important functions of the CC is the call routing" (n order to reach a mobile subscriber a user dials the Mobile Subscriber (SD* +MS(SD*, number which includes> a country code a national destination code identifying the subscriberGs operator a code corresponding to the subscriberGs -.R &he call is then passed to the GMSC +if the call is originated from a fi<ed networ', which 'nows the -.R corresponding to a certain M(SD* number" &he GMSC as's the -.R for information helping to the call routing" &he -.R re3uests this information from the subscriberGs current /.R" &his /.R allocates temporarily a Mobile Station Roaming *umber +MSR*, for the call" &he MSR* number is the information returned by the -.R to the GMSC" &han's to the MSR* number the call is routed to subscriberGs current MSCE/.R" (n the subscriberGs current .1 the mobile is paged" #. .#.2 S'pplementary Servi"es mana,ement &he mobile station and the -.R are the only components of the GSM networ' involved with this function" &he different Supplementary Services +SS, to which the users have access are presented in section 2"#" #. .#. Short Messa,e Servi"es mana,ement (n order to support these services a GSM networ' is in contact with a Short Message Service Centre through the two following interfaces>

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&he SMS8GMSC for Mobile &erminating Short Messages +SMS8M&E??," (t has the same role as the GMSC" &he SMS8(5MSC for Mobile 6riginating Short Messages +SMS8M6E??,"

#. .1 6peration7 A+ministration an+ Maintenan"e -6AM. &he 61M function allows the operator to monitor and control the system as well as to modify the configuration of the elements of the system" *ot only the 6SS is part of the 61M also the )SS and *SS participate in its functions as it is shown in the following e<amples> &he components of the )SS and *SS provide the operator with all the information it needs" &his information is then passed to the 6SS which is in charge of analysing it and control the networ'" &he self test tas's usually incorporated in the components of the )SS and *SS also contribute to the 61M functions" &he )SC in charge of controlling several )&Ss is another e<ample of an 61M function performed outside the 6SS"

* The $SM radio interface

&he radio interface is the interface between the mobile stations and the fi<ed infrastructure" (t is one of the most important interfaces of the GSM system" 6ne of the main obBectives of GSM is roaming" &herefore in order to obtain a complete compatibility between mobile stations and networ's of different manufacturers and operators the radio interface must be completely defined" &he spectrum efficiency depends on the radio interface and the transmission more particularly in aspects such as the capacity of the system and the techni3ues used in order to decrease the interference and to improve the fre3uency reuse scheme" &he specification of the radio interface has then an important influence on the spectrum efficiency"

0"$ 7re3uency allocation

&wo fre3uency bands of !0 M-A each one have been allocated for the GSM system> &he band ;9:89$0 M-A has been allocated for the uplin' direction +transmitting from the mobile station to the base station," &he band 9#0892: M-A has been allocated for the downlin' direction +transmitting from the base station to the mobile station," )ut not all the countries can use the whole GSM fre3uency bands" &his is due principally to military reasons and to the e<istence of previous analog systems using part of the two !0 M-A fre3uency bands"

0"! Multiple access scheme

&he multiple access scheme defines how different simultaneous communications between different mobile stations situated in different cells share the GSM radio spectrum" 1 mi< of 7re3uency Division Multiple 1ccess +7DM1, and &ime Division

