Myworldofrealityofthefuturethatyethastobemanwilltrytohaltprogressby allmeans,buthewillfailintheendashehasalwaysdone.

HereisanotheroneofthetoolsthatI hadasaguidelinetosolvehowto obtainvariousvaluesformaterials. ItiscorrectthatIneverhadyour schoolinglikeyouhad,butseeing thatresultIammorethangladthatI missedoutofyourschooling. Myknowledgecamefromdreams whoseresultsIammostpleasedwith, forwithoutthosedreamsthereareno S.E.Gs.,nofuture, andnohopefor mankind. Iagreetheyweresimpletoolsitisnothowsimpleatoolis,buthowyouuseitwhichisvital. 188: Imightbeanoldmannow,butIamnotafool,Iworknodoubtuponthistechnologyeachday beyondthehoursthatyouwouldwork,andeatfarlessofoutofdatefoodtosavemoney,whichI doubtthatyouwouldbepreparedtodo.Igiveupallpleasureforthesakeofyou,whichIdoubt thatyouwoulddothesameforme,thatiswhatmakesmeamanmyson. 101.

nd 189 Today,FebruarySaturday2 ,2008at1804GMT,justfinishedeatingalightmealinthekitchen whenIthoughtthatIwaslosingurine,andnoticebloodbuildinguponthefloor,checkingmy eyesnotbeinggoodthoughtthatthebleedingwascomingfromtheendoftheurinarytrack,so holdingthepenisglandtighttostopthebloodIrushtothebathroomtowashthebloodfrommy legsonlytoseebloodbuildingupofthefloorthere,Irealisedthatitwasthetesticleswhichwere bleeding.

WettingaflannelwithcoldwaterIwrapthetesticlesinitandsqueezedtightandmademywayto phoneforadoctorandstillbloodwasappearingonthecarpetrighttothephone.Beinga Saturday,therewasnosurgeryopenhaveyoutrytowritedownphonenumberscomingtoyou fastwithonehandtryingtostopthebleedingandtheotherhandingaphoneandyoucannothear whatisbeingsaid. Impossible,soIwalkedtoeachflatforthepurposetoaskthemtocomeandphoneforadoctor, andIcannotbelieveitnoonewasavailabletheywereallout,nodoubtatthepub.Ihadclimbup onstepstopullthehelplinecord,nothingresponded,guessthatnowthecouncilhadsoldthis propertytohousingassociatesthesystemofhelphasbeenremovedfromoperations. Ididmanageintheendtostopthebleeding,notbecauseIhadranoutofblood,buthadmanage tofindtheplacebyfeelwheretheveinhadburstopen,mydoctormostlikewilldropintomorrow toseehowtheworkisprogressingsoIcanshowhimtheproblemandseeifhefeelsthatsurgery isrequiredtopreventthathappeningagain. TheUKhassurechangewithagovernmentwhoproudlystatehowtheyarecaringfortheaged reallytheymustbetakingdrugstobelievethatcrap!
st 190: Inmybook8A,IwroteanarticleonMars,anditwasreleasetothepubliconMay21 1995.AsI feelthatMarswillsoonbecomeagainatalkingissue,Ishallreleaseitagainheresothatyoucan witnesswhatmyviewswerethen.

DOCSISRCPM1. st DATE:21 May1995. EITION:Two.

GrahamePark,London,England.

LOCATION DIVISION SUBJECT AUTHOR STATUS

: : : : :

Headquarters,London,England. MannedFlight. PlanetMars. Prof.JohnRoyRobertSearl. HeadofR&DHumanStudies.

191: Aresearchanddevelopmentcompany,suchasours, mustsetitselfsomegoaltoachieve,andthat goalmustbesethigh,ifamassofnewproductshavetobecreatedforthatsuccesstobeachieved. 102.

Tothisaim,SearlInternationalSpaceresearchConsortium,hassetatargetimpossible,which shallbetermedTARGETMARS. Forthesuccessofsuchatarget:willcallformanynewproducts. Itwillforcethemarketplacetodevelopthosecomponentsandtheyaredoingjustthat,in differentways. First,wemustunderstandourobjective,sowecandesignandconstructsuchaproject. Throughthesebooks,Ihaveandshallcontinuetopresentalltheknowledgeknownuponthis problem. 192: FACTS,ASIKNEWTHEMIN1963: Inmybook8,page29,thewordattheendofthatpage, ismissing,shouldhavebeenGAS. Atthattime,Ihadnochoicebuttoaccepttheviewthatoursolarsystemhavingoriginatedfrom thesamegalacticglobuleastronomicallyclosetotheEarth,Marswillhave,asstatedinbook8,a similaroverallcomposition. Yet,itslowerdensityof3.94indicates,after anallowancehasbeenmadeforreducedinternal compression,anexpectedlyhigherproportionoflightweightmaterials,includingsomesubstances relativelyscareontheEarth,withacorrespondingreductionintheheavierelements..

Inotherwordsmoresialandlessnife.
Somethingcanbelearnedabouttheinternalstructureofaplanetfromitspolarflattening,or oblateness,whichistheresultofinteractionbetweengravitationandaxialrotation. Theconditionofgravitationalequilibriumisachievedinaperfectsphere,butthecentrifugal forcesgeneratedbythespin,whicharestrongestattheequatorandpeterouttowardsthepoles, causesarotatingbodytobulgeoutattheformerandtosaginatthelatter. Theoblateness,orellipticity,e,ismeasuredbythedifferencebetweentheequatorialradiusRe andthepolarradiusR p dividedintoReinotherwords:

Sincethecentrifugaldragisdirectlyproportionaltothemassanditsdistancefromtheaxisof revolution,itisclearthatthefastertheplanetspins,thelargeritisandthelessitsmassis concentratedtowardsthecentre,themoreoblate,orflattenatthepoles,Imustbe. Thereexistcomparativelysimplemathematicalrelatingthesefactorstooneanotherand oblatenesstotheinternaldistributionofmass. 103.

NowtheequatorialradiioftheEarthandMarsare3,963and2110milesrespectively. Thesiderealday,betweentwosuccessivetransitsofthesamestarobservedfromapointonthe surface,in23hours56minutesand4secondsinthefirstcase, and24hours37minutesand23 secondsinthesecond. ThusthecentrifugalforceswithinthebodyofMarsaresmaller,yetitsoblatenessof0.0052is higherthantheEarth0.0034. ThenceitisinferredthatthemassofMarsislesstowardsthecentre. Tosomeextentthisistheinevitableconsequenceofitssmallermass,whichisonly0.107ofour planetsforthecentraldensityoftheEarth,putat17.2,isduetocompression.Arisingfrom increasedgravityactingonagreaterthicknessofsuperjacketrocks. Nevertheless,theoblatenessofMarsformsacloseapproachtothetheoreticalmodelofa homogeneousplanetofuniformdensitythroughout. InthemodelconstructedbySirHaroldJeffreys,tomyknowledge,Marsiscreditedwithasmall ironnickelcore,butit hasbeennotedthatitmaynothavenocoreatall,therehavingbeenno gravitationalfractionationofmaterial,whichrequirestheinteriortohavepassedthroughaliquid phase.

THIS,HOWEVER,DOESNOTAPPEARVERYPROBABLE.
193: Takingtheterrestrialandmeteoriticabundancesofradioactiveelementsasthestartingpoint,G. P.Kuiperhascalculatedthat4,500millionyearsago,whentheplanetswereformed,theheat releasedbythedecayoftheseelementswillhavebeententimeshigherthanatpresent,and concludedthatallbodiesover100milesindiametermusthadmeltedinsideasaresult. Itcould,ofcause,bethatMarswasspinningfastertobeginwithandacquireditspresentfigureat thattime,theexcessiveoblatenesshavingbeenpreservedintothepresentstageofitsevolutionby thehardeningofthelightsurfacelayers.

SIALHASAMUCHHIGHERMELTINGPOINTTHANSIMA.
194: TheMoon,too,isexcessivelyflattenedatthepoles,whichcallsforasimilarexplanation. Tomyknowledge,thisissubstantiallytheconclusionreachedbyD.L.Lamar,whoinvestigated thesituationin1961,without,however,invokingtheevolutionaryexplanationjustmentioned. He,tomyknowledge,distinguishesbetweentheobservedopticaloblatenessandthedynamical oblatenessoftheinvisibleequipotentialsurfaceoverwhichtheforcesofgravitationaland centrifugaldragareisostaticallybalanced.
3 AssumingthatthecrustofMarsis0.5gm/cm lighterthanthemantle,hestates,thathefinds thatthediscrepancycanberemovedbyvariationincrustalthicknessalone,thisbeingbetween18 and175km.withtheisostaticequilibriumattainedatdepthsofover250km, say150miles.

Herein1963,Icannotsaywhoisrightorwrong,therefore,toomuchimportancemustnotbe attachedatthistimetosuchnumericalresults,butinagreementJeffreysreasoningtheseindicate 104.

athickSialiclayer. Tomyknowledgeatthistime,basedupontheseexpertsstatements,Iwouldstate,inotherwords, thatbasicrockscannotbeexpectedtooutcroponMarsanditssurfaceformationswillbehigher acidandincludemanylightmineralspecies. Well,weshallhavetowaituntilwegetthere,tocheckhowcorrecttheywere,Imyselfexpectto findmanyrockslyingarounduponthesurface,andIwoulddoubtifwewillfindanyplanet different,inrespecttothatconditions. BythesametokenMarsmusthavereceivedatbirthaproportionalallowanceofwater,ammonia, methaneandothergasesexceedingthatoftheEarth. Sincethesesubstanceswereacquiredbytheaggregationofcoldcometaryandmeteoricmatter, theoutcomecouldnothavebeenseriouslyaffectedbythelowermassofMars:andsincethe primitiveatmospheresoftheterrestrialplanetshavebeenlostanywayduringthelaterhot surfacestage,thatis,iftheexpertsarecorrectintheirthinking,onlysuchvolatileconstituentsas havebeenchemicallyboundor occludedintheinteriorcouldhavecontributedtothepresent situationineithercases. Theremainingsecondaryatmospherehasbeenproducedbyvolcanicexhalation.

