Characteristics of laminar flow in cylindrical pipes

Smooth, ordered flow.

Re<2000
Little mixing occurs between layers
Velocity profile is gien by!
( )
2 2
4
1
r a
dx
dp
u
,
_

"n terms of maximal elocity

'

,
_

2
max
1
a
r
u u
in which
u a
dx
dp
u 2
4
1
2
max

,
_

#he olumetric flow rate is gien by!

L
Pa
Q

8
4

$%agen&'oiseuille ()uation*
Shear stress on wall is gien by!
,
_

dx
dp a
w
2

+riction factor is gien by!

Re
16
f
Velocity head $,ernoulli e)uation* is gien by!
g
u
2
$compare
g
u
2
15 . 1
2
for turbulent and
g
u
2
2
ideal flow*
-eriations will be giing during the lectures.
Turbulent Flow
Structure in turbulent flow
.. #urbulent core. eddy si/e d
2. #ransition /one. eddy si/e
y
0. Laminar /one $iscous sublayer*
no eddies.
Large eddies are produced in the pipe which as the wall is approached brea1 up into
smaller eddies until there is no space for eddies to exist any more near the pipe wall and
the iscous sublayer is formed. #his iscous sublayer is ery important and controls for
example the rate of heat transfer.
#he structure in turbulent flow can be used to explain aspects of the 2oody chart.

Laminar!
Viscous layer
extend oer
whole pipe
3one .! Viscous boundary
layer decreases with Re but
eddies do not reach wall
3one 2! (ddies reach wall.
+ constant when roughness
interacts with eddies
Free Surface Flows
Often situations are found in which the fluids flow in open channels and as thin films e.g. in
condensers and packed columns. Gravit is then the drivin! influence of flow" surface pressure is
constant at the local am#ient pressure. $i%uid in a part&filled pipeline is also a free surface flow. 'low
ma #e laminar or tur#ulent. (wo tpes of flow have practical si!nificance) laminar thin film flow and
tur#ulent channel flow.
Laminar Thin Film Flow
s
y

+ree surface
Solid surface

x
(he velocit at the solid surface is *ero. +o shear at occurs at the free surface as !as viscosit is low.
,aximum velocit is at the free surface.
-onsider the forces actin! parallel to the solid surface on the surface element x # s& # unit width.
. force #alance shows that the pressures cancel/ leavin! the shear stress at and a component of
!ravit to #alance.
-omponent of wei!ht in direction of flow 0 1hear 'orce
2s&3x ! sin 0
dy
du
x

du dy y s
g
3 2
sin
1ince u 04 at 0 4/

,
_

2
sin
2
y
sy
g
u
(he mass flow rate 5 width is

6
sin
6 2
4
s g
udy
w
M
s

.vera!e velocit

6
sin
2
s g
A
M
u

,aximum velocit at y 0 s) u u
2
6
max

Turbulent Channel Flow
(he transition from laminar to tur#ulent flow occurs somewhere in the ran!e 44447Re714
4
#ased on
hdraulic mean diameter
perimeter wetted
area sectional cross
4 d
m

'or a rectan!ular channel width w/ filled to depth s/
w s 2
sw 4
d
m
+

'orce #alance on li%uid in len!th L of the channel)

8ei!ht component 0 8all shear force
( ) L s w g Lws
w
2 sin +

4
sin
2 m
d g
u
where friction factor is
2
u
w

2please note) this is different definition from the one we used
previousl/ and this is not the 'annin! fraction factor93
'or tur#ulent channel flow/ the friction factor depends on surface rou!hness onl.
6
1
16
1

,
_

m
d
1o
,
_

sin 4
6
1
2
g
d
d u
m
m
(pical .#solute Rou!hness 2mm3
8ood5concrete 2smooth3 4.44
8ood 2unplaned3 4.4:
-oncrete 2cast3 4.11
-ast iron 4.1:
;rick 4.25
Riveted steel 4.51
-orru!ated metal 1.68
Ru##le 6.66
Flow in Packed Beds
'low in packed #ed can often #e descri#ed # <arc=s $aw.
>t assumes that the flow is laminar as pores are small and velocit is low.
?ressure loss is then proportional to viscosit / superficial velocit u / and #ed thickness L
B
L u
P


B is the ;ed permea#ilit 2units m
2
3.(he superficial velocit is #ased on fluid flow rate and cross
sectional area of #ed includin! packin!.
Flow around objects
5 force is exerted on an ob6ect that moes through a stationary fluid, or on a stationary
ob6ect in a flowing fluid. #his force is the drag force.
#he drag force has two components!
+riction drag oer surface $s1in friction, iscous drag*
+orm drag $due to pressure changes near ob6ect*
form friction drag
F F F +
#he general e)uation for the drag force is!
2
2
1
u A C F
d drag

in which 7
d
is the drag coefficient, A the area of the ob6ect at right angles of the flow $for
sphere that is area of circle*, and u is the elocity of the fluid relatie to the ob6ect.
#he drag coefficient is dependent on the flow around the ob6ect.
+or perfect spheres!
Very low flow rate $Re<<.*!
smooth steady flow, no pressure
drop oer ob6ect. $5ll energy in
flow obtained bac1*. Sto1es
regime.
"ntermediate flow rate $roughly
0.4<Re<800*! pressure drop
deelops oer sphere, wa1e
formation, asymmetric flow lines.
9ewton:s Law region $roughly
.000<Re< 2..0
8
*! drag coefficient
approximately constant $7
d
;
0.44*.
Re < 2..0
8
! %ighly turbulent,
boundary layer also turbulent.
Sudden drop in 7
d
.
'.s. note that 7oulson = Richardson $part ""* uses 7
d
: ; >7
d
.