1

ACI
WEB SESSIONS
Reinforced Concrete Columns with
High-Strength Concrete and Steel
Reinforcement, Part 2
ACI Fall 2012 Convention
October 21 24, Toronto, ON
ACI
WEB SESSIONS
Professor Yu-Chen Ou is AssociateProfessor in
Department of Construction Engineering, National Taiwan
University of Scienceand Technology (NTUST). Heholds
a B.S. in Civil Engineering fromNational Taiwan
University (1999), M.S. in Civil Engineering fromNational
Taiwan University (2001), and Ph.D. in Civil Engineering from
University at Buffalo (2007). Prof Yu-Chen Ousresearch interests are
in theareas of earthquakeengineering, bridgeengineering, and
reinforced concretestructures. Prof Yu-Chen Ouwas awarded 2011
Excellent Young Researcher Award, National ScienceCouncil (Taiwan).
Sheai Behavioi of Reinfoiceu Conciete Columns
with Bigh Stiength Steel anu Conciete
unuei Low Axial Loau
YuChen 0u*
Bimas Piamuuya Kuiniawan
Nuiaziz Banuika
*Associate Piofessoi
Bepaitment of Constiuction
Engineeiing
INTR0B0CTI0N
Bigh stiength steel anu conciete has gaineu incieasing attention iecently in
ieinfoiceu conciete (RC) builuings uue to the neeu to limit the size of stiuctuial
membeis in highiise builuings.
Some benefit of using high stiength steel anu conciete:
a. Incieasing available flooi aiea
b. Reuucing ieinfoicement congestion in beamcolumn joints anu plastic hinge
iegions of columns anu beams
c. Column section along the height of the builuing can be unifoimly uesigneu by
using highei mateiial stiength in the lowei stoiies
Limitation of cuiient ACI S18N11 of specifieu yielu stiength of tiansveise
ieinfoicement anu conciete compiessive stiength foi sheai uesign of 6u ksi (42u
NPa) anu 1u ksi (7u NPa) iespectively.
INTR0B0CTI0N
Recent auvancement in mateiial technology in Taiwan: Conciete with
compiessive stiength of 1uu NPa, uefoimeu ieinfoicement with yielu stiength of
68S NPa anu 78S NPa foi longituuinal ieinfoicement anu tiansveise
ieinfoicement, iespectively.
Taiwan launcheu an integiateu ieseaich pioject nameu as Taiwan New RC
Pioject. The objective of this ieseaich is to investigate sheai behavioi of RC
columns with such high stiength mateiials. Sheai uesign iequiiement of cuiient
ACI S18N11 piovision may not be applicable of columns with high stiength
steel anu conciete.

SPECINEN BESIuN
Eight laigescale column specimens weie constiucteu anu testeu in
uouble benuing unuei uniuiiectional lateial loau.
The columns weie uesigneu to have elastic sheai failuie in which sheai
failuie occuis without any yieluing of column longituuinal bais.
Column
Axial
load
Ratio
(fcAg)
Stirrup
spacing
(mm)
Concrete fc
(MPa)
Longitudinal
Rebar D32 fy
(MPa)
Stirrup D13 fyt
(MPa)
Design Actual Design Actual Design Actual
A-1
10%
450
70 92.5
685 735 785 862
A-2 100 103.15
A-3
260
70 96.9
A-4 100 107.1
B-1
20%
450
70 80.6
B-2 100 114.1
B-3
260
70 112.9
B-4 100 121.0
2
SPECINEN BESIuN
B B
8
8
A
A
C
C
D
D
E
10 10
8
E
8
B B
8
8
A
A
C
C
D
D
E
10 10
8
E
8
(a) Specimen with 4Su mm spacing (b) Specimen with 26u mm spacing
SPECINEN BESIuN
(a) Constiuction of specimen (b) Testing setup
TEST SET0P