YETMARSHASNOSEASANDONLYATHINATMOSPHERE.
195: Thelatteriscold. Thesurfacegravityof0.38gandtheescapevelocityof3.1milespersecondarewhollyadequate forretainingmostatmosphericgases,exceptinghydrogenH1andHeliumHe2,andwaterfor cosmicperiods. Thelossofsurfacewaterthroughphotodissociationbyultravioletradiationathigh atmosphericlevelsisoneofthecommonclichswithoutmuchsubstance,astheascendingwater vapourwillbeentirelyfrozenouttthecoldtrap. Thusthequestionposesitself,whathasbecomeofthevolatilesoriginally trappedinsideMars? HereMarsinvitesoncemorecomparisonwiththeMoonratherthantheEarththathasalways beenmyview.FortheMoonpresentsasimilarproblem. Tomyknowledge,itistruethatabodyofsmallmass,havingalowescapevelocity,willbe steadilylosingsomeoftheoutergasenvelopebymolecularevaporationtospace,aswellasby thesweepingactionofthesolarwindoffastprotonsemittedbyflares.

ITSEEMS,HOWEVER,THATTHELATTEREFFECTHASBEEN EXAGGERATED.
196: Moreover, itisnotalllost,fortherewillalsobegravitationalandcollisionalcaptureof interplanetarygas,whosedensityriseswiththesolarwind. Tomyknowledge,inJeansoriginalinvestigation(1925)oftheproblemofdissipationof planetaryatmospheresanatmosphereofagivengaswillendureforover1000millionyears 105.

(oneeron)ifitsmeansquarevelocityislessthanafifthofthevelocityofescape,andIhaveseen thatMarsoughttosatisfythisconditionformostgasses. Buttheproblemisimmenselycomplicatedandnosimplemathematicaltreatmentcangiveatrue pictureofthesituation. JeansconsideredasIunderstandit,theatmospheretobeisothermalthroughout. Inactualfact,however,temperaturedropssteadilywithheightinthelowerconvective atmosphere,ortroposphere,whichcontainsmostoftheatmospheremass. Theoverlyingstratospheremayfirthemodelinpart,butthere,too,thetemperaturevariesat higherlevelsowingtothepresentofsuchgasesasozone,whichbecomesheatedbyabsorbing ultravioletradiation,andtoionisation. Theexistenceofcoldtrapsmaysubstantiallyremovesomeatmosphericconstituentsfromthe escapelevel,sothattheywillbepreservingindefianceofsuchsimpletheory. Ontheother hand,heavygassesmaybelostthroughphotodissociationintolighter components. Moreover,neitherjeanshimselfnorthosewhofollowedinhisfootstepspaidanyattentiontothe hydrosphere. Tomyacceptedknowledge,thispointwastakenupbyJ.J.Gilvarryin1960forthecaseofthe Moon. Startingfromthereasonableassumptionthattheoriginallunarmagmascontainedthesame proportionofwaterastheirterrestrialcounterparts,hefoundthattheMoonoughttohave preservedasubstantialhydrosphereforatleastoneaeon,allowinglifetodevelop,andtheMaria ofitsheyday wouldhavebeentrueseaswithanaveragedepthof1 miles. Thissoundsexciting,but,unfortunately,thereislittleindicationofmassivewateractiononthe surfaceoftheMoon,withsomehighlylocalisedexceptions,suchastemporarywatercourses. I,myselfdoubtitastheLAWOFTHESQUARESsuggesttheopposite,weshallwaitandsee whathappenswhenwegetthere. MyknowledgeoftheMartiansurfaceistooscantyfor suchanassertion,buttheavailable evidencepointstoaverysimilargeneralsituation,althoughMars,beingsomeeighttimesas massiveastheMoon,Gilvarrysreasoningshouldapplytoitallthemore. ButtheLAWOFTHESQUARESsaythatsuchamount ofwaterwillnotbepresent,weshall waitandseewhatmanshallfindwhenwegetthere.

ALITTLEDIGRESSIONSEEMSNOTOUTOFPLACEHERE.
197: ThereexistsageneraltendencytothinkofwaterandoxygenO8,whicharevitaltoanimallife knowntous, inmagicalratherthanscientificterms. Theirpresenceonanyotherworldisalwaysregardedassomethingextremelyimprobableand requiringspecialproof. 106.

Yet,Iagree,asamatterofsoberfacthydrogenH1,isbyfarthecommonestofallchemical speciesintheuniversetomyknowledge,andthenextcommonest,passingthechemically inactiveheliumHe2andneonNe10,isoxygenO8,sothatitistheabsenceofwaterthatshould beamatterforcomment,whileatleastsomeoxygenO8mustbeformedbyitsdissociation. Itis,therefore,theapparentscarcityofwateronthesurfaceofMars,whichwillbeconsideredin anotherbookofthisseries,fromtheobservationalandecologicalstandpoint,thatrequires explanation. Onepointtobeborneinmindisthat,whileitmaybemathematicallyconvenienttoassumethata planetaryatmospherewassuppliedallreadymadeinasinglefiat,thisisquiteobviouslyuntrue, foritwasproducedoveralonggeologicalperiodbyvolcanicaction,whichhasnotceasedyet withal. Insteadofsurgingtothesurfaceofthemoonormarsinagreatflood,thejuvenilewaterswere arrivingthereinlittledriblets,withperhapsanoccasionalpipeburst. ThusinconsideringaplanetaryatmosphereorhydrosphereImustthinkofitinthetermsofa currentaccount,withsmallgainsandlossestobeaddedanddeductedallthetime,ratherthanofa singlebigwinonthepoolsthatwassubsequentlysquandered. Isuspect,however,thateventhisobviousfactdoesnotprovidethecompleteanswer. ForitappliestotheEarthaswell,andifthedirecteffectofreducedgravityassuchisinsufficient toaccountfortheobserveddifferences,itisnecessarytoexploreitsfurtherconsequences,aswell asthethermalfactors. Lowgravity,combinedwiththeabsenceofsurfacewateranditsconsolidatingaction,willcause surfacerockstobelightlycompactedandtheprimaryorigneousformationstoassumetheform ofbubbly(vesicular)lava. Tomyunderstandingsuchrockswillbehighlyabsorbentofgas,includingwatervapour,andso tendtosuckupanddepletetheatmosphere. Theymayalsobespecificallylighterthanwater(Firsoff,1959),whichwouldthenunderlinethem intheorderofnaturalgravitationalstratification,notappearingonthesurfaceinordinary circumstances. Moreover,fordifferentreasons,thesubsoiloftheMoonandMarswillbepermanentlyfrozenata certaindepth,thusformingapermafrostseal(Firsoff,1959T.Gold,1960),sothatthewater risingtothesurfacefromtheinteriorwillbecaughtinitandfrozenontheway,withthe exceptionofgeysersorvolcanicventswherethesealisbroken. ThatisnotquitehowIseeit,backtherein1963,Idontexpecttofindanyvolcanicactivitylet alonegeysers,andwhetherwaterisfrozeninthetopsurface,Iratherdoubtit,weshallhaveto waituntilwegettheytosolvethoseproblems,wewillgetthereintheend. ItthusseemsthatinMartianconditionsmostofthewaterwillstaylockedunderground,sothat Marshasneverhadanyseas,aswehavegrowntoknow. ItisnottosaythatIdonotthinkthatMarshadseas,butthesehavebeenlosttospace,averylong timeago. 107.

Thishasimportantandvariedimplications,oneofwhichisafurtherloweringofthemeandensity ofthecrust. ThetimeisnowripetoexamineMarsinthelightofobservationaldata. ThisissomeofthestateofeventsrelatingtoboththeMoonandMars,backtherein1963,whenI startedplanningacrafttobecalledSTARSHIPEZEKIELMK.11.FromwhichtheDEMO1 wasconstructedtotestoutthestructureconceptforthatprogram.

WHENWEGETTOMARSWHATSHALLWEFIND?

Willwefindplentyofwaterfrozenornoneatall? Shallwefindthattherehadbeenseastherebutwhen? Whatshallwefindinreferenceofanatmosphere? Shallwefindthatlifedidstartthere? Orshallwefindthatnolifehasexistedthereatanytime?

Itsureisaninterestingplaceto,notknowwhatyouwillfind. Maybesomereaderwillfeelthattheyhavereadthisbefore,yes,youcouldberight,Ididrelease thisreportin1956,andshallcontinueherewiththatreportof1965,whichwasalsoanewsletter ofthattime.

THESEARLINTERNATIONALSPACERESEARCHCOMNSORTIUM:
Muststudythepasttoplanthefuture,yesthatmightconfuseyou.

FIRST:Imustnotbuildintothefuture,thatwhichisnowknowntohavefailed. NEXT:Imustweaveintothefutureideas,whichIholdinmyhead,thebestofthepast,as
partnerswithfutureplansandconcepts. Bearinmind,thatonegoodidea,cangivebirthtolotsofideas,andthatismytaskhere. Icannotdesignaconcept,unlessIfullyunderstandalloftheproblems,whichmustbesolved forsuchasuccesstotakeplace. Herewithinthisbook,likethosebeforeit,Ihavebeenlookingattheseproblems,whichmust bestudiedextremelycarefultoidentifytheproblems. Now,wecanallagreethattheonlyrecognisedsystemforspacetransportationisbyrocket.