AIRTEL Multiple 1ccess +&DM1, combined with fre3uency hopping has been adopted as the multiple access scheme for GSM" 1.2.! 89MA an+ T9MA Using 7DM1 a fre3uency is assigned to a user" So the larger the number of users in a 7DM1 system the larger the number of available fre3uencies must be" &he limited available radio spectrum and the fact that a user will not free its assigned fre3uency until he does not need it anymore e<plain why the number of users in a 7DM1 system can be J3uic'lyJ limited" 6n the other hand &DM1 allows several users to share the same channel" Each of the users sharing the common channel is assigned their own burst within a group of bursts called a frame" Usually &DM1 is used with a 7DM1 structure" (n GSM a !0 M-A fre3uency band is divided using a 7DM1 scheme into $!% carrier fre3uencies spaced one from each other by a !:: '-A fre3uency band" *ormally a !0 M-A fre3uency band can provide $!0 carrier fre3uencies but the first carrier fre3uency is used as a guard band between GSM and other services wor'ing on lower fre3uencies" Each carrier fre3uency is then divided in time using a &DM1 scheme" &his scheme splits the radio channel with a width of !:: '-A into ; bursts" 1 burst is the unit of time in a &DM1 system and it lasts appro<imately :"044 ms" 1 &DM1 frame is formed with ; bursts and lasts conse3uently %"2$0 ms" Each of the eight bursts that form a &DM1 frame are then assigned to a single user" 1.2.2 (hannel str'"t're 1 channel corresponds to the recurrence of one burst every frame" (t is defined by its fre3uency and the position of its corresponding burst within a &DM1 frame" (n GSM there are two types of channels> &he traffic channels used to transport speech and data information" &he control channels used for networ' management messages and some channel maintenance tas's" 1.2.2.! Traffi" "hannels -T(/. 7ull8rate traffic channels +&C-E7, are defined using a group of !2 &DM1 frames called a !28Multiframe" &he !28Multiframe lasts conse3uently $!: Ms" (n this !28 Multiframe structure the traffic channels for the downlin' and uplin' are separated by # bursts" 1s a conse3uence the mobiles will not need to transmit and receive at the same time which simplifies considerably the electronics of the system" &he frames that form the !28Multiframe structure have different functions> !% frames are reserved to traffic" $ frame is used for the Slow 1ssociated Control Channel +S1CC-," &he last frame is unused" &his idle frame allows the mobile station to perform other functions such as measuring the signal strength of neighbouring cells" -alf8rate traffic channels +&C-E-, which double the capacity of the system are also grouped in a !28Multiframe but the internal structure is different" 1.2.2.2 (ontrol "hannels 1ccording to their functions four different classes of control channels are defined> )roadcast channels"

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Common control channels" Dedicated control channels" 1ssociated control channels"

1.2.2.2.! &roa+"ast "hannels -&(/. &he )C- channels are used by the base station to provide the mobile station with the sufficient information it needs to synchroniAe with the networ'" &hree different types of )C-s can be distinguished> &he )roadcast Control Channel +)CC-, which gives to the mobile station the parameters needed in order to identify and access the networ' &he SynchroniAation Channel +SC-, which gives to the mobile station the training se3uence needed in order to demodulate the information transmitted by the base station &he 7re3uency8Correction Channel +7CC-, which supplies the mobile station with the fre3uency reference of the system in order to synchroniAe it with the networ' 1.2.2.2.2 (ommon (ontrol (hannels -(((/. &he CCC- channels help to establish the calls from the mobile station or the networ'" &hree different types of CCC- can be defined> &he ?aging Channel +?C-," (t is used to alert the mobile station of an incoming cal &he Random 1ccess Channel +R1C-, which is used by the mobile station to re3uest access to the networ' &he 1ccess Grant Channel +1GC-," (t is used by the base station to inform the mobile station about which channel it should use" &his channel is the answer of a base station to a R1C- from the mobile station 1.2.2.2. 9e+i"ate+ (ontrol (hannels -9((/. &he DCC- channels are used for message e<change between several mobiles or a mobile and the networ'" &wo different types of DCC- can be defined> &he Standalone Dedicated Control Channel +SDCC-, which is used in order to e<change signalling information in the downlin' and uplin' directions" &he Slow 1ssociated Control Channel +S1CC-," (t is used for channel maintenance and channel control" 1.2.2.2.# Asso"iate+ (ontrol (hannels &he 7ast 1ssociated Control Channels +71CC-, replaces all or part of a traffic channel when urgent signalling information must be transmitted" &he 71CCchannels carry the same information as the SDCC- channels" 1.2. &'rst str'"t're 1s it has been stated before the burst is the unit in time of a &DM1 system" 7our different types of bursts can be distinguished in GSM> &he fre3uency8correction burst is used on the 7CC-" (t has the same length as the normal burst but a different structure"