0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27
Cycle
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
D
r
if
t R
a
tio
(
%
)
4.00%
3.00%
2.00%
1.50%
1.00%
0.75%
0.50%
u.S7S%
0.25%
(a) Testing Setup
(b) Loauing Piotocol
TEST RES0LTS
-2 -1 0 1 2
Displacement (in.)
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
L
a
te
ra
l
F
o
rc
e
(k
ip
s)
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60
Displacement (mm)
-2500
-2000
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
L
a
te
ra
l F
o
rc
e
(k
N
)
-3 -2 -1 0
Drift Ratio(%)
1 2 3
Flexural Crack
Shear Crack
Max. Load(Pmax)
First Yieldof Hoop
ExplosiveSound
0.8Pmax
0.8Pmax
A1
-2 -1 0 1 2
Displacement (in.)
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
L
a
te
ra
l
F
o
rc
e
(k
ip
s)
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60
Displacement (mm)
-2500
-2000
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
L
a
te
ra
l F
o
rc
e
(k
N
)
-3 -2 -1 0
Drift Ratio(%)
1 2 3
Flexural Crack
Shear Crack
Max. Load(Pmax)
First Yieldof Hoop
ExplosiveSound
0.8Pmax
0.8Pmax
A2

-2 -1 0 1 2
Displacement (in.)
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
L
a
te
ra
l
F
o
rc
e
(k
ip
s)
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60
Displacement (mm)
-2500
-2000
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
L
a
te
ra
l F
o
rc
e
(k
N
)
-3 -2 -1 0
Drift Ratio(%)
1 2 3
Flexural Crack
Shear Crack
Max. Load(Pmax)
First Yieldof Hoop
ExplosiveSound
0.8Pmax
0.8Pmax
A3

-2 -1 0 1 2
Displacement (in.)
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
L
a
te
ra
l
F
o
rc
e
(k
ip
s)
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60
Displacement (mm)
-2500
-2000
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
L
a
te
ra
l F
o
rc
e
(k
N
)
-3 -2 -1 0
Drift Ratio(%)
1 2 3
Flexural Crack
Shear Crack
Max. Load(Pmax)
First Yieldof Hoop
ExplosiveSound
0.8Pmax
0.8Pmax
A4
A1 A2 A3 A4
TEST RES0LTS
B1 B2 B3 B4

-2 -1 0 1 2
Displacement (in.)
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
L
a
te
ra
l
F
o
rc
e
(k
ip
s)
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60
Displacement (mm)
-2500
-2000
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
L
a
te
ra
l F
o
rc
e
(k
N
)
-3 -2 -1 0
Drift Ratio(%)
1 2 3
Flexural Crack
Shear Crack
Max. Load(Pmax)
First Yieldof Hoop
ExplosiveSound
0.8Pmax
0.8Pmax B1

-2 -1 0 1 2
Displacement (in.)
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
L
a
te
ra
l
F
o
rc
e
(k
ip
s)
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60
Displacement (mm)
-2500
-2000
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
L
a
te
ra
l F
o
rc
e
(k
N
)
-3 -2 -1 0
Drift Ratio(%)
1 2 3
Flexural Crack
Shear Crack
Max. Load(Pmax)
First Yieldof Hoop
ExplosiveSound
0.8Pmax
0.8Pmax B2

-2 -1 0 1 2
Displacement (in.)
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
L
a
te
ra
l
F
o
rc
e
(k
ip
s)
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60
Displacement (mm)
-2500
-2000
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
L
a
te
ra
l F
o
rc
e
(k
N
)
-3 -2 -1 0
Drift Ratio(%)
1 2 3
Flexural Crack
Shear Crack
Max. Load(Pmax)
First Yieldof Hoop
ExplosiveSound
0.8Pmax
0.8Pmax B3