Isthatreallytrue? Thereisnootherway?
108.

198: ThatisthetaskofSearlInternationalSpaceResearchConsortium,asmydreamstated,plusthe lawofthesquaresstates,therearealwaystwooptions,onegoodandonebad,soistherocket systemthebadone? Ifthatisthebadsystem,thenthegoodsystemhasyettobediscovered. Normally,IwouldatthispointproceedasIdidtheninthepastuponNASAproblemsintheir MarinerMarsProject,whichclearlygivesyouagoodexampleofwhatittakestowinoverthe impossible.YouknowandIknowthattheydidwin,butatwhatacostandrisksinvolved. Yeseverythingnewintransportationpresentsrisks,forwithoutrisksthereisnoreward. Thisdocumenthasbeenreleasedtothegeneralpublicbytheauthorityof:

Prof.JohnRoyRobertSearl:Lecturerhumanstudies. Mannedflightdivision. Status:HeadofR&D.

BeforeclosingthisreportIwishtoaddotherpointswhichareimportanttomeforthesuccessof anydeepspacepenetrationmissions.

ClownDoctorsremindmeofsomanythings:totakeourworkseriouslybut ourselveslightlythevalueofasmileandalaughthatitisOKtotakeaminute toplaytothisaimIpraythatImeetthoseconditionsbeforemyenemiesandmy friendsalike.

Therehavebeenlostoflifeinthespacedomain: thatthecausesweretechnically relatedtofailure onhumanbeingactionsthatwereresponsibletoseesuchproblemsdidnotoccur. Letitbeknowntoallcreaturesgreatandsmall:thiskindofattitudeofnotperformingtorequired standardscannotbeacceptedwithintheSEARLINTERNATIONALSPACERESEARCH CONSORTIUM,itisnotjustthecostofthevehicleitsisalsothelostoftrainedstaff.

109.

110.

Thesetwophotosareof Sydney,Australiaairportoftodayandthefuturethatyettocome.

ThisistheworldofrealitymyworldthisistheUKoperationothercountries willhavetheiroperationrulesandSearlInternationalSpaceResearch ConsortiumMannedFlightDivisionmustfullyunderstandtheirfunctionsand workwithinthem.

199: HOWAIRSPACEISORGANISED: UnitedKingdomairspacein1968wasdividedintotwoFLIGHTINFORMATIONREGIONS: LONDONandSCOTTISH withairtrafficcontrolcentresatWestDrayton,Middlesex,and Prestwick,Ayrshire. TheOceanicAreaControlCentre,alsoatPrestwick,looksafterairtrafficcontrolintheEastern partoftheNorthAtlantic. WithintheFlightInformationRegions,someairspaceisdesignatedControlledAirspaceandsome 111.

IsdesignatedSpecialRulesAirspace. SearlInternationalSpaceResearchConsortiumMannedFlightDivisionforitsspaceoperation missionsforoutgoingandincomingtrafficwillneedtosetupsimilarstructureofoperation.

Appreciatingtheconceptofoperationalfunctionsisimportant,wherenormalpassengerservices areoperating,andthentheUKstandardruleswouldapply. Thiswillalsoapplytoallothercountriescontrolsystemswhicharefunctioningtoprevent accidentshappening. NOTE: ControlledAirspaceissubdivided. ControlledZonessurroundingmajorairportsthisshallalsohavetobesetupat spaceports.InrespectofSearlInternationalSpaceResearchConsortium operationsthissectorshallbelocatedwithinthemainspaceportcentre. TerminalControlAreas(TMAs): usuallyattheconfluenceofairwaysnearmajor aerodromes.InrespectofSearlInternationalSpaceResearchConsortium operationsthisdivisionshallbelocatedwithinthemainspaceportcentre. Airwayswhicharecorridorsofairspaceof10mileswide,extendingupto24,500 feetfromabaseorStarport,usually,of5,000to7,000feet.Thisisacceptablefor SearlInternationalSpaceResearchConsortiumoperationalfunctions. 112.

Thisreallifepicturegivesanillustrationonwhatitwillappearliketotheoperatingstaffwithin SearlInternationalSpaceResearchConsortiumSpacePortoperations. AircraftorInverseGravityVehiclesflyinginControlAirspacemusthavecertainnavigationand communicationsequipmentandtheirpilotsmustbespeciallyqualifiedtoflyinthisairspace. PleasenotethatIhaveflownincontrolledairspaceduringmytrainingasapilot,butthatis anotherbook. SPECIALRULESAIRSPACE:comprisesalltheairspacebetween24,500and66,000feet. CiviltrafficinitissubjecttospecialrulesensuringafullandmandatoryATCservice. MostoftheairspaceisalsomilitaryMandatoryRadarServiceAreainwhichmilitaryaircraft mustreceivearadarcontrolservice. SPECIALRULESAIRSPACE:alsooccursbelow24,500feetnearsomeaerodromes,andshall applytoallSpacePorts,wherethereisaspecialneedtoprotectpublictransportflightswithout introducingalltherequirementsofcontrolledairspace. Outsidethesecategoriesofairspaceavarietyofservicesisavailableonrequestfrombothcivil andmilitaryAirtrafficControl(ATC)unitsbutitisnotmandatoryforpilotstousethem. HavingsaidthathereintheUKsomeairfieldscomeinsideamilitarycontrolzoneandyouhave torequestpermissiontoentersuchsaidzones,andifyoufailedtodosoyoucannotblamethem forwhateveractiontheytaketoprotecttheirsectorofcontrol. Buttheyarealsohumanandwhentheyseeyouarenotrespondingasexpectedtheywillhelpyou togetmovingtowardsyourtargetandIspeakfromexperienceoffirsthand,thatisanotherbook whichrelatestothedayItookmypilotstest. AREACONTROL: isprovidedbycivilandmilitaryairtrafficcontrollersworkinginAirTraffic ControlCentresandAirTrafficControlRadarUnits. TheyensuresafeseparationbetweenaircraftandInverseGravityVehiclesinControlledand SpecialRulesAirspaceandonrequestprovideadvisoryservicestoaircraftorInverseGravity 113.

Vehicles(IGV)outsideControlledorSpecialRulesAirspace. APPROACHCONTROL: isprovidedbyairtrafficcontrollersworkinginaroomwithinthe AerodromeorSpacePortcontroltower. TheyprovidesafeseparationforaircraftorInverseGravityVehicleswhichareapproachingto landorwhichhavejusttakenoff. AERODROMEORSPACEPORTCONTROL: isprovidedbyairtrafficcontrollerswhoworkin aglasswalledVisualControlRoomatthetopoftheaerodromeorspaceportcontroltower,from whichtheycanseeallthatisgoingon,inandaroundtheaerodromeorspaceport. TheycontrolaircraftorInverseGravityVehiclesandvehiclesmovingonthegroundandaircraft orInverseGravityVehiclestakingoff,landingor flyingintheaerodromeor spaceportvisual trafficcircuit.

TheLondonAirTrafficControlCentreatWestDraytonisresponsibleforprovidingairtraffic servicestoallaircraftandInverseGravityVehiclesflyinginorovertheLondonFlight 0 InformationRegion,Englandupto55 N.Wales,theIsleofMan,NorthernIrelandandthe surroundingseasuptotheairspaceofadjacentcountries. LATCCissupportedbyasubcentreatManchesterAirportwhichhandlesaircraftorInverse GravityVehiclesflyingbelow13,000feetatManchesterandLiverpoolAirportsandoncertain partsoftheairwaysroundManchesterandovertheIrishSea. 114.

0 0 TheScottishAirTrafficControlCentreatPrestwickisresponsibleforanareafrom55 Nto61 NneartheFaroeIsland.Eastwards,itreaches250milestotheboundariesoftheNorwegianand DanishFlightInformationRegions.

TotheWest,itextendsabout150milestotheOceanicControlArea,takinginairspaceover NorthernIreland. AirTrafficcontrolovertheNorthAtlanticisdividedbetweentheUnitedKingdom,Portugal,the USA,CanadaandIceland.

0 0 TheOceanicControlAreaservedbyUKstretcheswestwardsbetweenlatitudes45 Nand61 N 0 tolongitude30 W.

TheOceanicAreaControlCentreatPrestwickcommunicateswithaircraftthroughanHFradio stationatBallygirreeninIreland.

ISHALLGIVEYOUTHEABSOLUTEFACTSOFREALITYASIKNOWIT. 115.

From1963,flyingbecameamajorinterestdueinpartbywhatIsawhappeningtothisplanetthat majornaturaleventswouldhappen,andtherewasnorealistictechnologyinplacetocopewith sucheventsinthetaskofsavinglifeacrossthewholespectrumoftheanimaldomain. Flyinghasreachedahighstandard,withexceptionsofafewevilattacksuponthesystem,have createdsuccess,towhichmyinterestistobeabletoextendthatsuccesstoanevenhigherlevel bothinfunctionsandstructurestoextendittotheuniverseitself.

TechnologiesbywhichtheHomosapienscanadvanceourcapabilitiesarearrivingfromminds andtimeisthegoverningfactoraswhenandwhereitwillstart.

116.