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&he synchroniAation burst is used on the SC-" (t has the same length as the normal burst but a different structure" &he random access burst is used on the R1C- and is shorter than the normal burst"

&he normal burst is used to carry speech or data information" (t lasts appro<imately :"044 ms and has a length of $02"!0 bits" (ts structure is presented in figure #"

+igure ',% Structure of the &-.Multiframe, the T/M frame and the normal burst ,This figure has been ta)en, with the corresponding authorization, from 0 n 1verview of $SM0 by 2ohn Scourias 3see 1ther $SM sites4 &he tail bits +&, are a group of three bits set to Aero and placed at the beginning and the end of a burst" &hey are used to cover the periods of ramping up and down of the mobileGs power" &he coded data bit corresponds to two groups of 04 bits each containing signalling or user data" &he stealing flags +S, indicate to the receiver whether the information carried by a burst corresponds to traffic or signalling data" &he training se3uence has a length of !2 bits" (t is used to synchroniAe the receiver with the incoming information avoiding then the negative effects produced by a multipath propagation" &he guard period +G?, with a length of ;"!0 bits is used to avoid a possible overlap of two mobiles during the ramping time" 1.2.# 8re3'en"y hoppin, &he propagation conditions and therefore the multipath fading depend on the radio fre3uency" (n order to avoid important differences in the 3uality of the channels the

AIRTEL slow fre3uency hopping is introduced" &he slow fre3uency hopping changes the fre3uency with every &DM1 frame" 1 fast fre3uency hopping changes the fre3uency many times per frame but it is not used in GSM" &he fre3uency hopping also reduces the effects of co8channel interference" &here are different types of fre3uency hopping algorithms" &he algorithm selected is sent through the )roadcast Control Channels" Even if fre3uency hopping can be very useful for the system a base station does not have to support it necessarily on the other hand a mobile station has to accept fre3uency hopping when a base station decides to use it"

0"# 7rom source information to radio waves

&he figure % presents the different operations that have to be performed in order to pass from the speech source to radio waves and vice versa"

+igure (% +rom speech source to radio waves (f the source of information is data and not speech the speech coding will not be performed" 1. .! Spee"h "o+in, &he transmission of speech is at the moment the most important service of a mobile cellular system" &he GSM speech codec which will transform the analog signal +voice, into a digital representation has to meet the following criteria> 1 good speech 3uality at least as good as the one obtained with previous cellular systems"

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&o reduce the redundancy in the sounds of the voice" &his reduction is essential due to the limited capacity of transmission of a radio channel" &he speech codec must not be very comple< because comple<ity is e3uivalent to high costs"

&he final choice for the GSM speech codec is a codec named R?E8.&? +Regular ?ulse E<citation .ong8&erm ?rediction," &his codec uses the information from previous samples +this information does not change very 3uic'ly, in order to predict the current sample" &he speech signal is divided into bloc's of !: ms" these bloc's are then passed to the speech codec which has a rate of $# 'bps in order to obtain bloc's of !2: bits" 1. .2 (hannel "o+in, Channel coding adds redundancy bits to the original information in order to detect and correct if possible errors occurred during the transmission" 1. .2.! (hannel "o+in, for the GSM +ata T(/ "hannels &he channel coding is performed using two codes> a bloc' code and a convolutional code" &he bloc' code corresponds to the bloc' code defined in the GSM Recommendations :0":#" &he bloc' code receives an input bloc' of !%: bits and adds four Aero tail bits at the end of the input bloc'" &he output of the bloc' code is conse3uently a bloc' of !%% bits" 1 convolutional code adds redundancy bits in order to protect the information" 1 convolutional encoder contains memory" &his property differentiates a convolutional code from a bloc' code" 1 convolutional code can be defined by three variables> n ' and =" &he value n corresponds to the number of bits at the output of the encoder ' to the number of bits at the input of the bloc' and = to the memory of the encoder" &he ratio R of the code is defined as follows> R K 'En" .etGs consider a convolutional code with the following values> ' is e3ual to $ n to ! and = to 0" &his convolutional code uses then a rate of R K $E! and a delay of = K 0 which means that it will add a redundant bit for each input bit" &he convolutional code uses 0 consecutive bits in order to compute the redundancy bit" 1s the convolutional code is a $E! rate convolutional code a bloc' of %;; bits is generated" &hese %;; bits are punctured in order to produce a bloc' of %02 bits" &hirty two bits obtained as follows are not transmitted> C +$$ L $0 B, for B K : $ """ #$ &he bloc' of %02 bits produced by the convolutional code is then passed to the interleaver" 1. .2.2 (hannel "o+in, for the GSM spee"h "hannels )efore applying the channel coding the !2: bits of a GSM speech frame are divided in three different classes according to their function and importance" &he most important class is the class (a containing 0: bits" *e<t in importance is the class (b which contains $#! bits" &he least important is the class (( which contains the remaining 4; bits" &he different classes are coded differently" 7irst of all the class (a bits are bloc'8coded" &hree parity bits used for error detection are added to the 0: class (a bits" &he resultant 0# bits are added to the class (b bits" 7our Aero bits are added to this bloc' of $;0 bits +0:L#L$#!," 1 convolutional code with r K $E! and =