-2 -1 0 1 2
Displacement (in.)
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
L
a
te
ra
l
F
o
rc
e
(k
ip
s)
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60
Displacement (mm)
-2500
-2000
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
L
a
te
ra
l F
o
rc
e
(k
N
)
-3 -2 -1 0
Drift Ratio(%)
1 2 3
Flexural Crack
Shear Crack
Max. Load(Pmax)
First Yieldof Hoop
ExplosiveSound
0.8Pmax
0.8Pmax
B4
Calculation of vs_test anu vc_test
_ _ _ c test n test s test
V V V =
wheie:
is conciete compiessive stiength
is effective uepth
is ciosssectional aiea of sheai ieinfoicement
is yielu stiess of sheai ieinfoicement
is spacing of sheai ieinfoicement
is angle of sheai ciack
c
f '
d
v
A
y
f
s
_
cot
v s
s test
A f d
V
s
u =
Sheai stiength fiom ieinfoicement
Sheai stiength fiom conciete
u
3
Sheai Ciack Angle
Specimen
Axial
Load
Ratio
Shear Crack Angle (
o
)
Test Results AASHTO
LRFD
Elwood &
Moehle Min Average Max
A-1
10%
24 26.75 30 43.9 31.84
A-2 24 25 26 43.9 31.75
A-3 22 24.6 31 43.9 31.8
A-4 26 28.6 30 43.9 31.72
B-1
20%
16 23 29 43.1 28.57
B-2 14 18.5 21 43.9 28.35
B-3 13 21.4 27 43.1 28.36
B-4 17 20 23 43.9 28.26
A1 A2 A3 A4
B1 B2 B3 B4
The ciack angle was measuieu by obseiving the
uominant uiagonal sheai ciack that uevelopeu
uuiing the test.
Ciack angle vaiies fiom 1S
o
to S1
o
.
Bighei axial loau showeu smallei ciitical ciack
angle.
Nost ciitical ciack angles aie smallei than Su
o
.
Stiess of sheai ieinfoicement
at the sheai ciack
Specimen
Drift ratio at
max shear (%)
A-1 0.57
A-2 0.53
A-3 0.75
A-4 0.79
B-1 0.59
B-2 0.50
B-3 0.54
B-4 0.64
f
c
: 8u.6 NPa to 121 NPa
Axial Loau iatio: 1u% anu 2u%
u u.1 u.2 u.S u.4 u.S u.6 u.7 u.8 u.9 1 1.1
Biift Ratio (%)
u
2uu
4uu
6uu
8uu
1uuu
S
t
i
e
s
s

(
N
P
a
)o(x)= 1S94.8x S28.S4
Yielu point of hoops
Yieluing of tiansveise ieinfoicement is ieacheu at a uiift of 1%.
EFFECT 0F AXIAL L0AB
u u.2S u.S u.7S 1 1.2S 1.S 1.7S 2
Biift Ratio (%)
u
Suu
1uuu
1Suu
2uuu
2Suu
A
p
p
lie
u
S
h
e
a
i
(
k
N
)
vtest A1
vc_test A1
vs_test A1
vtest B1
vc_test B1
vs_test B1
u u.2S u.S u.7S 1 1.2S 1.S 1.7S 2
Biift Ratio (%)
u
Suu
1uuu
1Suu
2uuu
2Suu
A
p
p
lie
u
S
h
e
a
i
(
k
N
)
vtest AS
vc_test AS
vs_test AS
vtest BS
vc_test BS
vs_test BS
The peak of vn was ieacheu befoie yieluing of tiansveise ieinfoicement
Incieasing axial loau incieases vc anu causes a moie iapiuly uiop of vc aftei the
peak of vc; uecieases the sheai angle anu hence incieases vs foi a given uiift;
uoes not affect the uiift at the peak of vc.
EFFECT 0F f
c
u u.2S u.S u.7S 1 1.2S 1.S 1.7S 2