200: DISTRESS&DIVERSION: TheLondonandScottishAirTrafficControlcentresbothoperateaDistressandDiversion system,mannedbymilitarycontrollers. TheD&DCell,asitiscalled,maintainsandcontinuouslisteningwatchesontheemergency frequencyandcanfixthepositionofanaircraftindistressbymeansofanationwidenetworkof directionfindingstations. PrimaryandsecondaryradarsareavailabletotheD&DCell,aswellasinstantcommunicationsto guidethedistressaircrafttothenearestairfield. TheD&DCellispartof theUKsearchandRescueCoordinationCentres. OtherfacilitiesareRNLI,HMCoastguard,mountainrescueteamsandpolice,fireandambulance services. 201: NAVIGATIONAIDS: TheUnitedKingdomhasanetworkofaboutahundredstationsfornavigationaids. Theyprovideradiosignalsforaircraft,givepositionsandlocateaerodromesorspacestations, oncetheyareestablished. Therearethreemaintypesofaid. VORandDVOR DME NDB 202: RADAR: TheyaretwotypesofradarPrimaryandsecondary. Primaryradargivesbasicinformationaboutanaircraftsposition,orthatoftheInversegravity Vehicle(IGV)inrelationtotheradarhead. SecondaryradargivestheaircraftsorIGVsposition,identity,heightandsomeonboard emergencyinformationforthoseaircraftorInverseGravityVehiclewiththenecessary transponder. AllaircraftandInverseGravityVehiclesincontrolledorspecialrulesairspacemustbeequipped withatransponder. Whenquestionedbytheradar,thetranspondersidentitycanbeconvertedbycomputerinto aircraftorInverseGravityVehiclecallsign. Otherrelevantdata,suchasitsdestination,canalsobedisplayedontheairtrafficcontrollers screen. AtleastIampresentingaverybasicpictureoftherealitythatisnowinplace,towhich SearlInternationalSpaceresearchConsortiumneedtofitinto,notonlyUKbuttheworld. 117. (Doppler)VHFOmnidirectionalRanges. DistanceMeasuringEquipment NonDirectionalBeacons.

ThisgivesabasicpictureofrealityofconventionalflyingbuttheInverseGravityVehicleisnot aconventionalaircraftitisafuturisttransportationcarrier hopefullyitwillsaveallour tomorrows:sothatthechildrenoftodayshalllivetoseethattheirchildrenwillhaveafutureto liveandenjoy. 118.

203: Thisdocumenthasbeenreleasedtothegeneralpublicbytheauthorityof:

Prof.JohnRoyRobertSearlHeadofResearchandDevelopment. MannedFlightDivision. Subject:NationalAirTrafficServices. Status:Lecturer/Author/Inventor.

204: DearbelovedFlowerbowerhereisamessagefromthepublictoyou:

119.

Somecometositandthinkotherscometoshitandstink. DearFlowerbowerifonlyyouwerehalfasgoodasyouareonyoutubeinbedyouwouldwinthe internationalawardsforthehottestsexmaniacintheworld,evenifyouareover 60yearsofage. 205: DOCSISRCMFDMAT3. th DATE:27 August1968. EDITION: First.

MORTIMERREADINGBERKSHIREENGLAND. LOCATION : DIVISION SUBJECT AUTHOR STATUS : : : : HeadquartersMortimer England. MannedFlight. MetalsReference. JohnRoyRobertSearl. HeadofResearchandDevelopment.

JusttoremindyouthatthisbookistoexplainwhatIknewanddidasfrom1947tothisdate,in responsetotheexpertcrapwhichappearsupontheweb. Anyresearchregardlessthatisclaimedmustentailstructuresthatmusthavefunctions,nomatter whatyouclaim. Structuresmustcontainatomsormoleculesregardlessandinmycasethatisabsolutelytrue, unfortunateyouwerenotpresent,soyoucannothaveanyknowledgewhatwasinvolved,and thereforeyouhavenoauthoritytomakeanyclaimsuponthisissue. SoIshallcontinueuponmyworkthatrelatesto1968,soyoucanunderstandwheremyinterest was,andwhatIunderstoodatthatdate. Elementsarenaturallyakeypartofmystudies,evenifIamdealingwithmolecules,itcontains elementsregardless,butwhatIshowinthisbookaretherealityofmyworkthatithastaken hundredsofinventorsbeforemetocreatethewayforwardforthistechnology,mostofwhomno longerexists. Sincemybirthhundredsofpeoplehavebeenemployedcreatingthepathwayforthistechnology tobeborn,withoutanyideathattheyareinvolvedindirectly,NASA,Lockheed,Russians,Europe spaceagencyyounamethem,theyarewithoutknowingitplayingapartofthissuccess.Everyone isindirectlyinvolvedasIamstudyingyourstructureandyourfunctionsasacriticalpartofthis 120.

ResearchanddevelopmentprogramtocertifythatStarShipExplorerwillbeagreatsuccess, becauseittakesateamworktoachievesuccess,andthatteamisyou. Onmysitemembersarelistedeacharebeingcarefullystudiedtofindthosewhoareworthyof beingmembersofthestaff,thussomenameswillvanishandbereplacedbyotherstogivethema chancetoprovetomethatthey wouldmakeagoodstaffmember. Ofcausearealsomaterialswhicheitherfailamissionorcreatesuccessofamission.

ThisistheequilibriumdiagramforSilverAg47withAluminiumAl13.

121.

206: METALLOGRAPHY: Metallographycanbedefinedasthestudyofthestructureofmaterialsandalloysbythe examinationofspeciallypreparedsurfaces. Itsoriginalscopewaslimitedbytheresolutionanddepthoffieldinfocusbyimagingoflight reflectedfromthemetallicsurface Theselimitationshavebeenovercomebybothtransmissionandscanningelectronmicroscopy (TEM,STEMandSEM). TheanalysisofXraysgeneratedbytheinteractionsofelectronbeamswithatomsatornearthe surface,bywavelengthofenergydispersivedetectors(WDX,EDX),hasaddedquantitative determinationoflocalcomposition,e,g.ofintermetalliccompounds,tothedeductionsfromthe welldevelope3detchingtechniques. Surfacefeaturescanalsobestudiedbycollectingandanalysingelectronsdiffractedfromthe surface. Adiffractionpatternofthesurfacecanbeusedtodetermineitscrystallographicstructure(low energyelectrondiffractionorLEED). Theseelectronscanalsobeimagedasinaconventionalelectronmicroscope(lowenergyelectron microscopyorLEEM). Thetechniqueisespeciallyusefulforstudyingdynamicsurfacephenomenasuchasthose 122.

Occurringincatalysis. Xrayphotoelectronmicroscopy(XPSorESCA)nowenablesthemetallographertoanalysethe atomsintheoutmostsurfacelayertoadepthofafewatoms(0.3to5.0mm)andprovides informationaboutthechemicalenvironmentoftheatom. AugerspectroscopyusesalowenergyelectronbeaminsteadofXraystoexciteatoms,and analysisoftheAugerelectronsproducedprovidessimilarinformationabouttheatomsfrom whichtheAugerelectronsisejected. Nevertheless,theconventionalopticaltechniquesstillhaveasignificantroletoplayandtheir interpretationisextendedandreinforcedbytheresultsoftheelectronictechniques. 207: MACROSCOPICEXAMINATION: Forexaminationoflargescalefeatures whichareimportanttoboththeSearleffectGenerator (SEG)andtheInverseGravityVehicle(IGV)arethegrainstructureofcastings,coarsegrain inwroughtproducts,porosityincastings,majordefects,ordistributionofalloyingelementsand impuritiesonalargescale(i.e.tostudysegregation)itisnecessarytopreparelargesurfaces freefromdistortion,butextremesmoothnessandstructuralperfectionarenotrequired. Therequiredsectioniscutbysawing,abrasiveslittingwheelsor machiningwithadequatecooling andlubrication,andisnormallyfinishedbyfinemachining,followedbyetchingifnecessary. Grindingonabrasiveclothorpaper,whichmaybefollowedbypolishingwithproprietarymetal polish, isbeneficial,butvigorouspolishing,especiallywithpowerdrivenmachines,maycause themetaltoflowoverdefectssuchasporosity. Examinationforporosityisusuallybestcarriedoutonafinemachinedsurface. Thefinalmachiningoperationshouldbedonewithasinglesharptool,forinstancebyplanning, turningormillingwithaflycutter,ratherthanbytheuseofamillingcutter Forsoftmetals(e.g.CopperCu29,LeadPb82,purealuminiumAl13)theshapeofthetoolis importantitshouldhavearoundednoseandadequatefrontclearancetopreventrubbing, andit shouldhavealargetoprake(thesofterthemetal,thelargertherakerequired)prcisedwhatthe lawofthesquarespredicts,sothatitpresentsalmostachiseledgetothespecimen. Forhardermetalsmoreorthodoxtoolsmaybeused. Illuminationofunetchedspecimensforphotomacrographstoshow porosityrequiresabroad sourceofillumination. Thesky(withoutdirectsunlight)issometimesthemostsuitablesource. Etchingreagentsformacroscopicwork,Ihopetobeabletolistthemherelateron,andifpossible tofindtimecoverIshallattempttocoverdirectionsforsulphurprintingtoshowthedistribution ofsulphideinsteel. 208: MICROSCOPICEXAMINATION: 123.