AIRTEL K 0 is then applied obtaining an output bloc' of #4; bits" &he class (( bits are added without any protection to the output bloc' of the convolutional coder" 1n output bloc' of %02 bits is finally obtained" 1. .2. (hannel "o+in, for the GSM "ontrol "hannels (n GSM the signalling information is Bust contained in $;% bits" 7orty parity bits obtained using a fire code and four Aero bits are added to the $;% bits before applying the convolutional code +r K $E! and = K 0," &he output of the convolutional code is then a bloc' of %02 bits which does not need to be punctured" 1. . Interleavin, 1n interleaving rearranges a group of bits in a particular way" (t is used in combination with 7EC codes in order to improve the performance of the error correction mechanisms" &he interleaving decreases the possibility of losing whole bursts during the transmission by dispersing the errors" )eing the errors less concentrated it is then easier to correct them" 1. . .! Interleavin, for the GSM "ontrol "hannels 1 burst in GSM transmits two bloc's of 04 data bits each" &herefore the %02 bits corresponding to the output of the channel coder fit into four bursts +%M$$% K %02," &he %02 bits are divided into eight bloc's of 04 bits" &he first bloc' of 04 bits contains the bit numbers +: ; $2 """""%%;, the second one the bit numbers +$ 9 $4 """""%%9, etc" &he last bloc' of 04 bits will then contain the bit numbers +4 $0 """""%00," &he first four bloc's of 04 bits are placed in the even8numbered bits of four bursts" &he other four bloc's of 04 bits are placed in the odd8numbered bits of the same four bursts" &herefore the interleaving depth of the GSM interleaving for control channels is four and a new data bloc' starts every four bursts" &he interleaver for control channels is called a bloc' rectangular interleaver" 1. . .2 Interleavin, for the GSM spee"h "hannels &he bloc' of %02 bits obtained after the channel coding is then divided in eight bloc's of 04 bits in the same way as it is e<plained in the previous paragraph" )ut these eight bloc's of 04 bits are distributed differently" &he first four bloc's of 04 bits are placed in the even8numbered bits of four consecutive bursts" &he other four bloc's of 04 bits are placed in the odd8numbered bits of the ne<t four bursts" &he interleaving depth of the GSM interleaving for speech channels is then eight" 1 new data bloc' also starts every four bursts" &he interleaver for speech channels is called a bloc' diagonal interleaver" 1. . . Interleavin, for the GSM +ata T(/ "hannels 1 particular interleaving scheme with an interleaving depth e3ual to !! is applied to the bloc' of %02 bits obtained after the channel coding" &he bloc' is divided into $2 bloc's of !% bits each ! bloc's of $; bits each ! bloc's of $! bits each and ! bloc's of 2 bits each" (t is spread over !! bursts in the following way > the first and the twenty8second bursts carry one bloc' of 2 bits each the second and the twenty8first bursts carry one bloc' of $! bits each the third and the twentieth bursts carry one bloc' of $; bits each from the fourth to the nineteenth burst a bloc' of !% bits is placed in each burst