Biift Ratio (%)
u
Suu
1uuu
1Suu
2uuu
2Suu
A
p
p
lie
u
S
h
e
a
i
(
k
N
)
vtest B1
vc_test B1
vs_test B1
vtest B2
vc_test B2
vs_test B2
u u.2S u.S u.7S 1 1.2S 1.S 1.7S 2
Biift Ratio (%)
u
Suu
1uuu
1Suu
2uuu
2Suu
A
p
p
lie
u
S
h
e
a
i
(
k
N
)
vtest BS
vc_test BS
vs_test BS
vtest B4
vc_test B4
vs_test B4
Column
Concret
e fc
(MPa)
Actual
A-1 92.5
A-2 103.15
A-3 96.9
A-4 107.1
B-1 80.6
B-2 114.1
B-3 112.9
B-4 121.0
Incieasing fc seems to ueciease the uiift at the peak of vc, thus ieuucing the
coiiesponuing stiess in the tiansveise ieinfoicement.
Aggiegate Inteilock
Conciete sheai stiength
contiibution consists of thiee
impoitant teims: compiession
zone mechanism, aggiegate
inteilock anu uowel action.
In high stiength conciete, the
stiength of moitai is typically
highei than that of aggiegate
so ciacks typically cut thiough
the aggiegate (shown on the
iight), possibly ieuucing the
aggiegate inteilock mechanism.
EFFECT 0F SPACINu 0F B00PS
u u.2S u.S u.7S 1 1.2S 1.S 1.7S 2
Biift Ratio (%)
u
Suu
1uuu
1Suu
2uuu
2Suu
A
p
p
lie
u
S
h
e
a
i
(
k
N
)
vtest A2
vc_test A2
vs_test A2
vtest A4
vc_test A4
vs_test A4
u u.2S u.S u.7S 1 1.2S 1.S 1.7S 2
Biift Ratio (%)
u
Suu
1uuu
1Suu
2uuu
2Suu
A
p
p
lie
u
S
h
e
a
i
(
k
N
)
vtest B2
vc_test B2
vs_test B2
vtest B4
vc_test B4
vs_test B4
Becieasing veitical spacing of tiansveise ieinfoicement seems not affecting the
uegiauation pattein of vc. Bowevei, uue to the inciease of vs foi a given uiift, vn is
still able to inciease aftei the peak of vc, thus incieasing vn anu the stiess in
tiansveise ieinfoicement at the peak of vn.
4
EXANINATI0N 0F C0RRENT ACI S18
SBEAR EQ0ATI0N
Specimen
Drift ratio
at max
shear (%)
prediction
(MPa)
Vs_test
(kN)
Vc_test
(kN)
Vc_test fromthe
peak of Vc (kN)
Vtest (kN)
A-1 0.57 265.15 212.36 1365.92 1365.92 1578.27
A-2 0.53 216.72 187.20 1451.16 1451.16 1638.36
A-3 0.75 522.41 796.80 975.74 1341.88 1772.54
A-4 0.79 572.43 730.79 1050.21 1401.17 1780.99
B-1 0.59 299.24 298.05 1915.34 1915.34 2213.38
B-2 0.50 171.38 216.44 2081.83 2081.83 2298.27
B-3 0.54 226.40 422.54 1995.39 2032.96 2417.93
B-4 0.64 368.98 741.17 1786.80 1982.70 2527.98
Assumption:
Actual f
c
Actual ciitical ciack angle
Stiess pieuiction of sheai ieinfoicement
EXANINATI0N 0F C0RRENT ACI S18
SBEAR EQ0ATI0N
s c n
V V V + =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
g
u
w c c
A
N
d b f V
8 . 13
1 ' 166 . 0
g
u
w c c
A
N
d b f V
29 . 0
1 ' 29 . 0 + =
Noie uetaileu calculation:
( )
8
4
17 ' 16 . 0
d h
N M M
d b
M
d V
f V
u u m
w
m
u
w c c