Metallographicspecimensarenormallypreparedforexaminationunderthemicroscopebycutting outthepiecetobeexaminedpreferably notmorethan3cmdiameter,carefullyremovingthe disturbedsurfacelayerbyturningorfilingwithasharptoolandthenrubbingthesurface withsuccessivelyfinerabrasivesuntilasmoothpolishedsurfaceisobtained,sensiblyfreefrom disturbingeffectsfromthecuttingandgrinding,theclean,smooth,undistortedsurfaceisthen attackedchemically,orotherwise,byetchingreagentswhichrevealthestructureofthemetal. Anymechanicalmethodof cuttingorsmoothingthesurfaceproducesdistortionofthemetalnear thesurface,anditmay producelocalheatingtheobjectiveistomakethedisturbedlayer successivelythinnerateachstageuntilitisnegligibleorcanberemovedbyetching. MyteamwhoareworkingontheconstructionoftheSearlEffectgenerator(SEG)in Thailanddonothavetocarryoutthisoperationasthecompaniesmakingthematerialsforus havedonethatalready. Thethicknessofthedisturbedlayerisintherange10100 mmforemeryorsiliconcarbide paperswithhandgrinding. Someorallofthemechanicalgrindingandpolishingcanoftenbereplacedbychemicalof electrochemicalpolishingmethods,bywhichthemetalisattackedinsuchawaythat protuberancesarepreferentiallydissolvedandtheflatundisturbedmetalsurfaceislaidbare, usuallywithasavingoftimeandfrequentlywithanimprovementinresult. Forsomepurposes,e.g.studyofslipprocessesinvolvingindividualdislocations,electron microscopicalstudiesoffinestructure,andquantitativemicrohardnesstestingunderlightloads, electropolishingisalmostindispensable. Ingeneral,thetypeoffinishrequiredvariessomewhatwiththemagnificationtobeusedin examination. Highpowerexaminationdemandsgreatperfectionofsmallareas,butrelativelylargescale undulations,suchasmaysometimesoccuronelectropolishingspecimens,areunimportant. Atlowerpowersdetailmaybelessimportant,butwidelyspacedimperfectionsandundulations areliabletobecomeobtrusive,andwillgreatlyreducethepowerthattheSearleffectGenerator (SEG)wouldnormallyproduce. NowIwillattempttogiveyoudetailsofwhatIknowaboutetching. ETCHINGREAGENTSFORMACROSCOPICEXAMINATION: Material Reagent* Remarks
1) AluminiumAl13, (A)ConcentratedKellers Canbedilutedwithupto50mlwater Andits alloys. Reagent Nitricacid 1.40 100ml Hydrochloricacid 1.1950ml Hydofluoricacid 40%1ml (B)Nitricacid 1.4030ml Widelyapplicable,butveryvigorous. Hydrochloricacid 1.1930ml 2%conc.Hydrofluoricacid30ml

124.

(c )TuckersReagent Nitricacid 1.4015ml HydrochloricAcid 1.1945ml Hydrofluoricacid40%15ml Water 25ml (d)10%sodiumhydroxideinwater

Usefresh

0 Useat6070 C

*Acidsareconcentrated,unlessotherwiseindicated,e.g.withspecificgravity. Sofarwhatyouhavereadhereinsmallprintiswhatthefirmsundertakewhentheyproducethe materialsforus.Iclosethissectionatthispoint,thereismuchmoretheydowhichwillbediscuss inanotherpartofthisbook. Thisdocumenthasbeenreleasedtothegeneralpublicbytheauthorityof:

Prof.JohnRoyRobertSearlheadofresearchanddevelopment. Authorlecturer Tomorrowsenergyandtransportationsystems.

th 209: Today, 7 February2008:1445EST(1945GMT)

TheSTS122Atlantiswithcrewof7astronautstookoffon11daymissionfortheinternational spacestationwithanothersectiontoaddtoit. FromNASASKennedySpaceCentre,CapeCanaveral,Florida,USA:Thecrewlefttoright: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) LeopoldEyharts: StanLove: HansSchlegel: RexWalheim: LelandMelvin: AlanPoindexter: StevenFrick:

ThemembersoftheSearlInternationalSpaceResearchConsortiumwishthemwellandour prayersgowiththemforasuccessfulmission,andasafereturnhomeagain. AndouradmirationtoPeggyWhitsonwhoisshowingtheworldthosewomencanplayan importantpartinspacemissionswhichhasbeenasubjectwithinmybooksthatswallow commandwillhaveaplaceforthemintheiroperationalprograms. Ihavestatedsooftenthatthewayatruefemalebrainiswiredupmakesthemsuitableforspace work,whereanumberoffunctionsareneededtobehandledatthesametime,they brainmeets thoserequirements,whichwillbediscussedinthisbookatsomepoint,foritcreatesmushinterest tomymindhowlifedevelopeditsfunctions,andwhydontweusethemtotheirfullcapacity. 125.

Thanksforthephotograph,somedayIhopethattheSearlInternationalSpaceResearch Consortiumshallalsoproudlyshowofftheirspacecrew,likeNASAhasdonehereasspaceis wideopenforthosewhodaretoriskagambleofseekingknowledgeofouruniverse.

126.

Timeneverstandstill,weallhavedreams,butonlyafewmaketheefforttomakethatdream cometrue. 210: DOCSISRCMFDLAB1 TH DATE:29 December2007. EDITION:First.

SWALLOWCOMMANDLONDONENGLAND
LOCATION SECTOR DIVISION AUTHOR STATUS : : : : : HeadquartersLondonEngland. MannedFlight. ResearchandDevelopmentLaboratory. Prof.JohnRoyRobertSearl. Headofresearchanddevelopment.

Intheworldofreality,thingsarequitedifferentduetothefactthattheycostmoney,moreoften lotsofit,andtheSearlEffectGeneratorortheInverseGravityVehicleunfortunatelyfallsinto thisdomain. ImadethisstatementbasedupontheemailswhichIhavereceivedwhereclearlythesaidperson thinksthatallIneedtodoisgotohisplacepopdowntotheshopandbuyanumberofmagnets andshowhimhowtosetthemuptomakeasmallgeneratortopowerhisfarm. Whatthehelliswrongwithoureducation? Millionsarespentonitandthisisthebestthatcanbeproduced? IamgladthatIwasnoteducatedorIwouldbejustasinsane. ForthosepeopleIwillpresentwhatSearlInternationalSpaceResearchConsortiumneedsasa sectioncommonlyknownasalaboratory whichhousestheequipmentandtoolstocarryout researchandinvestigationintoproblem,faults,malfunctionsinthetaskofresolvingthemorin creatingabetterapproachtotheconstructionoforpartthereof,ofaproject. Andletmeassureeveryonethatyoucannotpopdowntoyourlocalwarehouseandbuythe magneticdevicesneededorthetestequipmentandcertainlynottherequiredmagnetiser. Butthroughtherequiredindustrysectorsyoucantodayobtainallthetestingequipmentthatwill allowyoutomaketheSEGortheIGVcomponentstotherequiredperfectionforsuccess. TheconstructionoftheSEG:callforabsoluteprecision,notnormallyrequiredinbasic engineeringdomainoftoday.Evenameasuringscaletomeasuretheweightmaynotbegood enoughforthiswork,specialscalesareneeded,andtheycostalotmore. 127.

LetstakealookatSearlInternationalSpaceResearchConsortiumlaboratoryrequirements:

Thisisonlythebeginningofourrequirements,soletmeexplainsomepintsinquestionhere. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) PCwithGeopakWinforeasyuseveryimportantpoint. DedicatedMH20Probekit. CantileverDesignallowseasyworkpieceloading/unloading. Obstructionfreeapproachtoworkpiece. Smoothmanualprobingpermitsminimaloperatorfatigue. GeopakWinprovideshostoffeaturesforadvancedmeasurementandanalysis.

Tomyunderstanding,GeopakWinisthelatestandmostadvancedCMManalysisand programmingmoduleavailableevenifatthistimeIamnotusingit,neverthelessitisavailable formewhenrequired. AsIunderstanditsuperiorlevelsofoperabilityareofferedbytheuseoftoolbars,iconsandpull downmenuoperations,whichcompletely eliminatestheuseofawkwardcodes. 128.

JustanillustrationofwhatwillbepartofthelaboratoryofSwallowCommand.
Buttheobjectiveofthisbookistoenlightenyouwhatithastakenandwhatitwilltaketogetthe SearlTechnologytothemarketplace,anditwillgetthereasallpresentdaytechnologygotthere.

129.

Since1946,andevensince1968technologyhaschangedsovastlyindesign,structuresandtheir functions.AndstrangelyIhavebeensittingattheforefrontofthischangingworld.Whichhas unfortunateincludedamajorwar,whichinrealityhasnotendedyet,itssimplyhasstrangeis formatlikevirusdo,andnowhasbecomeacanceracrossthefaceoftheearth. Placingthiscanceroneside,orjustsweepitunderthecarpet,letmepresentanotherpointthatis soimportant,besidestheequipmentthatisreallyrequiredforthisclassofdevelopment. Itisthequestionhowdowedefinetheamountofmaterialstouseorindeedastowhatmaterials touse. 211: In1946,therewerenobooksavailabletome,andiftheyhadbeen,Iwascompletelyunawareof theirexistence. Nevertheless,by1968IwasabletoobtainfromMullardLtd,studentseducationsectionsome smallleafletsuponthenwhatwasnewtechnologysuchasthetransistor,wellsetoutincolour too,unfortunateallthosereportsfromMullardlimitedexcepttheelementchartof1946whichI believestillexistshere,weredestroyedbymywifeDorisandherfamily.Iguessnoonetodayhas acopyofthosepaperswhichMullardLtdmadeavailable. Anothercompanywhofrom1968whichIhadobtainverydatabookfromthemuptothetimeI enteredthisbuildingunfortunateMartinColbornehadthemallexceptoneofthemandhereis thatproofofthatone.

Myworkdoesinclude anamountof electronics,specialthe IGVclearlyeverybit ofinformationupon componentsarevitalto meinselectingthebest optionsavailableonthe market. Unfortunateallalong thetimebandofthis worksuchdatahas been removedfrommyuse off. Thatdatawasvitalto mywork,andcould havestillplayedapart inthepresenteffort.

130.