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1 burst will then carry information from five or si< consecutive data bloc's" &he data bloc's are said to be interleaved diagonally" 1 new data bloc' starts every four bursts"

1. .# &'rst assem%lin, &he burst assembling procedure is in charge of grouping the bits into bursts" Section 0"!"# presents the different bursts structures and describes in detail the structure of the normal burst" 1. .1 (ipherin, Ciphering is used to protect signalling and user data" 7irst of all a ciphering 'ey is computed using the algorithm 1; stored on the S(M card the subscriber 'ey and a random number delivered by the networ' +this random number is the same as the one used for the authentication procedure," Secondly a $$% bit se3uence is produced using the ciphering 'ey an algorithm called 10 and the burst numbers" &his bit se3uence is then N6Red with the two 04 bit bloc's of data included in a normal burst" (n order to decipher correctly the receiver has to use the same algorithm 10 for the deciphering procedure" 1. .2 Mo+'lation &he modulation chosen for the GSM system is the Gaussian Minimum Shift =eying +GMS=," &he aim of this section is not to describe precisely the GMS= modulation as it is too long and it implies the presentation of too many mathematical concepts" &herefore only brief aspects of the GMS= modulation are presented in this section" &he GMS= modulation has been chosen as a compromise between spectrum efficiency comple<ity and low spurious radiations +that reduce the possibilities of adBacent channel interference," &he GMS= modulation has a rate of !4: 0E2 'bauds and a )& product e3ual to :"#" 7igure 0 presents the principle of a GMS= modulator"

+igure *% $MS5 modulator

0"% Discontinuous transmission +D&N,

&his is another aspect of GSM that could have been included as one of the re3uirements of the GSM speech codec" &he function of the D&N is to suspend the radio transmission during the silence periods" &his can become 3uite interesting if we

AIRTEL ta'e into consideration the fact that a person spea's less than %: or 0: percent during a conversation" &he D&N helps then to reduce interference between different cells and to increase the capacity of the system" (t also e<tends the life of a mobileGs battery" &he D&N function is performed than's to two main features> &he /oice 1ctivity Detection +/1D, which has to determine whether the sound represents speech or noise even if the bac'ground noise is very important" (f the voice signal is considered as noise the transmitter is turned off producing then an unpleasant effect called clipping" &he comfort noise" 1n inconvenient of the D&N function is that when the signal is considered as noise the transmitter is turned off and therefore a total silence is heard at the receiver" &his can be very annoying to the user at the reception because it seems that the connection is dead" (n order to overcome this problem the receiver creates a minimum of bac'ground noise called comfort noise" &he comfort noise eliminates the impression that the connection is dead"

0"0 &iming advance

&he timing of the bursts transmissions is very important" Mobiles are at different distances from the base stations" &heir delay depends conse3uently on their distance" &he aim of the timing advance is that the signals coming from the different mobile stations arrive to the base station at the right time" &he base station measures the timing delay of the mobile stations" (f the bursts corresponding to a mobile station arrive too late and overlap with other bursts the base station tells this mobile to advance the transmission of its bursts"

0"2 ?ower control

1t the same time the base stations perform the timing measurements they also perform measurements on the power level of the different mobile stations" &hese power levels are adBusted so that the power is nearly the same for each burst" 1 base station also controls its power level" &he mobile station measures the strength and the 3uality of the signal between itself and the base station" (f the mobile station does not receive correctly the signal the base station changes its power level"

0"4 Discontinuous reception

(t is a method used to conserve the mobile stationGs power" &he paging channel is divided into sub channels corresponding to single mobile stations" Each mobile station will then only GlistenG to its sub channel and will stay in the sleep mode during the other sub channels of the paging channel"