=
+ =
Shall not be taken gieatei than:
Wheie:
is conciete compiessive stiength
is effective web wiuth
is effective uepth
is height of the section aiea
is factoieu axial compiession loau
is factoieu sheai uue to the total factoieu loaus
is factoieu moment uue to the total factoieu
loaus
is ciosssectional aiea of sheai ieinfoicement
is yielu stiess of sheai ieinfoicement
is spacing of sheai ieinfoicement
c
f '
w
b
d
h
u
N
u
V
u
M
v
A
y
f
s
u cot
s
d f A
V
y v
s
=
EXANINATI0N 0F C0RRENT ACI S18
SBEAR EQ0ATI0N
Specimen
Drift ratio
at max
shear (%)
Vns (kN)
Vnc_simplified
(kN)
Vnc_detailed
(kN)
Vn_simplified
(kN)
Vn_detailed
(kN)
A-1 0.57 169.55 600.39 585.53 769.94 755.08
A-2 0.53 169.18 599.08 582.84 768.26 752.02
A-3 0.75 293.29 600.06 572.14 893.35 865.43
A-4 0.79 292.34 598.12 567.77 890.46 860.11
B-1 0.59 177.57 840.40 716.82 1017.97 894.39
B-2 0.50 177.48 839.96 712.65 1017.44 890.13
B-3 0.54 307.19 840.02 681.87 1147.21 989.06
B-4 0.64 307.07 839.67 671.90 1146.74 978.97
Assumption:
ACI S18 conciete compiessive stiength limitation of 7u NPa
ACI S18 Stiess limitation of sheai ieinfoicement of 42u NPa
Ciitical ciack angle of 4S uegiees
EXANINATI0N 0F C0RRENT ACI S18
SBEAR EQ0ATI0N
Specimen
Drift ratio
at max
shear (%)
Vns (kN)
Vnc_simplified
(kN)
Vnc_detailed
(kN)
Vn_simplified
(kN)
Vn_detailed
(kN)
A-1 0.57 347.98 764.58 702.74 1112.56 1050.72
A-2 0.53 347.22 843.13 764.17 1190.35 1111.39
A-3 0.75 601.94 797.06 696.47 1399.00 1298.42
A-4 0.79 599.99 871.79 740.82 1471.79 1340.82
B-1 0.59 364.44 970.56 843.07 1335.00 1207.51
B-2 0.50 364.25 1412.56 2566.70 1776.81 2930.95
B-3 0.54 630.47 1395.35 1779.51 2025.82 2409.99
B-4 0.64 630.22 1509.63 2622.81 2139.84 3253.03
Assumption:
Actual conciete compiessive stiength
Actual yielu stiength of sheai ieinfoicement
Ciitical ciack angle of 4S uegiees
EXANINATI0N 0F C0RRENT ACI S18
SBEAR EQ0ATI0N
Specimen
Drift ratio at
max shear (%)
Fnx
Fx_text
At maximum strength At peak Fc At maximum strength
Fnc_x|mp|||ed
Fc_text
Fnc_deta||ed
Fc_text
Fnc_x|mp|||ed
Fc_text
Fnc_deta||ed
Fc_text
Fn_x|m|||ed
Fn_text
Fn_deta||ed
Fn_text
A-1 0.57 0.80 0.44 0.43 0.44 0.43 0.49 0.48
A-2 0.53 0.90 0.41 0.40 0.41 0.40 0.47 0.46
A-3 0.75 0.37 0.61 0.59 0.45 0.43 0.50 0.49
A-4 0.79 0.40 0.57 0.54 0.43 0.41 0.50 0.48
B-1 0.59 0.60 0.44 0.37 0.44 0.37 0.46 0.40
B-2 0.50 0.82 0.40 0.34 0.40 0.34 0.44 0.39
B-3 0.54 0.73 0.42 0.34 0.41 0.34 0.47 0.41
B-4 0.64 0.41 0.47 0.38 0.42 0.34 0.45 0.39
ACI S18 with mateiial stiength limitation
v
c
, v
s
, anu v
n
calculateu by sheai stiength equation of ACI S18 with its mateiial
stiength limitation aie conseivative.
EXANINATI0N 0F C0RRENT ACI S18
SBEAR EQ0ATI0N
Specimen
Drift ratio at
max shear (%)
Fnx
Fx_text
At maximum strength At peak Fc At maximum strength
Fnc_x|mp|||ed
Fc_text
Fnc_deta||ed
Fc_text
Fnc_x|mp|||ed
Fc_text
Fnc_deta||ed
Fc_text
Fn_x|m|||ed
Fn_text
Fn_deta||ed
Fn_text
A-1 0.57 1.64 0.56 0.51 0.56 0.51 0.70 0.67
A-2 0.53 1.85 0.58 0.53 0.58 0.53 0.73 0.68
A-3 0.75 0.76 0.82 0.71 0.59 0.52 0.79 0.73
A-4 0.79 0.82 0.83 0.71 0.62 0.53 0.83 0.75
B-1 0.59 1.22 0.51 0.44 0.51 0.44 0.60 0.55
B-2 0.50 1.68 0.68 1.23 0.68 1.23 0.77 1.28
B-3 0.54 1.49 0.70 0.89 0.69 0.88 0.84 1.00
B-4 0.64 0.85 0.84 1.47 0.76 1.32 0.85 1.29
v
c
calculateu by simplifieu sheai stiength equation of ACI S18 with actual
mateiial stiength is conseivative.
v
s
is unconseivative foi S specimens (total 8 specimens).
ACI S18 with actual mateiial stiength
5
C0NCL0SI0N
1. The peaks of vn anu vc weie ieacheu befoie yieluing of tiansveise
ieinfoicement foi the specimens examineu in this ieseaich. Auuing moie
tiansveise ieinfoicement incieases the stiess in the tiansveise ieinfoicement.
Naximum stiess of tiansveise ieinfoicement was founu to be aiounu 6uu NPa
(specimen A4)
2. The vs, vc, anu vn equations of the ACI S18 coue with mateiial stiength
limitations aie conseivative foi high stiength columns examineu in this
ieseaich.
S. With actual conciete compiessive stiength, the simplifieu vc equation of the
ACI S18 coue is still conseivative.
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