Fromthisyoucanunderstandthatitsnotjustequipment,tools,materialsandspace,italso requirescompanydataupontheirproductswhichyoumustuse,andallthiscostmoney,notcents orpennies,butdollarsorpoundsnotonebutmanyoftenthousandsofthem. Ofcourse,thequestionofwhatmaterialstouseandhowmuchtouse.,towhichtherewasno solutionavailablebackin1946,Ihadtofindthatsolution,luckyformethatanswerwasindream oneasItermit.Lookatthesquares,thereistheanswer sureenoughtherewastheanswer. Ishalllatterinthispart16addanothersampleofthesquares,butfornowIwillcontinuewiththe detailsofthepast

TF2700UniversalBridgejoinedmyR&Dworklate1974andIthinkitsstillhere. 131.

Therewereotherequipmentsomewhichmightstillbehereandsomeoddonesrecentlyobtained.

ThiswasobtainedafewdaysagotoassistmetotraceindividualleadsofthemasswiringwhichI amundertakingatthistime.

Thischeckerwasbeingusedjustbeforetherobbery tookplacehere,forsomereasontheyfailed totakethataswell. 132.

Thislightmeterhasjustbeenobtainedafewdaysago,andwilllaterbeplayingapartinthe researchworkwhichIshallbeundertaking.Itsobjectiveistocheckwhatchangestakeplace undercertainlightconditionstocertainplasticswhichhavebeentreated. 133.

Ihavejustrecentlyobtained5newunitstoreplacethosestolenfromhere.Theywillbeincluded indocumentsrelatingtotheiroperations. AlsoIwillhavetoincludethefollowingitems:

8monitors:forroughcheckingof materialfromoutputsystemsbeforepassingintocomputer system.

ThesearedeviceswhichIamgivingalotofstudytoduetothequalityofDVDswhichwillinthe endbecomeavailableuponthiswork. ItisimportantthatyouknowhowIamthinkingandwhywhatIhaveachievedovertime,where andhow,andwhyitsuddenlystopped. WhatithastakeninknowledgeandunderstandingtoachievethispresentdaysuccessinThailand, isunbelievableasthisbookwillshow.

ThisisastereoDynascopewithout eyepiecesbuttherearemultipleaccessory options. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Superbresolutionandcontrast. Headandbodyfreedom. Freedomtowearglasses. Increasedoperatorthroughput. Reducedscraprates.

Thebreakthroughisachievedbytheuseof amultifacetedrotatinglenticulardisk... Over3.5milliondiscreteimageforming surfacesprovideanexitpupilwithanarea 64xlargerthanthatofconventionaleye piecemicroscopes.

134.

212: ThisisjustagrainofsandifSearlInternationalSpaceResearchConsortiumistoreachastateof successasacommercialspacebusiness. Thisdocumenthasbeenreleasedtothegeneralpublicbytheauthority of:

Prof.JohnRoyRobertSearlHeadofResearchanddevelopment. Mannedflightdivision. 213: DOCSISRCMT1. th DATE:24 February1968. EDITION:First.

MORTIMERREADINGBERSHIREENGLAND. LOCATION DIVISION AUTHOR STATUS : : : : HeadquartersMortimer BerkshireEngland. Railtransportation. JohnRoyRobertSearl. SuperintendentofDocumentsUK.

IhadtriedtogetBRtofundandsupportthisdriveconcept,butasyouknowfrommybooksthey turnitdownnotdirectly,butindirectly,bysayingthatifIconstructafullsizetraintheywould supplyalengthoftracktocertifythattheywouldnotinterferewiththenewconversionsignal systemworkthatwasthenhalfwaydonetotherailsystem. Sowithonebreaththeysaidyestheywouldallowmetotestrunatrainontheotherhandthey saidthattheycouldnotfundsuchasystemthereasonIhadtravelsofartomeetthemfaceto facewasforfundingclearlytheyknewwithoutfundsIwasgroundedsotheirprojectwhichwas beingfundedtoproceedwithoutanyproblemsfromJohnSearl. AndofcauseJohnSearlcouldnotbeatthematthepostduetolackoffundssimplewayto blockthetechnology. JohnSearldidinfactconstructed2completemodelrailsystem,thefirstwasgotridofmyhis wifeandfamilywhileintheUSA lecturing,butanotherwasconstructedtoreplaceitforhis showswhichheheldonthefirstSundayofeverymonth. 135.

InthisreportIshallshowonly4typesoftrainsthatwereusedinthedisplay.

ThePortlandRosesetnumber251firstquarterof1978itwaswellmade. (HO)
TheShastarouteisanimportantrailwaylinelinkingSanFrancisco,Portland,Tacoma,Seattle. AsIunderstandit,asIhavenotinpersontravelledonitthatthistrainleavingSanFrancisco crossestheSuisanBayonahighbridge,whichIbetisagreatsighttosee,andrunsthroughthe greenandfertileSacramentoValley. IfeelcertainthatIhavebeenthroughthatvalleybycar,sightseeingwithPaulwhoIwasstaying withatthetime. Afteralongrun,lookingoutfromtherightsidewindows,itispossibletoadmireLassenPeak, theonlyactivevolcanointheUnitedStates. Sayingthat,ItrustthatIamcorrectotherwiseIguesstherewillbeaqueueofhelpinghands waitingtogivemybottomalessonintheGeographyoftheUSA. Nextstop,Ihopeitsnotmybottom,shouldbeReddinggateway,whichIhaveseenwhilestaying inReddingwhichistoShastaDamwhichIhavetakenanumberofphotosoff, whichisawide waterbasinclosedbytheShastaDamAndtotheNationalParkofLassen(unfortunatethewater levelappeartomeabitlowatthattime) butIcannotenteroneofthosephotos here,ittakeshours searchingthousandsofphotostofindone,butrestassuresomewhereinthisbookyouseeoneat leasttoprovewhatIstateisabsolutelytrue. AfterDunsmuirthelinerunsclosetoMountShastawithitspeeksalwayscoveredwithsnow surroundedbythebluesky,whichsoundsliketheslicesofbreadIeattosavemoney. OvercometheboundarylinebetweenCaliforniaandOregon,thetrainreachesKlamathFallsfrom whereitispossibletoreachCraterLake,NationalPark. OngoesthetrainthroughtheCascadeMountainscoveredbyawideforests,oratleastitusetobe withenormoustreeswhichisgreatifyouwanttopeethesceneryleavesthepassengers breathless Iguessthatislogicifyouseeamanpeeingagainstoneofthosetreesandatthetop ofthepasslakeOdell.Fulloftrouts,showsallitsbeauty. ThetrainnowgoesdownandreachesPortland,cityofroses,throughAlbanyandSalem. FromPortland,Or.ToSeattleWash,theservicewasgrantedbytheUnionPacificin1946the PortlandRosetrainlinkedthesecitiesandsomecarsofthatconsistcamealsofromHuntington. How thatisformthepointofinterest 136.

TheUnionPacificconsideringtheverygoodresultsobtainedwithothertypesoflocos,applied smokedeflectorsalsotosome464Challengersandalsochangetheirliverytosuittherolling stocktheyhadtohaulonthePortlandHuntingtonPortlandSeattielines. Iguessinthosedaysthatweresomesighttosee,unfortunateImissedoutonthatsight,butin Canadaduring1971,Ididseeoneinamuseumthereandwhatasightitwas.

The1453/1ItalianelectriclocomotiveE656023FS Caimano. Ireceivedthismodeljustwhenthereallocowasputintoservice. Thefirstgroupoftheselocoswasidentifiedonlywithagroupcodenumberanicknameforthe locohadnotyetbeenfound. LateronthelocowasnicknamedCaimanoduetothefactthatsheeatsalotofmilesandthe animalsfigurewasthenreproducedonsomeofthelocosalreadyonserviceandonallthosebuilt byandbythetoycompanycouldnothelptofollowup,andtheversionIbroughtwasthe prototypeE656023withitscharacteristicsilverstripingaroundthefrontwindowsandthelength was22.7cms.

The1265:ArticulatedsteamlocomotivewithtenderoftheBaltimoreandOhio Company.Deliverywasthethirdquarterof1978.(HO)
Wheelarrangement2880,ProjectedbytheUSRAUnitedStatesRailwayAdministrationthe locogroupED5oftheB&Owasbuiltinbetween1919and1920bytheBaldwinlocomotiveCo. whichwasbeforeIwasbornorevenconceived. 137.

ThatmakesmefeelratheroldtomyunderstandingtheyhadtheBakerdistributionsystemand wereequippedwithaVanderbilttypetender. TomyunderstandingthattheB&Ousedthearticulatedlocostohaulfreighttrainsontheuneven linesoftheCumberlandandonthesevererulinggradientsofCrandberry,CheatRiver,Newburg. Verypowerfulmotordrivingthetwoarticulatedmotorgroupsthroughalongitudinalshaftand pendulartransmissionwithuniversaljoints. Metalframe,inspiteofitsconsiderablelengththemodelhasanexceptionalsmoothrunningand cannegotiatecurvesdownto40cmsradiusthankstothetwoarticulatedmotorgroups. Frontheadlightsanditwasextremelydetailedandfullyoperatingvaluegearsystem,andits lengthwas40cms. Youmightwonderwhatthesetrainsweresupposedtodo,wellIshalltellyoushortly,afterI discussthelasttraininthisreporttakenfromthe100trainsthatwasusedatshows.