0"; Multipath and e3ualisation

1t the GSM fre3uency bands radio waves reflect from buildings cars hills etc" So not only the GrightG signal +the output signal of the emitter, is received by an antenna but also many reflected signals which corrupt the information with different phases" 1n e3ualiser is in charge of e<tracting the GrightG signal from the received signal" (t estimates the channel impulse response of the GSM system and then constructs an inverse filter" &he receiver 'nows which training se3uence it must wait for" &he e3ualiser will then comparing the received training se3uence with the training se3uence it was e<pecting compute the coefficients of the channel impulse response"

AIRTEL (n order to e<tract the GrightG signal the received signal is passed through the inverse filter"

- $SM services
(t is important to note that all the GSM services were not introduced since the appearance of GSM but they have been introduced in a regular way" &he GSM Memorandum of Understanding +MoU, defined four classes for the introduction of the different GSM services> E$> introduced at the start of the service" E!> introduced at the end of $99$" Eh> introduced on availability of half8rate channels" 1> these services are optional" &hree categories of services can be distinguished> &eleservices" )earer services" Supplementary Services"

2"$ &eleservices
8 &elephony +E$O Eh," 8 7acsimile group # +E$," 8 Emergency calls +E$O Eh," 8 &elete<ts" 8 Short Message Services +E$ E! 1," Using these services a message of a ma<imum of $2: alphanumeric characters can be sent to or from a mobile station" (f the mobile is powered off the message is stored" 5ith the SMS Cell )roadcast +SMS8C), a message of a ma<imum of 9# characters can be broadcast to all mobiles in a certain geographical area" 8 7a< mail" &han's to this service the subscriber can receive fa< messages at any fa< machine" 8 /oice mail" &his service corresponds to an answering machine"

2"! )earer services

1 bearer service is used for transporting user data" Some of the bearer services are listed below> 1synchronous and synchronous data #::892:: bps +E$," 1lternate speech and data #::892:: bps +E$," 1synchronous ?1D +pac'et8switched pac'et assemblerEdisassembler, access #::892:: bps +E$," Synchronous dedicated pac'et data access !%::892:: bps +E!,"

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2"# Supplementary Services

8 Call 7orwarding +E$," &he subscriber can forward incoming calls to another number if the called mobile is busy +C7), unreachable +C7*Rc, or if there is no reply +C7*Ry," Call forwarding can also be applied unconditionally +C7U," 8 Call )arring" &here are different types of Hcall barringG services> )arring of 1ll 6utgoing Calls )16C +E$," )arring of 6utgoing (nternational Calls )6(C +E$," )arring of 6utgoing (nternational Calls e<cept those directed toward the -ome ?.M* Country )6(C8e<-C +E$," )arring of 1ll (ncoming Calls )1(C +E$, )arring of incoming calls when roaming +1," 8 Call hold +E!," ?uts an active call on hold" 8 Call 5aiting C5 +E!," (nforms the user during a conversation about another incoming call" &he user can answer reBect or ignore this incoming call" 8 1dvice of Charge 1oC +E!," ?rovides the user with an online charge information" 8 Multiparty service +E!," ?ossibility of establishing a multiparty conversation" 8 Closed User Group CUG +1," (t corresponds to a group of users with limited possibilities of calling +only the people of the group and certain numbers," 8 Calling .ine (dentification ?resentation C.(? +1," (t supplies the called user with the (SD* of the calling user" 8 Calling .ine (dentification Restriction C.(R +1," (t enables the calling user to restrict the presentation" 8 Connected .ine identification ?resentation Co.? +1," (t supplies the calling user with the directory number he gets if his call is forwarded" 8 Connected .ine identification Restriction Co.R +1," (t enables the called user to restrict the presentation" 8 6perator determined barring +1," Restriction of different services and call types by the operator"

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6 Conclusion
&he aim of this paper was to give an overview of the GSM system and not to provide a complete and e<haustive guide" 1s it is shown in this chapter GSM is a very comple< standard" (t can be considered as the first serious attempt to fulfil the re3uirements for a universal personal communication system" GSM is then used as a basis for the development of the Universal Mobile &elecommunication System +UM&S,"

7ibliography
H1n introduction to GSMG by Redl 5eber and 6liphant" ?ublished by 1rtech -ouse" (S)* :8;9::284;082" G&he GSM System for Mobile communicationsG by Mouly and ?autet" ?ublished by Cell & Sys" (S)* !890:4$9:8:84" H&elecommunications EngineeringG by F"Dunlop and D"G" Smith" ?ublished by Chapman & -all" (S)* :8%$!802!4:84" HModern ?ersonal Radio SystemsG" Edited by R"C"/" Macario" &he (nstitution of Electrical Engineers" (S)* :8;0!928;2$8!" HMobile Radio CommunicationsG by Raymond Steele" ?entech ?ress publishers and (EEE ?ress" (S)* :84;:#8$$:!84" G6verview of the Global System for Mobile communicationsG by Fohn Scourias +University of 5aterloo," 5eb document found in> http%88ccnga.uwaterloo.ca89jscouria8$SM8inde:.html G1 brief overview of the GSM radio interfaceG by &hierry &urletti +.aboratory for Computer Science Massachussets (nstitute of &echnology," G1n introduction to GSMG from the boo' GCellular Radio SystemsG edited by )alston and Macario" ?ublished by 1rtech -ouse" G&he GSM tutorialG" 5eb document found in> http%8www.iec.org

Acronyms
1# 10 1uthentication algorithm Ciphering algorithm

AIRTEL 1; 1GC1M?S 1oC 1RP 1UC )1(C )16C )6(C )6(C8e<-C )CC)C)ER bps )SC )SS )&S CC CCCCDM1 CE?& C7) C7*Rc C7*Ry C7U CG( CE( CE( C.(? C.(R CM Co.? Co.R CUG C5 DCS DCCD&N E(R E&S( 71CC7CC7DM1 7EC Ciphering 'ey computation 1ccess Grant C-annel 1dvanced Mobile ?hone Service 1dvice of Charge 1utomatic Repeat rePuest mechanism 1uthentication Centre )arring of 1ll (ncoming Calls )arring of 1ll 6utgoing Calls )arring of 6utgoing (nternational Calls )arring of 6utgoing (nternational Calls e<cept those directed toward the -ome ?.M* Country )roadcast Control C-annel )roadcast C-annel )it Error Rate bits per second )ase Station Controller )ase Station Subsystem )ase &ransceiver Station Call Control Common Control C-annel Code Division Multiple 1ccess Conference of European ?osts and &elecommunications Call 7orwarding on mobile subscriber )usy Call 7orwarding on mobile subscriber *ot Reachable Call 7orwarding on *o Reply Call 7orwarding Unconditional Cell Global (dentity Carrier8to8(nterference ratio Carrier8to8(nterference ratio Calling .ine (dentification ?resentation Calling .ine (dentification Restriction Communication Management Connected .ine identification ?resentation Connected .ine identification Restriction Closed User Group Call 5aiting Digital Cellular System Dedicated Control C-annel Discontinuous transmission E3uipment (dentity Register European &elecommunications Standards (nstitute 7ast 1ssociated Control C-annel 7re3uency8Correction C-annel 7re3uency Division Multiple 1ccess 7orward Error Correction code