The1254/2:ArticulatedSteamlocomotiveBigBoyforheavyfreights.(HO)
Thefirstgroupofheavylocomotiveswithwheelarrangement4884weredeliveredtoUnion PacificbytheAmericanLocomotiveCompanyin1941,while5morelocoswerebuiltin1944. Tomyunderstanding,thatamongallthearticulatedlocomotiveshavingasingleexpansion,the4 884wasindeedthebiggestineverysense,dimensions,weight,power,speed. ThenameBigBoywhichproperly synthesizesallitsfeatureswasadoptedatoncetoidentify this typeoflocomotive. Itseemsthatthenicknamecameoutfromachalkwritingonthesmokeboxcoverofaprototype No4000madebyanunknownmechanicoftheALCO. Thelococouldreachaspeedof80milesperhour(130kms/h)andtheirmaximumpower of7000 HPwasdevelopedataspeedof30milesperhour(48kms/h). Thelocomotiveswereemployedforthespecialservicetheyhadbeenbuiltfortohaulheavy freighttrainsonthelineconnectingOgden,UtahandGreenRiverWyomingalinewithavery highrulinggradientthroughtheWasatchMountains. Tomyknowledge,everylocohadenoughpowerandsuppliesofwaterandcoal,beingcoupledto 138.

Greatcapacitycentipedetypetenderandcouldhaulonehundredfreightcarsthatismorethana mileofoveralllengthwithoutneedofahelperloco. ThatmodelwhichIpurchasedwasfaithfullyreproducedprototype4013,builtin1941,mainly characterisedbythemetallisedgreypaintingschemeoftheenormousfireboxandofthesmoke box.

th Thesefourmodelswereobtainedonthe26 June1978,andrepresentthelastoftheonesbrought toreplacethosewhichhadbeenstolenbymyownfamilywhileIwasoverseaslecturing.

Thismodelsetupfordisplaytothepublicwastermedatimetraincontrolsystem,andthe problemtosolvewasthatsometrainsoperatedfromtrackothersoperatedfromoverheadfeed thatwastheeasypartthehardpartwassometrainsoperatedonACpowerothersonDCpower, thetrainshadtocommunicatewithsignalsandstationsinstructionswhattheirprogramrequired withoutanyaccidents,untouchbymanthroughoutthedaysdisplay. ForahundredtraindisplayIusedanSEGtosupplya15VlineloadDCanda15VAClineload. StrangetodayIdonotevenhaveonetrainsettostartthethirddisplaysetup,andnowIdoubtthat willeverhappenagain,ashamebecausePoliceandtheirwivesandDoctorsandtheirwivesenjoy thedayattheshows,goodproofthatallvisitorsenjoythosedayshows.Eventhemediaaskhow I couldputonsuchshowswithoutchargingpeopletocomein,andIrepliedifIchargenobody wouldcome. ThisDocumentwasreleasedtothegeneralpublicbytheauthorityof:

Prof.JohnRoyRobertSearlheadofresearchanddevelopment. Section :RailTransportationsystems. Status :SuperintendentofDocumentsUK. Itisbettertounderstandlittlethantomisunderstandalotfromthisseat it appearstobethecasethatsomuchhasbeenmisunderstood. BasicsappeartobemissinginmanyoftheemailswhichIreceiveIcannothelp butwonderiftherereallyissomeeducationouttherefortheupandcoming generationsorkillingisnowtopissuesdrugtakingandtheft. Sincewarsbegininmindsofmen,itisinthemindsthatthedefenceofpeace mustbeconstructedthequestionwhichIputtoyouishow?
Iamacamerawiththeshutteropen,quitepassive,recordingeverythingasIgoonmyway.

139

214:

DOCSISRCEMFCC1 TH DATE:27 June1968. Edition:First.

MORTIMERREADINGBERKSHIREENGLAND.
LOCATION DIVISION SUBJECT AUTHOR STATUS : : : : : HeadquartersMortimer. MannedFlight. ElectromagneticFieldsandCircuitConcepts. JohnRoyRobertSearl. HeadofResearchandDevelopmentGenerators.

InthisbookIamdiscussingeveryissuerelatedtotheSearlEffectGeneratorandtheInverse GravityVehicle,mainpurposetohelpthoseyoungmenandwomenwhosoonwillbemoving intouniversitiestoextendtheirknowledgebaseandletmestatetheresurearemanyadultswho alsooughttojointhem. Ishallattempttodiscusstheproceduresusedtoanalyzeelectriccircuits. Althoughtheseanalysistechniquesaregeneralandcanbeappliedtodisciplinesotherthan networks,theyarefundamentaltoallelectriccircuitsandsystemsandhenceareindispensableto theelectricalengineer. Ishallbegininthispartwiththemostfundamentalaspectsofelectriccircuitsaccordingtomy mind. Thematerialisdevelopedfromadiscussionofelectricfields. MostofremainderofthisbookdoesnotusethisfieldtheoryapproachIamonlyincludingithere toprovideanideaoftheoriginsofcircuittheory. ManyofthetopicsIshalldiscussinthispartwillbeareviewforthereaderinterestsastomy reasoningthatcreatedtheSearlEffectTechnology. Theyareincludedonlytoreinforcetheideaofthefundamentalconceptsofnetworktheory. Pleasetakenotethatoftenthismaterialneednotbeincludedinclassroomlectures,asitisonly intendedfortheseyoungladiesandgentlemenwhoareabouttomoveuptouniversitystudies whohaveaskedmeforadviceonhowIwasabletoinventsuchtechnology. Youmayfindsomethingshardtofollow,butyouwillintheendunderstand. 140.

215: ELECTRICCHARGEANDCOULOMBSLAW Allatomscompriseanucleusandelectronswhichtravelaboutthenucleus. Inanequilibriumstatetheatomissaidtobeunchargedorneutral. However,ifoneormoreelectronsareremovedfromit,thentheatomissaidtobepositive charged. Anegativechargeisassociatedwiththeelectrons,whileapositivechargeisassociatedwiththe protons,whicharecontainedinthenucleus. Theatomtomymindisauniverseinminutestructureform,containingsimilarfunctions,justasI seetheSearlEffectGeneratorandtheInverseGravityVehicleinthesamelight.

IthasbeenknownsinceearlyGreciantimesthatforcesexistedbetweenchargedbodies. Indeeditwasbecausethoseforcesthattheconceptofchargewasdeveloped. Ifanobjectispositivecharged ,itwillattractonethatisnegativelychargedandwillrepelanother thathasapositivelycharged. Becausetheoperationofallelectricaldevicesisbasedonthemotionofthesechargesand/orthe forcesbetweenthem,itisimportantforustoobtainquantitativeinformationaboutchargesand theirmotion. InthispartofmybookIshallusethemks(meter,kilogram,second)systemofunits. Thissystemiscommonlyusedbyelectricalengineersandresultsinconvenientnumericalvalues. Nomatterwhatsystemofunitsisused,however,thefundamentalideasarethesame.
18 Thebasicunitofchargeisthecoulomb,whichrepresentsthechargeof6.242x10 electronsI 19 shallbeexplainingthislaterthatasingleelectron hasacharge0f 1.602x10 coulomb.

Theminussignisusedtoindicatethattheelectron isassignedanegativecharge. C.A.CoulombFrenchphysicist1736to1806inwhichthederivedSIunitofelectricchargethe 141.

QuantityofelectricitytransportedinonesecondbyacurrentofoneamperewhosesymbolisC, wastomyunderstandingin1947. Yes,Coulombdiscoveredthattheforcebetweentwochargedbodieswasproportionaltothe productoftheirchargesandinverselyproportionaltothesquareofthedistancebetweenthem, thatis,theforceonachargeq1inthepresenceofanotherchargeq2is:

Equation16.1 WherefistheforceinNewtons,qisthechargeincoulombs,andristhedistanceinmetres. Thequantity ,calledthepermittivity,dependsuponthemediumbetweenthecharges,thatis,it hasbeenfoundexperimentallythattheforceisafunctionofthemediumbetweenthecharges, whichIhavebeenstatingsince1946. isexpressedinunitsofNewtonmetressquaredpercoulombsquared.

12 2 2 Inavacuumthevalueof tobeusedEquation16.1is8.85x10 Newtonm /coulomb .

Thequantity4risincludedbyconventionandcanbeomittedifthevalueof ismodified. NOTE: thatfisavectorquantitythatisithasbothamagnitudeandadirection. Themagnitudeisgivenby:

ThedirectionofthevectorisgivenbytheunitvectorUr. Itsmagnitudeisunityanditsdirectionpointsfromq2towardsq1. Inthispart16vectorswillbedesignatedby boldfacesanditaliclettersandcolour violet, and greenwillbeusedforthemagnitudesofthesevectors. Aforcewillbeexerteduponasinglechargeinaregionwherethereismorethenonefixed charge. Thiscanbeconsideredtobethesumoftheforcesduetotheindividualcharges. ThisappearstobeapointwhichtheseexpertsdonotunderstandrelatingtotheS.E.G. 142.

Figure16.1.

Achargeinthepresenceofothers.
Forinstance,considerFigure16.1: Theforceonq0is:

Example16.2 Theunitvector Ujpointsfromqjtoqo. IfIdidnotthelocationandmagnitudesofthecharges,Icouldstilldeterminethatqoexperienced aforce. IshalltrytoexplainthisIsaythereisafield,calledanelectricfield,whichinteractswithqo. Nowifthechargesdonotchangeasafunctionoftime ,thefieldiscalledanelectrostaticfield . Theelectricfield,whichisavector,isdefinedastheforceonaunit(positive)charge(Iassume thattheunitchargedoesnotdisturbthelocationoftheothercharges). Forinstance,inFigure16.1theelectricfieldisgivenby:

Example16.3. TheunitsofelectricfieldareNewtonspercoulomb(Ishallbeshowingotherwaysofexpressing thisunitsubsequently). Imaynotknowthelocationofthechargesthatproducetheelectricfield. However,Icanmoveasmalltestchargeqointotheregioninquestionanddeterminetheforceon it. Theelectricfieldisthengivenby 143.