AIRTEL 7ER G(5U GMSC GMS= G? GSM -.R (ME( (MS( (SD* FDC .1 .1( .6S MM MoU MS MSC MS(SD* MSR* *1DC *M& *SS 61M 6SS ?1D ?C?CS ?DC ?(* ?.M* ?S?D* ?S&* R1CR7 R?E8.&? RR S S1CCSCSDCCSDCCS(M SMS SMS8C) 7rame Erasure Rate GSM (nterwor'ing Unit GSM Mobile services Switching Centre Gaussian Minimum Shift =eying Guard ?eriod Global System for Mobile communications -ome .ocation Register (nternational Mobile E3uipment (dentity (nternational Mobile Subscriber (dentity (ntegrated Services Digital *etwor' Fapanese Digital Cellular .ocation 1rea .ocation 1rea (dentity .ine86f8Sight Mobility Management Memorandum of Understanding Mobile Station Mobile services Switching Centre Mobile Station (SD* number Mobile Station Roaming *umber *orth 1merican Digital Cellular *ordic Mobile &elephone *etwor' and Switching Subsystem 6peration 1dministration and Maintenance 6peration and Support Subsystem ?ac'et 1ssembler Disassembler ?aging C-annel ?ersonal Communications Services ?ersonal Digital Cellular ?ersonal (dentification *umber ?ublic .and Mobile *etwor' ?ac'et Switched ?ublic Data *etwor' ?ublic Switched &elephone *etwor' Random 1ccess C-annel Radio 7re3uency Regular ?ulse E<citation .ong8&erm ?rediction Radio Resources management Stealing flags Slow 1ssociated Control C-annel Synchronisation C-annel Standalone Dedicated Control C-annel Standalone Dedicated Control C-annel Subscriber (dentity Module Short Message Services Short Message Services Cell )roadcast

AIRTEL SMS8M6E?? SMS8M&E?? S*R SRES SS & &1CS &C&C-E7 &C-E&DM1 &MS( UM&S /1D /.R Short Message Services Mobile 6riginatingE?oint8to8?oint Short Message Services Mobile &erminatingE?oint8to8?oint Signal to *oise Ratio Signed RESult Supplementary Services &ail bits &otal 1ccess Communication System &raffic C-annel &raffic C-annelE7ull rate &raffic C-annelE-alf rate &ime Division Multiple 1ccess &emporary Mobile Subscriber (dentity Universal Mobile &elecommunications System /oice 1ctivity Detection /isitor .ocation Register

Other GSM sites

&he &elecoms /irtual .ibrary about mobile communications" Cou can find information about GSM but also about other mobile communications systems" http>EEwww"analysys"comEvlibE 1n overview of the Global System for Mobile Communications by Fohn Scourias http>EEccnga"uwaterloo"caEQBscouriaEGSMEgsmreport"html /ery complete page about GSM )y -enri' =aare ?oulsen http>EEwww"geocities"comEhenri'"'aare"poulsenEgsm"html GSM in )elgium http>EEwww"luc"ac"beEQhbaertenEgsmE GSM 5orld the world wide web site of the GSM MoU 1ssociation http>EEwww"gsmworld"comE &he magaAine GSMag (nternational http>EEwww"gsmag"comE 1 list of GSM operators and networ' codes by country http>EE'bs"cs"tu8 berlin"deEQButtaEgsmEgsm8list"html

AIRTEL Send messages to GSM Mobile phones http>EEwww"mtn"co"AaEregularsEsmsE Mobile 5orld http>EEwww"mobileworld"orgE (&U Selected Sites8&elecom85ireless http>EEwww"itu"intESitesEwwwfilesEtelRwireless"html GSM information networ' http>EEwww"gin"nlE Radiophone http>EEradiophone"dhp"comE SMS reference http>EEwww"virtua"co"u'EsmsEsmsEinde<"html )en 5oodGs GSM reference site http>EEds"dial"pipe<"comEbenwE 1 complete 7rench web page about GSM +includes an overview of GSM GSM services useful information for GSM users etc"""," http>EEmassena"univ8 mlv"frEQturloyEGsmEfrmGSM"htm Some of the most important manufacturers of cellular phones> Motorola Ericsson *o'ia and 1lcatel

Go bac' to my home page

Copyright S Favier GoAalveA Sempere $9948!::! &he contents of this web site are protected by copyright" Cou may view the site but you are not permitted without the authorGs permission> +a, to store it +or any part of it, +b, print out copies e<cept for your own personal viewing for private purposes or +c, reproduce translate and publish the translation copy or transmit it +or any part of it, in any other way for any purpose or in any other medium" Cou are not entitled to alter the content in any way" &he author ac'nowledges the help of Mr ?atrice =adioni' in passing the original tutorial into html format"

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