Figure16.4 Ingeneral,whenachargeismovedinanelectricfield,workisdone. Letmecalculatethiswork,ormorepreciseletmetrytocalculateitinsomespecificcases. Forinstance:inFigure16.2. Theelectricfield e isassumedtobeeverywhereconstantinboth magnitudeanddirection.

Figure16.2 Figure16.2.Apathinauniformelectricfield. Suchafieldiscalledauniformfield . Achargeqoistobemovedfrompointatopointb. Thecomponentofforcealonglineabis:

Example16.5 Thustheworkorenergyexpendedinmovingthechargefromatobis:

Example16.6 Whereisthelengthofthelineabandeisthemagnitudeofe. Toavoidconflictwiththemanyothermeaningsusuallyassignedtotheletter l,inthispart16the magnitudeofthelengthvectorwillbedesignatedbythelightface anditscompletevector bythe boldface. Theminussignindicatesthatthefieldactuallydoesworkonthecharge. 144.

Nowletmeconsideramoregeneralproblem. Supposethattheelectricfieldisnotuniform,thatis,thatitsmagnitudeanddirectionvaryfrom pointtopoint. Moreover,Ineednotassumethatthepathisastraightline. SuchasituationisillustratedinFigure16.3:

Figure16.3

Acurvepathinanonuniformelectricfield.
Oneprocedurefordeterminingtheworkdoneinmovingthechargefrompointatopointbwould betoapproximatethepathbyastraightlinesegments,asshown. Theseshouldbeshortenoughthatthepathiswellapproximatedandalsothattheelectricfieldcan beconsidereduniformoveranyonesegment. Thustheworkdoneinmovingachargeqooveranyonesegmentisgivenapproximatelyby Equation16.6:

Equation16.6 IfIbreakthepathintonsegmentsoflength,thenthetotalwork,expressedinjoules,isgiven approximatelyby:

Equation16.7 Inthelimit,as approacheszero,theresultbecomesexact. Thisisdefinedasalineintegral. 145.

Itiswrittenas:

Equation16.8 Whereeisthemagnitudeoftheelectricfieldasafunctionofpositionandistheanglebetween theelectricfieldandthetangentdrawntothepathasafunctionofposition. Itshouldbeemphasisedthattheintegralofequation16.8issimply definedasthelimitofthesum ofequation16.7 Letmenowdiscussamatterofnotation. Theproductofthemagnitudeoftwovectorsandthecosineoftheanglebetweenthemoccurs veryofteninavarietyofphysicalproblems,whichIamwellexperiencewith. Forinstance,inFigure16.4Imightrequiref1f2 cos . Thenotationforthisproductis:

Equation16.9 Thedotplacedbetweenthetwovectorsindicatestheoperationofequation16.9andiscalleda vectordotproduct,orsimplyadotproduct. InthiscompactnotationIcanwriteEquation16.8as:

Equation16.10 NOTE: thatd representsavectorofdifferentiallengthwhosedirectionistangenttothecurveof Figure16.3. Ithasbeendeterminedempiricallythatiftherearenotimevaryingfieldsthatis,allchargesare atrestthentheworkdoneinmovingatestchargefromonepointtoanotherisindependentof thepathtaken. Forinstance,ifIweretochooseadifferentpathfrompointatobinFigure16.3,thentheworkas evaluatedbyEquation16.8or16.10wouldbethesame. Thisisanalogoustothesituationinagravitationalfieldwheretheworkdoneinmovingamass betweentwopointsisindependentofthepathtaken. 146.

Icanusethisresulttoderiveanotherone. LetmeconsiderFigure16.5. Theworkdoneinmovingatestchargefrompointatobalongpath1isequaltothatdonemoving itfrompointatopointbalongpath2.

FIGURE16.4

Twovectors.
Thustheworkdoneinmovingthetestchargeqofrompointbtopointaalongpath2mustbethe negativeofthatdoneinmovingqofrompointatopointbalongpath1inEquation16.8I interchangethelimitswhenthedirectionischanged. Hencethenetworkinmovingatobandbacktoaiszero.

Figure16.5

Twopathsinatimeinvariantfield.
Ingeneral,Icanstatethatiftherearenochangesinmotionexceptthetestchargethenthe workdoneinmovingthetestchargearoundaclosedpathiszero. Thisissymbolicallywrittenas:

Equation16.11. 147.

Thecircleontheintegralsignindicatesaclosedpathattimesanarrowisincludedtoindicate thepathdirection. Sinceqoisconstant,Icanstatethat:

Equation16.12, Theseresultsareanalogoustothoseingravitationalfields,thatis,theworkdoneinmovinga massaroundaclosedpathinsuchafieldiszero. IshallseethatEquation1612ismodifiedwhentimevaryingfieldsarepresent. 217: Thisdocumenthasbeenreleasedtothegeneralpublicbytheauthorityof

Prof.JohnRoyRobertSearlHeadofResearchandDevelopment. TomorrowsEnergyandTransportation.
218: DOCSISRCPROBS1 th DATE:18 July1968. EDITION:First.

MORTIMERREADING BERKSHIREENGLAND. LOCATION DIVISION SUBJECT AUTHOR STATUS : : : : : HeadquartersMortimer Berkshire. EnergyandTransport. Production. JohnRoyRobertSearl. HeadofResearchandDevelopment. 148.

Italyisstandingbytosetupresearchanddevelopmentandintendtofollowupin manufacturingoftheProductsoftheSearlTechnology.TheManinthewhiteshirtwill beinchargeoftheItalianproductionside. Thefuturethatismeanttobeisnowintheconceptionstageofbirth.

Thispart16isonepartofthewholerequirementsoftheSearlInternationalSpaceResearch Consortiumdrivetoimproveourknowledgebaseandfromitthetechnologythatwillimprove thisplanetsstateofhealthwhichincludesyouaswell. Thissectionofpart16iscoveringproductionitisintendedtopresentanimageofrealitythatis requiredinplanningandoperationalofaproductionplantforSearlTechnology. Whilerecognisingafundamentalneedforasoundknowledgeoftheconceptsandtheoryof productionmanagement,emphasisisplacedontheneedforobjectivedecisionmakingbasedon factualdataand,inordertoachievethisthereadersisintroducedtotheproblemsassociatedwith shortmedium,andlongtermplanning. Whereapplicable,anappropriatetechniqueispresentedasaninstrumentwhichcanbeusedto facilitatetheresolutionoftheseproblems,butitshouldbeemphasisedthatthetechniquein themselvesarenotasubstituteformanagementtheyaremerelythetoolsofthetrade. 219: Thisapproachisbasedonmyexperienceof46yearsinindustry,followedby30yearsofstudying 149.

Uponthesubjectofgettingthistechnologytothemarketplace, inwhichtimemanycontactshave beenmadeandarestillbeingmadewithbusinessexecutives onlytobeblockedfromdoingsoby thosewhothinktheycoulddoitcheaperandfaster proofisclearlytobeseenthereareno SEGsonthemarketplacesotheywerenotthatsocleaverafterallincapableofplanning becausetheireyeswerebiggerthentheirbelly,themoneygainwastheirGod. Iagreethatanprospectiveemployerwhocanbackupatheoreticalknowledgewithanawareness ofthepracticalissuesassociatedwithabusinesshasagreatdealtoofferandcanperformauseful functionveryquicklyfollowingaperiodofinitialtraining. Thishascommencedtotakeplace,andalreadyThailandisprogressingintheskillswhichare neededforthisdevelopmentwork,othercountriesareapplyingtojointhisprogramandwill becomeactiveduring2008. Thisintroductiontothisdocumentistoupdateitastothefactsthatexiststodayandinnoway doesitdegradethatdocument,buthopefullyaddtoitsvalue. Thisdocumenthastwobasicobjectives: 1) Toprovidethereaderwithanunderstandingoftheproductionfunctionandtomakethem awareofitsrelationshipwithotherfunctionswithintheSearlInternationalSpaceResearch Consortium. 2) Tomakereadersawareofproductionproblemsandtodemonstratemethodsfortheir solution. Itshouldveryquicklybecomeapparenttothereaderthat,inrelationtocareerprospects, productionmanagementwithintheSearlInternationalSpaceResearchConsortiumoffers tremendousvarietyandscopeforpersonaldevelopment. Technologyischangingrapidlyandnewproducts,processes,materialsandmarketsarebeing introducedwithsuchrapiditythatitisoftendifficulttokeepabreastofcurrentdevelopments. Ofcourse,manyoftheseadvancesrunconcurrentwiththeadvanceofcomputerbasedsystems, whichwillbeasubjectthatIshalldealwithwhenIarriveattheendofthisdocumentwhichmay notbethisyear. Unfortunate,technologicaladvancecannot,however,beachievedwithoutsocial,political, Culturalandeconomicrepercussions. Take,forexample,thecoalmining,ironandsteel,andshipbuildingindustrieswhichhavebeen fundamentaltothegrowthandeconomyofthecountrysincetheindustrialrevolution. Sadly,thesegreatindustrieshavenowdeclinedthroughtheintroductionofnewmaterials,like emergenceofhithertononindustrializedcountriesasmajorcompetitorsandeverincreasingcost. Investmentinhighlymechanisedorautomatedmachineryandequipmenthasresultedinfewer personnelbeingrequiredforproductionprocesses. Thisraisesquestionsandaspirationsofthelabourforceinparticularandsocietyingeneral,which hasbeenamajorissuewithinmybooks. 150.